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Criticism: According To Plato, What Is The Moral Purpose of Art?
Criticism: According To Plato, What Is The Moral Purpose of Art?
Question 2
How does literary theory resemble the practice of philosophy as it was developed by Plato and Aristotle?
b. Literary theory asks fundamental questions about literary interpretation, and at the same time builds
specific systems of literary interpretation.
d. Literary theory is detached from the reality of politics and the economy.
Question 3
Modern literary theory began with the work of which theorist?
a. Claude Lévi-Strauss
b. Ferdinand de Saussure
c. Viktor Shklovsky
d. Roland Barthes
e. Michel Foucault
Question 4
What is mimesis?
a. A reversal
b. An imitation
c. A satire
d. A poetic metaphor
e. A spectacle
Question 5
What is the main function of literary theory?
c. To understand the role of sexuality, gender, race, and ethnicity in literary study
Question 6
Which of the following best describes the difference between literary criticism and literary theory?
a. Literary criticism is concerned only with the meaning of a literary work, while literary theory is
concerned only with the structure of a literary work.
b. Literary criticism draws upon research derived from sources outside literature, while literary theory
draws upon sources within a text.
c. Literary criticism is concerned with how characters in a text act, while literary theory is concerned
with why characters act.
d. Literary theory is concerned with the method used to interpret a work, while literary criticism is the
application of literary theory.
Question 7
Which of the following literary theorists is most closely associated with the concept that became known as
liberal humanism?
a. Aristotle
b. Viktor Shklovsky
c. Cleanth Brooks
d. Stanley Fish
e. Toni Morrison
Question 8
Which theorist is associated with the idea that art is a copy of a copy?
a. Plato
b. Claude Lévi-Strauss
c. Julia Kristeva
d. Walter Benjamin
e. Louis Althusser
Question 9
Which theorist is most closely associated with the idea of art as imitation?
a. Jacques Derrida
b. Jacques Lacan
c. Edward Said
d. Stephen Greenblatt
e. Plato
Question 10
What is humanism?
c. A school of theory devoted to the revival of Classical (ancient Greek and Roman) literature
Question 11
How did the New Critics view literature?
Question 12
What do structuralist and formalist critics have in common?
a. Both sets of critics reject the importance of historical context in studying literature.
Question 13
What is affective fallacy?
a. A term first used by literary theorists William Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley
b. A term that suggests that a critic should study the structural and thematic elements of a poem
rather than the effect it has on the emotions of the reader
c. A term that describes the confusion between a poem and its result
Question 14
What is defamiliarization?
d. A term that describes the capacity of art to counter the effects of habit
Question 15
Which of the following descriptions best defines the literary theory known as formalism?
Question 16
Which of the following figures is considered to be the father of the linguistic theory known as structuralism?
a. Cleanth Brooks
b. Ferdinand de Saussure
c. Karl Marx
d. Sigmund Freud
e. Toni Morrison
Question 17
Which of the following statements best describes Cleanth Brooks's attitude towards studying literature?
a. Critics should examine historical information surrounding a literary work.
d. Critics should attempt to paraphrase texts in order to find out what they mean.
Question 18
Which of the following texts is the BEST example of the argument that a work's meaning does not come
entirely from the imagination of the author?
Question 19
Which of the following texts provides the best example of defamiliarization?
a. Aristotle's Poetics
Question 20
Which of the following theorists is associated with formalism?
a. Viktor Shklovsky
b. Cleanth Brooks
c. Terry Eagleton
d. Judith Butler
e. Mikhail Bakhtin
Question 21
Which school of literary theory is associated with the phrase "to make the stones stonier"?
a. Humanism
b. Formalism
c. Structuralism
d. Poststructuralism
e. Marxism
Question 22
What is the central idea of Ferdinand de Saussure's Course in General Linguistics?
Question 23
According to Jacques Lacan, the mirror stage is the point at which a child:
Question 24
In his essay "The Death of the Author," Roland Barthes argues what about literature?
a. Biographical information about the author must be considered when evaluating literature.
Question 25
In his essay "What Is an Author?" what position(s) on authorship does Michel Foucault take?
a. The idea of the author came into being at a certain point in history.
b. The names of authors serve a classificatory function.
Question 26
In Of Grammatology, Jacques Derrida argues what about literature?
Question 27
Jacques Derrida's concept of différance challenges us to think about language as a system that:
Question 28
To what idea does the ancient Greek term aporia refer in terms of deconstruction theory?
c. The idea that a text has a specific meaning that can be understood through a process of
deconstruction
Question 29
Ultimately, the literary theory of deconstruction argues that:
d. any system for the production of meaning is inevitably bound by context, yet also limitless.
Question 30
What did Sigmund Freud believe about the unconscious?
Question 31
What fundamental idea does psychoanalytic criticism hold about literary texts?
c. Literary texts are unlike dreams because they have a system of order and produce meaning.
Question 32
What is the philosophical theory known as pragmatism?
d. A concept derived from the ancient Greek word pragma, meaning action
Question 33
Which literary theorist argues that "there is nothing outside the text"?
a. T.S. Eliot
b. Jacques Lacan
c. Jacques Derrida
d. Stanley Fish
e. Edward Said
Question 34
Which of the following human behaviors is important to a Freudian psychoanalytic study of William
Shakespeare's Hamlet?
a. Neurotic behavior
c. Obsessions
Question 35
Which of the following is a rule of semiotics?
a. All linguistic concepts evolve solely out of the responses of people within a specific historical era.
b. All linguistic and social phenomena are texts, and the object of studying these texts is to reveal the
underlying codes that make them meaningful.
d. All linguistics is related to history, and therefore the meaning of linguistics relies exclusively on
historical context.
Question 36
Which text argues that, as infants, human beings begin to define their identities against the identities of others?
Question 37
With what literary critic is the term the author function most closely associated?
a. Claude Lévi-Strauss
b. Jacques Derrida
c. Jacques Lacan
d. Michel Foucault
e. Carl Jung
Question 38
Which of the following best defines the work of a deconstructionist critic?
b. Suggesting that the study of literature is based on the breakdown of language into signs
c. Arguing that language, and therefore literary texts, relies on the difference between terms and
therefore constantly defers meaning.
Question 39
How are Julia Kristeva's psychoanalytic theories distinct from traditional Freudian concepts?
a. Kristeva rejects the idea that neuroses provide insight into the unconscious.
c. Kristeva offers a more central place for women's issues within psychological development.
Question 40
How does Virginia Woolf's essay "A Room of One's Own" contribute to feminist theory?
a. It suggests that the suppression of women is part of a historical climate that will naturally fade away.
b. It suggests that gender roles are conditioned by the possession of money and power.
d. It suggests that education, rather than money, is needed for the liberation of women.
Question 41
In general, what is Judith Butler's concept of gender?
b. While gender is not real, the stereotypes that accompany it are true.
c. Gender is a problematic, but essentially true, category.
Question 42
In her essay "The Laugh of the Medusa," what does Hélène Cixous suggest for women?
a. Women should write for and about themselves in order to counter phallocentric texts.
b. Women should write, but they should do so only within the existent male canon.
c. Women should primarily dedicate themselves to studying women's literature from the past.
Question 43
In what way does Julia Kristeva build on Jacques Lacan's theory of psychosexual development?
b. Kristeva centralizes the maternal and the feminine in her revisions of Lacan's theory.
c. Kristeva argues that the mirror stage does not occur until the individual embraces a distinct gender
role.
Question 44
What does Elaine Showalter argue about gender in terms of representations of the character of Ophelia in
William Shakespeare's Hamlet?
b. It is nearly impossible to represent women as anything other than mad in patriarchal discourses.
Question 45
What does gynocriticism recommend as an approach to literature?
Question 46
What does Judith Butler mean when she suggests that gender is "performed"?
a. Gender does not reflect an essential truth, but rather is a role people play based on their
internalization of socially constructed gender roles.
Question 47
What is the purpose of feminist theory?
Question 48
Which of the following ideas relates to J.L. Austin's performativity theory?
Question 49
Which of the following is a theme of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's book Epistemology of the Closet?
Question 50
Which of the following offers the best definition of écriture féminine?
c. Second-wave feminism
Question 51
With which feminist theorist is gynocriticism most closely associated?
a. Elaine Showalter
b. Julia Kristeva
c. Lucy Irigaray
d. Hélène Cixous
e. Louise M. Rosenblatt
Question 52
Which of the following writers might be considered one of the early founders of first-wave feminism?
a. Hélène Cixous
b. Judith Butler
c. Lucy Irigaray
d. Mary Wollstonecraft
e. Julia Kristeva
Question 53
In Fredric Jameson's book The Political Unconscious, what does Jameson suggest about literature?
a. History comprises the essential framework for the performance of literary analysis
b. Politics and the economy are the most important factors in literary analysis
Question 54
The Frankfurt School of literary theory was most greatly influenced by which of the following schools of
thought?
a. Formalism
b. Structuralism
c. Poststructuralism
d. Marxism
e. Postcolonialism
Question 55
To what idea does the term heteroglossia refer?
Question 56
What is dialectical materialism?
d. A term related to gender theory that argues that men are dominant in society by virtue of their
economic privilege
Question 57
What is dialogism?
Question 58
What is false consciousness?
b. A feminist term for the state that occurs when texts written by women are not considered in the study
of literature
d. A term related to the period of psychosexual development that occurs before an infant reaches the
mirror stage
Question 59
What is generally considered to be Theodor W. Adorno's primary concern as a theorist?
Question 60
Which of the following statements best explains Mikhail Bakhtin's philosophy of language?
c. Language exhibits and is bound up in the social lives and historical context of the people who speak
it.
Question 61
With which theorist is the term identity thinking most closely associated?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Carl Jung
c. William James
d. Theodor W. Adorno
e. Edward Said
Question 62
How do Marxist theorists react to ideology?
c. They reject the idea that ideology has real effects on social progress.
Question 63
According to the Geneva School, what is the function of the reader?
Question 64
How does Wolfgang Iser envision the reader?
Question 65
In her essay "The Poem as Event," Louise M. Rosenblatt sees the reader as performing what function?
d. The reader brings individual knowledge to his or her reading of the text.
c. It is impossible to view a piece of literature correctly, because we can only work within the hetero-
normative paradigm.
Question 67
What is hermeneutics?
Question 68
What is phenomenology?
Question 69
Which school of theorists is most closely associated with phenomenology?
Question 70
With which theorist is phenomenology associated?
a. Edmund Husserl
b. Wolfgang Iser
c. Jean-Paul Sartre
d. Emmanuel Lévinas
Question 71
With which theorist is the term implied reader associated?
a. Wolfgang Iser
b. William Wimsatt
c. Cleanth Brooks
d. Harold Bloom
e. Edmund Husserl
Question 72
Reader-response theory is focused on considering which of the following?
Question 73
From whom did New Historicists draw the idea of "self-regulating systems"?
a. Theodor W. Adorno
b. Claude Lévi-Strauss
c. Julia Kristeva
d. Jacques Derrida
e. Jacques Lacan
Question 74
How does New Historicism differ from traditional historicism?
a. New Historicism rejects the idea that history is neutral.
b. New Historicism does not make strict delineations between literary and non-literary texts.
Question 75
The concept of otherness is related to which of the following theories?
a. Psychoanalytic theory
b. Feminist theory
c. Ethnic criticism
d. Postcolonial theory
Question 76
What do many contemporary theorists find problematic about the literary canon?
Question 77
What does Edward Said argue about the concept of the Orient?
Question 78
What is double consciousness?
Question 79
What is the main function of postcolonial criticism?
Question 80
What is the main goal of ethnic criticism?
Question 81
Which is a common postcolonial critique of the West?
a. The West spends too much time trying to consider an Asian perspective.
b. The West tends to look at Asian countries as individual units rather than lump them together.
c. The West views matters through its own limited historical position.
d. The West refuses to apply economic and political coercion to Asian writers.
Question 82
Which of the following statements best explains the main objective of New Historicism?
a. Texts are examined to see how colonizers and the colonized interact.
b. Texts are examined to see how the formal aspects of the text create meaning.
c. Texts are examined to determine how they reveal social realities.
e. Texts are examined to show how history has little effect on literary production.
Question 83
Which of the following texts is considered the first example of postcolonial criticism?
Question 84
Who coined the term New Historicism?
a. Jacques Derrida
b. Terry Eagleton
c. Fredric Jameson
d. Stephen Greenblatt
e. Louise M. Rosenblatt
Question 85
With which theorist is the concept imaginative geography associated?
Choose one answer.
a. Julia Kristeva
b. Fredric Jameson
c. Terry Eagleton
d. Edward Said
e. Michel Foucault
Question 86
What is New Historicism?
Question 87
According to trauma theorists, a testifying subject needs which of the following to deliver a successful
testimony?
a. A figure of judgment
b. Religious belief
c. A witness
d. Psychological treatment
Question 88
Christopher Ricks would most likely DISAGREE with which of the following claims about literary theory?
Question 89
Ecotheorists tend to show an interest in which of the following?
a. How writers conceptualize natural environments and the representation of environmental issues in
literature and culture
Question 90
In his essay "The Business of Theory," William Deresiewicz argues which of the following about Terry
Eagleton's book After Theory?
a. It offers a strong outline for how theory can be conducted in the 21st century.
b. It should not be read or considered by any student or scholar.
c. It offers some valid ideas and critiques, but its author is not entirely trustworthy.
Question 91
New trends in literary theory tend to do which of the following?
Question 92
Some critics of literary theory argue that literary theory is problematic for which reason?
c. Literary theory depends on specialized knowledge that is outside the realm of literary studies.
Question 93
Trauma theory is tremendously influenced by which theoretical school?
a. Psychoanalysis
b. Marxism
c. Feminism
d. Deconstruction
e. Reader-response theory
Question 94
Trauma theory primarily developed out of the work of which psychoanalyst?
Choose one answer.
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Carl Jung
c. Michel Foucault
d. Jacques Derrida
e. Jacques Lacan
Question 95
What are some common criticisms of literary theory?
Question 96
What does the term meta-language mean, according to Andrzej Warminski?
b. A supernatural language
d. A language used by a particular marginalized group of people within a larger dominant culture
Question 97
What is Christopher Ricks's attitude toward literary theory?
b. He considers theory to be the only way that literary texts can be interpreted.
d. He feels that literary theory is ultimately too limited in scope to serve as a proper method of
interpretation.
Question 98
Which literary theory would most directly explore questions of the role of spatial setting in a poem?
a. Trauma theory
b. Ecotheory
c. Game theory
d. Marxist theory
e. Psychoanalytic theory
Question 99
Which of the following statements offers the best definition of the concept of strange attractors in chaos theory
b. Strange attractors are complex forces that are determined by the laws of physics.
c. Strange attractors are mysterious forces that are both random and determined.
e. Strange attractors are mysterious forces that have no basis in logic or reason and cannot be
observed in nature.
Question 100
Which school of literary theory shows a particular interest in the role of testimony in literature?
a. Trauma theory
b. Ecotheory
c. Chaos theory
d. Formalism
e. Marxist theory