Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Basic concepts
Introduction to Analytic perspectives
Spatial Analysis Space as container
Space as indicator
Spatial dependence/autocorrelation
II. Spatial analysis of lattice Global Moran’s I
data Local Moran’s I
Stuart Sweeney
GEOG 172, Fall 2007
Spatial econometric models
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Analytical perspectives on space Analytical perspectives on space: space as container
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Aside:
Spatial Autocorrelation
• Spatial dependence: yi=f(yj), i=1,..,n and i=j
yi=f(yj), i=1,..,n and i=j
- frame dependence (MAUP)
What is form of f(*)?
- spatial process
Tobler’s law: f(*) function of proximity
Operationalize as connectivity
• Spatial heterogeneity: yi = xi Bi + ei
W, weight matrix:
- specification issue
- spatial regimes (areas with similar functional relationships)
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Spatial dependence/autocorrelation Spatial dependence/autocorrelation
Recall:
Connectivity example: 2
4 Spatial Autocorrelation (cont.)
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Map of seven areas Binary W matrix: Row standardized W matrix:
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1 2 4
5
3
0 1 1 1 0 0 1
7 6 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 1 1 1 1
~
Share border: W= 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
Neighbor(1)={2,3,4,7} 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
Neighbor(2)={1,3} 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
.. 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
Neighbor(7)={1,3,6}
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Spatial dependence/autocorrelation
Activity: Map to W
Application: Working with W Draw an outline map containing eight
Select: Tools>Weights>Create areas/regions.
Input file: C:\temp\sbreal_tract_p.shp Write the numbers 1 through 8 in the
Output file: C:\temp\sbtrct_rook.gal eight areas.
Select “rook”, click on create Give the map to your neighbor.
Write down the first two rows of the W
matrix using your neighbors map. Use a
Select: Tools>Weights>Properties
rook contiguity rule.
Open sbtrct_rook.gal in a text editor Exchange maps with a different neighbor
(Notepad) and check each others work.
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Spatial dependence/autocorrelation Spatial dependence/autocorrelation
Suppose,
y1 y2 y4
y5
y3 y=
y7 y6
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Wy
y
Slope indicates degree of association
between y values and average neighboring values
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Global Moran’s Global Moran’s
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Global Moran’s Global Moran’s
Geoda: Moran’s-I,
Observed Moran’s I = 0.2486
interpretation
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Local Moran’s Local Moran’s
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Spatial econometric models Spatial econometric models
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Module II review
Concepts:
Container versus Indicator
Spatial dependence Appendix
Global Moran’s I is one instance of a
measure of spatial autocorrelation.
Local Moran’s I is used to reveal the Expanded local Moran’s I
spatial structure of clustered data (HH
groupings)
Spatial econometric specifications
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Local Moran’s I
i, j index spatial units
wij = value from a spatial weights matrix
x = cluster activity (employment), template i
where
Measures spatial
Weights autocorrelation at
each location, i
Inference often
Deviation of area i value Deviation of neighboring established via
from the mean area j values from the permutation—calcula
mean
tion of a reference
distribution based on
Average area squared
spatially random
deviations from the mean simulations
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