Question Option1 Option2 Option3 Option4

Which system is designed to capture,store,manipulate,analyse,manage and present spatial or geographic

Satellite Web Database GIS
data

GIS stands for ____________ Generic Information System Geographic Information System Geological Information System Geographic Information Sharing

GIS deals with which kind of data___________. Numeric data Binary data Spatial data Complex data

By spatial data we mean data that has _________. Complex values Positional values Graphic values Decimal values

Which talks about scientific disciplines studying the methods and techniques of handling spatial
GIScience GPS Computer Science Data Science
information?

Which is a specific type of information resulting from the interpretation of spatial data? Geo-referenced data Geospatial Geoinformation Numeric data

Modelling is also be termed as ______. Analyzing Data Representation of real world Finding errors Data capture

__________ is the science and art of map making, functions as an interpreter, translating real world
Biologist Cartography Photography Data Analyst
phenomena (primary data) into correct, clear and understandable representations for our use.

Which of the following is not the example of geographic fields? Elevation Location of any building Air temperature Barometric pressure

_________ are data values that can be put in some natural sequence but that do not allow any other type
Nominal Data Values Interval Data Values Ordinal Data Values Ratio Data Values
computation.

________ boundaries are one that can be determined with almost arbitrary precision, dependent only on
Fuzzy Em:pty Crisp Solid
the data acquisition technique applied.

A _______ is a partitioning of space into mutually exclusive cells that together make up the complete
Spatial data Thematic Geo-referencing Tessellation
study space.

________ deals with spatial properties that do not change under certain transformation. Analogy Geology Biology Topology

Euclidean space, Ramanujan space, Euclidean space, metric space, Interior and boundary, metric
The mathematical properties of the geographic space used for spatial data can be ________ Interior, Hilbert space
topological space topological space space, Hilbert space

Which of the following relationship is correct? Point : (1-simplex) Line : (2-simplex) Triangle : (0-simplex) Tetrahedrons : (3-simplex)

Arrange the following sequence : 1)Data Management 2) Data Presentation 3)Data capture and
4,2,3,1 1,4,2,3 3,1,4,2 2,3,4,1
Preparation 4)Data manipulation and analysis

Spatial databases are also known as _________. Geodatabases Monodatabases Concurrent databases Single database

Nominal and categorical data values are _________data. Quantitative Qualitative Distributive Substitutive

Spatiotemporal data models are way of organizing representations of __________ in GIS. size and time space and time continuous field space and temperature
Which of the following group of relationship does not belong to the eight spatial relationships? Disjoint, meets, equals Disjoint, neighbour Inside, covered by Contains, covers, overlaps

Boundary model is also known as _____. Topological data model Topological discrete model Temporal data model Temporal continuous model

TIN stands for ___________. Traffic Internet Network Triangulated Irregular Network Temperature Interface Node Temporal Interface Node

Data about data is known as _________. Spatial data Metadata Meteorological data Simple data

_______models (as in a database or GIS) have enormous advantages over paper models (such as maps). Structural Digital Analog Data

Which one of the following is not key component of spatial data quality? Audience Positional Accuracy Completeness Logical Consistency
Question Option1 Option2 Option3 Option4

Data Storage &

What plays a key role in processing & analyzing geospatial data Data Storage Data Storage & Management Data Capture & Preparation
Maintenance

Which data allow Representing network Simple Vector Complex Raster

What is NOT the Stage of Spatial data handling Spatial query & analysis Spatial Data Presentation Spatial Data Infrastructure Spatial data storage & maintenance

for relational data model, the structure used to define the database are. attribute,tuple,relation tuple,cell,relation attribute,cell,unit tuple,relation,unit

The phenomenon that can lead to situation in which stored fact can contradict each other causing
Data replication Data redundancy Data management Data reduction
reduced usefulness of the data means.

A tuple has fixed number of name fields are known as Relation Query Relational schema Attribute

The query operator that allow tuples that meet the selection condition to pass and disallowed tuples
Attribute selection Tuple Selection Join Attribute Projection
that do not meet the condition

The query operator that takes two input relation and produces one output relation by gluing two
tuple selection join attribute projection attribute joint
tuples together , if they meet specified condition

A tuple can refer to another tuple by storing that other tuple key value this attribute is called as. foreign key unique key primary key candidate key

A DBMS includes ‘data

A DBMS provides a high-
backup’ and ‘recovery’ A DBMS allows the control of ‘data A DBMS does not supports the use of a
Which of the following is not true about DBMS level, ‘declaration query
functions to ensure data redundancy’ ‘data model’
language’
availability at all times

Ensure that duplicate

Control who is allowed Prevent users from changing the values Improve the quality of data entered for a
Data integrity constraints are used to _______. records are not entered
access to the data stored in the table specific property
into the table

In raster approach cell values are stored in the list can be left to right, top to
column ordering indexing row ordering spatial data ordering
bottom(not always), so this encoding is known as _____.

Cartography mainly deals with which of the functionality of GIS? Spatial data capture and preparationSpatial data analysis Spatial data storage and maintenance Spatial data presentation

UMTS protocol (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) allows digital

8 Mbps 2 Mbps 6 Mbps 4 Mbps
communication of text, audio and video at a rate of approximately ______

Digital telephone links (ISDN) support network speed rates up to _____. 8 Mbps 1.5 Mbps 2.5 Mbps 5 Mbps

surveying engineering, digitization, finding

rasterization, creating maps and
Spatial Data capturing involves ______. photogrammetry, remote statistical values, creating surveying engineering and digitization
presenting on output device
sensing and digitization maps
 efficient for image simple implementation of
Which one of the following is advantages of vector representation in GIS? adapts well to scale changes simple data structure
processing overlays

Raster approach subdivides space into regular cells. These cells are called _______ in 2D and ______ 2D cartesian coordinate, 3D cartesian 2D geograpic coordinate, 3D geographic
pixels, voxels voxels, pixels
in 3D. coordinate coordinate

digitizing tablet with

In spatial data preparation, semi automatic digitizing method uses device called as _______. line following software mouse cursor on computer moniter scanner
cursor

During the _____, object-oriented and object relational data models were developed to represent
1990's 1970's 1980's 1960's
and manage spatial data

difficult to implement
Which one of the following is disadvantages of raster representation in GIS? Complex data structure inefficient for image processing difficulties in representing topology
overlay

For each attribute of a relation, there is a set of permitted values, called as the ________ of that
relation schema set domain
attribute.

Which of the following is not full fledged GIS packages? ILSIS QGIS ArcGIS AutoCAD

The relation with the attribute which is the primary key is referenced in another relation, in that
Unique key Super key Candidate key Foreign key
another relation that attribute is called as ______.

Currently, GIS software packages are able to store spatial data in database software with the help of
DBMS Spatial extensions Oracle Sybase
_______.
Question Option1 Option2 Option3 Option4

GIS deals with which kind of data___________. Numeric data Binary data Spatial data Complex data

Which is a specific type of information resulting from the interpretation of spatial data? Geo-referenced data Geospatial Geoinformation Numeric data

_________ are data values that can be put in some natural sequence but that do not allow any other type
Nominal Data Values Interval Data Values Ordinal Data Values Ratio Data Values
computation.

________ boundaries are one that can be determined with almost arbitrary precision, dependent only on the
Fuzzy Em:pty Crisp Solid
data acquisition technique applied.

Arrange the following sequence : 1)Data Management 2) Data Presentation 3)Data capture and Preparation
4,2,3,1 1,4,2,3 3,1,4,2 2,3,4,1
4)Data manipulation and analysis

Data Storage &

What plays a key role in processing & analyzing geospatial data Data Storage Data Storage & Maintenance Data Capture & Preparation
Management

In raster approach cell values are stored in the list can be left to right, top to bottom(not always), so this
column ordering indexing row ordering spatial data ordering
encoding is known as _____.

efficient for image simple implementation of adapts well to scale

Which one of the following is advantages of vector representation in GIS? simple data structure
processing overlays changes

Triangulated Irregular Temperature Interface

TIN stands for ___________. Traffic Internet Network Temporal Interface Node
Network Node

Geoid is used to describe ________. Heights Width Weights Ranges

The Direction of gravity is known as __________. Pump-line Lumb-line Glumb-line Plumb-line

The height determined with respect to a tide-gauge station is known as _________ height. Ellipsoidal Orthometric Geoid GPS

The local vertical datum is implemented through a levelling network Labeling network Labeling Connection Leveling connection

The first step in the kriging procedure is to compare successive pairs of point measurements to generate
semi-variogram. Full-variogram. Full-gram. semigram.
a_________

Kriging is also called as _________. Spatial Interpolation Geostatistical Method Kernal density estimation Spatial System

GIS applications require the possibility of representing the same geographic phenomenon in different ways. multirepresentation
Distributed system Centralised-system Specialised-system
These are called______ system

Interpolation is made possible by a principle called_______________. Thematic Autocorrelation Spatial auto-correction Spatial Autocorrelation Thematic auto-correction

___________produces a vector data set from a raster. Traffic Internet Network Spatial System Rasterization Vectorization

The Process to convert vector data sets to raster data is called ______ Ellipsoidal Rasterization Spatial System Spatial System
________describes the history of a data set Lineage Weights Orthometric GPS

Location accuracy is normally measured as a ______ Rastering method Root mean square error RSEE Median squarerroot method

It is known as ‘data about data’ DBMS GIS RMSE Metadata

International Terrestrial Internal Terrestrial reference International Terrestrial Internal Terrestrial reference
ITRS stands for
Reference System Symbol Reference Symbol System

International Atomic
The Galileo System Time (GST) will closely follow Internal Accent Time International Attend Time Internal According Time
Time

Wide Geodetic system World Galileo system

WGS84 stands for Wide Galileo system 1984 World Geodetic system 1984
1984 1984

Data which is captured directly from the environment is known as __________ Secondary data Special data Primary data Futute data

The information from aerial photos is obtained through___________ Internal evaluation Visual interpretation Studying analysing

The process of distilling points, lines and polygons from a scanned image is
Vectorization Rasterization visual interpretation Median squarerroot method
Called ________________

Which are the two main reference surfaces to approximate the shape of the Earth Geoscience,Geostudy Geoscience,Eliptical Geographic,Elipse Geoid,Ellipsoid

__________refers to whether there are data lacking in the database compared

Accuracy Completeness Compatibility Logical consistency
to what exists in the real world.

For a static feature this accuracy refers to the difference in the values of its coordinates at two different times Attribute accuracy Positional accuracy Temporal Accuracy Data Accuracy

When points need to be translated into

Datum Georefrencing Calculation Point data transformation
rasters, we need to perform something known as______________

Lines of equal longitude are called as ________ Parallels Meridians Perpendiculars Deviations

_________function determine characteristics of an area by looking at the immediate neighborhood as well. Search Interpolation Topographic Buffer zone

___________function include contiguity , Network analytic, Visibility functions. Neighborhood Classification Connectivity Retrieval

An overlay method used

An overlay method used
to determine the
An overlay method used to to determine which A method interpolating point
What is point-in polygon overlay? distance between a point
reclassify polygon data. points lie within the data.
and its nearest
boundary of a polygon.
neighboring polygon.

Intersection, union, difference and complement are the operations of which function? Neighborhood Classification Overlay Connectivity

________is one of the type of classification. Regression Vector User controlled Dynamic
Question Option1 Option2 Option3 Option4

GIS deals with which kind of data___________. Numeric data Binary data Spatial data Complex data

Which is a specific type of information resulting from the interpretation of spatial data? Geo-referenced data Geospatial Geoinformation Numeric data

_________ are data values that can be put in some natural sequence
Nominal Data Values Interval Data Values Ordinal Data Values Ratio Data Values
but that do not allow any other type computation.

________ boundaries are one that can be determined with almost arbitrary precision,
Fuzzy Em:pty Crisp Solid
dependent only on the data acquisition technique applied.

Arrange the following sequence :

1)Data Management 2) Data Presentation 4,2,3,1 1,4,2,3 3,1,4,2 2,3,4,1
3)Data capture and Preparation 4)Data manipulation and analysis

What plays a key role in processing & analyzing geospatial data Data Storage Data Storage & Maintenance Data Storage & Management Data Capture & Preparation

In raster approach cell values are stored in the list can be left to right,
column ordering indexing row ordering spatial data ordering
top to bottom(not always), so this encoding is known as _____.

Which one of the following is advantages of vector representation in GIS? efficient for image processing simple implementation of overlays adapts well to scale changes simple data structure

Interpolation is made possible by a principle called_______________. Thematic Autocorrelation Spatial auto-correction Spatial Autocorrelation Thematic auto-correction

The Galileo System Time (GST) will closely follow Internal Accent Time International Attend Time International Atomic Time Internal According Time

Data which is captured directly from the environment is known as __________ Secondary data Special data Primary data Futute data

For a static feature this accuracy refers to the difference in the values of its
Attribute accuracy Positional accuracy Temporal Accuracy Data Accuracy
coordinates at two different times

The technique of combining two spatial data layer and producing a

Neighborhood Overlay Connectivity Retrieval
third from Them, is known as _______________function.

GPS stands for _________________. Global Precise System Government Positioning Satellite Government Passing System Global Positioning System

________models use statistical or probability function to represent random

Stochastic Deterministic Rule based Agent based
or semi-random behavior of phenomena.

__________are used to compute the points visible from given location using digital terrain model. Visibility function Network analytic function Contiguity function Interpolation function

Which of the following is not a primitives of vector data set? Point Line Polygon Width

Polygon clipping and polygon overwrite are ____________ operators. Polygon intersection Polygon overlay Raster intersection Raster overlay

_________function determine characteristics of an area by looking at the

Search Interpolation Topographic Buffer zone
immediate neighborhood as well.
___________ functions allow the calculation of distances, lengths, or areas. Classification Measurement Retrieval Generalization

_______ is a function that joins different classes of objects with common

Generalization Retrieval Classification Estimation
characteristics to a higher level generalized class.

In _______ classification user only specifies the number of classes in the output
Automatic User controlled Static Dynamic
data set and system automatically determines the class break points.

Which neighborhood function determines a spatial envelope(buffer) around given feature? Retrieval Classification Overlay Buffer zone generation

___________function include contiguity , Network analytic, Visibility functions. Neighborhood Classification Connectivity Retrieval

Which of the following is not a source of error in GIS? Boolean operation Surface modeling Coordinate adjustment Dimensionality

DEM stands for________. Digital Elevation Model Discrete Evaluation Model Dimensionality Evaluation Model Data Entity Model

Which of the following Standard operators are not used in raster overlay ? Integer & Modulo Division Logical Multiplication Addition & Subtraction

An overlay method used to An overlay method used

determine the distance An overlay method used to to determine which points
What is point-in polygon overlay? A method interpolating point data.
between a point and its nearest reclassify polygon data. lie within the boundary
neighboring polygon. of a polygon.

Two main techniques of determining class break points in automatic classification are________. Equal value & Equal occurrence Equal interval & Equal phase Equal phase & Equal frequency Equal interval & Equal frequency

Intersection, union, difference and complement are the operations of which function? Neighborhood Classification Overlay Connectivity

Comparison & logical operators will store values in output raster as ________. True & False Zero Numerical values Imaginary values

The anchor point is fixed by convention to be _______ location of the raster. Center Upper right Lower right Lower left

The process of establishing

values for areas outside
What is spatial interpolation?
the boundary of an existing
set of data points.
The process of establishing values
for areas between an existing set of
discrete observations.
The process of modeling spatial
The process of establishing a statistical relationship
pattern from a set of one or
between two spatially correlated variables.
more data layers.

______________ function includes Search function, buffer zone generation,

Neighborhood Retrieval Classification Overlay
interpolation and topographic function .

__________ is calculated as the number of cells multiplied by the cell area size. Size of individual cell Location of an individual cell Width of cell Area of raster

________is one of the type of classification. Regression Vector User controlled Dynamic
 The process of combining one or more
The process of simplifying The process of combing
What is reclassification? data ranges into a new data range An analytical technique based on point data.
data in a data layer. two or more data layers.
to create a new data layer.
QUESTION Answer A Answer B Answer C Answer D Correct
Answer

which system is designed to Satellite WEB Database GIS D

capture,store,manipulate,an
alyse,manage and present
spatial or geographic
data_______.

What are the two Discrete,c Integer,float Char,String CLOB,BLO A

abstractions of Real ontinuous B
Objects in GIS______.

GIS stands Generic Geographi Geological Geographic B

for___________. Informatio c Information Information
n System Informatio System Sharing
n System

GIS deals with which kind Numeric Binary data Spatial Complex C
of data___________. data Data data

By spatial data we mean Complex Positional Graphic Decimal B

data that has__________. values values values values

Which of the following is Euclidean Ramanujan Pythogoria Einstein A

related to Space Space n Space space
GIS___________.

Among the following which Hardware Software Data Compiler D

do not come under the
components of GIS?

which talks about scientific GIScience GPS Computer Data A

discipline of study in Science Science
academia__________.

which are the two types of Integer,Ch float,string BLOB,CLO Raw,Dervi D

spatial data__________. ar B ed

What is DEM? Discrete Data Digital Decision C

Elevation Elevation Elevation Enterprise
model Model Model Model

A reference tool showing Topograp Thematic World Map Digital Map A

the outlines of selected hic Map Map
natural and man-made
features of the Earth
is___________.

Which Database system Relational Object Spatial Object C

offers the underlying DataBase Oriented Data Base Relational
database technology for System DataBase System DataBase
geographic information System System
systems and other
applIcations___________.

What is SDT? Special Spatial Specific selctive B

Data data types Data types Data Types
Types

which is not phases of Requireme Logical Physical Manipulati D

Spatial data base nt Analysis Design Design on of data
design__________.

GIS uses the information Non-spatia Spatial Global Position B

from which of the following l informatio Information Information
sources? Informatio n System System System
n System

Which of the following Defining a Representi Retrieving Transferrin D

doesn't determine the map ng data g data
capability of GIS? cartographi
c feature

how many types of one two three Four C

Geographic Phenomena
are there?

which of the following is an River Valcano Plague Constructi D

example of Human Overflow eruption deforestatio on of
Geographical phenomena? n Roads

Properties of matter that are Natural Artificial Aggregate Fields of A

formed at scales below that fields fields fields potential
of human perception,such
as temperature and soil
moisture are known
as____________.
Tiling of the plane is a Topograpic Tessellatio contour boundry B
collection of plane figures n
that fills the plane with no
overlaps and no gaps is
known as______________.

Equilateral irregular Regular Boundaries Land B

triangles,squares and tessellatio tessellatio parcels
hexagons are examples ns ns
of___________.

which data is comprised of Raster vector Raw data discrete B

lines or arcs__________. data data data

In vector data,the basic points,lin integer,float sets,bags tuples,table A

units of spatial information es(arcs) ,char and Array s,structure
are___________. and
polygons

which is used to represent ARC line point polygon D

area?

which is fuzzy boundary Ecotone Temperatur Rainfall elevations A

between two ecological e
communities?

which is a key GIS DBMS RDBMS TOPOLOG QUERY C

requirement for Y Manageme
datamanagement and nt
integrity?

what is NHD in terms of Native National Natural Numeric B

spatial hydro Hydrograp Hydrograph Hydrograph
database__________. dataset hy Dataset y Dataset y Dataser

which are the two Layer-Bas Map Line Vector A

approaches to represent ed,Featur based,boun Based,Poly based,Rast
GIS___________. e-Based dary based gon based er Based

Which data is the change in Discrete Raw data Vector data temporal D
characteristic of a place data data
over time___________.

What is Metadata ? It is "data It is It is " It is A

about "meteorolo oceanic "contour
data" gical data" data" data"
Housewith respect to GIS is Discrete Continuous Geographic GIS object A
referred to as objects fields object
____________.

Elevations with respect to Discrete Continuou Geographic GIS object B

GIS is referred to Objects s fields object
as___________.

Which is the application of Map Banking Hospital Manufacturi A

GIS? generalis Manageme Manageme ng
ation nt nt Company
Manageme
nt

A _________ might be biologist geologist gynocologis data A

interested in the impact of t analyst
slash-and-burn practices on
the populations of
amphibian species in the
forests of a mountain range
to obtain a better
understanding of long-term
threats to those populations

A _____ might want to data geological builder architect B

identify the best localities engineer engineer
for constructing buildings in
an earthquake-prone area
by looking at rock formation
characteristics

The fundamental problem temporal data spatial or atrribute C

that we face in many uses geographi
of GIS is that of c
understanding___________
.
phenomena that have a
______ dimension, as well
as a temporal
dimension____________.
A ____ is a KIS BIS MIS GIS D
computer-based system
that provides the following
four sets of
capabilities to handle
georeferenced data:
1. Data capture and
preparation
2. Data management,
including storage and
maintenance
3. Data manipulation and
analysis
4. Data presentation

______is the scientific field Geo-Infor Geo-Inform Geology Life A

that attempts to integrate mation ation Science Science
different Science System
disciplines studying the
methods and techniques of
handling spatial
information.

____ is a computerized Geo-Infor geology geographi Life C

system that facilitates the mation science c Science
phases of data entry, data Science informatio
management, data analysis n system
and data presentation
specifically for dealing with
georeferenced data.

The discipline that deals geographi geographi geographic geographic B

with all aspects of the c life c information information
handling of spatial data and sciencce informatio system processing
___________. n science
geoinformation is called
____.

____ contains positional numeric spatial attribute metadata B

values such as (x,y)
co-ordinate values

The technique which refers geo-refere geo-spatial geo-attribut meta data A

to the spatial data which is nced data data e data
geo-referenced is called as
____

_____ is a specific type of geo-refere geospatial Geoinform numeric C

information resulting from nced data ation data
the interpretation
of spatial data.

A representation of some attribute data model metadata C

part of the real world can be
considered
a _____ because the
representation will have
certain characteristics in
common
with the real world.

A _____ is a miniature model data attrubute map D

representation
of some part of the real
world.

_______models (as in a Structural Digital Analog data B

database or GIS)
have enormous advantages
over paper models (such as
maps).

_____ is the science Cartograp photograph Data biologist A

and art of map making, hy y Analyst
functions as an interpreter,
translating real world
phenomena (primary data)
into correct, clear and
understandable
representations
for our use.

A ______ is a repository for structure database data information B

storing large amounts of
data

Spatial databases’ are also Geodatab Monodatab Concurrent Single A

known as________. ases ases databases database

House, Rainfall Examples Examples Examples Examples C

amount_______. of Discrete of of Real of Unreal
 objects Continues Objects Objects
objects

Components of GIS Space Graph Logic Network D

System_____________.

GI Science majorly Data Computer Factory Coding B

contributing _________. Science

Full Form of DEM is . Design Digital Design Digital B

_______________. Electric Elevation Elevation Elevation
Machine Model Model Map

_____________ refers to Application Thematic Calligraphy Topograph D

the shape of the surface. Map Map y Map

_______________is a Spatial Special Data Geographic A

database system Database Database warehouse al
Database

SDT means A. Specific B. Special C. Spatial D. System C

________________ data type data type data type data type

Basic units of spatial A. Point, B. Data C. Graph D. Design A

information Line, Arc
_______________.

Which interpolation Kriging Trend Digitizatio Triangulatio C

technique is not used for surface n n
continuous data? fitting

What do mean by spatial Inteval Positional Ordinal Ratio Data B

data? Data Data Data

Which of the following Our World Positional Hydrologic In GIS, C

statement is False? is dynamic data of al does not professiona
non-geogra require ls deal with
phic nature any spatial questions
also exists data related to
Geographic
space

Which one of the following Data Data Data Sharing D

is not capability of GIS? capture manageme presentatio files in the
nt n network
_________ is not Creating Using Manually Buying data A
considered in a data map sensor collecting from some
capturing process. data organizatio
n

While presenting data ____ Audience Programmi Message Rule of B

is not important. ng aesthetics
Language

Which on of the following is Geoinform Geomatics Zeology Spatial C

not related to GIS? atics information
science

Which one of the following Data can Data can Gross Data does D
is not true in terms of data be contain errors need not
capture process? collected errors to be contain
from removed any
various before variation
sources using data in the
measurem
ent

Which one of the following Audience Postional Completen Logical A

is not key component of Accuracy ess Consistenc
spatial data quality? y

Modelling is also known as Analyzing Represent Finding Data B

______. Data ation of errors capture
real world

In order to better Audio Visualizati Text Table B

understand representation ons information
of phenomena and output
from any analysis, we can
use GIS to create ____

In the complex real world Limitation Limitation Lack of Limitation C

our model can never be on amount on the software of time
perfect, which one of the of data detail we capabalitie
following is nor a reason for that can can capture s
the same? be stored

Choice of representing analysis software developer kind of D

geographic phenomena performed and data
depends on _______. on data hardware available
component and data
 s manipulati
on
required

Which of the following is not Location Air Barometric Rainfall A

the example of geographic of any temperatur pressure value
fields? building e

Which of the following is not Discrete Land Land Discrete B

true about ‘Discrete fields’? fields classificati classificatio fields make
divide the on is an n is an use of
study example of example of ‘bounded’
space in continuou discrete features
mutually s fields fields
exclusive,
bounded
parts, with
all
locations
in one part
having the
same field
value

Which of the following is not They allow They have Multiplicati Continuous C
true about ‘ Ratio Data most, if not a natural on & fields can
Values’? all, forms zero value division of have ratio
of values can data values
arithmetic be
computatio performed
n

Which of the following is Fields are Objects are Fields can Objects D
true? geographi geographic have only can be
c phenomena continuous classified
phenomen that occur values based on
a that everywhere location,
does not over the shape,
occur study area size &
everywher orientation
e in the
study area

Various geographic objects location shape size orientation A

can have same ______.
Geographic phenomena named assigned georeferen assigned a B
can not be _____. oreientatio ced time
n

Output of visualization on printed on audio file prejected C

process can not be computer paper on screen
_______ screen

GIScience is the scientific create perform integrates handle D

field that attemps to map analysis on different only
_________ collected techniques maintainen
data to handle ce of
spatial spatial
information data

What is ‘Metadata’ ? contour meteorologi oceanic data about D

data cal data data data

Collection and maintenance National Central Reserve Nuclear A

of base data remain the Mapping Bureau of Bank og Fuel
responsibility of government Agencies Investigatio India Complex
agencies such as______. n

Quality can often defined as accuracy fitness for completene precission B

________. use ss

GIS tools are unable to help finding finding finding finding area C
us making decision such as area with most likely best bank with variety
_____ high risk of sites for for loan of
flood mosquito vegetation
habitat

Maps are always representi Representa Representa Graphical D

________. ng ordinal tion of tion of time representa
data nominal series tion of real
data world

Which one of the following Creating a Concurrent Data Query A

is not a function of graph use integrity optimizatio
database? n

Successful spatial analysis software, software, software only B

requires appropriate hardware hardware, and internet competent
__________. and and connection user
internet competent
user
Which one of the following geodataba geographic geodataba GIS knows C
is not true? se is not phenomena se is the about
the same can have same thing spatial
thing as a point, line as a GIS reference
GIS and area or system
image
characterist
ics

Temporal attributes are temprature temporary thematic time D

related to _________. data data related
data

Which of the following Point : Line : Triangle : Tetrahedro D

relationship is correct? (1-simplex (2-simplex) (0-simplex) ns :
) (3-simplex)

Boundary model is also topologic topological temporal temporal A

known as _____. al data discrete data model continuous
model model model

TIN stands for Traffic Triangulat Temperatur Temporal B

___________. Internet ed e Interface Interface
Network Irregular Node Node
Network

A geographic field is a a value a value is a value a value is C

geographic phenomena for cannot be not relevant can be missing
which , for every point in the determine determine
study area _______. d d

Which of the following is Pythagore Ramanujan Hilbert Euclidean D

related to GIS? an space space space space

Which one of the following A raster is A raster is Tessellation Quadtree is A

is not true? a irregular a regular s partition a technique
tessellatio tessellation the study used for
n with with square space into irregular
square cells (by far cells & tessellation
cells (by the most assign a
far the commonly value to
most used) each cell
commonl
y used)
Which of the following Disjoint, Disjoint, Inside, Contains, B
group of relationship does meets, neighbour covered by covers,
not belong to the eight equals overlaps
spatial relationships?

Which of the following is not Every 1 - Every 1- Around C

the rule of topological simplex 1-simplex simpices every 0 -
consistency in 2D space? must be borders two can simplex
bounded 2- intersect exists an
by two 0- simplices anywhere alternating
simplices sequence
of 1 and 2
simplices

Map scale can be defined ration ration ration ration D

as _________. between between between between
number of number of the distance
pixel in pixel in distance of on paper
column column and stretch in map and
and row row the terrain the
and distance of
distance on same
paper map stretch in
the terrain

Which of the following is DEM TIN Point Line A

raster representation
technique?

Which one of the following, Compiler Hardware Software Data A

does not come under the
components of GIS?

Which of the following Generatin Transferrin Retrieving Representi B

doesn’t determine the g a map g data data ng
capability of GIS? catrographi
c features

Which of the following can Data Accurate Maintainin Presence C

be considered as a benefit sharing data g geo of data
of GIS? information spatial retrieval
data service

In which aspect of Pesticides Fertilizer Seed Soil D

agriculture GIS can be requiremen analysis
used? t

Which one of the following Rapid An GISystems GIS A

is true? earthquak automated and GIS application
e damage cadastral application does not
assessme system is are same require any
nt an example database
applicatio of short manageme
n is an lived GIS nt software
example application
of short
lived GIS
applicatio
ns

Most appropriate way to Line Point Polygon TIN B

represent any object in map
which does not require
information of shape and
size is_______.

Spatiotemporal data models size and space and space and continuous C
are way of organizing time temperatur time field
representations of e
__________ in GIS.

Which one of the following time can today, last valid time is time can D
is correct about time only be year, the time be
dimension? considered tomorrow when event measured
as linear are was stored along a
examples in database discrete or
of absolute continuou
time s scale

The best way to represent point line vector area vector line vector A
telephone booth and vector layer, area layer, layer, point
railway track on map are layer, line vector layer tetrahedron vector layer
using ______ and _______ vector vector layer
respectively. layer

The mathematical Euclidean Euclidean interior and interior, B

properties of the geographic space, space, boundary, Hilbert
space used for spatial data Ramanuja metric metric space
are : ________ n space, space, space,
topological topologica Hilbert
 space l space space

Which one of the following Data Data Data Data C

is not functional component analysis capture hiding storage
of GIS?

Which of the following is not ILSIS ArcGIS QGIS AutoCAD D

full fledged GIS packages?

Which of the following Printer Magnetic Internet CD-ROM 0r A

device can be using create tape DVD
hard copy of map data?

What is the full form of Database Database Database Data B

DBMS? Monitoring Manageme Manufacturi Maintenanc
System nt System ng System e System

Which on of the following is A DBMS A DBMS DBMS can A DBMS C

not a reasons for which supports can be also use to supports
DBMS is used with GIS? the instructed represent the
storage to guard graphics concurrent
and over data use of the
manipulati correctness same data
on of very set by
large data many users
sets

Data integrity constraints Control Prevent Ensure that Improve D

are used to _______. who is users from duplicate the quality
allowed changing records are of data
access to the values not entered entered for
the data stored in into the a specific
the table table property

The use of backup and To restore To reduce Enforcing To allow A

recovery in dbms is a redundancy integrity concurrent
________. computer in data rules use
to an
operation
al state
following
a disaster

Which one of the following name purpose attributes domain of B

is not required while relation each
is created? attribute
The set of tuple in a relation relation relation relation relation C
at some point in time is schema attributes instance domain
called ______.

SDI Stands for _________. Spatial Spatial Spatial Disk Spatial D

Data Data Infrastructu Data
Interchang Instruction re Infrastruct
e ure

Which one of the following Id Name City Department A

attribute can be considered
as a key attribute?

The relation with the Unique Foreign Candidate Super key B

attribute which is the key key key
primary key is referenced in
another relation, in that
another relation that
attribute is called as
______.

Which of the following is Relational Compiler Query Relational C

used to retrieve the data language language calculus
from database?

________ works like a filter. Intersectio Join Attribute Tuple D

n projection selection

LAN stands for ______. Local Land Area Local Land A

Area Netwok Attribute Attribute
Network Network Network

SQL stands for ______. Spatial Structured Special Structural B

Query Query Query Quality
Language Language Language Language

Tuple selection operation three two one four C

can work on _____ input
relation/relations.

Attribute projection four three two one D

operation can work on
______ input
relation/relations.
Join operator takes ____ two, one one, two three, one four, two A
input relation/relations and
produces _____ output
relation/relations.

A row in a table is also attribute tuple relation domain B

known as ______.

Currently, GIS software DBMS Oracle Spatial Sybase C

packages are able to store extensions
spatial data in database
software with the help of
_______.

Spatial database allows analyze, create store, store, D

user to ______, _______ create graph, represent, query,
and ______ collections of map, map, create manipulate
spatial data. query analysis graph

Series of standards relating OGC ISO ECHO UNESCO A

to geodatabases are
released by ______.

Which one of the following Scanning Digitizing Sampling Making B

is the process involved in and and and map and
spatial data capture and analyzing Scanning analyzing graph
preparation?

SDI defines as _______. field that selection of the a technique C

attempts tuples that relevant to ctrate
to meet the base projection
integrate condition collection
various of
techniques technologi
of handling es to
spatial provide
informatio access to
n spatial
data

Which one of the following select * from parcel area_size> select * D

is correct query? where select * 1000 select from
ares_size> where * from parcel
1000 from are_size>1 parcel where
parcel 000 are_size>1
 000

A ________ in a relation tuple attribute key domain A

represents a relationship
among a set of values.

For each attribute of a relation domain set schema B

relation, there is a set of
permitted values, called as
the ________ of that
attribute.

Which one of the following efficient adapts well efficient allows C

is advantages of raster representa to scale for image representin
representation in GIS? tion for changes processin g networks
topology g

Which one of the following difficult to inefficient Complex difficulties D

is disadvantages of raster implement for image data in
representation in GIS? overlay processing structure representi
ng
topology

Spatial Data capturing surveying digitization, rasterizatio surveying A

involves ______. engineeri finding n, creating engineering
ng, statistical maps and and
photogra values, presenting digitization
mmetry, creating on output
remote maps device
sensing
and
digitizatio
n

Which one of the following efficient for adapts simple data simple B
is advantages of vector image well to structure implementa
representation in GIS? processing scale tion of
changes overlays

Which one of the following difficult to cell complex less C

is disadvantages of vector represent boudaries data compact
representation in GIS? topology independen structure data
t of feature structure
boundaries
In spatial data preparation, digitizing mouse scanner line D
semi automatic digitizing tablet with cursor on following
method uses device called cursor computer software
as _______. moniter

Raster approach subdivides pixels, voxels, 2D 2D A

space into regular cells. voxels pixels cartesian geograpic
These cells are called coordinate, coordinate,
_______ in 2D and ______ 3D 3D
in 3D. cartesian geographic
coordinate coordinate

In raster approach cell column row indexing spatial data B

values are stored in the list ordering ordering ordering
can be left to right, top to
bottom(not always), so this
encoding is known as
_____.

SDSS stands for ______. Spatial Space Data Spatial Space C

Data Support Decision Decision
Support Systems Support Support
Systems Systems Systems

Mark the incorrect All major GIS GIS Low level D

statement from the GIS packages packages storage
following. packages provide provide structures
provide facility to support for for vector
facility to exchange both spatial data are
link with a attributes and much
DBMS data with a attribute easier
DBMS data

________ works like tuple Attribute Join Intersection Tuple A

formatter. projection selection

In GIS, data are usually Tables Layers(the Objects Set of B

grouped into _____ mes) tuples

In non-spatial domain, 1970's 1989's 1960's 1950's C

database have been in use
since ______.

Cartography mainly deals Spatial Spatial data Spatial data Spatial D

with which of the data analysis storage and data
functionality of GIS? capture maintenanc presentati
 and e on
preparatio
n

To create relationship primary join attribute cartesian A

between two table what is and projection cross
to be used? foreign product
key

Which one of the following GIS GIS offer GIS DBMS offer B
is incorrect? software better packages better table
supports table can store functionality
spatial and functionali tabular data as
attribute ty as compared
data compared to GIS
to DBMS

In SQL query join condition from group by where order by C

can be written in ______
clause.

What is the full form of Open Open Open Open D

OGC? Geospatial Geographic Geographic Geospatial
Connectio Control Consortium Consortiu
n m

During the _____, 1990's 1980's 1970's 1960's A

object-oriented and object
relational data models were
developed to represent and
manage spatial data

Spatial information theory' providing providing creating providing B

is the field which focuses the spatial the maps using the
specifically on ________. data backgroun spatial tools background
d for the for the
production projection
of tools
that can
handle
spatial
data

Digital telephone links 8 Mbps 2.5 Mbps 1.5 Mbps 5 Mbps C

(ISDN) support network
speed rates up to _____.

UMTS protocol (Universal 8 Mbps 6 Mbps 4 Mbps 2 Mbps D

Mobile Telecommunications
System) allows digital
communication of text,
audio and video at a rate of
approximately ______

The two main reference Gid, Eid Geoid, Gid, Ellipse Geoid, D
surfaces to approximate the Ellipse Ellipsoid
shape of the Earth are
______________________
__.

The height of a point with Graph Geodetic Ellipsodetic Geo B

respect to tide gauge is Levelling levelling levelling leveling
measured using technique point
known as _________.

The local vertical datum is Labeling Levelling Labeling Levelling B

implemented through a Network Network Connection Connection
__________.

_________ Coordinate Planar Global Local Parallel B

Systems are used to locate
data on the Earth's surface
in a 3D space.

Lines of equal longitude are Parallels Perpendicul Meridians Deviations C

called as ________ ars

Lines of equal latitude are Parallels Perpendicul Meridians Deviations A

called as _________ ars

A ________ is a Map Map Map Map B

mathematically described Selection Projection Distortion Reference
technique to represent
Earth’s curved surface on a
flat map

UTM stands for Universal Universal Universal Universal B

____________________ Transform Transverse Transforma Transverse
ation Mercator tion Meridian
Mercator Meridian
Which of this is not a class Cylindrical Ellipsical Conical Azimuthal B
of map projection?

GCP stands for Global Ground Global Ground B

___________ Control Control Communic Communic
Points Points ation Points ation Points

The Direction of gravity is Pump-line Lumb-line Glumb-line Plumb-line D

known as __________.

The height determined with Ellipsoidal Orthometri Geoid GPS B

respect to a tide-gauge c
station is known as
_________ height.

Geoid is used to describe Heights Width Ranges Weights A

________.

The hardware Space Control User Time D

implementations set-up by Segment Segment Segment Segment
a satellite-based positioning
system does not include

A satellite equipped with a Clock Space Hours Seconds A

clock, at a specific moment Reading Reading Reading Reading
sends a radio message that
includes

The determination of a Triangulati Trilateratio Trial Transforma B

position based on three on n tion
distances is called
_____________

Relative positioning is also Differ Similar Differential Native C

known as _________ Positioning positioning Positionin positioning
g

________is an integrated, Native Differential Network Reference C

systematic network of positioning Positioning Positionin Positioning
reference receivers g
covering a large area.

The NAVSTAR Space 24 14 25 20 A

Segment consists of _____
satellites operated by the
U.S.
Carrier Phase Relative Absolute Carrier Pseudo A
Measurement works on positionin positioning wave ranging
____ Positioning. g

GMT stands Green Green Greenwich Greenwich A

for__________. Mean time Medium Medium Mean Time
Time Time

Universal Time is not UT0 UT1 UT2 UTC C

classified
as_____________.

GPS: US Military, Indian UK Military Australian Russian D

GLONASS: _______? Military Military Military

Which of the following North EGNOS MSAS SDCM D

satellite based America
augmentation system is not WAAS
operational?

Which of the following Union Point-In-Pol Erase Line-in-Pol D

overlay methods would you ygon ygon
use to calculate the length
of road within a forest
polygon?

Which of the following TIN Spatial Thiessen polygons C

spatial interpolation moving polygon
techniques is an example of average
a local, exact, abrupt and
deterministic interpolator?

What is the difference Slope is Slope is Slope is the Slope is the B

between slope and aspect? the the distance direction of
gradient gradient of down the the fall line,
directly the fall line fall line while
down the relative to from the aspect is
fall line, vertical, top of the the gradient
while while slope to its of the fall
aspect is aspect is bottom, line.
the the while
direction of direction aspect is
the fall line of the fall the
relative to line percentage
north. relative to gradient of
 the line of this line
greatest averaged
slope. over its full
distance.

What is not needed for Competent Soil Appropriate Appropriate B

Successful Spatial User Sample Software Hardware
analysis?

What is location-allocation A method A method A method A method D

modelling? of site of within of
location allocating network matching
based on resources analysis supply
overlaying within an used to with
multiple area of determine demand
siting interest delivery across a
criteria using buffer routes. network by
maps analyses. locating a
limited set
of
resources
using
network
analysis.

Spatial Analysis is also Spatial Spatial Spatial Spatial B

called one of these names? Integration Statistics Unification System

An area is __________has one Two Three Zero A

the properties of Dimention Dimentional Dimentional Dimentional
area(size)and perimeter. al

A __________is a set of BLOB Class Aggregatio Association B

objects with similar n
attributes.

Kriging is also called as Spatial Geostatisti Kernal Spatial B

_________. Interpolati cal Method density System
on estimation

__________Convert street Geocodin Path Networking Coding A

addresses or street g Distance
interpolation into point
feature.
The conversion of raster Rasterizati Vectorizati Spatial Geospatial B
data into vector data is on on system
called_______.

A digital image prepared Digital Double Digital Double C

from aerial photograph or on/off Orthophoto orthophot on/off
other remotely sensed data, service quad o quad service
in which the displacement,
caused by camera tilt and
terrain relief has been
removed is called_______.

______is a proprietary ESRI grod X and Y DOQ Geospatial A

“ESRI” format for raster grod
data

A raster that contains cells Floating Georeferen Contiguous Poly Raster A

of continuous values is point ce Raster Raster
called________. Raster

What does GPS stand for? Going Global Governmen Global D

Places Positioning t Positionin
Sometime Satellites Positioning g System
s Satellites

When was the first GPS 1978 1994 1776 1963 B

satellite launched?

PPS Stand for ______. Precise Point-Point Precise Point to A

Positionin Service Positin Point
g System System
Services

A better option for Raster Vector Data Binary Data Digital Data A
representing continuous Data Model Model Model
phenomenon is the_______ Model

The raster data model uses Regular Irregular one Bi A

a _____to cover the space. grid grid directional directional
grid grid

Satellite image use the Cell by Run length Quad tree Spatial A
______ encoding method cell encoding System
for data storage.
What does GPS do? Determine Map, To To A
absolute Analyze determine determine
location and landscapes colleges
process
different
info

What is Glonass? Missile Europe's China's Rissian's D

Defense GPS GPS GPS
System system System System
span

What is the main benefit of Global Global Precise Global D

GLONASS? Orbiting Positioning Positin Russian
Navegatio Satellites System Orbiting
n Navigation
Internacio System
nal
System

What is DGPS Detectable Deliberate Discombob Differential D

Global Global ulated Global
Positioning Positioning Global Positionin
System System Positioning g System
System

What applications Regulated Navigation Weather For war C

GLONASS did it have? public to any side transmissi and
service of the world on, espionaje
communic
ation,
navigation
and data
recognitio
n

Topological characteristics Adjacency Inclusion Connectivit Elevation D

of spatial data do not y
include:

Which of the following is an Natural A The sizes The flight B

example of spatial vegetation Checkboar of major patterns of
analysis? on d pattern oceans birds
hillsides created by
farmers
What is the name of the GLONAS GPESKI GLASNOS IKONOS A
Russian equivalent of S T
GPS?

Explanatory list of symbols Topology Navigationa Legends Objects C

on a map _________. l map

Map that shows the Physical Political Thematic None B

continents, countries,
capitals is called as
________ map

Map that shows mountains, Political Physical Thematic World map B

plains, plateaus and rivers map map map
is called ____________.

___________ Should be Details Scale States Countries B

indicated at the bottom of
the map

The map that shows Physical Political Thematic None C

temperature, forest and
minerals resources is
_________.

The distance between two Scale Sketch Direction None A

points on the map to
corresponding distance on
ground is called
__________.

Which of the following Wall maps Topographi Cadastral Atlas maps C

maps are especially cal maps maps
prepared by the
government to realize
revenue and tax?

The scale of topographical 3 inch to 2 inch to 1 inch to 16 inch to C

maps varies in general the mile to the mile to the mile to the mile to
from____________. 3/4 inch to 2/4 inch to 1/4 inch to 32 inch to
the mile the mile the mile the mile

In which of the following General Land-form Land-Slope Flatland-rati A

maps, the actual height of a relief map map map o map
region from the sea level is
denoted by contour lines?
When different objects are Choro-sch Chorochro Chorograph Choropleth B
shown by various colours, ematic matic ic
the map is known
as____________.

Which of the following is not Land use Transport Agricultural Vegetation D

an example of economic map map map map
map?

Which of the following map Mineral Astronomic Soil map Vegetation A

not comes under the map al map map
category of physical map?

The distribution of the Geographi Physical Topographi Hypsometri B

elements of natural cal map map cal map c map
environment is denoted
by______________.

In which of the following Oceanogr Pedology Climatology Military D

sciences maps occupy the aphy science
most important place?

What does a map legend Explain Explain the Explain Explain the C
do? the value of a the title of a
distance map. symbols map.
on a map. on a map.

Which of the following is Bankful A Infiltration % of B

qualitative data? capacity descriptio rates different
measurem n of flood land uses
ents damage

Elevation is ______? a compass the height coordinates a map B

of ground
above sea
level

Map often represents Abstracti Abstraction Abstraction Abstraction A

______ on of of virtual of data of spatial
geographi reality reality reality
c reality

A cartographic grammar Cartograp Cartographi Cartograp Cartographi C

represents ________ hic data c maps hic rules c locations
Partitioning of space into Tessellati Tracking Thematic Tier I Study A
mutually exclusive cells is on Study
known
as________________.

Conversion of maps from Visualizati Cartograp Map Map B

one scale to another may on hic characterist presentatio
lead to problems of generalizat ics n
______________. ion

Map based scientific Sci Map Geo Point C

visualization refers Visualizati Visualizatio visualizati visualizatio
to____________. on n on n

Translation of Spatial data Catographi Cartograp Spatigraphi Tempograp B

from database into graphics c hic c hic
is known as____________.

In the sentence, "How do I Demograp Geological Geographic Cartograp D

say ? What ? To whom? ", hic methods methods hic
'How' and 'I' refers informatio and and methods
to_______________. n methods geologist geologist and
and respectively respectively Cartograp
demograp her
her respectivel
respectivel y
y

In the sentence, "How do I Demograp Geological Geographic Spatial D

say What To whom? ", hic methods methods Data and
'What’ refers informatio its
to______________. n methods characteri
stics

Animated GIF can be seen draw only view only draw only view only B
as a_____________. version of version of version of version of
dynamic dynamic static map static map
map map

Cartographic visualisation conversio conversion conversion conversion A

process n of of spatial of spatial of spatial
is_______________. spatial data into data into data into
data into other form facts and reports
graphics of data figures
 __________ is Size D
calculated as the number of Location of of individual Width of Area of
cells multiplied by the cell an cell cell raster
area size individual
cell

NOT (LandUse = All Al all all C

80) would areas with areas with areas with areas with
selec__________________ land use land use a different land use
___ class 100 class 80 land use class 80 &
class than 100
80

NOT (LandUse = A
80) can also be written as LandUse LandUse > LandUse < LandUse =
______________________ < > 80 80 80 80
.

Which type of query Join B

uses containment Attribute Point in Tuple selection
relationship? projection polygon selection query
query query query

Standard arithmetic All D

operators in raster overlay Addition & Multiplicatio Integer & of the
operation Subtractio n Modulo above
are__________________. n Division

Map algebra add add add A

equation C1 := A + 10 add a a constant a constant a constant
denotes: constant factor of 10 factor of 10 factor of 10
factor of to first cell to all first to all first
10 to all value of row values column
cell raster A of raster A values of
values of and store and store raster A
raster A the result the result and store
and store as output as output the result
the result raster C1 raster C1 as output
as output raster C1
raster C1
 Assignment C2 := A Will Will Will B
+B The add the add the first add the
interactivel values of values of A anchor
y defined A and B and B and point
selection cell by store the values of A
objects cell, and result as and B and
like points, store the raster C2 store the
lines, or result as result as
polygons raster C2 raster C2
are used
37:41in
which type
of query?

Which of the <> >< = < B

following is not standard
comparison operator of
raster overlay operation?

Comparison & C
logical operators will store Imaginary Numerical True & Zero
values in output raster values values False
a______________.

Output raster:= both A

CON(condition; then condition condition is none of the are correct
expression; else is the the tested above
expression) means: tested condition,
condition, then
then expression
expressio is
n is evaluated if
evaluated condition
if does not
condition hold, and
holds, else
and else expression
expressio is
n is evaluated if
evaluated it hold
if it does
not hold
 In given assignment B
CON(A = forest; 10; 0) Forest is Forest is Forest is Forest is
___________. else condition, then condition,
statement, 10 is then statement, 10 is else
10 is then statement 10 is statement
statement & 0 is else condition & & 0 is then
& 0 is statement 0 is else statement
condition statement

Given assignment 10 0 for A

CON(A = forest; 10; 0) will for each each cell in Forest for Forest for
evaluate to cell in the the output each cell in each cell in
________________. output raster the output the output
raster where the raster raster
where the same cell in where the where the
same cell A is same cell in same cell in
in A is classified A is A is
classified as forest classified classified
as forest as 10 as 0

What is a use of to create to create to calculate to calculate B

Interpolation in GIS? discreate continuou area using area from
surface s surface some boundary
from from random points
continuous discrete point
points points

Interpolation is made Spatial Spatial Thematic Thematic A

possible by a principle Autocorre auto-correc Autocorrela auto-correc
called_______________. lation tion tion tion