7412 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 66, NO.
12, DECEMBER 2018
Communication
Side-Edge Frame Printed Eight-Port Dual-Band Antenna Array
for 5G Smartphone Applications
Jingli Guo , Lun Cui , Cheng Li, and Baohua Sun
Abstract— An eight-port antenna array operating in 3.5 GHz band
(3400–3600 MHz) and 5 GHz band (4800–5100 MHz) for fifth-generation
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) in mobile handsets is presented.
To reserve space for 2G/3G/4G antenna configuration, the eight-antenna
array formed by two quad-antenna arrays is printed along the two long
frames of the smartphone. Each antenna array unit is formed by a
folded monopole and a gap-coupled loop branch, and they are disposed
on the upper and bottom sides of the system circuit board, respectively.
As the gap between each array unit is only 10 mm, a neutralized line
is introduced between the two middle antenna units for reducing the
mutual coupling. The measured results have exhibited good impedance
matching and isolation. To evaluate the MIMO performance, the envelope
correlation coefficient, mean effective gain, and ergodic channel capacity
are investigated. Furthermore, the hand phantom effects and display
panel effects are also given.
Index Terms— Dual band, fifth-generation (5G) mobile communication,
multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), smartphone antenna.
I. I NTRODUCTION
At the World Radio Communication Conference 2015, because the
frequency spectrum at 3.5 GHz (3.4–3.6 GHz) has been identified for
the future mobile broadband communication, it has led to a booming
fifth-generation (5G) massive multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO)
research, which is promising for future 5G mobile communication
applications [1], [2]. To further support more potential sub-6 GHz
frequency bands, the 5 GHz band is also taken into account for
the 5G massive MIMO antenna design (i.e., China has assigned
3300–3600 MHz and 4800–5000 MHz in the sub-6 GHz band).
Several mobile terminal antennas designed for 5G sub-6 GHz
massive MIMO have been reported in recent years [3]–[10]. In [3],
an antenna array adopting a capacitive coupling element (CCE) and
planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) as building blocks for 3.5 GHz
band operation has been constructed and tested. Because it requires
additional matching circuits in all CCEs for achieving higher chan-
nel capacity, deteriorated antenna efficiency is, therefore, observed.
A printed microstrip line-fed open-slot antenna is another typical
building block for designing 5G MIMO array [4]. With this building
block, a good MIMO performance can be obtained by integrating
eight or more antennas to realize massive MIMO operation. How-
ever, these antenna arrays have occupied a large region along the
two long side edges of the system circuit board, which may not
be suitable for a smartphone with widescreen size. A 12-antenna
array designed for LTE bands 42/43 (3400–3600 MHz) and LTE
band 46 (5150–5925 MHz) applications has been reported in [5],
and its corresponding ergodic channel capacities are higher than
34 and 26.5 b/s/Hz, respectively. However, because the antenna ele-
ments are distributed along all four edges of the ground, which allow
Manuscript received January 12, 2018; revised June 27, 2018; accepted
August 22, 2018. Date of publication September 26, 2018; date of current
version November 30, 2018. (Corresponding author: Lun Cui.)
The authors are with the Key Laboratory of Antennas and Microwave Tech-
nologies, Xidian University, Xi’an 710071, China (e-mail: id_clxx@163.com).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this communication are
available online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TAP.2018.2872130
0018-926X © 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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no further spaces for integrating the 2G/3G/4G antennas into the
mobile terminal, it is not applicable for massive MIMO configuration.
Furthermore, arranging a large number of antennas into a smartphone
will also lead to poor isolation between adjacent antenna elements.
To improve the isolation between two adjacent antenna elements,
polarization diversity and pattern diversity are applied in [7] and [8].
Polarization diversity can be achieved by using orthogonally polarized
antennas, while pattern diversity can be realized by symmetrically
disposing eight PIFAs in a certain manner. Nevertheless, the array
element is relatively large in size and is not suitable for practical
applications.
In [9], a compact building block for eight-antenna MIMO array
working at 3.5 GHz band has reserved a full system ground for
its 2G/3G/4G antenna. As for the work reported in [10], the eight-
antenna array (monopole) operating at 3.5 GHz band is printed along
the two long side edges of the smartphone, and this was designed to
integrate with the 2G/3G/4G MIMO antenna. Nevertheless, the two
designs in [9] and [10] did not consider the multiband operation,
which is usually required in the mobile handset for various wireless
communication services. To achieve the multiband operation while
keeping a compact volume, various techniques have been proposed
in the 2G/3G/4G designs [11]–[15]. Amid these designs, one effective
solution is the use of frequency reconfigurable antenna type [11], but
the use of diodes will decrease the MIMO performance. Another
attractive approach is to integrate lumped elements into the antenna
so that broad operating bandwidth can be achieved [12], [13];
however, the antenna efficiency will be deteriorated due to addi-
tional losses introduced by the lumped elements. In [14] and [15],
a multiresonant antenna for octa-band operation can be realized by
applying coupled-feeding structure, in which only a small nonground
portion is needed in these designs. Thus, introducing a coupled-
feeding structure into the antenna design is a promising technique
for achieving a dual-band 5G MIMO operation.
In this communication, an eight-port antenna array operat-
ing in the 3.5 GHz band (3400–3600 MHz) and 5 GHz band
(4800–5100 MHz) for 5G MIMO smartphone applications is pro-
posed. The eight-antenna array is formed by two quad-antenna arrays
printed along the two long frames of the smartphone, and each
array element is composed of a folded monopole and a gap-coupled
loop branch. The folded monopole is designed to resonate at high
band (HB) 5 GHz band, while the gap-coupled loop branch is devised
to resonate at low band (LB) 3.5 GHz due to coupling effects.
Because of this arrangement, the proposed antenna array element only
occupies a small footprint of 7 mm×15 mm, and the gap between two
adjacent array elements is only 10 mm. In addition, a neutralization
line is introduced to reduce mutual coupling between the two middle
adjacent array elements.
The organization of this communication is arranged as follows.
In Section II, the array geometry is described and the S-parameters
of three antenna arrays in different arrangements are also compared.
The proposed eight-port dual-band antenna array was fabricated, and
the test results of the measured S-parameter, efficiency, and radiation
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 66, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2018 7413

Fig. 2. Simulated reflection coefficient of Ant 1.

Fig. 1. Geometry and detailed dimensions of the proposed eight-antenna
array (unit: millimeter).

patterns are shown in Section III, in which the effects of user’s hand,
display panel, the MIMO performance such as envelope correlation
coefficient (ECC), mean effective gain (MEG), and channel capacity
are also given. Finally, in Section IV, a conclusion of the proposed
antenna array is presented.
II. P ROPOSED A NTENNA A RRAY
Fig. 3. Simulated surface current distributions of the antenna array element
A. Antenna Structure at (a) LB 3500 MHz and (b) HB 5000 MHz.
The detail design and geometry of the proposed eight-port dual-
band frame-mounted antenna array for the 5G smartphone application
are shown in Fig. 1. The size of the system circuit board is
150 mm × 75 mm, which is a typical dimension for a 5.5 in handset.
A side-edge frame of width 7 mm is chosen for slim smartphone
requirement. The frame and system circuit board are designed by
using 0.8 mm thick FR4 substrate (relative permittivity 4.4 and loss
tangent 0.02), and the distance between the system ground and the
frame is 1 mm. As depicted in Fig. 1, all antenna array elements are
printed on the inner surface of the side-edge frame, and each array
element is composed of a 50  feeding strip, a folded monopole, and
a gap-coupled branch. Here, the folded monopole with a dimension
of 15 mm × 3.1 mm is disposed on the upper portion of the frame.
It is fed by a 50  microstrip feedline at point B, and the feedline
is directly connected to a 50  SMA connector via the system
ground. On the other hand, the gap-coupled loop branch is disposed
on the lower portion of the frame, and it is directly connected
to the system ground plane at point A. It is noteworthy that the Fig. 4. Two referential arrangements (cases 1 and 2) of the eight-antenna
arrays as compared with the proposed one.
gap-coupled loop branch can be excited by the folded monopole
through a 0.8 mm gap. As shown in Fig. 1, Ant 5–Ant 8 are 0.5 wavelength), which indicates that the 5 GHz mode is a higher
the mirror images of Ant 1–Ant 4, and the gap distance between order resonance. It is noteworthy that the folded monopole must be
two adjacent array elements is also 10 mm. Notably, a neutralized operating at higher order resonance (5 GHz mode). If it is transformed
line (NL) is added between the two middle gap-coupled loop branches into a one-fourth wavelength monopole type at 5 GHz, the gap-
of Ant 2 and Ant 3 to further reduce the mutual coupling in the LB coupled loop will not be able to excite the 3.5 GHz mode.
(3400–3600 MHz). Details of this NL design will be discussed later.

B. Antenna Unit C. Array Configuration

Fig. 2 shows the simulated reflection coefficient of Ant 1. In Fig. 2,
the two resonant modes excited by the folded monopole and gap-
coupled loop branch can fully support both the HB and LB with
reflection coefficient better than −6 dB (3:1 voltage standing-wave
ratio). To clearly demonstrate the excitation of these two reso-
nant modes, Fig. 3(a) and (b) shows the surface electric current
density distributions at 3.5 and 5 GHz, respectively. At 3.5 GHz,
a quarter-wavelength current distribution can be observed along
the gap-coupled loop branch, and this mode is considered as its
fundamental mode. In Fig. 3(b), a current null is observed along the
folded monopole strip with the total length of 28 mm (approximately
As Ant 5–Ant 8 and Ant 1–Ant 4 are the mirror images with
respect to the system ground plane, thus only Ant 1–Ant 4 are
discussed in this section. To compare the effects of different array
element arrangements, Fig. 4 shows two referential arrangements
of the eight-array element (cases 1 and 2) and the proposed one.
In case 1, Ant 1–Ant 4 are arranged in the same sequence without
loading the NL between the two middle gap-coupled loop branches.
As shown in Fig. 5(a), even though the 6 dB impedance bandwidths
of Ant 1–Ant 4 (in case 1) are able to fully cover the LB and HB,
the simulated isolation between Ant 2 and Ant 3 is rather poor
(S32 = −7.7 dB at 3.4 GHz). To improve the isolation (S32),

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7414 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 66, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2018

Fig. 5. Simulated S-parameters. (a) Case 1. (b) Case 2.

Fig. 7. Simulated S-parameters of the proposed eight-antenna array.

Fig. 8. Simulated surface current distributions in the proposed antenna array

at 3.5 GHz. (a) Ant 2 and Ant 3 without NL. (b) Ant 2 and Ant 3 with NL.

Fig. 6. (a) Simulated input impedance traces of Ant 3 in cases 1 and 2

(3.4–3.6 GHz). (b) Circuit model of Ant 3 with/without NL.

as shown in case 2, an NL (of width 0.2 mm) is inserted between

Ant 2 and Ant 3, in which phase-reversal coupling can be attained
between the two branches in the 3.5 GHz band. Fig. 5(b) shows
the simulated S-parameters of case 2, and the result has shown an
improvement of S32 (isolation improved by approximately 3.5 dB)
in LB. However, due to the inserted NL in case 2, an impedance
mismatch was observed in Ant 3 of case 2, showing a poorer S33 that
cannot cover the LB.
To analyze the aforementioned impedance mismatch, the input
impedance of Ant 3 in 3.5 GHz band for cases 1 and 2 is plotted on
the Smith chart, as shown in Fig. 6(a). Here, even without loading
the NL, the 6 dB impedance bandwidth of Ant 3 in case 1 is able to
fully cover the LB. However, after inserting the NL (case 2) between
Ant 2 and Ant 3, the LB can no longer be fully covered, because the
reflection coefficient locus (especially the 3.4 GHz band) has shifted
counterclockwise from inductive reactance to capacitive reactance
(black line to red dotted line). According to the antenna structure and
relative position between the array unit and NL, the equivalent circuit
model of Ant 3 with/without NL is shown in Fig. 6(b). By further
investigating the circuit model, it can be seen that part of the inserted
NL and the folded monopole of Ant 3 have together acted as a
series capacitor, whereas the remaining NL can be seen as a shunt
inductor. Here, the counterclockwise shifting of the locus is mainly
due to the series capacitive reactance yielded by the series capacitor.
By comparing the proposed one to case 2, as shown in Fig. 4, it is
noted that Ant 1 and Ant 2 are the mirror images of Ant 4 and
Ant 3, with NL inserted between Ant 2 and Ant 3. By observing
the S-parameters of the proposed one, as shown in Fig. 7, the 6 dB
impedance bandwidths from Ant 1 to Ant 4 are able to fully cover
the LB and HB. Notably, because of the mirroring arrangement as
stated earlier, the series capacitor, as shown in Fig. 6(b), will cease
to exist, which is the main reason for achieving better S32 in case 2.
To further explain the working mechanism of the NL, Fig. 8 shows
the current distributions of Ant 2 and Ant 3 (with and without NL) at
3.5 GHz. In both cases, their respective Ant 2 is excited and Ant 3 is
Fig. 9. Simulated S32 with different NL distances.
terminated to 50  load. Compared with Fig. 8(a), the surface current
distribution along Ant 3 in Fig. 8(b) is visibly reduced (lower mutual
coupling). This is because the intense current on the NL has resulted
in strong phase-reversal coupling, which could offset the original
mutual coupling.
Fig. 9 shows the simulated transmission coefficients between Ant 2
and Ant 3 with different NL positions d. When d varies from
0 to 2.9 mm, the isolation between Ant 2 and Ant 3 is increased
approximately 3 dB in the LB, which may be due to the NL does
not introduce enough coupling current if the NL is disposed farther
away from the end of the gap-coupled loop branch. Here, tuning d
has shown very little effect on the isolation (S32) in the HB, which
means that the inserted NL can improve the isolation between Ant 2
and Ant 3 in the LB, while the HB is not affected. This is a very
useful characteristic for the multiband application. Finally, in order to
introduce appropriate coupling current to compensate for the original
coupling in the LB, d = 2.9 mm is chosen to be the optimized value.
III. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
A. S-Parameters and Antenna Efficiency
To validate the simulated results, a prototype of the eight-antenna
array was initially fabricated. As shown in Fig. 10, each input

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 66, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2018
Fig. 10. Photographs of the fabricated eight-antenna array. (a) Front view.
(b) Back view. (c) Enlarged photograph of the gap-coupled loop.
Fig. 11. Measured and simulated S-parameters for Ant 1–Ant 4. (a) Reflec-
tion coefficients of Ant 1 and Ant 2. (b) Reflection coefficients of Ant 3 and
Ant 4. (c) Transmission coefficients.
port of the eight-antenna array is connected to a 50  SMA
connector located on the back surface of the system circuit board.
The measured S-parameters were performed by an Agilent E5071C
vector network analyzer. The measured and simulated S-parameters
are shown in Fig. 11. Even though slight differences are observed
due to the minor fabrication error, the measured results are still in
good agreement with the simulated ones, as shown in Fig. 7. Here,
Ant 1–Ant 4 have exhibited good 6 dB impedance bandwidths over
the LB (3400–3600 MHz) and HB (4800–5100 MHz). The isolation
between Ant 2 and Ant 3 is better than 11.5 dB with the inserted
NL, while those of Ant 2 to Ant 1 and Ant 4 to Ant 3 are all better
than 15 dB within the bands of interest. In summary, the measured
results have indicated that the proposed MIMO array antenna can
fully cover both the LB and HB with good reflection coefficients and
isolation performances.
The total efficiencies of the proposed eight-antenna array were
measured, and its corresponding results are shown in Fig. 12. It is
noteworthy that radiation losses, mismatching, and mutual coupling
are included in the measurement. The results are obtained under
the circumstance that one antenna element is excited while all the
other elements are connected to 50  matched loads. As depicted
in Fig. 12, the measured total efficiencies across the LB vary
approximately between 41% and 72%. As for the measured total
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7415
Fig. 12. Measured radiation efficiencies of the proposed eight-antenna array.
Fig. 13. Calculated ECC values from the measured results.
efficiencies across the HB, these have varied approximately between
40% and 85%. Acceptable radiation efficiencies in the two desired
bands are obtained. It is also noteworthy that the radiation patterns
of the proposed MIMO array antenna working at 3.5 and 5 GHz are
studied via simulation and measurement, and both frequencies have
exhibited similar broadside radiation patterns in the xy and zy planes.
For brevity, these radiation patterns are not shown here.
B. MIMO Performance
Besides exhibiting the typical reflection, isolation, and radiation
performances, the ECCs, MEG, branch power ratio (BPR), and
channel capacity of the proposed eight-antenna array are also cal-
culated to evaluate its potential MIMO performances. The exact
formulas that were used to compute the ECC and MEG have been
explicitly explained in [16]. Fig. 13 shows the calculated ECCs of
the proposed eight-antenna array. Under the assumption of uniform
incident wave environment with balanced polarization, the calculated
ECC values were lower than 0.08 and 0.05 in the LB and HB,
respectively, which are better than the acceptable criterion of ECC
less than 0.3. As lower ECC values will result in higher diversity gain,
it can be inferred that the proposed eight-antenna array has desirable
diversity capability. Fig. 14 shows the calculated MEGs from the
measured complex E-field for Ant 1–Ant 4, assuming indoor fading
environment. Similar results for Ant 5–Ant 8 are also obtained and
not shown for brevity. The MEGs of the four array elements vary
within 1.6 dBi in the operating bands. For each antenna, the variations
of the MEG in the operating band are also small (less than 1 dBi).
BPR is expressed as K = Pmin /Pmax , where Pmin is the power
from the antenna with the lower power, and Pmax is the power from
the antenna with the higher power in each pair of antennas [17].
7416 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 66, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2018

Fig. 14. Calculated MEGs from measured complex E-field patterns. Fig. 15. Calculated ergodic channel capacity from measured results.

TABLE I
C ALCULATED BPR (K/dB) F ROM MEG

BPR can be found from MEG of the antennas as follows [18]:

 
MEGi MEG j
K i, j = min , . (1)
MEG j MEGi
From the given MEGs in Fig. 14, the calculated BPR at LB and
HB is shown in Table I. According to Table I, the BPRs vary
from −0.03 to −1.70 dB at LB, while in the HB, it varies from
−0.02 to −0.78 dB. Thus, the proposed eight-antenna array can
exhibit a good diversity performance.
To verify the multiplexing performances under high-signal-to-noise
ratio (SNR) and also to figure out the data transmitting rate potential
of the proposed MIMO antenna system under specific propagation
scenario, the ergodic channel capacity is, therefore, studied. Here, Fig. 16. Measured antenna efficiencies in RHM. (a) Efficiencies of Ant 1,
the ergodic channel capacity is obtained by assuming an independent Ant 2, Ant 5, and Ant 6. (b) Efficiencies of Ant 3, Ant 4, Ant 7, and Ant 8.
and identically distributed Rayleigh fading channel of 20 dB SNR (c) Front view of the hand model. (d) Side view of the hand mode.
in the propagation environment, and the elements of the spatially
white channel matrix are independent zero-mean circularly symmetric
complex Gaussian random variables. As shown in Fig. 15, the channel these antennas are located at the upper sections of the smartphone.
capacities of the fabricated eight-antenna array are approximately By further observing Fig. 16(c) and (d), it has also shown the worst
37–38.5 and 37.5–38 b/s/Hz across the LB and HB, respectively. case scenario, in which the user’s hand holding the lower section of
The proposed dual-band eight-antenna array has shown desirable the smartphone is in very close proximity with Ant 3, Ant 4, Ant 7,
channel capacities, as compared with the upper bound (46 b/s/Hz) and Ant 8. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 16(b), these have exhibited
for an 8 × 8 array. much lower total efficiencies at approximately 20%–30% in the LB,
and very low total efficiencies of <10% for Ant 8 in the HB.

C. User’s Hand Effects

As the proposed eight-antenna array is designed for the 5G data
mode, the user’s loading effects on the proposed eight-antenna array
are also analyzed. Here, the user’s hand effects are analyzed under
right-hand mode (RHM), and similar results of left-hand mode are
also studied but not shown for brevity. The measured efficiencies for
all the antenna elements in the proposed eight-antenna MIMO array
with right-hand phantom scenario, as shown in Fig. 16(c) and (d), are
plotted in Fig. 16(a) and (b), respectively. As shown in Fig. 16(a), for
the RHM in the LB and HB, although the total efficiency of Ant 6
has deteriorated to 30% in the HB (maybe due to the touching of
the index finger at the back), the total efficiencies of Ant 1, Ant 2,
Ant 5, and Ant 6 in the LB are better than 40%, which is because
D. Display Panel Effects
Fig. 17 shows the measured reflection coefficients of the proposed
eight-antenna array with/without the presence of the 5.5 in display
panel. It can be seen that the slight frequency shifting has incurred
in Ant 3 and Ant 4, owing to the presence of the display panel.
Nonetheless, the reflection coefficients of Ant 1–Ant 4 with the
presence of the display panel still meet the demands in the two
operating bands. Table II shows the comparison between the proposed
MIMO antenna array and some other massive MIMO antennas
reported for mobile handsets. From Table II, it is obvious that
the proposed one can support dual-band massive MIMO with very
comparable radiation and MIMO performances.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 66, NO. 12, DECEMBER 2018
TABLE II
C OMPARISON B ETWEEN THE P ROPOSED AND R EFERENCED A NTENNAS
Fig. 17. Measured reflection coefficients of Ant 1–Ant 4 in the pro-
posed eight-antenna array with/without display panel. (a) Ant 1 and Ant 2.
(b) Ant 3 and Ant 4.
IV. C ONCLUSION
In this communication, an eight-port antenna array for mobile
handsets is proposed and investigated for future 5G sub-6 GHz
massive MIMO applications. Dual-band operation is achieved by inte-
grating a folded monopole and a gap-coupled loop branch. To reserve
enough space for the 2G/3G/4G antennas, the proposed eight-antenna
array is mounted along the two long frames of the smartphone.
Good reflection coefficients of better than −6 dB and acceptable
isolations of better than 11.5 dB are achieved. The total efficiency
for each antenna element is better than 40% for LB (3.5 GHz) and
HB (5 GHz). In addition to that, the proposed antenna array has also
shown desirable MIMO performances with ECC lower than 0.08 and
ergodic channel capacities of approximately 37.5 and 38.5 b/s/Hz in
the LB and HB, respectively. The hand phantom effects and display
panel effects are also investigated, and the results show that the
presented eight-antenna MIMO array is a convincing candidate for
future 5G smartphone applications.
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7417
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