“It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent that survives.

It is the one
that is most adaptable to change. ”
Charles Darwin

Multi-Objective
Evolutionary Algorithms
Dr Sujit Das
Multi-Objective Optimization!...
• Have more than one objectives.
• Objectives are conflicting in nature.
• Most of the real life problems are multi-
objective in nature.
o Bye a car
▪ Mercedes Benz or Tata Nano!!!...
• Comfort or cost...
 How does it look mathematically?...
- Schaffer's study
 Spaces
1. Genotypic Space/ Variable Space
2. Phenotypic Space/ Objective Space

In Schaffer's Study:
x is the variable
x2 and (x-2)2 are the objectives

Remembering Schaffer's study!...

minimize (x2, (x-2)2), where -1000 <= x <= 1000
"Dominates": what is that!?!..
• solution p dominates solution q if all
objectives of p is not poor than that of q and
for at least one objective p is better than q.
• All optimization problems can be restated as
minimization problems.
Domination
Domination count and Rank
Pareto Optimality
• A solution is Pareto optimal if no solution
dominates it.
• Set of all Pareto optimal solutions (points in
variable space) is called Pareto Set.
• Set of all Pareto objective vectors is called
Pareto Front.
 What do we try to obtain?
A set of solutions:
1. Well diverse.
2. Close to Pareto front.
3. Covers the whole spectrum of Pareto front.
Properties of Good Solution Set
 Multi-Objective Evolutionary
Algorithms...
1. NSGA
2. NSGA-II
3. SPEA
4. SPEA2
5. GDE3
6. AMGA
7. AMGA2
8. MOEA/D
And many more...
 An Overall Flowchart of Multi-
Objective Genetic Algorithm
NSGA-II: The Main Loop
NSGA-II: fast-non-dominated-sort
NSGA-II: Crowding Distance
NSGA-II: Crowding Distance
How it is assigned…
NSGA-II: Crowding comparator
NSGA-II: Revisiting the Main Loop
NSGA-II: How it works…
MOEA: Some Characteristics
• Based on use of Archive
• Population based
• NSGA-II
• Archive based
• AMGA, AMGA2
• Based on size of working Population
• Micro genetic
• AMGA, AMGA2
• Macro genetic
• NSGA-II
MOEA: Characteristics cont…
• Based on number of off-springs generated in
each generation
• Generational
• NSGA-II
• Steady-state
• ssNSGA-II
• In between Generation and Steady-state
• AMGA-II
Discussion…