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CATH: For centuries and even up to now, the indigenous people of the Philippines continue to lose their lands,
strive to survive and fight for their rights. Whether it be mining, expansion developments or construction of
dam, the ancestral land of the indigenous people is always at stake. They were deprived and dispossessed to
the right of their land.
To indigenous peoples, land and its resources are necessary to their physical and cultural survival. This
harmonious relationship of the ecosystem and the community define their ethnic identity and also ensure
the cultural continuity of the group. But what if all of a sudden they have to leave their land for the benefit of
others? What if they have to be relocated far from their land? How can a resettlement be used to supply the
needs of an ethnic group that will entail their cultural identity?
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Cath: Masampat tabi abi di kitam mapesan. I am Catherine Roberto,
Lim: Magandang araw, I am Limuel Estrella
AL: and Good day, I am Alyanna Avorque
Cath: and we will present to you how we used the culture of the Dumagat ethnic groups as guide in planning
and designing a better environment in a resettlement area shown in our study entitled
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LIM: PIGTAANANG DUMAGAT:

CATH: A Culture Sensitive Development of the Resettlement Through A Pre-Occupancy Evaluation Approach
AL: FOR the Dumagat Tribe in Quezon Province Towards Environmental and Cultural Preservation
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Lim: Metro Manila, is known as a highly urbanized city because of the developments that arouse within and its
vicinity that results to urban slum and poverty. Associated with urbanization sprawl and unplanned
development, the city experiences a lot of environmental problems such as flooding, solid waste
management problems, air and water pollution, overpopulation and water crisis.
Recently, metro manila experiences a long-term problem with the supply of water. According to Manila
Water, around 52,000 households relying on their supply currently do not have water. With this, they have a
high demand in water but have a low supply in the existing Angat, Ipo and La Mesa Dam. This is the reason
why the MWSS proposed another dam which is located in Rizal and Quezon province, which is the New
Centennial Kaliwa Dam.
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AL: The New Centennial Kaliwa dam project is located on the Kaliwa River in Quezon province that will pass
through Daraitan Rizal. Kaliwa Dam will supply 600 Million Liters per Day with a height of 60m. It is one of
the flagship projects of the Duterte Administration under its Build, Build, Build program.
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There are identified portions of the ancestral domain land of the Dumagat tribe which they considered as
‘sacred sites’ that would be affected by inundation. This expected loss of land and properties will give way to
the project development that will affect numbers of settlements and households in the ancestral land of the
Dumagat tribe.
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The MWSS (metropolitan Waterworks Sewerage system) with the cooperation of the government, will
continue the construction of the dam even if the Dumagat tribe is opposing to the project. They wanted to
relocate the affected settlements as a compensation in using their land.
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Main problem
Cath: Due to the construction of the New Centennial Kaliwa Dam, it will cause the Dumagat tribe
to unwillingly relocate from their ancestral land. With the given situation, how would the
Dumagat tribe preserve and also promote their culture as they reside in the resettlement allocated
for them?
Poor shelter and housing is another problem of the Dumagats. If there is a typhoon, they are worried for
their houses since those were only built using light materials like bamboo and pulpy leaf of plants like the
coconut. Though they do not experience flood, they are afraid that their houses will be blown by strong
winds.

Next is the schooling adversities. Since poverty is the major problem, the education of the Dumagats is
severely affected. With no money, there is no education. Often times a Dumagat had to stop studying
because of financial instability.

Using the method of Pre occupancy evaluation, which is used usually used before planning and building
to fully understand the needs of the occupoansts or end users of the project. The method evaluates the
designed space by predicting user behavior influenced by spatial characteristics. The project will use pre
occuopancy evaluation which can evaluate and improve a design prior to construction by simulating user
behavior in the virtual space of the design.

(basa sa board)
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LIM: Lets first identify the affected settlements in Pagsangahan, general nakar.
There are a total of 10 settlement in pagsahanagn and 5 off those were the directly affected communities.

The first one is the Baycuran settlement which consist of 16 families with their tribal
leader Rodrigo Pistol.

AL: The second one is the Tatawiran settlement which consist 15 families with their
tribal leader Leonardo Pranada

CAth: The third one is the Makid-ata settlement which consist of 20 families with their
triubal leader Apolinario Dela Cruz

LLim:The fourth one is the Binuna settlement which consist of 17 families with their
triubal leader Crisanto Dela Carzada

Cath: The fifth one is the Tinipak settlement which consist of 16 families with their
triubal leader Danilo Dela Cruz

Cath: From here, we can now introduce the Dumagat tribe of Quezon province.
Culture of Dumagat
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Lim: People
The Original inhabitants in the watershed are the indigenous people-Dumagats/Agta, who are native in the
Sierra Mountain Ranges.
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Al: Traditions
They have a lot of traditions that is being held during their annual celebration of the national indigenous
peoples day and their festivals and it is more of a competition. One of the dying indigenous competitive
game is called Pagbu, a unique way of fighting by the Dumagat tribe of the Southern Sierra Madre. Only
Dumagat males were allowed to learn and participate. Pagbu was not intentionally created for self-defense,
but rather, as a form of recreation performed by Dumagat elders during celebrations.
Pagmamaman is practiced by the Dumagats because of social reasons. It is used to initiate, maintain, and
propagate friendship and camaraderie. The Dumagat offers maman as a sign of friendship. Pagmamaman is a
social equalizer.
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Cath: Clothing
Nowadays, people wear civilized clothes that they were influenced by the modern society. They’ve adapted
the clothing manner of the lowlanders. But when they have occasions and gatherings, they wear their
traditional clothing, bahag for men and tapis for women.
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AL: Religion
Most of the Dumagat were catholic, before they praise their God which they called as MAkidepet, inside
their houses, under a tree but now many of them goes to the churches in the mainland during weekends.
Before, the Dumagats do not have a religion but they believe in spirit wherein they called it as “Makedetet”
(tantamount to Jesus in Roman Catholicism). They do not go to church, instead they go to a sacred place
wherein they believe that the spirit of Makedetet stays. The Mount Irit that is the navel of the Sierra Madre,
is considered as the place of worship for the Dumagats.

But then, as time goes by, this culture of Dumagat gradually disappeared due to many religions that came in
their place like Born Again, Seven Day Adventist, Hecuba, and Mormons that lead them to have a different
religions and beliefs.

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Lim: Beliefs
The Dumagat tribe have different traditions and beliefs compared to others. They believe mostly in
nature. They could understand what their environment is telling them even if there’s a disaster that will
come. They based it on the sea creatures, they observe their behavior and from there they can conclude
of there’s natural disaster that will come.

Dumagat who passed away is usually wrapped with anahaw leaves or cloth if available and pray for the
dead for at least 2 nights. The other members of the community share in the food needed from the vigil
that comes from a form of rice. This is to show their grief over the bereaved family
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CATH: Livelihood
Based on our survey, they are mostly dependent on farming crops. When the weather is good, some of the
men of the tribe will go near the sea or river for fishing.
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Social Organization of the tribe
LIM: Hierarchy of the tribe
ELDERS
They give guidance to the chieftain in deciding. Even though the chieftain may have the highest place in their
tribe, it is necessary to consult to the elders before doing any action that will affect their tribe. They were
considered as the expert or they have full knowledge of their culture
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AL: CHIEFTAIN
He/she manages the tribe or community. He makes sure that he consults the tribal members whenever he
needs to decide. The members of the tribe votes who they think can lead them regardless of age and gender.
But in general, they have a president which they called as Pangulo, he/she is the leader of all tribal leader.
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Cath: MEMBERS OF THE TRIBE
The members of the tribe were responsible for practicing their culture and mainataning their unity as a
whole.
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Lim: NEXT GENERATION
They consider their children as the next generation or the inheritor of their land and culture. The survival of
their culture is also in the hands of their children so they should practice their own culture and protect it
from anything that could influence it from changing.
Cath: The Dumagat lives in mountains which have a slope characteristics. They were surrounded by
numerous type of trees that they used for their construction which makes forest the source of their
materials. From this, they were able to differenciate their houses based on what they needed.
Cath: Saolan is an example of a temporary house for Dumagat. Since Dumagat were also known as nomadic,
which is known for residing where they could find their daily needs. Usually they build this type of house
when they go out of their tribe for fishing.
Lim: Beloy this house is on stilts and entirely made of wood from its surroundings. It has firm and wide roof
enough to cover the users inside and mostly made of anahaw leaves.
Al: Hanga A Beloy is a house influenced by the lowlanders in the Dumagat tribe. It is a mixture of concrete
and woods mostly owned by the chieftain or the elders of a tribe.
Beliefs
Cath: Construction method
 The Dumagat lives in mountains which have a slope characteristics. They were surrounded by numerous
type of trees that they used for their construction which makes forest the source of their materials. Before
they start building their houses, they first do their rituals by hitting the foundations of the house first with a
tagbak which have seeds inside, they believe that when the seeds from the tagbak came out, they can
continue building and that it will have an abundant blessings for the family but when the seeds didn’t came
out, they would not continue building the house. They would say it means like the soil or the land where not
suitable for building house or some spirits owns the area.

The Dumagat is also known as a cultural sensitive tribe. they don’t share their cultural values to other people
because they said that most of the time, they were taken for granted by other people who have an interest
of taking their land.

CATH: Barangay Pagsangahan is known for its natural tourist spots and in its vicinity. It is also a home for the
Dumagat tribe. The natural envrionemnt of the barangay makes it popular not just to locals but also to other
places. The thing is that their tourist spots were hard to find. Pagsangahan is situated at approximately
14.6570, 121.4621, in the island of Luzon. Elevation at these coordinates is estimated at 341.4 meters or
1,120.1 feet above mean sea level. It is the second Barangay in General Nakar that have the largest land
area. It has a 49,831 ha of land which is abundant in crops and exotic trees. It is also undeveloped area since
it is in the mountainous part of the municipal.
The relocation site for the dumagat is located in Sitio Cablao in Barangay Pagsangahan. It is part of the
ancestral domain of the Dumagat that have a total lot area of 28,583.46 sq.m. Figure 4.8 shows the detailed
illustration of the site with topographical description.
 Because of the natural features of the site, we divided the site in to two groups, the
buildable and non buildable areas. Since the lower part of the site has more vegetation
and coconut plantation, this can function as their agricultural land where they could
plant their crops for their livelihood or for daily licing.

From here,
CATH: Concept
DESIGN PROBLEM
The IP communities are in deep need of revitalization. Since they only depend on their natural environment
to survive, the community they live in must be sustainable and efficient. Community development as well as
facilities like schools and health center are certainly the keys to solve the present issues in the IP
communities. A healthy community design and sustainable settlement development strategy will improve
the living condition of the IPs. Through architecture, their current conditions can be developed and improved
by providing them a sustainable plan for development in terms of a culture sensitive design. The restoration
and development of any community is always influenced by the defining relationships between existing
ideas, traditions, values, and culture.
So the goal of the project is to Analyse the cultural pluralism of the Dumagat tribe that focuses on the
cultural context of the Dumagat tribe through a pre occupancy evaluation approach and be able to reflect it
on the planning of the resettlement that will also help the tribe conserve their environment.
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The concept for the project is PAGMAMAMAN of the Dumagats. Pagmamaman or betel nut chewing has
been part of the culture of most of the indigenous community for a long time but some not all of them
continue these type of culture. But for the Dumagat, pagmamaman is their identity. It’s been part of their
daily living in their daily task.

Maman is a betel nut quid chewed by the Dumagats and made of areca nut, betel leaf, lime
andtobacco. It is used in courtship, wedding and death ceremonies. It is a popular theme in
Dumagatfolklores and songs. Pagmamaman initiates and maintains friendship. Maman cures the
Dumagats illnesses. It is a substitute for food, stimulates sexual drive, and helps the Dumagats
momentarily achieve a general physical wellbeing.
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LIM: Dumagats continue the tradition of pagmamaman, because of different reasons such as the
following:
 It was, and will always be their source of their identity.
 It is part of their traditions, such as when there are courtships, those who court give the
betel nut or nganga as a gift, and if it was accepted, it means that the girl likes the guy, too.
 It was also put at the kids’ forehead, when their relatives die, for they believe it will make
the children forget all the memories about that person who died.
 They use nganga for medicinal purposes, too.
 They consider it also as their source of survival, sex, and well-being.
It also serves as a social equalizer, because any gender at any age do the pagmamaman
Maman is mainly used to strengthen the teeth and also represent the identitry of the Dumagat, in this
project, maman will be used to strengthen the community. Its principles will be used to be translated
into architectural solutions to the problems faced by the Dumagat not only with the resettlement but
also in their existing condition.
Maman have 4 ingridients, the betel quid, betel leaves, lime and tabacco
The betel quid will be the cultural facilities of the community since it is the main ingrideint opf the
maman, culture is also the most important part of the Dumagat community. To retain and protet their
culture is their main goal.

The betel leaves will be the residential part of the community since the leaf represents unity to bound
together the ingridients of the maman as well as the houses that will be the shelter of the Dumagat.
The leaves protects its fruit, which could also mean that the community will protect their culture.
The lime, the third ingredient, is a catalyst—powdered (calcium oxide) or paste (calcium hydroxide),
made from kiln-baked seashells, most of the time they trade these lime to the lowlander through
foods and their crops. It is also a type of their livelihood. Socializing will be developed through
trading and this represents the livelihood facilities and other social related buildings.
While the tabacco is considered as an additive to have an additional kick to the maman, the utuilities
and the mrf will be the additive factor in the community to make it better and organized.
Together, maman build the identity of the Dumagat and the proposed community development will
help them strengthen and protect their culture.
AL:

CATH:
Considerations
Cath: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
The community within the resettlement is the main beneficiary of the project, their participation with the
programs and facilities provided for them will be considered. Their culture will dictate the design of their
houses and other proposed facilities to improve their lives within their community since they were the end
user of the project.
LIM: PASSIVE COOLING
Rooms are arranged in a linear configuration orientated approximately perpendicular to the prevailing wind
direction for best cross ventilation.
One of the characteristics of the houses of dumagat that made it sustainable and energy efficient is that they
uses natural lighting and natural ventilation throughout their structure. Since they don’t have electricity,
they need natural ventilation and lighting system through the use construction materials and methods in
planning and building structures. The application of the characteristics and methods of construction of
houses.
AL: DISASTER RESILIENCY
It is important to consider the resiliency of the residents by wisely choosing of low impact building materials
that doesn’t have a lesser negative impact on the environment and those that can be rapidly renewed, such
as bamboo. It also works by allowing vulnerable community to continue to thrive even during a disaster.

Cath: CIRCULATION
The community that will be designed for the Dumagat should be in line with their needs. To help them
improve their community and not help it change even more. The circulation of the houses up to its
community should have a relation with each other to be able to maximize the use of each space. It should
also reflect to the existing lives of the Dumagat.
The community facilities have been split into separate buildings to allow ventilation of all external spaces.
LIM: NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
The community is designed to enhance natural cycles, using local resources to generate solar power, purified
rainwater and passive ventilation to create healthy and sustainable environments.
Preserving and cultivation of trees and crops is one of the livelihood proposed for the Dumagat tribe. Since
many of them is dependent on farming it will not be hard for them to adapt with their new environment.
AL: ENERGY EFFICIENCY
The absence of electricity or devices will not define their identity, they did not choose not to have it but they
were unprivileged not to have it. It somehow helped them connect with each other through personal and
verbal communication but the use of electricity will also help them improve their community.
CAT: CULTURAL preservation
One of the very first reason for this is modernization. Since they live in the mountains, they were far from
the new technologies and the influence of the other people, but this is wrong. Even if they lived in the
mountainous part of Sierra Madre, it is necessary for them to go down to the mainland and communicate
with other tribes.
In this chapter, the proponent will show the different spaces that will connected to make the community
development complex. The table below shows the zoning of the areas and their corresponding
computations.

Cut and fill on stilts construction method

This describes the process of carving out a level plinth on a sloping site, in order to build a home that is
essentially designed for use on a level site. Any spoil that is cut from the bank is reserved in order for it to be
brought back to make up the levels on the lower edge. And applying building on stilts to incorporate the
passive cooling effect of the Dumagat houses.

LIM: MATRIX
In this chapter, the proponent will show the different spaces that will connected to make the community
development complex. The table below shows the zoning of the areas and their corresponding
computations.

HOUSING TYPE A
This type of housing is for the members of the tribe. The house have the typical spaces of a house except
from not having a toilet and bath inside the house. The dagmang area is for fuming purposes. It like a
traditional bonfire but instead of doing it outside with other people, it is more of a private space inside the
house.
AL: HOUSING TYPE B
This houses is allocated for the dumagat chieftain and elders. Since they usually have a large number of
family members. The house of the chieftain were commonly used also as a gathering area of the tribal
council.
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CATH: LIVELIHOOD CENTER
In achieving social needs of the community, LIVELIHOOD CENTER would be a public location wherein the
members of the community will gather for group activities, social support, training services and other
purposes. This will help them to enrich their culture and enhance it for a greater community. It could also a
response to give them alternative livelihood aside from farming which is their main source of livelihood.
LIM: HEALTHCARE FACILITY
There are no barangay health centres in Sitio Cablao, Pagsangahan. The need to accommodate the Dumagat
tribe in the said site is badly needed.Usually the residents that are living in the said barangay carrying the
patients and going to another town for the health care facility.
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AL: COMMUNITY SCHOOL
The importance of early childhood learning is important, because of its long-term benefit to their lives as
well as the community involvement. The Dumagat tribe is in need of the educational facility for them to
learn how to have the basic information they the user can get as a young age.
LIM: DAYCARE
Education is also important to the lives of the indigenous people like the Dumagat tribe. One of the facilities
that they stated that will help them is having an educational facility for their community. They believe that
their culture is on the hands of their children since they will be the one who will continue their cultural
values.
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CATH: COMMUNAL AREAS
According to Jan Gehl, “A good city is like a good party — people stay longer than really necessary, because
they are enjoying themselves. “Public spaces are an important asset to the community. They provide people
many opportunities to come together and interact with the community.
AL: TRIBE HALL FACILITY
Tribal hall is practically the social hall of the Dumagats. It is a traditional place where members of a Dumagat
gather to talk, share stories, sing and dance on occasions, resolve conflicts, chew the betel nut, or simply
relax together at the end of the day. It is the centre of oral tradition the very heart of the community where
culture is passed on from one generation to the next.
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CATH: COMMUNITY CHAPEL
 because of the changes emerges from time to time, the Dumagat goes to church at the town far away from
their homes. Because of other people with different beliefs the Dumagat tribe has been influence by religion
of other people. Proposing a chapel according to the need of the Dumagat that will show the characteristic
and significance of their beliefs.

LIM: MRF (MATERIAL RECOVERY FACILITY)

The need of the Dumagat to have a proper sanitation of the public toilet and drainage system for proper
disposal. Providing a proper waste disposal area for the tribe that can apply some waste management that
can be used fertilizer for the crops.

Before we end our presentation we would like to state our design philosophy by _________ which states the
we cannot force people to connect
A resettlement should not be used to encourage people to have a new start but it should help them live the
way they were used to but in a better environment.
Ending part
Also, The Indigenous people remain close to the land, not only in the way they live, but in their hearts and in
the way they view the world. Protecting the environment is not an intellectual exercise; it is a sacred duty.
 Forest exists in the watershed of Makidata Creek in the northern part; in Mount
Daraitan; and the watershed of Matilatidag and Mamamala creeks in the southeastern part of the major
watershed. Patches of forest also exist in the watershed of Sabatunasasin and Sampaloc rivers in the
southwestern part (Figure 6). It occupies the very steep slopes and ravines of the watersheds. The forest tree
species are: Narra, Lauan, Ipil-ipil, Yakal, Kamagong, Molave, Malamanga, Hamindan, Malaruhat, Balete,
Trema and Bamboo. Coconut plantations exist in the watershed of Mamamala creek; and on a slope in the
curve of Kaliwa River north of Daraitan Barangay proper. Mixed grasses, shrubs and patches of upland
crops/kaingin are scattered in the entire watershed, particularly in Barangay Sampaloc and Barangay
Daraitan area. Also, a big unit exists in between Mount Daraitan and Cablao Creek. Upland crops that are
being planted are: Corn, Upland rice, Cassava, Camote, Gabi and Pineapple. Grassland exists in the
watersheds of Sampaloc and Mamamala River/Creek. It also exists in the watershed of Cablao Creek. Grass
species are Cogon and Talahib with Hagonoy.