Charlie Hebdo (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁli ɛbdo]; French for Charlie Weekly) is a

French satirical weekly magazine,[4] featuring cartoons,[5] reports, polemics, and

jokes. Stridently non-conformist in tone, the publication has been described as
anti-racist,[6] sceptic,[7] secular, and within the tradition of left-wing
radicalism,[8][9] publishing articles about the far-right (especially the French
nationalist National Front party),[10] religion (Catholicism, Islam, and Judaism),
politics and culture.

The magazine has been the target of three terrorist attacks: in 2011, 2015, and
2020. All of them were presumed to be in response to a number of cartoons that it
published controversially depicting Muhammad. In the second of these attacks, 12
people were killed, including publishing director Charb and several other prominent
cartoonists.

Charlie Hebdo first appeared in 1970 as a companion to the monthly Hara-Kiri

magazine, after a previous title was banned for mocking the death of former French
president Charles de Gaulle.[11] In 1981, publication ceased, but the magazine was
resurrected in 1992. The magazine is published every Wednesday, with special
editions issued on an unscheduled basis.

Gérard Biard is the current editor-in-chief of Charlie Hebdo.[12] The previous

editors were François Cavanna (1970–1981) and Philippe Val (1992–2009).

Contents
1 History
1.1 Origins in Hara-Kiri
1.2 Launch of Charlie Hebdo
1.3 Rebirth
2 Controversy
2.1 2006 publication
2.2 2011 firebombing
2.3 2012 cartoons depicting Muhammad
2.4 2015 attack
2.4.1 The "survivors' issue"
2.4.2 Je suis Charlie
2.4.3 Republican marches
2.4.4 Other reactions
3 Post-attack
3.1 Other controversies
3.1.1 2020 republication of Muhammad caricatures
3.1.2 2020 publication of Erdoğan cartoon
3.2 2020 attack
4 Legal issues
4.1 Mosque of Paris v. Val (2007)
4.2 Siné sacking (2008)
4.3 Amatrice v. Charlie Hebdo (2016)
4.4 Complaint in Turkey (2020)
5 Financial issues
6 Ownership
7 Staff
8 Accolades
9 See also
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
History
Origins in Hara-Kiri
François Cavanna (1923–2014), one of the founders of the first Charlie Hebdo title
In 1960, Georges "Professeur Choron" Bernier and François Cavanna launched a
monthly magazine entitled Hara-Kiri.[13] Choron acted as the director of
publication and Cavanna as its editor. Eventually Cavanna gathered together a team
which included Roland Topor, Fred, Jean-Marc Reiser, Georges Wolinski, Gébé [fr],
and Cabu. After an early reader's letter accused them of being "dumb and nasty"
("bête et méchant"), the phrase became an official slogan for the magazine and made
it into everyday language in France.

Hara-Kiri was briefly banned in 1961, and again for six months in 1966. A few
contributors did not return along with the newspaper, such as Gébé, Cabu, Topor,
and Fred. New members of the team included Delfeil de Ton [fr], Pierre Fournier
(journaliste) [fr], and Willem.

In 1969, the Hara-Kiri team decided to produce a weekly publication – on top of the
existing monthly magazine – which would focus more on current affairs. This was
launched in February as Hara-Kiri Hebdo and renamed L'Hebdo Hara-Kiri in May of the
same year.[14] (Hebdo is short for hebdomadaire – "weekly")

Launch of Charlie Hebdo

In November 1970, the former French president Charles de Gaulle died in his home
village of Colombey-les-Deux-Églises, eight days after a disaster in a nightclub,
the Club Cinq-Sept fire, which caused the death of 146 people. The magazine
released a cover spoofing the popular press's coverage of this disaster, headlined
"Tragic Ball at Colombey, one dead."[13] As a result, the weekly was banned.

In order to sidestep the ban, the editorial team decided to change its title, and
used Charlie Hebdo.[2] The new name was derived from a monthly comics magazine
called Charlie (later renamed Charlie Mensuel, meaning Charlie Monthly), which had
been started by Bernier and Delfeil de Ton in 1969. The monthly Charlie took its
name from the lead character of one of the comics it originally published,
Peanuts's Charlie Brown. Using that title for the new weekly magazine was also an
inside joke about Charles de Gaulle.[15][16][17] The first issue did feature a
Peanuts strip, as the editors were fans of the series.[18]

In December 1981, publication ceased.[19]

Rebirth
In 1991, Gébé, Cabu, and others were reunited to work for La Grosse Bertha, a new
weekly magazine resembling Charlie Hebdo, created in reaction to the First Gulf War
and edited by singer and comedian Philippe Val. However, the following year, Val
clashed with the publisher, who wanted apolitical humour, and was fired. Gébé and
Cabu walked out with him and decided to launch their own paper again. The three
called upon Cavanna, Delfeil de Ton, and Wolinski, requesting their help and input.
After much searching for a new name, the obvious idea of resurrecting Charlie Hebdo
was agreed on. The new magazine was owned by Val, Gébé, Cabu, and singer Renaud.
Val was editor; Gébé was publication director.

The publication of the new Charlie Hebdo began in July 1992 amidst much publicity.
The first issue under the new publication sold 100,000 copies. Choron, who had
fallen out with his former colleagues, tried to restart a weekly Hara-Kiri, but its
publication was short-lived. Choron died in January 2005.

On 26 April 1996, François Cavanna, Charb and Philippe Val filed 173,704
signatures, obtained in eight months, with the aim of banning the political party
Front National, since it would have contravened the articles 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7 of
the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.[20]

In 2000, journalist Mona Chollet was sacked after she had protested against a
Philippe Val article which called Palestinians "non-civilised".[21] In 2004,
following the death of Gébé, Val succeeded him as director of publication, while
still holding his position as editor.[22]

In 2008, controversy broke over a column by veteran cartoonist Siné which led to
accusations of antisemitism and Siné's sacking by Val. Siné successfully sued the
newspaper for unfair dismissal and Charlie Hebdo was ordered to pay him €90,000 in
damages.[23] Siné launched a rival paper called Siné Hebdo [fr] which later became
Siné Mensuel [fr]. In 2009, Philippe Val resigned after being appointed director of
France Inter, a public radio station to which he has contributed since the early
1990s. His functions were split between two cartoonists, Charb and Riss. Val gave
away his shares in 2011.

Controversy

Muslims march in Paris on 11 February 2006 against the publication of caricatures

of Muhammad. A sign with "Charlie Hebdo" circled and crossed-out is held aloft in
the picture's upper middle.

Image of 3 November 2011 cover of Charlie Hebdo, renamed Charia Hebdo ("Sharia
Hebdo"). The word balloon shows Muhammad saying, "100 lashes if you don't die
laughing!"
2006 publication
Controversy arose over the publication's edition of 9 February 2006. Under the
title "Mahomet débordé par les intégristes" ("Muhammad overwhelmed by
fundamentalists"), the front page showed a cartoon of a weeping Muhammad saying
"C'est dur d'être aimé par des cons" ("it's hard being loved by jerks"). The
newspaper reprinted the twelve cartoons of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons
controversy and added some of their own. Compared to a regular circulation of
100,000 sold copies, this edition enjoyed great commercial success. 160,000 copies
were sold and another 150,000 were in print later that day.

In response, French President Jacques Chirac condemned "overt provocations" which

could inflame passions. "Anything that can hurt the convictions of someone else, in
particular religious convictions, should be avoided", Chirac said. The Grand Mosque
of Paris, the Muslim World League and the Union of French Islamic Organisations
(UOIF) sued, claiming the cartoon edition included racist cartoons.[24] A later
edition contained a statement by a group of twelve writers warning against
Islamism.[25]

The suit by the Grand Mosque and the UOIF reached the courts in February 2007.
Publisher Philippe Val contended "It is racist to imagine that they can't
understand a joke," but Francis Szpiner, the lawyer for the Grand Mosque, explained
the suit: "Two of those caricatures make a link between Muslims and Muslim
terrorists. That has a name and it's called racism."[26]

Future president Nicolas Sarkozy sent a letter to be read in court expressing his
support for the ancient French tradition of satire.[27] François Bayrou and future
president François Hollande also expressed their support for freedom of expression.
The French Council of the Muslim Faith (CFCM) criticised the expression of these
sentiments, claiming that they were politicising a court case.[28]

On 22 March 2007, executive editor Val was acquitted by the court.[29] The court
followed the state attorney's reasoning that two of the three cartoons were not an
attack on Islam, but on Muslim terrorists, and that the third cartoon with Muhammad
with a bomb in his turban should be seen in the context of the magazine in
question, which attacked religious fundamentalism.[30]
Debris outside the paper's offices following the November 2011 attack
2011 firebombing
In November 2011, the newspaper's office in the 20th arrondissement[31][32] was
fire-bombed and its website hacked. The attacks were presumed to be linked to its
decision to rename the edition of 3 November 2011 "Charia Hebdo", with Muhammad
listed as the "editor-in-chief".[33] The cover, featuring a cartoon of Muhammad
saying: "100 lashes of the whip if you don't die laughing" by Luz (Rénald Luzier),
had circulated on social media for a couple of days.

The "Charia Hebdo" issue had been a response to recent news of the post-election
introduction of sharia law in Libya and the victory of the Islamist party in
Tunisia.[34] It especially focuses on oppression of women under sharia, taking aim
at domestic violence, mandatory veiling, burquas, restrictions on freedom, forced
marriage, and stoning of those accused of adultery. It also targeted oppression of
gays and dissenters, and practices such as stoning, flogging, hand/foot/tongue
amputations, polygamy, forced marriage, and early indoctrination of children.
"Guest editor" Muhammad is portrayed as a good-humoured voice of reason, decrying
the recent elections and calling for a separation between politics and religion,
while stating that Islam is compatible with humour.[35][unreliable source?] The
magazine responded to the bombing by distributing some four times the usual number
of copies.[36]

Charb was quoted by Associated Press stating that the attack might have been
carried out by "stupid people who don't know what Islam is" and that they are
"idiots who betray their own religion". Mohammed Moussaoui, head of the French
Council of the Muslim Faith, said his organisation deplores "the very mocking tone
of the paper toward Islam and its prophet but reaffirms with force its total
opposition to all acts and all forms of violence."[37] François Fillon, the prime
minister, and Claude Guéant, the interior minister, voiced support for Charlie
Hebdo,[32] as did feminist writer Ayaan Hirsi Ali, who criticised calls for self-
censorship.[38]

2012 cartoons depicting Muhammad

In September 2012, the newspaper published a series of satirical cartoons of
Muhammad.[39][40] One cartoon depicted Muhammad as a nude man on all fours with a
star covering his anus.[41][42] Another shows Muhammad bending over naked and
begging to be admired.[43] Given that this issue came days after a series of
attacks on US embassies in the Middle East, purportedly in response to the anti-
Islamic film Innocence of Muslims, the French government decided to increase
security at certain French embassies, as well as to close the French embassies,
consulates, cultural centres, and international schools in about 20 Muslim
countries.[44] In addition, riot police surrounded the offices of the magazine to
protect it against possible attacks.[40][45][46]

Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius criticised the magazine's decision, saying, "In
France, there is a principle of freedom of expression, which should not be
undermined. In the present context, given this absurd video that has been aired,
strong emotions have been awakened in many Muslim countries. Is it really sensible
or intelligent to pour oil on the fire?"[47] The US White House said "a French
magazine published cartoons featuring a figure resembling the Prophet Muhammad, and
obviously, we have questions about the judgment of publishing something like
this."[48] When speaking before the United Nations later in the month, President
Obama remarked more broadly that "The future must not belong to those who slander
the prophet of Islam. But to be credible, those who condemn that slander must also
condemn the hate we see in the images of Jesus Christ that are desecrated, or
churches that are destroyed, or the Holocaust that is denied."[49] However, the
newspaper's editor defended publication of the cartoons, saying, "We do caricatures
of everyone, and above all every week, and when we do it with the Prophet, it's
called provocation."[50][51]
2015 attack

Journalists, policemen, and emergency services in the street of the shooting, a few
hours after the January 2015 attack

The Je suis Charlie ("I am Charlie") slogan became an endorsement of freedom of

speech and press.

Indian journalists expressed solidarity with the victims of attack at New Delhi on
9 January 2015. Displayed cartoon by Shekhar Gurera
Main article: Charlie Hebdo shooting
On 7 January 2015, two Islamist gunmen[52] forced their way into the Paris
headquarters of Charlie Hebdo and opened fire, killing twelve: staff cartoonists
Charb, Cabu, Honoré, Tignous and Wolinski,[53] economist Bernard Maris, editors
Elsa Cayat and Mustapha Ourrad, guest Michel Renaud, maintenance worker Frédéric
Boisseau and police officers Brinsolaro and Merabet, and wounding eleven, four of
them seriously.[54][55][56][57][58][59]

During the attack, the gunmen shouted "Allahu akbar" ("God is great" in Arabic) and
also "the Prophet is avenged".[52][60] President François Hollande described it as
a "terrorist attack of the most extreme barbarity".[61] The two gunmen were
identified as Saïd Kouachi and Chérif Kouachi, French Muslim brothers of Algerian
descent.[62][63][64][65][66]

The "survivors' issue"

Main article: Charlie Hebdo issue No. 1178
The day after the attack, the remaining staff of Charlie Hebdo announced that
publication would continue, with the following week's edition of the newspaper to
be published according to the usual schedule with a print run of one million
copies, up significantly from its usual 60,000.[67][68] On 13 January 2015, the
news came on BBC that the first issue after the massacre would come out in three
million copies.[69] On Wednesday itself it was announced that with a huge demand in
France, the print run would be raised from three to five million copies.[70] The
newspaper announced the revenue from the issue would go towards the families of the
victims.[71]

The French government granted nearly €1 million to support the magazine.[72] The
Digital Innovation Press Fund (French: Fonds Google–AIPG pour l'Innovation
Numérique de la presse), partially funded by Google, donated €250,000,[73] matching
a donation by the French Press and Pluralism Fund.[74] The Guardian Media Group
pledged a donation of £100,000.[75]

Je suis Charlie
Main article: Je suis Charlie

The front cover of edition of 14 January 2015, with a cartoon in the same style as
3 November 2011 cover, uses the phrase "Je Suis Charlie". (Headline translation:
"All is forgiven.")[76]
After the attacks, the phrase Je suis Charlie, French for "I am Charlie", was
adopted by supporters of Charlie Hebdo. Many journalists embraced the expression as
a rallying cry for freedom of expression and freedom of the press.[77]

The slogan was first used on Twitter and spread to the Internet at large. The
Twitter account and the original "Je suis Charlie" picture bearing the phrase in
white Charlie Hebdo style font on black background were created by French
journalist and artist Joachim Roncin just after the massacre.[78]

The website of Charlie Hebdo went offline shortly after the shooting, and when it
returned it bore the legend Je Suis Charlie on a black background.[79] The
statement was used as the hashtag #jesuischarlie on Twitter,[80] as computer-
printed or hand-made placards and stickers, and displayed on mobile phones at
vigils, and on many websites, particularly media sites. While other symbols were
used, notably holding pens in the air, the phrase "Not Afraid", and tweeting
certain images, "Je Suis Charlie" became more widespread.[81]

Republican marches
Main article: Republican marches
A series of rallies took place in cities across France on 10–11 January 2015 to
honour the victims of the Charlie Hebdo shooting, and also to voice support for
freedom of speech.[82]

Luz, one of the survivors of the attack, welcomed the show of support for the
magazine, but criticized the use of symbols contrary to its values. He noted:
"People sang La Marseillaise. We're speaking about the memory of Charb, Tignous,
Cabu, Honoré, Wolinski: they would all have abhorred that kind of attitude."[83]
Willem, another surviving cartoonist, declared support of free expression would be
"naturally a good thing", but rejected that of far-right figures such as Geert
Wilders and Marine Le Pen: "We vomit on those who suddenly declared that they were
our friends".[84]

Other reactions
Unrest in Niger following the publication of the post-attack issue of Charlie Hebdo
resulted in ten deaths,[85] dozens injured, and at least nine churches burned.[86]
The Guardian reported seven churches burned in Niamey alone. Churches were also
reported to be on fire in eastern Maradi and Goure. Violent demonstrations also
were prevalent in Zinder, where some burned French flags. There were violent
demonstrations in Karachi in Pakistan, where Asif Hassan, a photographer working
for the Agence France-Presse, was seriously injured by a shot to the chest. In
Algiers and Jordan, protesters clashed with police, while peaceful demonstrations
were held in Khartoum, Sudan, Russia, Mali, Senegal, and Mauritania.[86]

RT reported that a million people attended a demonstration in Grozny, the capital

city of the Chechen Republic, protesting against the depictions of Muhammad in
Charlie Hebdo and proclaiming that Islam is a religion of peace. One of the slogans
was "Violence is not the method".[87] Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov declared a
regional holiday and denounced "people without spiritual and moral values" in front
of an audience estimated to range between 600,000 and a million people.[88]

One week after the murders, Donald Trump mocked Charlie Hebdo, saying the magazine
reminded him of another "nasty and dishonest" satirical publication and that the
magazine was on the verge of financial collapse.[89][90][91]

A British NGO, the Islamic Human Rights Commission, gave their 2015 international
'Islamophobe of the Year' award to Charlie Hebdo,[92] whereas another British
organisation, the National Secular Society, awarded the Charlie Hebdo staff with
Secularist of the Year 2015 "for their courageous response to the terror attack".
The magazine said it would donate the associated £5,000 prize money to the fund
that supports the families of the murdered cartoonists.[93]

Post-attack

Place de la République, 2016.05.15

Other controversies

Coco's artwork on the front cover of Charlie Hebdo on 14 September 2015 illustrates
a parody of racist attitudes that proclaim that migrants are "welcome" but are
treated as footstools. The speech balloon, "This [land] is your home", is a
reference to a famous nationalist phrase, "This is our home".
Since January 2015 Charlie Hebdo has continued to be embroiled in controversy.
Daniel Schneidermann argues that the 2015 attack raised the profile of the paper
internationally with non-Francophone audiences, meaning that only parts of the
paper are selectively translated into English, making it easy to misrepresent the
editorial stance of the publication and the purpose of provocative work.[94]

In February 2015 Charlie Hebdo was accused of attacking freedom of press when its
lawyer Richard Malka tried to prevent the publication of the magazine Charpie
Hebdo, a pastiche of Charlie Hebdo.[95]

In October 2015 Nadine Morano was depicted as a baby with Down syndrome in the arms
of General de Gaulle after making remarks supporting the National Front. This was
criticized as a reference to de Gaulle's daughter, Anne, and as disparaging to
people with disabilities. A response from a reader, a mother with a Down syndrome
daughter, commented "The stupidity is racism, it's intolerance, it's Morano. The
stupidity isn't trisomy [Down's syndrome]" (la bêtise, c'est le racisme, c'est
l'intolérance, c'est Morano. La bêtise, ce n'est pas la trisomie)[96]

The 14 September 2015 edition's cover cartoon by Coco depicted a migrant being
maltreated by a man who proclaims "welcome to refugees" – in order to parody
European claims about compassion.[97] Riss wrote an editorial on the European
migrant crisis, arguing that it was hypocritical for Hungarian politicians to
declare themselves compassionate because of their Christian beliefs, but at the
same time reject migrants from Syria. Riss parodied anti-immigrant attitudes by
featuring a cartoon with a caricature of Jesus walking on water next to a drowning
Muslim boy, with the caption "this is how we know Europe is Christian". The
cartoons were widely seen as gallows humour in France, but prompted another wave of
controversy abroad.[98] That issue also included a caricature of the dead body of
Syrian Kurdish refugee child Alan Kurdi next to a McDonald's sign with the caption,
"So close to the goal."[99] In response to criticism, cartoonist Corinne Rey said
that she was criticising the consumerist society that was being sold to migrants
like a dream.[100] After the New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany, a January
2016 edition included a cartoon by Riss about Kurdi, reflecting fickle sentiment
towards refugees by including a caption questioning whether the boy would have
grown up to be an "ass groper in Germany".[101][102][103][104]

Following the crash of Metrojet Flight 9268 in October 2015, which killed 224
civilians, mostly Russian women and children, and was seen by UK and US authorities
as a probable terrorist bombing, Charlie Hebdo published cartoons which were
perceived in Russia as mocking the victims of the tragedy.[105] One of the cartoons
showed a victim's blue-eyed skull and a burned-out plane on the ground, with the
caption: "The dangers of Russian low cost" flights.[106] The other showed pieces of
the plane falling on an Islamic State (ISIS) fighter with the caption: "Russia's
air force intensifies its bombing." A spokesman for Vladimir Putin called the
artwork "sacrilege", and members of the State Duma called for the magazine to be
banned as extremist literature and demanded an apology from France.[105]

In March 2016, one year after the attack, the weekly featured a caricature of
Yahweh with a Kalashnikov rifle. The Vatican and Jewish groups said they were
offended,[107][108] and the Associated Press censored images of the cover.[109]
[110]

In the same month, Charlie Hebdo published a front page following the 2016 Brussels
bombings, in which the Belgian singer Stromae asks "Papa où t'es?" (Where are you
dad?) and dismembered body parts reply "here". The cover upset the Belgian public
and it particularly upset Stromae's family, because his father was murdered in the
Rwandan genocide.[111][112][113]
On 2 September 2016, following the August 2016 Central Italy earthquake, which
caused 294 deaths, the French magazine published a cartoon in which the earthquake
victims are depicted as pasta dishes, under the title "Séisme à l'italienne".[114]
In response to the reaction of Italians unleashed on social networks, the
cartoonist Coco pointed out with another cartoon on the official Facebook page of
the magazine, "Italians ... it's not Charlie Hebdo who builds your houses, it's the
Mafia!"[115] The French ambassador in Rome, in a statement, pointed out that the
French Government's position on the Italian earthquake is not that expressed by
Charlie Hebdo.[116]

On 29 December 2016, Russia accused Charlie Hebdo of 'mocking' the Black Sea plane
crash after publishing 'inhuman' cartoons about the disaster. In one reference to
the crash, which claimed 92 lives, including 64 members of the Alexandrov Ensemble
choir,[106] the French magazine depicted a jet hurtling downwards along with words
translated as: 'Bad news ... Putin wasn't on board'. Russian defence spokesman
called cartoons 'a poorly-created abomination'.[117] A Russian Defense Ministry
spokesman said: "If such, I dare say, 'artistry' is the real manifestation of
'Western values', then those who hold and support them are doomed".[118]

2020 republication of Muhammad caricatures

On 1 September 2020, Charlie Hebdo announced that it will republish caricatures
depicting Muhammad that sparked violent protests, ahead of a trial of suspected
perpetrators of the mass shooting in January 2015 scheduled the following day.[119]

Instagram suspended two accounts belonging to two of Charlie Hebdo's employees for
several hours after they had published the caricatures of Muhammad. The accounts
were reinstated after Instagram found they had been targeted by a reporting
campaign by those who wished to censor the caricatures.[120]

2020 publication of Erdoğan cartoon

Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan condemned Charlie Hebdo after he found out
that he was mocked in a front-page caricature. In the said cartoon, Erdogan was
portrayed wearing his underwear, drinking alcohol, and lifting the skirt of a woman
dressed in a hijab to reveal her buttocks.[121] Accompanying it was a caption that
read, "Erdogan: He's very funny in private."[122] This came as tensions between
Erdoğan and French president Emmanuel Macron rise over Macron's anti-Islamic
comments, which were responded to by France recalling its ambassador to Ankara, as
well as protests against France and calls for a boycott of French goods in several
Muslim-majority countries,[123] including Turkey, where Erdoğan himself called for
such a boycott. The tensions were, in turn, caused by the beheading of
schoolteacher Samuel Paty in France after he showed caricatures of the prophet
Muhammad, which were published by Charlie Hebdo, to his students as part of a
lesson on free speech.[124]

While he admitted to have not yet seen the cartoon, Erdoğan called the images
"despicable", "insulting", and "disgusting", and accused Charlie Hebdo of "cultural
racism" and sowing "the seeds of hatred and animosity".[125] The Turkish government
was also reported to take legal and diplomatic action. The state-run Anadolu Agency
stated that the Ankara Chief Prosecutor's Office had already launched an
investigation into the directors of Charlie Hebdo. On the other hand, Macron
promised to defend the right to freedom of expression and freedom of publication.
[126] Leaders of other Muslim-majority countries, such as Iranian supreme leader
Ali Khamenei and Pakistani prime minister Imran Khan also criticised Macron and
called for action against Islamophobia. On the contrary, Indian prime minister
Narendra Modi and other European leaders, such as Danish foreign minister Jeppe
Kofod, defended Macron.[127]

2020 attack
Main article: 2020 Paris stabbing attack
On 25 September 2020, weeks after the Muhammad caricature republications, two
people were critically injured by an assailant during a stabbing attack outside the
magazine's former headquarters. The building is now used by a television production
company, and the two wounded victims were workers of the company. The perpetrator
fled the scene but was arrested nearby. Six other people were arrested in
connection to the attack.[128]

A day later, the perpetrator was identified as Zaheer Hassan Mehmood,[129] a 25-
year-old allegedly from Pakistan, who claimed to have arrived as an unaccompanied
minor refugee in France in 2018. He confessed to his actions and said he had acted
in vengeance for the Muhammad caricature republications. He also reported that "he
didn't know that the headquarters moved to another location".[130][131][132][133]

Interior minister of France Gérald Darmanin called the attack "fundamentally an act
of Islamist terrorism".[134] Prime minister of France Jean Castex said "the enemies
of the republic will not win" and pleged to escalate the fight against terrorism.
[132]

Emmanuel Macron faced backlash when he defended the caricatures. Many Muslims
called for French products to be boycotted in their countries, while European
leaders supported his remarks. Supermarkets in Kuwait and Qatar boycotted French
goods.[135]

A poster of the 'boycott movement' in Bangladesh which depicting emmanuel macron

defaced picture along with 'A list of French brands to boycott'. Bangladesh has
seen one of the biggest protests over the Prophet Muhammad cartoon.[136]
Legal issues
Mosque of Paris v. Val (2007)
In 2007 the Grand Mosque of Paris began criminal proceedings against the chief-
editor of Charlie Hebdo, Philipe Val, under France's hate speech laws for publicly
abusing a group on the ground of their religion. The lawsuit was limited to three
specific cartoons, including one depicting Muhammad carrying a bomb in his turban.
In March 2007 a Paris court acquitted Val, finding that it was fundamentalists,
rather than Muslims, who were being ridiculed in the cartoons.[137]

Siné sacking (2008)

On 2 July 2008, a column by the cartoonist Siné (Maurice Sinet) appeared in Charlie
Hebdo citing a rumour that Jean Sarkozy, son of Nicolas Sarkozy, had announced his
intention to convert to Judaism before marrying his fiancée, Jewish heiress Jessica
Sebaoun-Darty. Siné added, "he'll go far, this lad!"[138] This led to complaints of
antisemitism. The magazine's editor, Philippe Val, ordered Siné to write a letter
of apology or face termination. The cartoonist said he would rather "cut his own
balls off," and was promptly fired. Both sides subsequently filed lawsuits, and in
December 2010, Siné won a €40,000 court judgment against his former publisher for
wrongful termination.[139]

Amatrice v. Charlie Hebdo (2016)

In October 2016, the town council and municipality of Italian commune Amatrice –
which was hit by an earthquake with hundreds dead– filed a lawsuit against Charlie
Hebdo for "aggravated defamation", following publication of a series of cartoons
titled 'Earthquake Italian style'. It depicted victims of the earthquake as Italian
dishes and their blood as sauce.[140] The trial of this case opened on 9 October
2020 at the Paris court.[141]

Complaint in Turkey (2020)

In October 2020, prosecutors in the judicial system of Turkey began legal
investigations into a criminal complaint filed by Turkish President Recep Tayyip
Erdogan, whose lawyers argued that the cartoon depicting their client should be
considered "libel" and was "not covered by freedom of expression".[142]

Financial issues
Charlie Hebdo had struggled financially since its establishment until 2015. As the
magazine was facing a loss of €100,000 by the end of 2014, it sought donations from
readers to no avail.[143] The international attention to the magazine following the
2015 attack revived the publication, bringing some €4 million in donations from
individuals, corporations and institutions, as well as a revenue of €15 million
from subscriptions and newsstands between January and October 2015.[143] According
to figures confirmed by the magazine, it gained more than €60 million in 2015,
which declined to €19.4 million in 2016.[144] As of 2018 it spent €1–1.5 million
annually for security services, according to Riss.[144]

Ownership
Since 2016, cartoonist Riss has been the publishing director of the magazine, and
he owns 70% of the shares. The remaining 30% is owned by Éric Portheault.[1]
Following some controversies over the paper's future following the 2015 attack,
[145] Charb's 40% stake in Charlie Hebdo was purchased from his parents by Riss and
Eric Portheault, who were as of July 2015 sole shareholders in the paper. Charlie
Hebdo switched to a new legal press publisher status which requires 70% of profits
to be reinvested.[146] As of March 2011, Charlie Hebdo was owned by Charb (600
shares), Riss (599 shares), finance director Éric Portheault (299 shares), and Cabu
and Bernard Maris with one share each.[147]

Staff
Gérard Biard, editor
Sylvie Coma
Riss, cartoonist, managing editor, director of publication
Catherine Meurisse [fr], cartoonist
Coco, cartoonist
Willem, cartoonist
Walter Foolz, cartoonist
Babouse, cartoonist
Antonio Fischetti [fr], journalist
Zineb El Rhazoui, journalist
Philippe Lançon, critic
Fabrice Nicolino, journalist
Sigolène Vinson, journalist
Laurent Léger [fr], journalist
Jean-Baptiste Thoret [fr], critic
Mathieu Madénian, columnist
Simon Fieschi, webmaster
Richard Malka, lawyer
Eric Portheault, finance manager
Accolades
On 5 May 2015, Charlie Hebdo was awarded the PEN/Toni and James C. Goodale Freedom
of Expression Courage Award at the PEN American Center Literary Gala in New York
City.[148] Granting the prize to Charlie Hebdo sparked vast controversy among
writers[149] and 175 prominent authors boycotted the event due to "cultural
intolerance" of the magazine.[150]

See also
Le Canard enchaîné, a French satirical weekly newspaper
Private Eye, a British satirical fortnightly magazine
MAD Magazine, an American satirical bi-monthly magazine
References
Robert, Denis (8 January 2016). "L'histoire de Charlie Hebdo est shakespearienne"
[The story of Charlie Hebdo is Shakespearian]. Télérama.
McNab 2006, p. 26: "Georges Bernier, the real name of 'Professor Choron', [...
was] cofounder and director of the satirical magazine Hara Kiri, whose title was
changed (to circumvent a ban, it seems!) to Charlie Hebdo in 1970."
Pineau, Elizabeth; Lowe, Christian (7 September 2020), Raissa Kasolowsky (ed.),
"Charlie Hebdo uncowed after attacks - but now with bodyguards", Reuters, retrieved
30 September 2020, Anticipating strong sales, the magazine said it printed 200,000
copies of last week’s issue. While before it struggled to stay afloat with weekly
sales of 30,000, the first edition after the attacks sold 8 million copies. Weekly
sales have now settled back to around 55,000, the magazine said.
"Charlie Hebdo: First cover since terror attack depicts prophet Muhammad". The
Guardian. 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
"2 vendors arrested for selling newspaper with Hebdo cartoon". Mid-Day.com. Mid
Day. Retrieved 5 February 2015.
Charb (Stéphane Charbonnier) (20 November 2013). "Non, "Charlie Hebdo" n'est pas
raciste!" [No, Charlie Hebdo is not racist!]. Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 4
March 2014.
"The Charlie Hebdo conspiracy too crazy, even for Alex Jones". The Daily Beast. 14
January 2015. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
"Charlie Hebdo and its place in French journalism". BBC. Retrieved 20 January
2015.
"Charlie Hebdo: Gun attack on French magazine kills 12". BBC. Retrieved 20 January
2015.
"Charlie Hebdo: They're not racist just because you're offended". HuffPost.
Retrieved 22 January 2015.
Gibson, Megan. "The provocative history of French weekly newspaper Charlie Hebdo".
Time. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Withnall, Adam & Lichfield, John (7 January 2015). "Charlie Hebdo shooting: At
least 12 killed as shots fired at satirical magazine's Paris office". The
Independent. London, UK. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
Lemonnier 2008, p. 50
Sherwin, Adam (16 January 2015). "What is Charlie Hebdo? A magazine banned and
resurrected but always in the grand tradition of Gallic satire". The Independent.
Retrieved 16 January 2015.
"Cavanna et 'les cons'". Le Monde. 14 February 2006. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
"Quelle est l'origine du nom Charlie Hebdo?". Lyon Capitale. 12 January 2015.
"Pourquoi Charlie Hebdo s'appelle Charlie Hebdo". Direct Matin. 8 January 2015.
"Wolinski L'ex-rédacteur en chef de «Charlie mensuel», se souvient de «Peanuts»
«Ça serait bien de renouer avec ce genre de BD»". Libération. 14 February 2000.
Abbruzzese, Jason (7 January 2015). "What is Charlie Hebdo? Behind the covers of
the French satirical magazine targeted in deadly attack". Mashable.com. Retrieved
16 February 2015.
Guiral, Antoine (12 September 1996). "Les 173704 signatures de Charlie Hebdo".
Libération.
"L'opinion du patron". Les Mots Sont Importants. 4 March 2006.
Chabert, Chrystel. "Philippe Val : "Il ne faut pas que mes amis soient morts pour
rien"". France Info. France TV Info. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
"Charlie Hebdo doit verser 90000 euros à Siné". Libération. 17 December 2012.
"Culte Musulman et Islam de France". CFCM TV. 22 March 2007. Retrieved 21 December
2011.
"Writers' statement on cartoons". BBC News. 1 March 2006. Retrieved 21 December
2011.
Heneghan, Tom (2 February 2007). "Cartoon row goes to French court". IOL. South
Africa.
"Caricatures: Le soutien de Sarkozy à Charlie Hebdo fâche le CFCM". TF1 News. 15
December 2011. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 21 December
2011.
"Charlie Hebdo: Sarkozy accusé de politiser le procès". L'Express. Retrieved 21
December 2011.
"French cartoons editor acquitted". BBC News. BBC. 22 March 2007.
"French satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo wins second trial over controversial
cartoon ban request". NewsWireToday.com. Newswire.
Schofield, Hugh (3 November 2011). "Charlie Hebdo and its place in French
journalism". BBC.
Boxel, James (2 November 2011). "Firebomb attack on satirical French magazine".
Financial Times. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
"Attack on French satirical paper Charlie Hebdo". BBC. 2 November 2011. Retrieved
21 December 2011.
"Satirical French magazine names 'Muhammad' as editor". BBC News. 1 November 2011.
Retrieved 19 January 2015.
Gardiner, Bo (18 January 2015). "A closer look at 'Sharia Hebdo', for which
Charlie Hebdo was firebombed in 2011" (blog).
"French paper reprints Mohammad cartoon after fire-bomb". Reuters. 3 November
2011. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
Ganley, Elaine (2 November 2011). "Fire at French newspaper after Muhammad issue".
Boston Globe. Associated Press. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
Worthington, Peter (9 November 2011). "Extremists hurt non-militant Muslims the
most". Toronto Sun. QMI.
"Charlie Hebdo publie des caricatures de Mahomet" (in French). BMFTV. Retrieved 19
September 2012.
Vinocur, Nicholas (19 September 2012). "Magazine's nude Mohammad cartoons prompt
France to shut embassies, schools in 20 countries". National Post. Reuters.
Retrieved 19 September 2012.
"What is Charlie Hebdo and why was it a target?/". The Globe and Mail. When the
anti-Islamic movie trailer "Innocence of Muslims" became a controversy, Charlie
Hebdo's cartoons including one titled "Mohammed, a star is born!" It showed a
bearded man on all fours, wearing nothing but a turban and a star covering his
anus.
"Defend Charlie Hebdos publishing disgusting cartoons about Muslims? Yes. Give
them an award for it? No". The Nation. ... shows the Prophet naked on his hands and
knees with his ass in the air, inviting anal sex; the cartoonist has drawn a star
over his anus, and the caption says "a star is born". In a second cartoon, an ugly
naked Mohammed figure in the same pose is asking the director filming him, "Do you
like my ass?"
"The Charlie Hebdo affair: Laughing at blasphemy". The New Yorker. Muhammad,
labelled as such, is shown naked and bending over, begging to be admired. Then the
Prophet is crouched on all fours, with genitals bared.
Samuel, Henry (19 September 2012). "France to close schools and embassies fearing
Mohammed cartoon reaction". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
Khazan, Olga (19 September 2012). "Charlie Hebdo cartoons spark debate over free
speech and Islamophobia". The Washington Post (blog). Retrieved 19 September 2012.
Keller, Greg; Hinnant, Lori (19 September 2012). "Charlie Hebdo Mohammed cartoons:
France ups embassy security after prophet cartoons". HuffPost. Retrieved 19
September 2012.
Clark, Nicola (19 September 2012). "French nagazine publishes cartoons mocking
Muhammad". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
"Press briefing by press secretary Jay Carney" (Press release). Washington, DC:
The White House. 19 September 2012.
President Obama (25 September 2012). "Remarks by the President to the UN General
Assembly". Obama White House Archives (speech). Retrieved 30 October 2020.
"French leaders sound alarm over planned Mohammad cartoons". Reuters. 18 September
2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
Stefan Simons (20 September 2012). "Charlie Hebdo editor in chief: 'A drawing has
never killed anyone'". Der Spiegel.
Bremner, Charles (7 January 2015). "Islamists kill 12 in attack on French
satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo". The Times. London, UK.
"Attentat contre " Charlie Hebdo " : Charb, Cabu, Wolinski et les autres,
assassinés dans leur rédaction". Le Monde (in French).
"Deadly attack on office of French magazine Charlie Hebdo". BBC News.
"Charlie Hebdo attack: What we know so far", BBC News, 8 January 2015.
 "EN DIRECT. Massacre chez "Charlie Hebdo" : 12 morts, dont Charb et Cabu". Le
Point.fr (in French).
"Les dessinateurs Charb et Cabu seraient morts". L'Essentiel (in French). France.
7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
Conal Urquhart. "Paris Police Say 12 Dead After Shooting at Charlie Hebdo". Time.
Witnesses said that the gunmen had called out the names of individual from the
magazine. French media report that Charb, the Charlie Hebdo cartoonist who was on
al-Qaeda's most wanted list in 2013, was seriously injured.
Victoria Ward. "Murdered Charlie Hebdo cartoonist was on al Qaeda wanted list".
The Telegraph.
"The Globe in Paris: Police identify three suspects". The Globe and Mail.
Adam Withnall, John Lichfield, "Charlie Hebdo shooting: At least 12 killed as
shots fired at satirical magazine's Paris office", The Independent, 7 January 2015.
Higgins, Andrew; de la Baume, Maïa (8 January 2015). "Two Brothers Suspected in
Killings Were Known to French Intelligence Services". The New York Times. Retrieved
8 January 2015.
"Paris shooting: Female police officer dead following assault rifle attack morning
after Charlie Hebdo killings". The Independent. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
"Un commando organisé". Libération. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
"Paris Attack Suspect Dead, Two in Custody, U.S. Officials Say". NBC News.
Retrieved 8 January 2015.
"France, Islam, terrorism and the challenges of integration: Research roundup".
Archived from the original on 26 October 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
JournalistsResource.org. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
"Charlie Hebdo will come out next week, despite bloodbath". The Times of India. 8
January 2015.
"Charlie Hebdo Attack: Magazine to publish next week". BBC News. 8 January 2015.
Retrieved 9 January 2015.
"Defiant Charlie Hebdo depicts Prophet Muhammad on cover". BBC News. 13 January
2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
"Charlie Hebdo Attack: Magazine to publish next week". BBC News. 8 January 2015.
Retrieved 9 January 2015.
"Charlie Hebdo attack: Print run for new issue expanded". BBC News. 14 January
2015. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
"Charlie Hebdo: Pellerin veut débloquer un million d'euros". Le Figaro (in
French). 8 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
Brandom, Russell (8 January 2015). "Charlie Hebdo will publish one million copies
next week". The Verge.
Jon Stone (8 January 2015). "French media raises €500,000 to keep satirical
magazine Charlie Hebdo open". The Independent.
McPhate, Mike; MacKey, Robert (8 January 2015). "Updates on the 2nd day of search
for suspects in Charlie Hebdo shooting". The New York Times.
"How I created the Charlie Hebdo magazine cover: cartoonist Luz's statement in
full". The Daily Telegraph. 13 January 2015.
""Je suis Charlie" image". Enis Yavuz. Archived from the original on 9 January
2015. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
"#JeSuisCharlie creator: Phrase cannot be a trademark". BBC News. 14 January 2015.
Retrieved 14 January 2015.
"Charlie Hedbo". 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 7 January 2015.
Booth, Richard (7 January 2015). "'Je suis Charlie' trends as people refuse to be
silenced by Charlie Hebdo gunmen". Daily Mirror.
Hanne, Isabelle. "Charlies' installe à "Libé" : Bon, on fait le journal?".
Libération (in French). Retrieved 9 January 2015.
"Paris terror suspects killed in twin French police raids". Bloomberg. 9 January
2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
"Luz: le soutien à Charlie Hebdo est à "contre-sens" de ses dessins". Le Point –
via Le Point.fr.
"Willem : "Nous vomissons sur ceux qui, subitement, disent être nos amis"". Le
Point – via Le Point.fr.
 "Five killed in second day of Charlie Hebdo protests in Niger". Reuters. 17
January 2015. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
Graham-Harrison, Emma (17 January 2015). "Niger rioters torch churches and attack
French firms in Charlie Hebdo protest". The Guardian. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
"'Love to Prophet Mohammed': Crowds protest Charlie Hebdo cartoons in Chechnya".
RT (TV network). 19 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
Davidzon, Vladislav (23 January 2015). "Why Russia is no place to be Charlie".
Tablet. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
"Twitter". mobile.twitter.com. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
"Twitter". mobile.twitter.com. Retrieved 31 October 2020.
"Donald Trump's mocking tweets about Charlie Hebdo resurface after President
criticises terrorism coverage". The Independent. London, UK. 8 February 2017.
Richards, Victoria (11 March 2015). "Charlie Hebdo: Murdered staff given
'Islamophobe of the Year' award". The Independent. London, UK. Retrieved 11 March
2015.
"Charlie Hebdo staff awarded Secularist of the Year prize for their response to
Paris attacks" (Press release). NSS. 28 March 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
"Charlie Hebdo de nouveau victime de son paradoxal succès". Slate (in French). 14
January 2016.
"Quand 'Charlie Hebdo' veut faire interdire "Charpie Hebdo"". France TV info. 18
February 2015.
Lambert, Elise. ""Charlie Hebdo" : "On se moque de Nadine Morano, pas des
handicapés", explique la dessinatrice Coco". France TV info.
"Charlie Hebdo mocks Europe's response to migrant crisis with cartoons of dead
Syrian boy". The New York Times. 16 September 2015.
"Les dessins de 'Charlie Hebdo' sur la mort du petit Aylan scandalisent les
internautes à l'étranger". Le Huffington Post (in French). 15 September 2015.
"Charlie Hebdo cartoon depicts drowned toddler Aylan Kurdi as future sexual
harasser". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
MacKey, Robert (15 September 2015). "Charlie Hebdo mocks Europe's response to
migrant crisis with cartoons of dead Syrian boy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-
4331. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
Brown, Jessica (14 January 2016). "The Charlie Hebdo cartoon about Aylan Kurdi and
sex attackers is one of its most powerful". The Independent.
"Charlie Hebdo cartoon depicts grown-up Aylan Kurdi as 'ass groper in Germany'".
The Independent. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
"Charlie Hebdo cartoon depicting drowned child Alan Kurdi sparks racism debate".
The Guardian. 14 January 2016. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
"Charlie Hebdo backlash over 'racist' Alan Kurdi cartoon". BBC News. Retrieved 14
January 2016.
"Russia hits out at Charlie Hebdo over crash cartoon". BBC News. 6 November 2015.
Retrieved 23 November 2019.
"French Satirists at Charlie Hebdo infuriate Russians with mockery of 25 Dec.
plane crash". The Moscow Times. 28 December 2016.
"Vatican newspaper denounces 'woeful' Charlie Hebdo cover". Yahoo News. 6 January
2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
"Chief Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis says Charlie Hebdo 'God' cartoon is insulting to
believers". The Jewish Chronicle. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
Wemple, Erik (7 January 2016). "AP removes images of God-as-terrorist Charlie
Hebdo cover". The Washington Post. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
"Associated Press self-censors anniversary Charlie Hebdo cover". Reason. 7 January
2016. Retrieved 26 March 2016.
""Papa où t'es ?" : la famille de Stromae et les Belges répondent à Charlie-
Hebdo". La Depeche (in French). 31 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
""Papa où t'es ?" Le dessin en "une" de "Charlie Hebdo" blesse la Belgique". Le
Monde (in French). 30 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
""Charlie Hebdo": La une qui choque les proches de Stromae". 20 minutes (in
French). 31 March 2016. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
"Charlie Hebdo draws Italian anger with cartoon portraying earthquake victims as
pasta". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
Coco (cartoonist). "The drawing of the day, by coco". Charlie Hebdo. Retrieved 2
March 2019 – via Facebook.[non-primary source needed]
"French embassy disowns Charlie Hebdo cartoons". ANSA. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
"Russian military irked by Charlie Hebdo cartoons mocking plane crash". CTVNews.
Retrieved 29 December 2016.
"Charlie Hebdo cover: Russia angered by cartoon of TU-154 plane crash".
International Business Times. 28 December 2016.
"Charlie Hebdo republishes cartoons depicting prophet Mohammed". The Brussels
Times. 1 September 2020.
Sautreuil, Pierre (6 September 2020). "Instagram suspend brièvement les comptes de
journalistes de "Charlie Hebdo" ayant publié des caricatures de Mahomet". Le Figaro
(in French). Retrieved 8 September 2020.
"Turkey threatens legal action over Charlie Hebdo's caricature of president". The
Guardian. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
"Erdogan slams 'scoundrels' over Charlie Hebdo cartoon". DW News. 28 October 2020.
Retrieved 29 October 2020.
"Anger towards Emmanuel Macron grows in Muslim world". The Guardian. 28 October
2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
"France, Turkey And The Charlie Hebdo Cartoons: What's Behind The Dispute?". NPR.
28 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
"Charlie Hebdo sparks fury with cartoon of Turkey's President Erdogan in
underpants". South China Morning Post. Agence France-Presse. 28 October 2020.
Retrieved 29 October 2020.
"Turkish leaders condemn Charlie Hebdo magazine over cartoon mocking Erdogan".
Global News. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
"Erdogan vows action over Charlie Hebdo Cartoon". The Jakarta Post. 28 October
2020. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
"Charlie Hebdo: Stabbing attacks leave two wounded near magazine's former offices
in Paris". Sky News. 25 September 2020.
"Attaque devant les ex-locaux de « Charlie » : le suspect mis en examen pour «
tentatives d'assassinats » terroristes". Le Monde (in French). Retrieved 30
September 2020.
"Il "assume" son acte : qui est Ali H., l'auteur présumé de l'attaque à Paris?".
Abrahamsson, Samuel; Nordlund, Felicia (25 September 2020). "Flera gripna efter
knivattacken i Paris". SVT Nyheter (in Swedish). Retrieved 26 September 2020.
"Chief suspect in Paris stabbing was angered by Charlie Hebdo cartoons". The Irish
Times. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
"Attaque à Paris : l'assaillant a reconnu être âgé de 25 ans et non 18". Le
Figaro.fr (in French). 29 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
"Attaque à Paris: "manifestement c'est un acte de terrorisme islamiste" pour
Gérald Darmanin" (in French). BFMTV. Retrieved 26 September 2020.
CNN, Mostafa Salem, Pierre Bairin, Chris Liakos, Nadine Schmidt and Sarah Dean.
"Calls to boycott French products grow in Muslim world after Macron backs Mohammed
cartoons". CNN.
"At least 50,000 stage anti-France rally in Bangladesh". www.aljazeera.com.
Retrieved 2 November 2020.
Janssen, Esther (8 March 2012) [2009]. "Limits to expression on religion in
France". Journal of European Studies. Agama & Religiusitas di Eropa. V (1): 22–45.
Produced in cooperation between the University of Indonesia and the Delegation of
the European Commission; Research Paper No. 2012–45 (Report). Amsterdam Law
School.; Paper No. 2012–39 (Report). Institute for Information Law Research – via
SSRN.
Leprince, Chloé. "L'Affaire Siné 2008-09-17". The Guardian. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
"Le Tribunal de Grande Instance donne raison à Siné contre Charlie Hebdo".
ActuaBD. 11 December 2010.
"No longer Charlie: Amatrice to sue Charlie Hebdo over cartoon", Euronews, 12
October 2016
Lemaignen, Julien (9 October 2020), "A l'autre procès « Charlie Hebdo » : « Cette
plainte, c'est open-bar »", Le Monde (in French)
Cupolo, Diego (28 October 2020), "Erdogan sues Charlie Hebdo over caricature", Al-
Monitor
Clark, Nicola (24 October 2015), "Charlie Hebdo's Recovery From Attacks Opens New
Wounds for Staff", The New York Times
"Paris commemorates victims of Charlie Hebdo, Hyper Cacher attacks", France24, 7
January 2018
Picquard, Alexandre (18 May 2015). "La vie à "Charlie" n'a jamais été un fleuve
tranquille". Le Monde. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
"Charlie Hebdo devient la première 'entreprise solidaire de presse'". Le Monde. 17
July 2015. Retrieved 21 July 2015.
"Cabu reste actionnaire de Charlie Hebdo". Charlie Enchaîné. Retrieved 18 January
2015.
Susman, Tina (5 May 2015). "At PEN Gala, Charlie Hebdo editor calls for free
expression and debate". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 22 November 2015.
"PEN gala honours Charlie Hebdo despite uproar". France24. 6 May 2015. Retrieved
22 November 2015.
"Charlie Hebdo slammed as 'hypocrites' over staff dispute". France24. 15 May 2015.
Retrieved 22 November 2015.