Action research

 The problem of the research was actually based within the community/school. Based on the
definition of the action research, the action research is either research initiated to solve an
immediate problem or a reflective process of progressive problem solving led by individuals
working with others in teams or as part of a "community of practice" to improve the way they
address issues and solve problems. 
 Action research involves actively participating in a change situation, often via an existing
organization, whilst simultaneously conducting research. Action research can also be
undertaken by larger organizations or institutions, assisted or guided by professional
researchers, with the aim of improving their strategies, practices and knowledge of the
environments within which they practice. As designers and stakeholders, researchers work with
others to propose a new course of action to help their community improve its work practices.
Definitions: C. V. Good: “Action research is a research used by teachers, supervisors and
administrators to improve the quality of their decision and action”
 Based on local applicability not universal applicability.
 The problem of the research is subjective and the outcome of the research depends on the
people who are involved on it.

Abstract 1

The abstract shows that the research goes beyond since the findings don't only depict the
accuracy of the project-based learning, the outcome also reveals in what aspect does the
project-based effect on the students such as the writing, motivation, and reading, and it shows
that greater consistency with project-based learning session plans was associated with higher
growth in writing, motivation, and reading. The education research is a primary data wherein
they gathered samples and responses in random people within the cluster. It also shows that
this research develops a generalization that could be beneficial in the future since the research
is all about the impact of project-based learning with professional development supports on
social studies and literacy achievement and motivation which is vital for the teachers to know
how will this affect to the students. Based on the abstract, the result gave the teachers an idea
regarding the effectiveness of project-based learning, and in what aspect does it beneficial to
the students. The abstract shows that the problem is not just merely a question- it is a problem
within the school that needs to be theorized, and it attempts to answer the problem. The
content of the problem they are trying to answer is accurate for a research paper since they are
trying to find out the effectiveness of the project-based learning on the social studies and
literacy achievement and motivation of second-grade students from low–socioeconomic status
school districts. And given the fact that they gave efforts, and gather responses within the
school district randomly, this means that the research was done based upon observable
experience or empirical evidence. This educational research shows no bias at all because they
stated the outcome fairly and accurately in their statement " The experimental group showed
higher growth in social studies and informational reading but not writing or motivation. Greater
consistency with project-based learning session plans was associated with higher growth in
writing, motivation, and reading.". It doesn't also answer the comparison of the effectiveness of
project-based learning to the normal way of learning since it goes beyond and covers another
educational field such as class management.

Abstract 2
 The outcome of the research is beneficial in both teachers and students since it talks about the
relationship between constructive questions and student learning. This research will give teachers
knowledge on how they can have a higher thinking skills way of questioning, and they found out that
Interactive and Constructive questions, such as those requiring inferential thought and collaboration,
lead to deeper thinking and therefore stronger learning gains than questions that are more Active,
Passive. This research will help teachers to improve their classroom practices. So if teachers will apply
this theory the teacher would be able to know if the students understand their topic, and application in
a real-life situation will also be highlighted in education. If all teachers will follow this theory all students
will probably enhance their thinking skills, and it also benefits the students because it can improve the
performance of students. This theory is reliable enough to be applied in a classroom setting because it
was done by professionals and was done carefully to have an accurate result. This also contributes to
the profession's body of knowledge about teaching and learning.

Abstract 3

The level of research that depicts in Abstract three is Applied Research because based on the
stated purpose of the study, it is to design and examine the effects of a yearlong professional
development model on the writing quality of 3rd to 5th graders across genres and on their
teachers’ confidence and (b) to make revisions based on results and teacher’s feedback, this
means that it is an immediate problem that needs revision not only in local classroom practices
but in the whole school to improve their practices in terms of writing. Also, it could be a medium
for teachers to have greater effectiveness practically on how they manage their classrooms. We
can say that this study is an Applied Research since it has a large scale that includes 11 teachers,
273 students, and a principal as participants. The outcome of the study is not only limited
beneficiary of the teacher in one classroom but throughout the entire school.