hello everyone

this is akina dado and i'm your lecturer

for the first part of your astrobiology

class

for this lecture i'll be teaching about

the oceans

and atmosphere the first half billion

years of the earth's existence

were marked by tremendously powerful

forces

bombardment by meteorites brought water

and volcano speed gases that built up

the first tenuous atmosphere

during this time this and other

processes would serve to stabilize the

surface and atmosphere of earth

the magnetic field shields the

atmosphere from charged particles

that came in the sun in deep space

discharge

particles can react with and annihilate

our atmosphere

magnetic field lines are similar to

traps for charged particles

when a charged particle comes across a

magnetic field

the particle will go around the line and

lose its capacity to react with the

atmosphere

water occurred mainly as steam until the

surface

cooled volcanic eruptions comprised some

water vapor but not sufficient to fill

the oceans

the current hypotheses suggest that most

of the water on

earth originated from water reach

impactors during lhb

and after the impact that created the

moon

after the oceans had formed most

volcanic eruptions

occurred underwater the chemical

reaction

stemming from volcanic gases combining

with sea water

effectively removed free oxygen from the

air

moreover the rock cycle operated to

prolong to bond free oxygen into

silicate

rock further lessening the oxygen on the

planet

this mix effects produced a nearly

oxygen free environment

out of which life would emerge

volcanoes played a pivotal role in

making a habitable atmosphere

the early atmosphere was too teen and

compares almost no oxygen

volcanic eruptions supplemented the

atmosphere with ammonia

carbon dioxide carbon monoxide

hydrogen methane nitrogen

silicon dioxide and water vapor

about 30 percent of sunlight gets

reflected off the earth's atmosphere

upon appearance the rest is absorbed

either by the atmosphere or the earth's

surface

the earth predates back this absorbed

energy

some goes directly back out to space

while more gets absorbed

back in the atmosphere by greenhouse

gases

such as carbon dioxide nitrogen dioxide

methane water vapor ozone and

chlorofluorocarbons

which are emitted by volcanoes

when the greenhouse gases emit back this

radiation

it is scattered randomly in every

direction

consisting downwards where the

temperature is already warmer

this cycle hits the surface of the earth

to a higher equilibrium temperature

than could be achieved without the

greenhouse effect

the greenhouse effect is the

recirculation of heat before it can

break out the space

this helped standardize environmental

conditions

leading to climate stability on the

early earth

considering venus as an example it is

hot which is around 900 degrees

fahrenheit

high pressure which is which is around

100

atmospheres toxic which contains sulfur

dioxide and ammonia clouds and baked dry

before they run away greenhouse effect

took hold

around 2 to 3 billion years ago it might

have been tempered

it will be decades before a probe can

land on an exoplanet to study

exobiological processes

directly exoplanets may be hugely

different from earth

but if we expect that geological

processes are similar on all planets and

that thermodynamic forces like

evaporation

and precipitation work the same then we

can make hypothetical claims about the

conditions on an exoplanet without ever

setting foot on its surface

in summary first the earth's magnetic

field

is important for shielding the planet

from high energy particles

that would otherwise ionize and destroy

the atmosphere

second volcanic eruptions enriched the

chemical composition

of the early atmosphere third

underwater volcanic activity actually

removed even more oxygen

from the already oxygen poor early

atmosphere

fourth the greenhouse effect it is a

natural process

for some of the incoming radiation from

the sun is continuously

irradiated back down to the surface of

the planet

it was or continues to be a phenomenon

that regulates a temperate climate on

the earth

this helps regulate environmental

conditions

leading to climate stability on the

early earth

lastly we can use what we learned about

earth's geologic history

to help us understand what might be

occurring on exoplanets