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ტოკვილი დემოკრატია ამერიკაში PDF
ტოკვილი დემოკრატია ამერიკაში PDF
demokratia amerikaSi
frangulidan Targmna
dodo labuCiZe-xoferiam
Tbilisi
2011
grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universiteti
filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa kvleviTi instituti
Edited by
Prof. Dr. Tengiz Iremadze
Prof. Dr. Lali Zakaradze
Assistant Prof. Giorgi Tavadze
ISBN 978-9941-9174-2-4
sarCevi
winaTqma .................................................................................................................................................... 9
Sesavali .................................................................................................................................................... 16
Tavi I: rogor SeiZleba gadaWriT imis Tqma, rom SeerTebul StatebSi xalxia mmarTveli .................141
Tavi II: partiebi SeerTebul StatebSi ....................................................................................................142
ra darCa aristokratiuli partiidan ............................................................................................145
Tavi III: presis Tavisufleba SeerTebul StatebSi ................................................................................147
Tavi IV: politikuri asociacia SeerTebul StatebSi ............................................................................153
Tavi V: demokratiuli mmarTveloba amerikaSi .....................................................................................158
sayovelTao arCevnebi ......................................................................................................................158
xalxis arCevani da amerikuli demokratiis instinqtebi mis arCevanSi ....................................158
mizezebi, romelTac nawilobriv ZaluZT demokratiisaTvis
niSandoblivi instinqtebis Sesworeba ........................................................................................160
amerikuli demokratiis zegavlena saarCevno kanonebze ..............................................................162
sajaro moxeleebi amerikuli demokratiis batonobis pirobebSi .............................................163
magistratTa TviTneboba amerikuli demokratiis batonobis pirobebSi ....................................164
administraciuli arastabiluroba SeerTebul StatebSi ..........................................................166
saxelmwifo gadasaxadebi demokratiuli mmarTvelobis mqone amerikaSi ....................................167
amerikuli demokratiis instinqtebi saxelmwifo moxeleTa xelfasis dadgenisas ...................169
garkveul mizezebTan dakavSirebuli sirTule, rac
amerikis mTavrobas momWirneobisaken ubiZgebs...........................................................................171
SeiZleba Tu ara SeerTebuli Statebisa da safrangeTis saxalxo xarjebis urTierTSedareba ...172
mmarTvelTa korufcia da mankierebebi demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi,
rogor moqmedebs es saxalxo zneobaze ...................................................................................175
ra Zalisxmevis unari aqvs demokratias .........................................................................................176
Zalaufleba, romelsac zogadad axorcielebs amerikis demokratia
sakuTar TavTan mimarTebiT ......................................................................................................178
rogor warmarTavs saxelmwifo sagareo saqmeebs amerikuli demokratia ...................................179
-4-
Tavi VI: realuri upiratesobebi, romelTac iRebs amerikuli sazogadoeba
demokratiuli mmarTvelobidan .......................................................................................................183
demokratiuli mmarTvelobis kanonTa zogadi tendencia amerikaSi
da maT ganmaxorcielebelTa buneba ..........................................................................................183
saxalxo suliskveTeba SeerTebul StatebSi .................................................................................186
uflebaTa idea SeerTebul StatebSi .............................................................................................188
kanonis pativiscema SeerTebul StatebSi ......................................................................................189
SeerTebuli Statebis politikuri korpusis yvela nawilSi
gamoyenebuli aqtivoba da misi zemoqmedeba sazogadoebaze ..................................................191
Tavi VII: umravlesobis yovlisSemZleoba SeerTebul StatebSi da misi Sedegebi ................................194
rogor aZlierebs umravlesobis yovlisSemZleoba amerikaSi kanonmdeblobisa
da marTvis arastabilurobas, rac bunebrivia demokratiuli qveynebisaTvis ...................196
umravlesobis tirania .......................................................................................................................197
umravlesobis yovlisSemZleobis zegavlena amerikel sajaro moxeleTa Tavnebobaze .............199
zemoqmedeba romelsac umravlesoba axorcielebs azrovnebaze amerikaSi .................................199
rogor aisaxeba umravlesobis tirania amerikelTa erovnul xasiaTze.
karis suliskveTeba SeerTebul StatebSi ...............................................................................201
umravlesobis yovlisSemZleobidan momdinare yvelaze didi safrTxe
amerikis respublikisaTvis .........................................................................................................203
Tavi VIII: ra zRudavs umravlesobis tiranias SeerTebul StatebSi.
administraciuli centralizaciis ararseboba ..............................................................................205
kanonierebis suliskveTeba SeerTebul StatebSi, romelic demokratias awonasworebs ...........206
SeerTebul StatebSi nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo miCneulia politikur institutad ........211
Tavi IX: SeerTebul StatebSi respublikis SenarCunebis xelSemwyobi arsebiTi mizezebi .................216
SemTxveviTi Tu gangebismieri mizezebi, romlebic xels uwyoben
demokratiuli respublikis SenarCunebas SeerTebul StatebSi ............................................216
kanonTa zegavlena demokratiuli respublikis SenarCunebaze SeerTebul StatebSi ..............222
adaT-wesebis zegavlena demokratiuli respublikis SenarCunebaze SeerTebul StatebSi ......223
religia, rogorc politikuri instituti, ra siZlieriT uwyobs xels
demokratiuli respublikis SenarCunebas amerikelebSi .........................................................223
zegavlena, rasac arauSualod axdenen religiuri rwmenebi SeerTebuli Statebis
politikur sazogadoebaze .........................................................................................................225
religiis siZlieris ZiriTadi mizezebi amerikaSi ........................................................................228
rogor uwyobs xels amerikelTa ganaTleba, Cvevebi da praqtikuli
gamocdileba demokratiuli institutebis warmatebas ..........................................................233
SeerTebul StatebSi bunebriv pirobebze metad kanonebi uwyoben xels
respublikuri demokratiis ganmtkicebas, xolo _ kanonebze metad adaT-wesebi ................236
amerikis garda sxvaganac ikmarebda kanonebi da adaT-wesebi
demokratiuli institutebis SesanarCuneblad? ......................................................................238
zemoTqmulis mniSvneloba evropisaTvis ......................................................................................240
Tavi X: ramdenime mosazreba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis teritoriaze mcxovrebi
sami rasis amJamindel mdgomareobasa da SesaZlo momavalze .........................................................244
kavSiris teritoriaze mcxovreb indiel tomTa amJamindeli da savaraudo momavali .............247
SavkanianTa rasis adgili SeerTebul StatebSi; riT emuqreba misi yofna TeTrkanianebs .......259
ra Sansebi aqvs amerikis kavSiris xangrZlivobas da ra safrTxeebi emuqreba mas ....................275
respublikuri institutebi SeerTebul StatebSi. rogoria maTi xangrZlivobis Sansebi? .....296
zogierTi mosazreba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis komerciuli Zlierebis mizezebze .........300
daskvna .....................................................................................................................................................305
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wigni meore ...........................................................................................................................................309
nawili pirveli
demokratiis zegavlena SeerTebuli Statebis inteleqtualur cxovrebaze ......................................313
nawili meore
demokratiis zegavlena amerikelTa grZnobebze ...................................................................................377
Tavi I: ratom iCenen demokratiuli qveynis xalxebi ufro metad mgznebare siyvaruls
Tanasworobis mimarT, vidre Tavisuflebis mimarT .........................................................................378
Tavi II: individualizmi demokratiul qveynebSi ...................................................................................381
-6-
Tavi III: rogor xdeba is, rom individualizmi demokratiuli revoluciis Semdeg
ufro Warbobs, vidre sxva dros ........................................................................................................383
Tavi IV: rogor ebrZvian amerikelebi individualizms Tavisufali institutebis meSveobiT ...........384
Tavi V: im Cvevis Sesaxeb, romelsac asociaciisagan amkvidreben amerikelebi socialur yofaSi ......387
Tavi VI: kavSiri asociaciebsa da presas Soris ......................................................................................390
Tavi VII: mimarTebebi samoqalaqo da politikur asociaciebs Soris ....................................................392
Tavi VIII: Tu rogor ebrZvian amerikelebi individualizms keTildReobis
Sesaxeb moZRvrebis marTebulad gagebiT ..........................................................................................396
Tavi IX: Tu rogor iyeneben amerikelebi moZRvrebas sworad gagebuli
interesis Sesaxeb religiis sferoSi ................................................................................................399
Tavi X: amerikelTa swrafva materialuri keTildReobisaken ..............................................................401
Tavi XI: materialur siameTadmi siyvarulis specifikuri Sedegebi demokratiul epoqebSi .............403
Tavi XII: ratom avlens zogi amerikeli esoden egzalitirebul sulierebas .......................................405
Tavi XIII: ratom iCenen amerikelebi TavianTi keTildReobisadmi esoden daudgromlobas ................406
Tavi XIV: Tu ra kavSirSia materialuri keTildReobisadmi amerikelTa swrafva
Tavisuflebis siyvarulsa da sazogado saqmeebze zrunvasTan ......................................................409
Tavi XV: Tu rogor warmarTaven drodadro religiuri rwmenebi amerikelTa suls
aramaterialuri siameebisaken ..........................................................................................................411
Tavi XVI: Tu rogor SeiZleba avnos keTildReobisadmi uzomo siyvarulma Tavad keTildReobas .....415
Tavi XVII: Tu raoden aucilebelia Tanasworobisa da eWvis dros
adamianis qmedebaTa obieqtis ukana planze gadaweva .......................................................................416
Tavi XVIII: ratom scemen pativs amerikelebi yvela keTilsindisier profesias ...................................418
Tavi XIX: ra ganapirobebs TiTqmis yvela amerikelis swrafvas industriuli profesiebisadmi ........420
Tavi XX: Tu rogor qmnis aristokratia mrewvelobas ...........................................................................423
nawili mesame
demokratiis zegavlena sakuTriv zne-Cveulebebze ..............................................................................427
Tavi I: rogor xdeba zne-CveulebaTa Serbileba saarsebo pirobaTa Tanaworobis kvalobaze .............428
Tavi II: rogor amartivebs da aadvilebs demokratia amerikelTa Cveul urTierTobebs .....................432
Tavi III: amerikelebi ratom ar arian ise mgrZnobiareni TavianT qveyanaSi
da ratom iCenen esoden mgrZnobiarobas Cvens qveyanaSi ..................................................................434
Tavi IV: wina sami Tavidan gamomdinare daskvnebi ...................................................................................437
Tavi V: rogor ucvlis saxes demokratia msaxursa da batons Soris arsebul mimarTebebs ................438
Tavi VI: rogor amaRleben fasebs da amcireben miwis ijaris vadas
demokratiuli institutebi da zne-Cveulebebi ...............................................................................444
Tavi VII: demokratiis zegavlena xelfasis odenobaze ...........................................................................446
Tavi VIII: demokratiis zegavlena ojaxze ................................................................................................448
Tavi IX: ymawvil qalTa aRzrda SeerTebul StatebSi .............................................................................452
Tavi X: rogor iZens axalgazrda gogo meuRlis niSan-Tvisebebs ..........................................................454
Tavi XI: Tu rogor uwyobs xels saarsebo pirobebis Tanasworoba
zne-CveulebaTa SenarCunebas amerikaSi ............................................................................................456
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Tavi XII: rogor esmiT amerikelebs Tanasworoba mamakacsa da qals Soris ..........................................461
Tavi XIII: Tanasworoba rogor bunebrivad anawilebs amerikelebs
uamrav patar-patara kerZo sazogadoebad ........................................................................................464
Tavi XIV: ramdenime refleqsia amerikelTa manerebis Sesaxeb ...............................................................466
Tavi XV: ratom ar uSlis xels amerikelebs TavianTi sidinje xSirad moufiqrebel moqmedebaSi .....469
Tavi XVI: ratomaa amerikelTa erovnuli pativmoyvareoba ufro daudegari da Wirveuli,
vidre ingliselebis ...........................................................................................................................471
Tavi XVII: ratom Cans SeerTebuli Statebis sazogadoebrivi cxovreba
erTsa da imave dros daucxromeli da monotonuric ......................................................................473
Tavi XVIII: [rogor esmiT] Rirsebis grZnoba SeerTebul StatebSi da demokratiul qveynebSi .............475
Tavi XIX: ratom aris amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi sakuTar Tavze didi warmodgenis mqone
esoden bevri adamiani da ase cota namdvili ambiciis mqone adamiani .............................................484
Tavi XX: demokrat xalxebSi Semosavlian adgilTa maZieblebis Sesaxeb ..............................................489
Tavi XXI: ratom gaxdeba didi revoluciebi iSviaTi ..............................................................................491
Tavi XXII: ratom surT demokrat xalxebs bunebrivad mSvidoba, jarebs ki _ omi .................................500
Tavi XXIII: demokratiul [qveynis] jarebSi romeli klasis warmomadgenlebi arian
yvelaze mebrZolni da revoluciurni .............................................................................................505
Tavi XXIV: ratom arian demokratiuli qveynis jarebi sxvebze sustni sabrZolo moqmedebaTa
dawyebisas da sul ufro saSiSni omis msvlelobis dros ................................................................508
Tavi XXV: disciplina demokratiuli qveynebis jarebSi .......................................................................511
Tavi XXVI: ramdenime mosazreba omis Sesaxeb demokratiul sazogadoebebSi .......................................512
nawili meoTxe
demokratiuli ideebisa da grZnobebis zegavlena politikur sazogadoebaze ...................................517
-8-
winaTqma
grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa
kvleviTi instituti politikuri mecnierebebis erT-erTi yvelaze didi da mniSvnelovani
warmomadgenlis, didi frangi moazrovnis, aleqsis de tokvilis (1805-1859) sayovelTaod
ganTqmuli naSromis _ `demokratia amerikaSi~ _ qarTul Targmans sTavazobs mkiTxvels.
amieridan SesaZlebloba gvaqvs mSobliur enaze gavecnoT msoflio politikuri azrovnebis
am erT-erT yvelaze vrcel da mniSvnelovan qmnilebas, romlis qarTuli Targmani Seasrula
amave universitetis profesorma, filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa kvleviTi
institutis filosofiuri da sociologiuri azris Targmanis ganyofilebis gamgem, dodo
labuCiZe-xoferiam.
***
gamoqveynda Tu ara `demokratia amerikaSi~, maSinve erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli
Sefasebebi gamoiTqva am naSromisa da misi avtoris mimarT. aleqsis de tokvili xan
Tanamedrove liberaluri Rirebulebebis did medroSed miaCndaT, xan demokratiis Teoriis
yvelaze did warmomadgenlad, xan SedarebiTi sociologiisa da politikismcodneobis
damfuZneblad... cnobilma germanelma filosofosma vilhelm dilTaim ki igi politikuri
samyaros yvelaze did analitikosad miiCnia aristotelesa da makiavelis Semdeg...
rogorc ar unda iyos, erTi ram utyuari faqtia: drom tokvilis mier XIX saukunis 30-ian
wlebSi gakeTebuli metad safuZvliani politikur-filosofiuri daskvnebi da fxizeli
prognozebi didwilad gaamarTla!
aleqsis de tokvilis `demokratia amerikaSi~ politikuri azrovnebis im safuZvel
mdebare naSromTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlebic dResac ar kargaven aqtualobas. am
naSromSi ara marto amerikuli demokratiis Taviseburebebzea msjeloba, aramed saerTod
demokratiuli sazogadoebebis _ demokratiuli samyaros _ samomavlo tendenciebicaa
gamokveTili. tokvili vrclad da siRrmiseulad msjelobs demokratiis im zogadi niSan-
Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, rac meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi gaxda gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis sagani. frangi moazrovne samyaros demokratiuli wesrigis imgvar universalur
maxasiaTeblebs swvda, romelmac XX saukunis meore naxevris inteleqtualTa sagangebo
interesi gamoiwvia.
`demokratia amerikaSi~ gvaswavlis, rom Tavad adamianis Tavisufal bunebaSi gvxvdeba
iseTi miswrafebebi, romlebic xSirad uaryofiTi Sedegebis momtanni SeiZleba aRmoCndnen.
im safrTxeTagan, rac momavlis sazogadoebas emuqreba, erT-erTi yvelaze saSiSi aris
gulgriloba, e.w. sayovelTao apaTia. tokvilis azriT, is individualizmis calmxrivi
ganviTarebis Sedegia da mis winaaRmdeg brZola yvelaze mniSvnelovania. swored calkeuli
adamianis gulgriloba qmnis im safuZvels, ramac mankier sazogadoebriv da politikur
gamovlinebebs SeiZleba misces dasabami. yovelive es ki, Tavis mxriv, xelisuflebis
gaukuRmarTebuli formebis warmoqmnas ganapirobebs.
ai, aq, saWiroa sagangebo yuradReba mivaqcioT aleqsis de tokvilis frTxil da
saR Segonebebs! gamocdileba, romelsac dRevandeli mkiTxveli winamdebare Txzulebis
Seswavlis Sedegad SeiZens, aseTia: TiToeuli adamiani samarTlianobis sadarajoze unda
idges da win unda aRudges yoveli meore adamianis Cagvris mcired gamovlinebasac ki!
-9-
***
grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa
kvleviT institutSi (daarsda 2007 wels) ukve ramdenime welia, rac intensiuri muSaoba
mimdinareobs filosofiis, sociologiisa da politikuri mecnierebebis klasikuri da
Tanamedrove teqstebis Targmanis, Seswavlisa da analizis kuTxiT (winamdebare gamocemas
Tan axlavs amave institutis mier bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi gamoqveynebuli mniSvnelovani
samecniero seriebisa da maT farglebSi gamocemuli monografiebis, samecniero
krebulebisa da Targmanebis nusxa).
2008 wels, swored grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetSi iTargmna da
daibeWda amerikuli politikuri azrovnebis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi dokumenti
`federalisturi werilebi~ (mTargmneli _ prof. giorgi baramiZe, samecniero redaqtori
_ prof. mixeil gogatiSvili), romelic tokvilis winamdebare naSromis erT-erT mTavar
wyaros warmoadgens.
***
`demokratia amerikaSi~ rTuli struqturis mqone teqstia. is moicavs or did wigns
(toms), romlebic, Tavis mxriv, vrceli nawilebisagan, Tavebisagan da qveTavebisagan
Sedgeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva am Txzulebis pirveli wigni. naSroms Tan axlavs
Tavad aleqsis de tokvilis SeniSvnebi, romlebic kargi gzamkvlevia am Txzulebis rTuli
struqturis, problematikisa da wyaroebis adekvaturad gasagebad. miuxedavad amisa,
mizanSewonilad miviCnieT winamdebare TargmanisaTvis dagverTo saredaqcio SeniSvnebi da
komentarebi im wyaroebis, istoriuli pirebisa da movlenebis Sesaxeb, romlebic TviTon
tokvilis mier ar aris saTanadod ganmartebuli.
imedi gvaqvs, rom aleqsis de tokvilis naSromi `demokratia amerikaSi~ didad waadgeba
politikuri TeoriiTa da praqtikiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels. is gansakuTrebiT
gamoadgeba saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis profesor-maswavleblebsa da
studentebs.
Tengiz iremaZe
grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis
filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa kvleviTi
institutis direqtori
- 10 -
mTargmnelis winasityvaoba
franguli politikuri filosofiis TvalsaCino warmomadgenels, aleqsis de tokvils
cxovreba da moRvaweoba mouxda safrangeTis istoriaSi erT-erT urTules epoqaSi. XIX
saukunis pirveli naxevari es iyo sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis gardaqmnis rTuli da
winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse periodi, rodesac revoluciaTa Sedegad momxdari sruliad
gansxvavebuli movlenebi ara mxolod safrangeTSi, aramed dasavleT da centraluri evropis
qveynebSi, demokratiis sasargeblod Setrialda: Zveli aristokratiuli sazogadoebis
nangrevebze demokratiuli wyoba isaxeboda. aRniSnul periodSi, mravali aristokrati
ojaxis msgavsad, represiebis susxi tokvilis ojaxmac iwvnia: misi mama erve de tokvili,
Tavgamodebuli monarqisti, giliotinaze sikvdiliT dasjisagan monarqiis aRdgenam ixsna.
aleqsis Sarl anri klerel de tokvili daibada parizSi 1805 wlis 29 ivliss, ZirZvel
aristokratiul ojaxSi, romelic, mamis mxridan, mefe lui wmindas Camomavali iyo; dedis
mxridan igi enaTesaveboda nikola malbranSs da fransua rene de Satobreans. tokvilma kargi
humanitaruli ganaTleba miiRo, daamTavra q. mecis samefo koleji, romelic imxanad saukeTesod
iTvleboda. kolejSi swavlis periodSi igi didi interesiT gaecno frang ganmanaTlebelTa
moZRvrebas, masze gansakuTrebiT didi zegavlena moaxdina Sarl lui monteskies politikurma da
filosofiurma Sexedulebebma. kolejis Semdeg, tokvilma, samarTlismcodneobis Sesaswavlad,
swavla ganagrZo parizSi. 1826 wels man imogzaura italiaSi da Tavisi STabeWdilebebi aRwera
naSromSi mogzauroba siciliaSi. 1827 wels tokvili dainiSna momrigebel mosamarTled
versalSi. 1831 wlis 2 aprils tokvili versalis axalgazrda iurist gustav de bomonTan erTad,
amerikis penitencialuri sistemis Seswavlis mizniT, gaigzavna amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi,
sadac maT cxra Tve dahyves. 1833 wels tokvilma da de bomonma gamoaqveynes erToblivi naSromi
moxseneba amerikis penitencialuri sistemisa da safrangeTSi misi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, ramac
versalSi moRvawe iuristTa da saxelmwifo moxeleTa didi interesi gamoiwvia. imave wels man
imogzaura inglisSi, hqonda Sexvedrebi cnobil inglisel ekonomistTan nasau uiliam seniorTan
da filosofos jon stiuart milTan, romelic tokvilis didi Tayvanismcemeli iyo; maT xSiri
mimowera hqondaT erTmaneTTan. 1835 wels tokvili daqorwinda inglisel didgvarovan qalze
meri moTleize, wyvils qorwinebidan Svili ar SesZenia. 1835 wels gamoqveynda tokvilis naSromis
_ demokratia amerikaSi _ pirveli tomi, xolo 1840 wels meore tomi. am wignma jon stiuart
milis didi mowoneba daimsaxura, man maRali Sefaseba misca naSroms _ klasikur qmnilebad
aRiara da 1835 wels gamoaqveyna statia London Review-Si, xolo 1840 wels _ Edinburgh Review-Si;
imave wlebSi Txzuleba (orive tomi) inglisur enaze Targmna henri rivma. am wignma avtori
didebis SaravandediT Semosa: 1838 wels tokvili airCies safrangeTis politikur mecnierebaTa
akademiis, xolo 1841 wels ki _ safrangeTis akademiis wevrad.
1839-51 wlebSi tokvili arCeuli iyo deputatad, aqtiurad monawileobda qveynis sapar
lamento da sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi, iyo 1848 wlis safrangeTis kontituciis saredaqcio
komisiis wevri; icavda liberaluri institutebis Seqmnis ideas, mmarTvelobis decentraliza
ciisa da sayovelTao arCevnebis principebs. 1849 wels tokvili airCies sakanonmdeblo asambleis
vice-prezidentad, imave welsve dainiSna sagareo saqmeTa ministrad. 1852 wels napoleon III-m
imperia aRadgina; misadmi opoziciurad ganwyobilma tokvilma parizi datova da tokvilebis
sagvareulo cixe-simagres daubrunda. 1854 wels man imogzaura germaniaSi. sicocxlis bolo
wlebSi igi intensiurad muSaobda naSromze Zveli reJimi da revolucia, romlis pirveli
tomi daibeWda 1856 wels, meore ki dausrulebeli darCa, radgan tuberkuloziT daavadebuli
tokvilis janmrTeloba mkveTrad gauaresda; 1859 wlis 16 aprils q. kanSi aleqsis de tokvili
gardaicvala, dakraZalulia normandiaSi, tokvilebis sagvareulo sasaflaoze.
***
tokvilis demokratia amerikaSi klasikur naSromad iqca SedarebiTi sociologiisa
da liberalur-politikuri filosofiis dargSi da dRemde ar daukargavs SemecnebiTi
- 11 -
mniSvneloba. misi mizani ar gaxlavT amerikis madidebeli panegerikis Seqmna. is mtkiced
emxroba Semdeg azrs: demokratiuli revolucia, romlis mowmenica varT, aris ucilobeli
ram da mis winaaRmdeg brZola arc sasurvelia da arc gonivruli. tokvilisaTvis naTelia,
rom amerikelTa socialuri wyobis demokratiulma xasiaTma bunebrivad ganapiroba
garkveuli kanonebis Seqmna da politikuri Sexedulebebis Camoyalibeba. metic, manve
warmoqmna evropis Zveli aristokratiuli sazogadoebebisaTvis ucnobi mravali grZnoba
da warmodgena, Secvala an saerTod mospo adamianTa odindeli urTierTobebi da maT
nacvlad axlebi warmoqmna. politikur samyaroze aranakleb Seicvala samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis saxe. sruliad axal samyaros ki axali politikuri codna esaWiroeboda.
arsebuli viTarebis naTlad warmosaCenad, tokvili xelmZRvanelobs SedarebiTi meTodis
principiT: erTi mxriv, aristokratiuli safrangeTisa da inglisis, meore mxriv ki, amerikis
demokratiuli wyobis arsebiTi niSnebis analiziT igi gviCvenebs im gavlenas, rasac demokratiis
batonoba axdens amerikis sazogadoebaze, mis ideebsa da zne-Cveulebebze. avtoris survilia
Rrmad Caswvdes politikuri viTarebis realobas; naSromi mdidaria faqtobrivi masaliT.
amerikis samarTlebriv da politikur institutebze tokvilis refleqsia efuZneba yvelaze
sarwmuno da avtoritetul Sromebs, romelTa Soris Tavad avtori sagangebod aRniSnavs
federalistur werilebs: federalisti mSvenieri wignia. miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod
amerikas exeba, yvela qveynis saxelmwifo moxelem kargad unda Seiswavlos igi.
tokvilis naSromis udavo Rirsebas Seadgens is, rom masSi avtori iZleva socialur-
politikuri problemebis Rrma gaazrebas, ramac didi gavlena moaxdina demokratiis
zogadi Teoriisa da Tanamedrove liberalur-politikuri filosofiis formirebaze.
***
demokratiis Secnoba, moqalaqeTa TandaTanobiT ziareba saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis
saqmianobasTan, maTi gaTavisufleba amgvari moRvaweobisaTvis gamoucdelobisagan da
maTi brma instinqtebis Canacvleba WeSmariti interesebis codniT; mmarTvelobis sistemis
SesabamisobaSi moyvana drosa da adgilTan; mmarTvelobis modificireba garemoebaTa da
adamianTa mixedviT, aqedan gamomdinare, kanonmdeblobis dafuZneba demokratiis umTavres
Rirebulebebze _ Tavisuflebasa da politikur Tanasworobaze _ ai, mciredi CamonaTvali
im sakiTxTa arealidan, rac tokvilis naSromSi sagangebodaa ganxiluli.
tokvili wers: demokrati xalxebi bunebrivad, Sinagani waqezebiT iswrafvian Tavi
suflebisaken da sakuTar Tavs minebebulni, eZeben mas, uyvarT da mtkivneulad ganicdian mis
dakargvas. avtoris Rrma rwmeniT, Cvens droSi Tavisufleba ver dafuZndeba Tanasworobis
gareSe; adamianTa mdgomareobis Tanasworobis TandaTanobiT damyareba aris winaswar
ganWvretili movlena. magram imasac aRiarebs, rom ra Zalisxmevasac unda mimarTos xalxma,
mainc ver SeZlebs yvelasTvis Tanabari saarsebo pirobebis Seqmnas; da Tu, saubedurod, miaRwevs
absolutur da srul Tanasworobas, mainc SenarCundeba inteleqtualuri uTanasworoba,
rac uSualod RmerTidan momdinareobs. kacobriobisaTvis yvelaze didi sikeTeebis momtani
Tanasworoba, adamianebs ara mxolod idealis warmosaxvis unars usustebs, aramed amcirebs
amgvar warmosaxvad Rirebul idealur obieqtTa raodenobasac; imavdroulad xalxebSi iwvevs
Zalze saxifaTo instinqtebis ganviTarebas: is adamianebs ubiZgebs, gaeTiSon erTmaneTs
da TiToeuli mxolod sakuTar Tavze zrunavdes. Tanasworoba Zalze farTod uRebs kars
maT suls _ datkbes materialuri survilebiT. tokvili mianiSnebs im safrTxeebze, riTac
Tanasworoba emuqreba demokrat xalxebs da wers, is maTSi ver iwvevs mZafr, daumcxral,
maradiul, uZlevel vnebas _ es aris maTi wyurvili Tanasworobisa TavisuflebaSi da Tu
amas ver hpoveben, Tanasworobas amjobineben _ Tundac monobaSi. isini aitanen siRaribes,
damonebas, barbarosobas, magram TavianT gverdiT ver igueben aristokratias. imasac dasZens,
rom Cagvris forma ar iqneba iseTi mZime, rogoric iyo adre; Tumca avtori amaod cdilobs,
zusti gansazRvreba mouZebnos aseTi Cagvris ideas, romelsac Zveli, gacveTili sityvebi _
despotizmi da tirania _ saerTod ar Seesabameba. es axali movlenaa.
tokvilis Txroba aRbeWdilia samarTlianobis gancdiT. is savsebiT eTanxmeba imas,
- 12 -
rom sazogadoebrivi simSvide didi sikeTea, magram amasTan arc imis daviwyeba surs, rom
xalxebi tiraniamde midiodnen swored sanimuSo sazogadoebrivi wesrigiT, rom marto
sazogadoebrivi wesrigi sakmarisi ar aris. nebismieri xalxi, romelic Tavis mTavrobas
mxolod wesrigis SenarCunebas sTxovs, gulis siRrmeSi ukve monaa _ mona sakuTari
keTildReobisa da SeiZleba gamoCndes vinme, romelic mas borkils daadebs.
***
tokvilis azriT, umTavresi movaleoba, rac ekisreba sazogadoebis mmarTvelebs
demokratiuli wyobis dasafuZneblad, gaxlavT, xelisuflebis _ sakanonmdeblo,
aRmasrulebeli, sasamarTlo _ ganawilebis principi, romelic demokratiis umTavresi
Rirebulebebis _ Tavisuflebisa da politikuri Tanasworobis garantiaa. xelisuflebis
ganawilebis monteskieseuli principisagan gansxvavebiT, tokvili sagangebod aRniSnavs im
siaxles, rom amerikaSi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba gayofilia or asamblead (senati da
warmomadgenlobiTi palata), rac, amJamad, aqsiomad aris miCneuli politikis mecnierebaSi.
TiToeuli adamianis usafrTxoebisa da yvelas politikuri Tavisuflebis dasacavad,
monteskies darad, tokvilsac arsebiT pirobad miaCnia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gancalkeveba
xelisuflebis aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo Stoebisagan. amerikis sakanonmdeblo sistemis
Seswavlis Semdeg, tokvili wers: amerikis kanonmdebloba umTavresad mimarTulia kerZo piris
interesebisaken. msoflioSi ar aris qveyana, sadac kanoni iyos ise uzenaesi da Zalmosili,
rogorc es amerikaSia. [...] amerikaSi erTi adamiani ara meore adamians, aramed samarTals, kanons
morCilebs. tokvili xazgasmiT aRniSnavs, rom amerikeli mosamarTleebi udidesi politikuri
ZalauflebiT arian aRWurvilni, risi mizezic aris Semdegi faqti: amerikelebma TavianT
mosamarTleebs mianiWes ufleba ganaCeni daefuZnebinaT umal konstituciaze da ara kanonebze.
kanonmdeblebma mosamarTleebs neba darTes exelmZRvanelaT mxolod iseTi kanonebiT, romlebic
ar SeewinaaRmdegebodnen konstitucias. amerikaSi aseTi samarTali xelisuflebis yvela Stos
mieraa aRiarebuli da mas sadavod aravin xdis. mosamarTleebi morCileben konstitucias da
sxva kanonebTan SedarebiT mas aniWeben upiratesobas. avtoris azriT, es savsebiT Seesabameba
Tavad sasamarTlo xelisuflebis arss, radgan yoveli mosamarTlisaTvis niSandoblivi ufleba
aris normatiul aqtTa Soris iseTTa SerCeva, romlebic yvelaze metad esadagebian sasamarTlo
xelisuflebis arss. sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze msjelobas tokvili asrulebs Semdegi
daskvniT: marTlmsajulebis udidesi mizani aris Zaladobis ideis Secvla samarTlis ideiT
[...] amerikelebma TavianT mosamarTleebs uboZes udidesi politikuri Zalaufleba, magram
daavaldebules _ romelime kanonis winaaRmdeg kritikisaTvis mimarTon mxolod iuridiul
saSualebebs; amiT amerikelebma mniSvnelovnad Seamcires aRniSnuli Zalauflebis safrTxe.
tokvlis Tanaxmad, swored mosamarTleebis aseTi ufleba qmnis erT-erT yvelaze Zlier
bariers, rac ki odesme aRumarTavT politikur gaerTianebaTa tiraniis winaaRmdeg. tokvilis
yuradRebis miRma ar rCeba arc is, rom evropisagan gansxvavebiT, amerikaSi danaSauli iSviaTad
rCeba dausjeli; am mxriv evropaSi gansxvavebuli viTarebaa: evropaSi damnaSave miaCniaT im
bedkrul adamianad, romelic ibrZvis, raTa daemalos Zalauflebis warmomadgenlebs, amerikaSi
ki borotmoqmedi aRiqmeba adamianuri modgmis mtrad, romlis winaaRmdegac sazogadoeba unda
amxedrdes. amitom yvela dainteresebulia droulad waradginos samarTaldarRvevis samxilebi,
raTa damnaSave daiWiron.
tokvilis azriT, adgilobrivi institutebi yvela xalxisaTvis saWiroa, magram yvelaze
metad isini sWirdeba demokratiul saxelmwifos: es is mkvidri sayrdenia, romelTa
gareSe demokratiul saxelmwifos araviTari garantia ar gaaCnia despotizmisagan Tavis
dasaRwevad. saerTo interesebis erT adgilze an erT xelSi Tavmoyras tokvili uwodebs
samTavrobo centralizacias, kerZo interesTa marTvis Zalauflebis imave formiT Tavmoyras
ki _ administraciul centralizacias. amdenad, avtoris sagangebo refleqsiis sagania
mmarTvelobis decentralizacia; igi aRfrTovanebulia mmarTvelobis decentralizaciis ara
administraciuli, aramed politikuri SedegebiT amerikaSi; imiT, rom evropis romelime Zveli
monarqiisagan gansxvavebiT, amerikaSi maRal donezea mTavrobis centralizacia, erovnuli
- 13 -
Zala ufro koncentrirebulia da saerTod ar arsebobs administraciuli centralizacia;
decentralizaciam miaRwia iseT dones, rasac verc erTi evropuli saxelmwifo ver gauZlebda.
da iqve dasZens: SeerTebuli Statebis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis struqturaSi
araferia arc centralizebuli da arc ierarqiuli. sazogadoebas aqvs ori saSualeba,
riTac aiZulebs Tanamdebobis pirebs kanonTa morCilebas: mianiWos maT SeuzRudavi
Zalaufleba sxva danarCenTa samarTavad da am ukanasknelTa daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi
CamoarTvas Tanamdebobebi, an sasamarTloebs daavalos gamoiyenos dadgenili sasjeli
kanonTa damrRvevis mimarT. misi sityvebis Tanaxmad, komunaSi saocari ostatobiT zrunaven
Zalauflebis daqucmacebaze. realurad, amerikaSi komuna yovelmxriv suverenulia imaSi,
rac mxolod mas exeba, danarCen sakiTxebSi ki Stats eqvemdebareba. Tavis moxeleebs komuna,
rogorc damoukidebeli erTeuli, Tavad sTavazobs mTavrobas.
avtori aseve pozitiur siaxled miiCnevs amerikul konfederacias, romelic yvela sxva
konfederaciis msgavsia, magram Tavisi SedegebiT aSkarad sxvaobs yvela sxva danarCenTagan.
tokvili svams kiTxvas: saidan iRebs yovelive es dasabams? da Tavadve pasuxobs: amerikis
federaluri konstitucia efuZneba sruliad axal Teorias, romelic Cveni drois politikis
mecnierebis diad monapovrad unda CaiTvalos. aq igulisxmeba amerikelTa mier Semotanili
siaxle _ politikuri suverenitetis horizontaluri danawevreba federalur xelisuflebasa
da Statis xelisuflebas Soris. tokvilis azriT, SeerTebuli Statebis uaxlesi istoriis
erTi Tvalis gadavlebac kmara, raTa SeamCnioT mTeli is sikeTe, rac am sistemis dakanonebas
mohyva. saxelmwifo suverenitetis aseTi dayofa uzrunvelyofs yoveli Statis keTildReobas.
amerikel kanonmdebelTa gonierebis wyalobiT federaluri sistemis Tanamdevi xarvezebi
minimumamdea dayvanili: maT kavSiris xelisufleba moaqcies federaluri mTavrobebis
SezRudul wreSi da erovnuli iersaxe misces; msjelobas tokvili asrulebs Semdegi daskvniT:
SeerTebuli Statebis konstitucia _ adamianis gamWriaxobis damadasturebeli qmnileba _
yvelaze saukeTesoa, rac ki cnobilia federalur konstituciaTagan.
***
tokvilis naSromis winamdebare Targmanis redaqtirebis procesSi gaweuli didi
TanadgomisaTvis minda uRrmesi madloba gadavuxado profesor Tengiz iremaZes safuZvliani
rCevebisaTvis; teqstis azris wvdomis misma utyuarma alRom didad Seuwyo xeli winamdebare
Targmanis srulyofas. profesor lali zaqaraZes, Targmanis proeqtis ganxorcielebis erT-
erT iniciators, qarTuli teqstis gulisxmierebiT redaqtirebisaTvis; asistent-profesor
giorgi TavaZes, romelmac yuradsaRebi SeniSvnebiT jerovani daxmareba gagviwia. minda aseve
didi madloba gadavuxado grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis reqtors, profesor
mamuka TavxeliZes aRniSnuli proeqtis mimarT gamoCenili didi gulisxmierebisa da
qmediTi daxmarebisaTvis. aseve, grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis gamomcemlobis
xelmZRvanels baton mixeil sariSvils naSromis beWdvis teqnikuri da poligrafiuli mxaris
uzrunvelyofisaTvis. aqve msurs madlierebiT movixsenio batoni giorgi bagrationi wignis
ydis dizainis momzadebisa da teqstis dakabadonebisaTvis.
aleqsis de tokvilis demokratia amerikaSi pirveli Targmania qarTul enaze; is
Sesrulebulia franguli dednidan _ Alexis de Tocqueville: De la démocratie en Amérique, Éditions
Gallimard, 1986 _ saqarTveloSi amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos sagamomcemlo-
mTargmnelobiTi programis finansuri xelSewyobiT.
vfiqrobT, aleqsis de tokvilis demokratia amerikaSi qarTuli Targmanis saxiT
mkiTxveli SeiZens saWiro naSroms, romelic didad waadgeba qarTuli sazogadoebriv-
politikuri azrovnebis ganviTarebis saqmes, daxmarebas gauwevs ara mxolod filosofosebs,
sociologebsa da politologebs, aramed SedarebiTi sociologiisa da politikuri
mecnierebebis problemebiT dainteresebul yvela mkiTxvels.
dodo labuCiZe-xoferia
q. Tbilisi, 15 agvisto, 2011 weli
- 14 -
wigni pirveli
Sesavali
amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi yofnis dros, Cemi yuradReba miipyro mravalma axalma mov-
lenam, romelTagan yvelaze metad adamianTa mdgomareobis Tanasworobam ganmacvifra. didi
garja ar damWirvebia, raTa aSkarad damenaxa is udidesi gavlena, romelsac es umniSvne-
lovanesi faqti axdens sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis dinebaze. is kanonebsa da sazogadoebriv
azrs warmarTavs garkveuli mimarTulebiT, qmnis mmarTveli fenis moRvaweobis axal normebs,
xolo marTulTa saqmianobaSi _ saTanado Cvevebs.
male CemTvis gasagebi gaxda is faqtic, rom igive viTareba Tavis gavlenas axorcie-
lebs politikur sferoSic da kanonTa sazRvrebs miRmac, rom misi Zalaufleba vrcelde-
ba rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze, ise mmarTvelobaze. mdgomareobis Tanasworoba ba-
debs adamianTa Sesabamis azrebs, grZnobebs, karnaxobs saTanado Cvevebis gamomuSavebas da
axdens yovelive imis modificirebasac, rac misi gavlenis gareSec axasiaTebT adamianebs.
amgvarad, amerikuli sazogadoebis Seswavlis kvalobaze, ufro da ufro vxedavdi
adamianTa mdgomareobis Tanasworobis winapirobebs, saidanac momdinareobda am fenomenis
yoveli calkeuli, konkretuli faqti. es winapirobebi gamudmebiT medga Tvalwin, ro-
gorc is centraluri wertili, sadac Tavs iyrida yvela Cemi dakvirveba.
Semdeg, rodesac goniTi mzera gadmomqonda Cveni naxevarsferosaken, momeCvena, rom
aqac SemeZlo gamomeyo raRac imis analogiuri ram, rasac axali samyaro mTavazobda. es
msgavsi mdgomareoba iyo Tanasworoba, romelic aq, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisagan
gansxvavebiT, ver aRwevda Tavis umaRles zRvars, magram yoveldRiurad uaxlovdeboda
mas. me momeCvena, rom igive demokratia _ amerikul sazogadoebaSi rom batonobda, evro-
paSic swrafad miiwevda mmarTvelobis sferosaken.
da damebada am wignis daweris idea...
Cven vcxovrobT didi demokratiuli revoluciis epoqaSi; amas yvela xedavs, magram
erTnairad rodi afasebs mas. erTni mas ganixilaven axal, SemTxveviT movlenad da ime-
dovneben, rom SeZleben mis SeCerebas. meoreni miiCneven, rom igi ucilobeli da uZlevia,
rogorc yvelaze uwyveti, Zveli da marad ganviTarebadi movlena im movlenaTa Soris, rac
ki cnobilia istoriaSi.
erTi wuTiT gavixsenoT, Tu ra iyo safrangeTi Svidasi wlis winaT: igi nawildeboda
mcirericxovan ojaxebs Soris, romlebic flobdnen miwas da marTavdnen mosaxleobas.
imxanad amgvari mmarTvelobis ufleba, qonebasTan erTad, Taobidan Taobas memkvidreobiT
gadaecemoda. adamianebis erTmaneTze zemoqmedebis erTaderTi saSualeba iyo Zala, xolo
miwis anu saadgilmamulo sakuTreba _ am Zlierebis saTave.
swored am dros safrangeTis samRvdeloeba iZens Zalauflebas da swrafad avrce-
lebs Tavis gavlenas. sasuliero cxovrebis sfero kars uRebs yvelas: Raribebsac da
mdidrebsac, mdabioebsac da didebulebsac. amgvari Tanasworobis niSnebi eklesiis gziT
aRwevs mmarTvelobis wiaRSic: ymadSobili, samudamo monobisTvis ganwiruli adamiani,
mRvdeli gaxdeboda Tu ara, maSinve Tavis adgils ikavebda keTilSobilTa Soris da xSirad
gvirgvinosanTa maRlac wamoiWimeboda xolme.
drois dinebis kvaldakval, sazogadoebac ufro metad viTardeboda da stabiluro-
bas iZenda, adamianTa Soris urTierTobebi ki bevrad rTuli da mravalmxrivi xdeboda.
mZafrad igrZnoboda samoqalaqo kanonTa saWiroeba. da ai, swored am saWiroebis gamo, as-
parezze gamodian kanonmdeblebi; isini toveben sxdomaTa darbazebis kedlebis miRma uCi-
nar arsebobas, sasamarTlos kancelariaTa damtveril patara oTaxebs da gadainacvleben
xelmwifis karze, sadac, yarayumis mosasxamiTa da abjar-abgariT damSvenebuli feodali
batonebis gverdiT, samefo sabWos sxdomebs eswrebian.
mefeebi ewirebian did wamowyebebs; didebulebi erTmaneTTan omebs aleven TavianT
Zal-Rones; vaWrobiT mdidrdebian mdabioebi. aSkara xdeba fulis gavlena saxelmwifo sa-
qmeebze. komercia Zalauflebis mopovebis axal wyarod iqceva; finansebi yalibdeba imgvar
politikur Zalad, romelic sZulT, magram mainc epirferebian.
- 16 -
wigni pirveli, Sesavali
movlenaTa amgvari mimarTebis dros yvelaferi kargi da sasargeblo ver iqneba, ma-
gram, yovel SemTxvevaSi, sazogadoeba mainc SeZlebs misgan SeiTvisos yovelive is, rac
SesaZloa, iyos kargi da sasargeblo da adamianebi, romlebic samudamod ityvian uars
aristokratiuli wyobis Tanamdev socialur upiratesobebze, demokratiidan aiReben yo-
velive im sikeTes, romelTa SeTavazebac mas SeuZlia.
magram, rodesac davtoveT Cvens winaparTagan miRebuli socialuri mdgomareoba, ro-
desac uwesrigod gadavyareT maTi politikuri institutebi da adaT-wesebi, ra miviReT
Cven maT sanacvlod?
samefo xelisuflebis prestiJi ise gaqra, rom kanonTa uzenaesobas igi ar Seucvlia.
Cvens droSi adamianebs sZulT Zalaufleba, magram eSiniaT misi, SiSs ki SeuZlia ufro
meti gamostyuos mas, vidre odesRac es pativiscemasa da siyvaruls SeeZlo.
Cven davTrguneT calkeuli individis Zliereba, romelTagan TiToeuls damoukide-
blad SeeZlo brZola tiraniis winaaRmdeg. vxedav, rom mmarTveloba aRmoCnda erTaderTi
memkvidre yvela im prerogativisa ojaxebs, korporaciebs an kerZo pirebs rom CamoerT-
vaT. zogjer damTrgunveli, magram xSirad moqalaqeTa mcire ricxvis damcveli SesaZle-
blobebi yvelas uRonobam Secvala.
qonebis danawilebam, marTalia, Seamcira is manZili upovars mdidrisagan rom aSo-
rebda, magram erTmaneTTan daaxloebisas maT sul ufro da ufro axali mizezebi ipoves
urTierTsiZulvilisaTvis; Sehyureben ra erTmaneTs SiSiT, eWviTa da SuriT, erTimeores
xels kraven, raTa erTmaneTi Camoacilon Zalauflebas. rogorc erTis, ise meorisaTvis,
jer kidev ar arsebobs samarTlis idea da orives eCveneba, rom awmyoSi arsebobis erTa-
derTi safuZveli da momavlis garanti Zalaa.
Raribma SeinarCuna Tavis winaparTagan memkvidreobiT miRebuli crurwmenebi; Seinar-
Cuna maTi uvicoba, mxolod maTi siqveleebis gareSe; man Tavisi qmedebebi daumorCila
piradi interesebis doqtrinas, Tanac ise, rom saTanadod arc icoda es moZRvreba. dRes
misi egoizmi iseve moklebulia ganaTlebas, rogorc odesRac misi Tavdadeba da erTgu-
leba batonisadmi.
sazogadoeba simSvides inarCunebs ara imitom, rom Tavis SesaZleblobebsa da keTil-
dReobas acnobierebs, aramed imitom, rom Tavs sustad da uZlurad Tvlis; mas eSinia, ne-
bismieri Zalisxmeva sicocxlis fasad ar daujdes. TiToeuli cal-calke grZnobs mTeli
sazogadoebis arasaxarbielo mdgomareobas, magram aravis hyofnis vaJkacoba da energia,
raTa misi gaumjobeseba scados. maTi survilebi, sinanuli, dardi da sixaruli arafer
sagrZnobsa da mdgrads ar warmoqmnis, moxucTa gamofituli vnebebis msgavsad, rasac es
dauZlurebuli adamianebi mxolod uZlurebamde mihyavs.
amrigad, Cven uari vTqviT yvela im sikeTeze, romelic SeiZleba moeca Zvel sazoga-
doebriv wyobas, amasTan, ar SeviZineT araferi sasargeblo Cveni amJamindeli mdgomareo-
bidan, amitomac Cven davangrieT aristokratiuli sazogadoeba da Tvinierad SevCerdiT
Zveli Senobis nangrevebs Soris, TiTqos samudamod aq gvsurdes darCena.
is, rac sazogadoebis sulier samyaroSi xdeba, aranakleb savalaloa.
safrangeTis demokratiam, romlis ganviTarebasac xan abrkolebdnen, xanac misi dauo-
kebeli vnebebis amara tovebdnen, daamxo yvelaferi, rasac ki gzad gadaawyda, da rac ver
daangria, Searyia. igi sazogadoebas TandaTan ar eufleboda, raTa mSvidobianad daemyare-
bina Tavisi Zalaufleba; piriqiT, SeuCerebliv win miiwevda uwesrigobasa da xocva-Jletis
gniasSi. brZolis JiniT Sepyrobili, Tavis mowinaaRmdegeTa mosazrebebiTa da ukidureso-
bebiT gaRizianebuli, mzad iyo, sakuTari rwmenis bunebrivi zRvrebic daengria. TiToeu-
li adamiani kargavda Tavis ZiebaTa sagans, iyenebda im enas, romelic cudad gamoxatavda
mis WeSmarit grZnobebsa da idumal instinqtebs, gulisTqmas. aqedan warmoiqmna is ucnau-
ri aRreva, romlis iZulebiT mowmenica varT.
amaod veZeb Cems mexsierebaSi da verafers vpoulob iseTs, rac aRmiZravs ufro met
tkivilsa da sibraluls, vidre is, Cvens Tvalwin rom xdeba; Cvens droSi TiTqos gawyvi-
tes is bunebrivi jaWvi, romelic Sexedulebebs akavSirebs midrekilebebTan, qmedebebs _
- 21 -
aleqsis de tokvili demokratia amerikaSi
1 im dros, rodesac winamdebare naSromis pirveli gamocema gamovaqveyne, b-ni gustav de bomoni,* amerikaSi mogzauro-
bisas Cemi Tanamgzavri, jer kidev muSaobda Tavis wignze saTauriT _ Marie ou l’Escalavage aux Etat-Unis. mogvianebiT,
igi gamoaqveyna kidec. b-ni bomoni mTavar amocanad isaxavda wina planze wamoewia SavkanianTa mdgomareoba anglo-
amerikuli sazogadoebis wiaRSi. misma naSromma axleburi da mZafri axsna mouZebna monobis sakiTxs _ gaerTianebuli
respublikebisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis mqone am problemas. SesaZloa, vcdebi, magram, Cemi azriT, b-n de bomonis
wignma, mas Semdeg, rac man gamoiwvia cxoveli interesi mkiTxvelTa Soris, vinc masSi Zlier emociebs da TvalsaCinoebas
eZebda, ufro soliduri da myari warmateba unda moipovos im mkiTxvelSic, visac, pirvel rigSi, surs nebismier
gamokvlevaSi dainaxos Rrma WeSmariteba.
2 mudam madlierebiT gavixseneb im Tavazianobas, romelmac saSualeba momca, gavcnobodi qveynis sakanonmdeblo da
aRmasrulebeli organoebis dokumentebs. amerikel saxelmwifo moRvaweTagan gansakuTrebiT minda madloba gadavuxado
b-n edvard livingstons, imxanad saxelmwifo mdivans (amJamad amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis sruluflebian elCs
safrangeTSi). amerikis kongresSi yofnisas, man siamovnebiT gadmomca dokumentebis udidesi nawili, romelSic asaxuli
iyo federaluri mTavrobis saqmianoba. b-ni livingstoni erT-erTi im iSviaT adamianTagania, romelTa nawerebis kiTxvi-
sas maTdami siyvaruliTa da pativiscemiT manamde ganewyobian xolme, vidre piradad gaicnoben, da maTdami madlierebis
grZnoba bednierebas aniWebT.
- 24 -
wigni pirveli, Sesavali
- 25 -
nawili pirveli
Tavi I
CrdiloeT amerikis gare moxazuloba
CrdiloeT amerika gayofilia or vrcel regionad: erTi polusisaken miemarTeba, meore
ki ekvatorisaken eSveba. _ mdinare misisipis xeoba. aq dedamiwis cvalebadobis suraTi
SeiniSneba. _ atlantikis okeanis sanapiro, romlis ayolebazec Seiqmna inglisuri
axalSenebi. _ TvalnaTlivi sxvaoba, romelic axasiaTebda samxreT da CrdiloeT
amerikas aRmoCenis droidan. _ CrdiloeT amerikis tyeebi. _ preriebi. _ adgilobrivi
momTabare mkvidri tomebi. _ maTi garegnoba, adaT-wesebi, enebi. _ ucnobi xalxis
nakvalevi.
3 1. 341. 649 mili. ix. Darby’s* View of the United States, p. 499. me gadaviyvane mili lied; TiToeul lieSi aris 2. 000 tuazi
[tuazi _ Zveleburi franguli sigrZis sazomi erTeuli]; erTi lie _ daax. 4, 5 km (mTargm. Sen.).
mdinare misisipi saTaves iRebs ori uzarmazari regionis mijnaze, kerZod _ im zeganis
erT-erT mwvervalze, romelic am regionebs erTmaneTisagan yofs.
misisipis maxloblad saTaves iRebs erTi mdinarec5 _ red-riveri, romelic Semdeg
polarul zRvebSi Caedineba. Tavad misisipis dineba adamians afiqrebinebs, TiTqos yoy-
manobs, irCevs Tu saiT gaagrZelos gza _ miedineba, Semdeg mravalgzis brundeba ukan,
kvlav miaqanebs talRebs da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac mdored gaiweleba tbebsa da Waobebs
Soris, TiTqos sabolood iRebs gadawyvetilebas, saiT wavides da nela, dinjad gauyveba
gzas samxreTisaken.
Tavad bunebis mier gaWril Tixnar kalapotSi miedineba xan mSvidad molivlive, xanac
qariSxliT azvirTebuli misisipi, romelic mimdebare miwebidan aTas lieze met savarguls
rwyavs6.
SesarTavidan eqvsas lieze7 misisipis siRrme, saSualod, 15 futia da 300 toniani
wyalwvis xomaldebi Tavisuflad dacuraven CasarTavidan daaxloebiT orasamde lies ze-
viT.
ormocdaCvidmeti didi sanaosno mdinaris wyali Caedineba misisipSi. mis Senakad mdi-
nareTagan erTis sigrZe 1300 liea8, meoris 300 lie9, mesamis 600 lie10, meoTxis 500 lie11,
xolo oTxi Senakadi 200 lie sigrZisaa12; aRarafers vambob uamrav patara nakadulze, yo-
veli mxridan misken rom mieSureba da mis wiaRSi ikargeba.
gegonebaT, es xeoba mxolod misisipisaTvis Seqmna gangebam. aq igi zeciuri mbrZanebe-
liviT Tavisi survilisamebr did sikeTes gascems, magram arc dasjas aklebs iqaurobas.
mdinaris mimdebare teritoriis buneba amouwuravi siuxviT gamoirCeva, magram rac ufro
Sordebi mis napirebs, aSkarad Cans, rom mcenareuli samyaros mkvebavi Zalebi iSriteba, mi-
webi ifiteba, yvelaferi Wkneba da nadgurdeba. dedamiwis mier gancdil did kataklizmebs
esoden aSkara nakvalevi amqveynad arsad ise mkveTrad ar dautovebia, rogorc misisipis
xeobaSi. am mxaris mTeli iersaxe mowmobs imas, Tu ra ZaluZs wylis stiqias, rom bunebis
unayofobac da baraqac wyalzea damokidebuli. pirvelyofili okeanis talRebma xeobis
wiaRSi jer savegetacio miwebis sqeli Sreebi daaxvaves da Semdeg xangrZlivi dro Sealies
maT gadasworebas. amitom aris, rom mdinaris marjvena sanapiroze Tvaluwvdeneli velebia
gadaWimuli; erT mTlian did mindvrad aris Sekruli maTi zedapiri, romelic ise Tanaba-
ria, TiTqos miwaTmoqmedma Tavisi guTniT moasworao. samagierod, rac metad uaxlovdebiT
mTebs, miwa sul ufro uswormasworo da unayofo xdeba; TiTqos niadagi aTasgan gaubur-
RavT da pirvelyofili kldeebi xan aq, xan iq ise ikveTebian, TiTqos ConCxis ZvlebiRa
darCenila raRac arsebisa, romlis kunTebica da xorcic drom STanTqa. miwis zedapiri
granitis qviSiTa da uswormasworo qvebiTaa dafaruli; qvaTa Soris ki aqa-iq miwidan Zlivs
amowverila raRac ucnobi mcenareebi. am mindvris Semxedvare ityodiT: odesRac nayofieri
veli, romelic veeba Senobis nangrevebs daufaravs. am qvebsa da qviSas Tu yuradRebiT da-
akvirdebiT, iolad SeamCnevT, rom igi kldovani mTebis unayofo da naSali mwvervalebidan
aris Camorecxili da Camotanili, wyalTa dinebam kldeTa namusrevic Camoiyola da gzad
sanapiro ferdobebze mimofanta. naSalma qanebma _ erTmaneTTan SejaxebiT daqucmacebulma
da qviSad qceulma _ mTisZirebi mTebisave Txemebis namsxvrevebiT mofina. [A]
misisipis xeoba _ yovelives gaTvaliswinebiT _ yvelaze Rirseuli qmnilebaa, romelic
5 wiTeli mdinare.
6 2.500 mili anu 1032 lie; ix. Description des Etats Unis, par Warden,* vol. I, p. 166.
ki odesme RmerTs Seuqmnia adamianis sacxovrisad, Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom am
xeobaSi erTi Tvaluwvdeneli udabnoc gvxvdeba.
aleganis mTebis aRmosavleT ferdobsa da atlantikis okeanes Soris xsenebul mTa-
Ta Zirs miuyveba kldovani qviSis grZeli sartyeli, romelic, gegonebaT, zRvas darCao,
roca am mxares tovebda. saSualod, am teritoriis sigane 48 lies ar aRemateba,13 sigrZe
ki 300 lies Seadgens14 amerikis kontinentis am nawilSi niadagi Znelad dasamuSavebelia,
mcenareuloba mwiri da erTferovania.
Tavdapirvelad swored es arastumarTmoyvare sanapiro iqca adamianTa Zalisxmevis
koncentraciis adgilad. am unayofo miwis sartyelze dafuZnda da aRorZinda inglisuri
axalSenebi, romlebic, erT mSvenier dRes, amerikis SeerTebul Statebad unda Camoyali-
bebuliyo. amJamadac, swored es adgilia CrdiloeT amerikis Zlierebis kera; dResdRe-
obiTac, sadRac mis ganapira mxareebSi TiTqmis SeumCnevlad mkvidrddeba WeSmariti da
mniSvnelovani Zala im adamianebisa, romelTac udavod ekuTvniT kontinentis momavali.
rodesac evropelebi antiliis kunZulebs, mogvianebiT ki samxreT amerikis napirebs
miadgnen, maT moeCvenaT, rom moxvdnen im zRaprul samyaroSi, romelsac poetebi odiT-
ganve xotbas asxamdnen. zRva tropikuli ferebis brwyinvalebiT elvarebda; wylis saoca-
ri gamWvirvalobis wyalobiT, mezRvaurTa mzera pirvelad Caswvda zRvis fskers,15 aqa-iq
moCanda patara kunZulebi, romlebic okeanis mSvid zedapirze keTilsurnelovani yvavi-
lebis kalaTebiviT livlivebdnen. am samoTxisdar adgilebSi yvelaferi, rac ki Tvalwin
iSleboda, TiTqos adamianis moTxovnilebebisa da misi siamovnebisaTvis iyo Seqmnili. xeTa
umravlesoba sakvebad vargisi xiliT iyo daxunZluli, xolo rasac uSualo sargeblis
motana ar SeeZlo, isini adamianTa mzeras ferTa sikaSkaSiTa da mravalferovnebiT xi-
blavdnen. surnelovani limoniT, veluri leRviT, mrgvalfoTola mirtebiT, akaciiTa da
oleandriT savse tyeSi ayvavebuli lianebiT rom iyo yvelaferi erTmaneTSi gadaxlar-
Tuli, uamravi, evropisaTvis ucxo Citi mewamuli da laJvardisferi bumbulis frTebiT,
elvarebda da Tavisi damatkbobeli galobiT daudgromelsa da sicocxliT savse bunebis
harmonias erTvoda. [B]
am mdidruli saburvelis qveS dafaruli iyo sikvdili, Tumca maSin amas veravin am-
Cnevda; irgvliv haeric ki raRac gamabruebeli surneliT iyo gajerebuli, rac adamians
mxolod awmyoTi tkbobas aiZulebda da momavlis mimarT uzrunvels xdida.
CrdiloeT amerika sul sxvagvari iyo: aq yvelaferi mniSvnelovani, seriozuli, amaR-
lebuli Canda; ityodiT, rom gangebas igi Seuqmnia gonebis sameufeod, xolo samxreT ame-
rika _ grZnobebis sauflod.
CrdiloeT amerikis sanapiroebs boboqari da nisliani okeane ekvroda; granitis kl-
deebi an qviSis diunebi sartyeliviT ertymoda; tyeebi, romlebic mis sanapiroebs fa-
ravdnen, pirquSad gamoiyurebodnen da uxvad SefoTlilni melanqolias aRZravdnen. aq
xarobda mxolod naZvi, larqisi, mwvane muxa, veluri zeTisxili da dafna.
xeTa am pirvel sartyels rogorc ki gaaRwevdiT, centraluri tyis CrdilSi moxvde-
bodiT. iq erTmaneTSi ireoda yvelaze didi xeebi, rac ki dedamiwis orive naxevarsferoze
xarobs _ Wadari, katalpa, nekerCxali, virjiniis alvis xe, romlebic totebiT gadaxlar-
Todnen muxis, wifelisa da cacxvis rtoebs.
aqac, rogorc adamianebis batonobas daqvemdebarebul tyeebSi, sikvdili daTareSob-
da, magram aravin fiqrobda mis mier miyenebuli dartymebis nakvalevisagan tyis gawmendas.
amitomac gamxmar xeTa da mcenareTa narCenebi erTimeoreze xvavdeboda; Zalze didi dro
iyo saWiro, raTa mcenares es saukuno danaleqi gamoerRvia da axali amonayarisaTvis gza
13 100 mili.
15 malt-briuonis* Tanaxmad [t. III, gv. 726], karibis zRvis wyali imdenad gamWvirvalea, rom masSi 60 saJenis siRrmezec ki
SegiZliaT erTmaneTisagan gaarCioT marjani da Tevzi. Soridan ise Cans, TiTqos gemi orTqlSi gadiso da raRac Tavbru-
damxvevis magvari ram ipyrobs mogzaurs, rodesac kristalurad gamWvirvale wyalSi igi xedavs wyalqveSa baRebs, sadac
zRvis wyalmcenareTa kululebsa da WalebSi oqros Tevzebi elvareben da niJarebi bzinaven.
- 30 -
wigni pirveli, nawili pirveli, Tavi I
17 prezident jefersonis* Tanaxmad (Notes sur la Virginie, p. 148), irokezTa Soris, romelTac Tavs daesxnen siZlieriT bev-
rad aRmatebuli mowinaaRmdegeebi, iyvnen iseTi moxucebi, romelTac amayad ganacxades uari gaqcevaze, maT ar isurves
sicocxle TavianTi mSobliuri mxaris ganadgurebis Semdeg; isini saerTod arad agdebdnen sikvdils, galebis mier aly-
aSemortymul romSi myof Zvel romaelTa darad. iqve 150 gverdze prezidenti jefersoni wers: `SemTxveva ar yofila,
rom mtris xelT Cavardnil indiels sicocxlis SenarCuneba eTxovos. piriqiT, igi TiTqos eZebs kidec gamarjvebulTa
xelidan sikvdils, risTvisac igi yovelmxriv Seuracxyofs da aqezebs gamarjvebuls.~
18 V. Histoire de la Louisiane, par Lepage-Dupratz; Charlevoix,* Histoire de la Nouvelle- France; Lettres du R. Hecwelder,* Transac-
tions of the American philosophical Society, v. I; Jefferson, Notes sur la Virginie, p. 135-190. jefersonis sityvebs Zalze didi
mniSvneloba aqvs Tu gaviTvaliswinebT mis pirad damsaxurebas, gansakuTrebul mdgomareobasa da epoqis pozitiur Tu
realur Taviseburebebs.
- 32 -
wigni pirveli, nawili pirveli, Tavi I
- 33 -
grigol robaqiZis saxelobis universitetis
filosofiisa da socialur mecnierebaTa
kvleviTi institutis mier gamocemuli samecniero seriebi
da maT farglebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebis nusxa:
- 587 -
III. samecniero-mTargmnelobiTi seria „filosofia-sociologiis klasikuri da
Tanamedrove teqstebi. Targmanebi“:
t. 1: fridrix nicSe: Ecce homo. rogor xdeba adamiani is, rac is aris, germanulidan Targmna,
SeniSvnebi da gamokvleva daurTo giorgi TavaZem, tomis redaqtorebi: Tengiz iremaZe,
lali zaqaraZe, gamomcemloba „nekeri“, Tbilisi, 2011, 248 gv.
gamosacemad mzadaa:
t. 2: fridrix nicSe: kerpebis mwuxri, germanulidan Targmna giorgi TavaZem, tomis
redaqtorebi: Tengiz iremaZe, lali zaqaraZe.
- 588 -