Socialism in Georgian Colors - 7 Tavi

socializmi qarTul ferebSi
SOCIALISM IN
GEORGIAN COLORS
Stepen F. Jones
The European Road to Social Democracy

socializmi
qarTul ferebSi
stiven f. jonsi
social-demokratiis evropuli gza
ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba
Tbilisi _ 2007
stiven f. jonsis, maunT holiokis kolejis (Mount Holyoke College) rusul da ev-
ropul kvlevaTa profesoris, es araCveulebrivi wigni originalurad da saxalisod
mogviTxrobs unikaluri socialuri moZraobis Sesaxeb. qarTuli social-demokra-
tia msoflioSi pirveli marqsistuli moZraoba iyo, romelmac glexTa masobrivi
mxardaWera moipova. mogvianebiT msgavsi movlenebi CineTsa da vietnamSic gavr-
celda, Tumca saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi am moZraobas revoluciisa da samoqalaqo
omis pirobebSi demokrat-socialistTa warmatebuli xelisuflebis damyareba mo-
hyva. qarTvelebma moaxerxes socializmis, demokratiisa da zomieri, tolerantuli
nacionalizmis Serwyma. saqarTvelos istoriis es monakveTi mraval sasargeblo
gakveTils gvTavazobs.
wigni gankuTvnilia mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.
mTargmneli: xaTuna CxeiZe

samecniero redaqtori: zaza abaSiZe
redaqtori: nino WiabriSvili
damkabadonebeli: qeTevan gogava
pirveli gamomcemeli Harvard University Press, 2005
inglisuri gamocemis yvela uflebas gankargavs President and Fellows of Harward

College, 2005
wignis originalis dizaini ekuTvnis tim jonss.
garekanze gamoyenebuli foto ibeWdeba saqarTvelos respublikis foto-

filmebis arqivis nebarTviT.
pirveli qarTuli gamocema 2008
yvela ufleba daculia. (dauSvebelia wignis romelime nawilis gamoyeneba gamom-

cemlis nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva kanoniT isjeba.)
wigni iTargmna fondis `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelo~

finansuri xelSewyobiT
c 2007 ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti

Ilia Chavchavadze State University
ISBN 978-99940-67-40-4
5
Sinaarsi
w in
wi naassii t y
yvv a o b a ................................................................................................................... 7
T a vi I
i st
stoo rrii ul
u l i v i Ta reb
r e b a ....................................................................................................... 11
1
kolonializmi saqarTveloSi ................................................................................ 11
1
regionalizmi .......................................................................................................... 21
2
mravaleTnikuri saqarTvelo .................................................................................... 28
2
socialurad dayofili sazogadoeba .................................................................... 36
3
daskvna ..................................................................................................................... 44
4
T a vi III
q aarr T u
uli
li s o c
cial
i a l -d
- d em
e m o k ra
r a tii
tiis erovnuli f feses veb
vebii ............................................... 46
4
Tergdaleulebi: qarTveli eris pirveli `mSeneblebi mSeneblebi~ ........................................ 49
ilia WavWavaZe ........................................................................................................ 53
5
meore dasi .............................................................................................................. 55
5
Tergdaleulebi da qarTuli social-demokratiis ................................................ 58
5
inteleqtualuri wyaroebi ...................................................................................... 58
5
daskvna .................................................................................................................... 66
6
T a vi I IIII
m esa m
mesa mee d aasi
s i ...................................................................................................................... 68
6
mesame dasi: saTaveebi ......................................................................................... 70
7
seminaria ................................................................................................................. 71
7
pirveli qarTuli marqsistuli programebi ........................................................... 79
7
kvali ........................................................................................................................ 89
8
ganxeTqileba ......................................................................................................... 96
9
T a vi I V
m Sr omeli
mSr om el i xxaa l
lxx i ............................................................................................................ 101
10
mSromelebi ............................................................................................................ 103
10
samuSao Zala da eTnikuri identoba ................................................................. 111
11
dedaqalaqis gareT ................................................................................................. 114
11
muSebis samuSao pirobebi ................................................................................. 117
11
pirveli kontaqti .................................................................................................. 121
12
gaficvebi .............................................................................................................. 125
12
social-demokratiuli organizicia .................................................................... 129
12
daskvna ................................................................................................................... 132
13
T a vi V
g aan
nxeT
xeT qqii l e b a S in
i n ........................................................................................................ 134
13
organizaciuli erTianoba .................................................................................. 135
13
ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis meore yriloba .................... 140
14
konfliqti Sin ...................................................................................................... 149
14
ganxeTqileba da `menSevizmis
menSevizmis~ triumfi saqarTveloSi ................................ 153
15
daskvna ................................................................................................................... 160
160
6 socializmi qarTul ferebSi
Tavi VI
g ur i i s r es
e s pu
p u b li
l i k a ....................................................................................................... 162
16
miwasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi guriaSi ............................................. 166
16
amboxebis mizezebi ............................................................................................ 172
17
moZraoba ............................................................................................................... 176
17
qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraobis roli ................................................ 178
17
guriis respublika ................................................................................................ 182
18
glexebis moTxovnebi ......................................................................................... 185
18
caristuli politika ............................................................................................. 188
18
dasasruli .............................................................................................................. 192
19
daskvna .................................................................................................................. 193
19
T a v i V II
1 9900 5 w eeli
l i : d a m s xv
x v r e ul
u l i o c n ebe
e bebi
bi ........................................................................ 207
20
Tbilisi ................................................................................................................. 210
21
revolucia da ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi ............................................ 217
21
mefisnacvali da misi administracia ............................................................... 222
22
reformis marcxi ................................................................................................. 225
22
qarTuli social-demokratia 1905 wels ............................................................. 229
22
tragedia ................................................................................................................ 239
23
oqtombris dReebi ............................................................................................... 242
24
daskvna .................................................................................................................. 248
24
T a v i V III
a xa l
lii m i m a r Tu l ebe
e b e b i ................................................................................................. 251
25
pirveli duma ......................................................................................................... 253
25
axali brZolebi ..................................................................................................... 258
25
partiuli organizacia .......................................................................................... 262
26
rsdmp ...................................................................................................................... 268
26
saxelmwifo duma .................................................................................................. 279
27
erovnuli sakiTxi ................................................................................................ 286
28
daskvna ................................................................................................................... 295
29
T a v i IX
o mi d a r ev
e v o l u ci
c i a ........................................................................................................ 297
29
omi ......................................................................................................................... 299
29
damoukidebloba .................................................................................................... 307
30
revolucia .............................................................................................................. 308
30
sabWoTa xelisufleba ......................................................................................... 310
31
metoqeebi/kandidatebi ......................................................................................... 320
32
partiuli cxovreba ............................................................................................... 327
32
mokavSireebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi .................................................................. 332
33
bolo ramdenime kvira ......................................................................................... 340
34
daskvna ................................................................................................................... 349
34
Tavi X
d aask
sk v n a .............................................................................................................................. 351
35
S en iiS
S v n e b i ..................................................................................................................... 357
an
nba
ba n u r i s a Z i ebel
e b e l i .................................................................................................... 414
7
w i na s ity v a o b a
es wigni eZRvneba saqarTveloSi social-demokratiis mniSvnelovan

warmatebas _ dawyebuli 1883 wels pirveli marqsistuli jgufis Camoya-
libebiT, damTavrebuli 1917 wels amierkavkasiaSi* qarTvelTa xelmZRvane-
lobiT xelisuflebaSi social-demokratiuli koaliciis mosvliT. igi
detalurad aRwers 1917 wlamde ruseTis imperiaSi yvelaze warmatebul
social-demokratiul moZraobas. ronald siunis (Ronald Suny) novator-
uli naSromis garda ruseTis revoluciis istoriografiaSi am mxriv jer
isev sicarielea. es wigni qarTuli social-demokratiis srulyofili Ses-
wavlis mcdelobaa menSevizmis iseTi istorikosebis moTxovnis pasuxad,
rogorebic arian israel getcleri (Israel Getzler) da leopold haimsoni
(Leopold Haimson).
wignSi SegxvdebaT TariRebi kalendris mixedviT, romelic 13 dRiT
CamorCeba amierkavkasiaSi 1918 wlis 18 aprils (1 maiss) SemoRebul Ta-
namedrove grigorianul kalendars.
mraval adamians minda vuTxra madloba am wignis Seqmnisas gaweuli
daxmarebisaTvis. pirvel rigSi, saqarTvelos erovnuli parlamentis bib-
lioTekasTan arsebuli saqarTvelos kvlevis centris qarTvel bibli-
oTekarebs. gansakuTrebuli madloba minda vuTxra: klara ramiSvils, nana
xvedelians (romelic ostaturad mexmareboda rTuli bibliografiuli
sakiTxebis gadaWraSi), lili moSiaSvils, Jana qvaTaZes, izo giorgaZes,
eTer imnaZes, ivlita eriaSvils, giuli ramiSvils, lela mdorkuls, dare-
jan TeTraSvils da centrSi momuSave biblioTekis yvela TanamSromels.
urTierToba mqonda biblioTekis sam direqtorTan _ akaki ZiZigurTan,
* wignSi `transkavkasia~ da àmierkavkasia~ sinonimebad aris gamoyenebuli. (red.SeniSvna)

aleqsandre kartoziasTan da levan berZeniSvilTan _ samivem farTod

gamiRo biblioTekis kari.
didi daxmareba gamiwies agreTve saqarTvelos saxelmwifo univer-
sitetisa da mecnierebaTa akademiis biblioTekebSi. saqarTvelos sa -
xelmwifo centra lu ri arqivis direqtoris modgilis _ revaz xu-
ciSvilis da roza feiqriSvilis gareSe ver movipovebdi wignisTvis
mniSv nelovan istoriul dokumentebs. fotoebs saqarTvelos respub-
likis foto-filmebis arqivSi mivakvlie. lingvisturi da mecnier-
uli kuTxiT daxmareba gamiwies: leila geguCaZem, ediSer xoStariam,
aleqsandre bendianiSvilma, malxaz macaberiZem, saSa kuxianiZem da gia
Tarxan-mouravma. am wignze muSaobisas mudam gverdiT medgnen megob-
rebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi aucilebelia daketili karebis gasa-
Rebad. msurs madlierebiT movixsenio: xaTuna CxeiZe, zaal qiqoZe,
oliZver reizneri, aleqsandre rondeli, qeTino kinwu raSvili da rob-
ert parsonsi _ Cemi Sotlandieli Tanamgzavri saqarTveloSi pirve-
lad mogzaurobisas 1978 wels.
Zalze damexmarnen gaerTianebul samefosa da SeerTebul StatebSi
mcxovrebi Cemi kolegebi da xelmZRvanelebi. gansakuTrebuli madloba
minda gadavuxado piter redeveis (Peter Reddaway), Cems erTgul da didsu-
lovan xelmZRvanels ekonomikur da politikur mecnierebaTa londonis
skolidan; ronald sanis (Ronald Suny) miCiganis universitetidan erTguli
TanadgomisaTvis; aw gansvenebul devid lengs (David Lang), aziuri da af-
rikuli kvlevebis skolis warmomadgenels da aseve gansvenebul akaki ra-
miSvils, romelmac fasdaudebel masalebTan erTad sakuTari qveynisadmi
interesi misaxsovra. naSromis ukeT gaazrebaSi damexmarnen: profeso-
rebi: jefri hoskingi (Geoffrey Hosking), robert servisi (Robert Service)
da israel getzleri (Israel Getzler) (ukanasknelma orma maTganma mTliani
xelnaweri waikiTxa), arCi brauni (Archie Brown), abraam aSeri (Abraham
Ascher), andre leibih (Andre Liebich), toni rainlenderi (Tony Rhinelander),
devid meiersi (David Mayers) da b-ni devid bareti (David Barrett) bodleis
biblioTekidan. Cemi kaTedris xelmZRvaneli edvina kruzi (Edwina Cruise)
enTuziazmis fasdaudebeli (da mobuzRune) wyaro iyo, romelmac amarida
uxeSi Secdomebi rusul transliteraciaSi. kolegebma piter skotom (Pe-
ter Scotto) da konstantine pleSakovma (Constantine Pleshakov) saqmeSi saucxoo
winasityvaoba 9
wvdoma gamoavlines. Cemi vizitebi safrangeTSi gacilebiT rTuli iqne-

boda, rom ara aw gansvenebul giorgi wereTelTan da mis meuRlesTan _
eTerTan megobroba, swored maT warmadgines qarTvelTa saTvistomosTan
levilSi. ar damaviwydeba aw gansvenebuli nika uruSaZisa da asmaT Jor-
danias didsulovneba. SeerTebul StatebSi araCveulebrivi maspinZloba
gamiwia rejeb Jordaniam da Camaxeda mamis ojaxur cxovrebaSi.
wignis gamosacemad mniSvnelovani finansuri daxmareba miviRe did
britaneTSi sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa kvlevis sabWos, londonis uni-
versitetis kvlevaTa fondis, britaneTis sakonsulos da, rac yvelaze
mniSvnelovania, oqsfordis universitetis marjori uordropis fondis
samwliani stipendiis saxiT. minda madloba gadavuxado londonis eko-
nomikur da politikur mecnierebaTa skolis TanamSromlebs; wminda an-
tonis kolejs oqsfordSi; britaneTis saxelmwifo arqivs; britaneTis
muzeums; huveris instituts stenfordSi; safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa
saministros; erovnul biblioTekas parizSi da hautonis biblioTekas
harvardis universitetSi. am proeqtis dasrulebaSi mniSvnelovani iyo
prinstonis perspeqtiul kvlevaTa institutis finansuri da inteleq-
tualuri daxmareba. Cemi fakulteti maunt-haliokis kolejSi (Mount
Holyoke College) da misi dekani don o’Sea (Don O’Shea) didi moTminebiT eki-
debodnen Cems SemoqmedebiT mivlinebebs; biblioTekis TanamSromlebma,
gansakuTrebiT, sendi uardma (Sandy Ward), mniSvnelovani daxmareba gami-
wies kvlevisas. gansakuTrebuli madloba msurs gadavuxado oTar zal-
dastaniSvils, romlis didsulovnebam momca am wignis dasrulebis saSu-
aleba, agreTve korporacias _ `qarTuli asociacia amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi~.
madloba minda vuTxra Cemi cxovrebis saganZurebs: meuRles _ mari-
nas, romelic aranakleb ganicdida wignis beds da Svilebs _ lorenssa
da ilias. Cems mSob lebs _ bobsa da qeiTlin jonsebs da Cems qarTvel na-
Tesavebs avTandilsa da babilinas, romlebic yofiTi sazrunavis fonze
kvlevaze koncentrirebis saSualebas maZlevdnen. Cemi qarTuli ojaxi
_ Tamuna, gogi, daTo, darejani, manana, levani, duda, tata da dutu _
Cemi cxovrebis samkaulebi arian. dabolos, minda madloba vuTxra qar-
Tvelebs maT uSua lo da mravalferovan samyaroSi Cemi miRebisaTvis. es
maTi udidesi Rirsebaa.
11
T a vi I
i st o rrii u li
l i v iiTa
Ta r e b a
koloniuri reJimis pirobebSi saqarTvelosa da misi regionebis gan-

viTarebis istorias Tu gadavxedavT da mis mravaleTnikurobasa da so-
cialur diferenciaciasac gaviTvaliswinebT, naTeli gaxdeba, ratom
moixiblnen socializmis ideiT rogorc qveynis istoriis mcodne eru-
ditebi, ise gaunaTlebeli, TiTqmis wera-kiTxvis ucodinari glexebi.
im sulieri mdgomareobis Seswavlis gareSe me-19 saukunis dasasrulis-
Tvis qarTvelTa orive socialuri jgufi rom aRmoCnda, Zneli gasagebi
iqneba maTi mxridan socializmis masiuri mxardaWera. francisk asize-
lis biografiaSi g. k. Cestertoni werda: `francisk asizelis biografia
misi dabadebis faqtiT rom damewyo, igive iqneboda, rom yvelaze mTavari
1
gamometovebina, an ufro metic, saerTod ar damewera misi biografia.~
asevea am SemTxvevaSic _ qarTuli social-demokratiis Taviseburebebis
Secnoba da misi warmatebis axsna, rac umTavresia Cvens kvlevaSi, mxolod
im gansakuTrebuli memkvidreobis konteqstSi SeiZleba, romelic saqar-
Tvelos ergo. marTalia, istorias xSirad mimarTaven xolme kavkasiaSi
mimdinare politikur procesebSi gasarkvevad, magram istoriuli kon-
teqstis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe SeuZlebelia CavwvdeT im mizezebs, Tu
ratom gaakeTes qarTvelma social-demokratebma is arCevani, romelic
gaakeTes da romelsac Sedegad yvelaze warmatebuli social-demokra-
tiuli moZraoba mohyva ruseTis imperiaSi.2
kolonializmi saqarTveloSi
disciplinirebul koloniis elitasa da imperiisadmi mtrulad ganw-

yobil Zalebs Soris uTanasworo konfliqtis aRwera bolo wlebSi kolo-
nializmis epoqis gacilebiT Rrma analiziT Seicvala.3 roca mecnierebma

yuradReba centridan periferiaze gadaitanes, maT Tvalwin damonebuli
sazogadoebrivi jgufebis Zalze diferencirebuli suraTi gadaiSala.
maSin saxelmwifoebrivi da imperiuli identobis SegrZneba da erovnebi-
sa da klasisadmi erTguleba erTmaneTis dajabnas cdilobda.4 carizmma
saqarTveloSi Seqmna iseTi imperiuli sazogadoeba, romlis elitaruli
fenebi TiTqmis erTxmad aRiarebdnen saqarTvelos politikur momavals
ruseTis saxelmwifosTan kavSirSi.5 saqarTvelos elita, ukrainisa da
latviis elitaruli fenebis msgavsad, ar angrevda caristuli `xalxebis
cixis~ kars politikuri damoukideblobis moTxovniT. qarTvel politi-
kur moRvaweebs erTmaneTisgan radikalurad gansxvavebuli receptebi
hqondaT saqarTvelos momavalTan dakavSirebiT, magram damoukideblo-
bas yvela maTgani ar gulisxmobda. social-demokratebi 1918 wlamde
uaryofdnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideas, rasac yvela danar-
Ceni nacionalisti iziarebda 1917 wlamde. es iyo saqarTveloze Tavsda-
texili uamravi gamanadgurebeli Semosevis Sedegi da im axali ideebis
zegavlenac, romelTa mixedviT ruseTs xeli unda Seewyo saqarTvelo-
Si mecnierebisa da kulturis ganviTarebisTvis. ruseTi saqarTvelos
mSvidobasa da gaevropelebul rusul inteligenciasTan urTierTobas
sTavazobda. noe Jordania, oc welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi (da kidev
sami aTwleuli safrangeTSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg) qarTvel social-de-
mokratTa lideri werda: `me-19 saukunis istoria aris istoria Cveni
ganviTarebis, gaqalaqebis mudmivi, SeuCerebeli winmsvlelobisa da kul-
turuli amaRlebis. da yovelive es moxda ara nacionaluri klasis dro-
Sis winamZRolobiT, aramed gareSe Zalis, ruseTis meTaurobiT. amiT aixs-
neba antirusuli uniadagoba CvenSi~.6
qarTveli inteligenciis mier imperiis sazRvrebis aRiareba ar niS-
navda erovnuli uflebebis ugulebelyofas. qarTveli social-demok-
ratebi, maTi me-19 saukunis inteleqtuali winarmorbedebis msgavsad,
`nacionalistebi~ iyvnen. Tumca, es iyo kulturuli nacionalizmi, avst-
riuli social-demokratiisTvis damaxasiaTebeli nacionalizmis msgav-
si, romelsac SeeZlo mravaleTnikur demokratiul saxelmwifoSi ayvave-
buliyo.7 qarTveli inteligencia, social-demokratebis CaTvliT, 1918
wlamde TviTgamorkvevisTvis ibrZoda da ara damoukideblobisTvis. es
SeiZleboda nawilobriv agvexsna im droisTvis gamefebuli socialis-
turi ideebis gavleniT, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo
istoriuli viTareba 13
imperiaSi mcxovrebi ararusuli inteleqturi elitis ambivalenturi

damokidebuleba koloniaSi cxovrebisadmi; ruseTis mmarTvelobis dros
dakarguli ùflebebis~ kompensacia axlad mopovebuli, arcTu umniSv-
nelo SesaZleblobebiT xdeboda. es gaxldaT ganaTlebis miRebis saSua-
leba, erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa da imperiis brwyinvale-
biT tkboba. rogorc linda qolim aRniSna britanuli identobis Sesaxeb
Tavis naSromSi, ìmperializmma Sotlandias SesaZleblobebi miarTva~.8
igive SeiZleba iTqvas im sikeTeze, saqarTvelom rom miiRo imperializ-
misgan. Sotlandielebis msgavsad, qarTvelebic imperiis oficerTa avan-
gardSi iyvnen, imperiisTvis ibrZodnen da imperiis gamarjvebebs izi-
arebdnen.9 qarTuli inteligenciisTvis naTeli gaxda, rom saqarTvelos
bedi mWidrod iyo ruseTTan dakavSirebuli. marTalia, ruseTi saqarT-
velosTvis `cixis darajis~ rols asrulebda, magram amave dros, Ta-
visuflebis mosapoveblad `cixis karis~ gasaRebic iyo. marqsistulma
internacionalizmma daadastura, rom saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba
SeuZlebeli iyo Tavad ruseTis ganTavisuflebis gareSe, rac qarTveleb-
ma isedac icodnen sakuTari gamocdilebiT.
me-17 saukuneSi moskovi mniSvnelovan Zalad iqca CrdiloeT evraziis
sivrceSi.10 qarTveli qristiani mefeebi ruseTSi eZebdnen da osmaleTis
imperiisa da sefianTa sparseTisgan qveynis dacvas ruseTTan kavSirSi xe-
davdnen. me-18 saukuneSi maT ruseTs daxmareba gauwies kavkasiaSi ramden-
ime laSqrobis dros, magram rusebma qarTvel mefeebs zurgi aqcies impe-
riis ufro didi da mniSvnelovani miznebis gamo.11 Tumca, qarTl-kaxeTis
mefe erekle II-saTvis amas xeli ar SeuSlia, ekaterine II daerwmunebina,
rom saqarTveloze ruseTis proteqtorati gaevrcelebina. 1783 wels
ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris xeli moewera georgievskis traqtats,
romlis Tanaxmad, ruseTma saqarTvelos sagareo urTierTobebze kon-
troli moipova, magram sanacvlod qarTl-kaxeTis samefos samxedro mx-
ardaWeras Sehpirda da saSinao saqmeebis marTvisa da bagrationTa (bagra-
tidi) samefo dinastiis mmarTvelobis gagrZelebis uflebac dautova.12
xelSekruleba ararealuri aRmoCnda. 1795 wels sparseTis mbrZanebelma
aRa mahmad xanma Tbilisi aiRo. marTalia, ruseTis jaris daxmarebiT qa-
laqi daibrunes, magram sparseTidan da CrdiloeTidan, kerZod, lekuri
tomebisgan momdinare mudmivi safrTxe dacvis imaze ufro myar garan-
tiebs iTxovda, vidre georgievskis traqtati sTavazobda saqarTvelos.
erekle II-is memkvidrem, mefe giorgi XII-m ruseTis imperators TxovniT
mimarTa, rom misi samefo imperiaSi gaeerTianebina.13 qarTlis samefo

ojaxi moeloda, rom is adgilobrivi mmarTvelis statuss SeinarCunebda,
magram imedebi gaucruvda, roca pavle I-ma 1801 wels mTeli Tavisi axali
kavkasiuri sakuTrebis aneqsia moaxdina ise, rom yuradReba ar miuqcev-
ia TxovnisTvis samefo dinastiis SenarCunebis Sesaxeb, aleqsandre I-ma,
romelic mamamisis mkvlelobis Semdeg, 1801 wels avida taxtze, pavles
gadawyvetilebas beWedi dausva manifestiT, romelmac `saxelSekrulebo
urTierTobebi~ Caanacvla `SemoerTebiT~.14 bagrationebi qveynis marT-
vas CamoaSores da sanacvlod ruseTis droebiTi mmarTveloba daamyares.
caristuli mmarTveloba saqarTveloSi mTeli momdevno saukunis ganmav-
lobaSi spontanuri iyo, xan centralizaciisken ixreboda, xanac decen-
tralizaciisken, xan moqnili iyo, xanac sruliad mouqneli, zogan erTi
iurisdiqcia vrceldeboda, zogan sxva. s. frederik starma Semdegnairad
daaxasiaTa ruseTis imperiuli reJimi me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
_ `faqtobrivad SeuzRudavi Zlauflebis mqone ramdenime aTeuli piris
koleqtiuri biografia~, kavkasiis mTavarmarTebeli Tu mefisnacvali
realurad avtonomiur samTavros ganagebda.15 imperiis kursi, romelic
sankt-peterburgSi igegmeboda, xSirad araTanmimdevruli iyo, ar arse-
bobda ekonomikuri strategia. saukunis bolosTvis ruseTis xarjebma
kavkasiaSi samjer gadaaWarba Semosavals.16
saqarTveloSi ruseTis politikur da ekonomikur interesebTan da-
kavSirebiT dabneuloba SeimCneoda. jer dasavleT saqarTvelos mxareebs
_ imereTs, gurias, samegrelosa da afxazeTs _ avtonomia uboZes da sa-
kuTar mefeebsa Tu mTavrebs Caabares, xolo Semdeg mimdevrobiT, samegre-
lo 1803 wels, imereTi 1804 wels, guria da afxazeTi 1810 wels, svaneTis
ori regioni (qvemo da zemo) ki, Sesabamisad, 1833 da 1840 wels vasalebad
aqcies. sabolood, imereTis ajanyebis Semdeg, 1810 wels imereTis same-
fos aneqsia moxda, xolo yirimis omis damTavrebis Semdeg danarCeni mxa-
reebis naxevrad damoukidebeli arsebobac swrafad dasrulda, guriisa
ufro adre _ 1829 wels, mogvianebiT ki samegrelosi (de faqto) _ 1857
wels, svaneTisa _ 1858-1859 wlebSi da afxazeTisa _ 1864 wels.17
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi kavkasiis gamgeblobis udidesi nawili
mTavarmarTeblis xelSi gadavida. 1833 wels sankt-peterburgSi amier-
kavkasiis teritoriebis marTvis droebiTi samTavrobo komiteti Seiqmna
(SemoklebiT kavkasiuri komiteti), romelmac uamravi transformacia
ganicada, xolo 64 wlis Tavad mixail voroncovis mefisnacvlad daniS-
vnamde ori wliT adre, 1842 wels, Seiqmna kavkasiis axali, amjerad mud-
mivmoqmedi komiteti.18 xSir SemTxvevaSi mefis gamgeblebi kavkasiaSi qed-
maRali da Zlieri nebisyofis pirovnebebi iyvnen, magaliTad borodinos
gmiri, generali aleqsi petres Ze ermolovi (1772-1861) da general-adiun-
tanti ivane Teodores Ze paskeviCi (1882-1856), erT-erTi im mosamarTle-
Tagani, romlebmac dekabristebs sikvdili miusajes. realurad isini
kavkasiis mTavarmarTeblebi da mefis nacvlebi _ gadawyvetilebis mim-
Rebi mTavari pirebi da kavkasiuri koloniuri yofa-cxovrebis stilis
Semqmnelebi iyvnen, Tumca, rogorc wesi, maT iseT ministrebTan uwevdaT
muSaoba, romlebic xelis SeSlis mets arafers akeTebdnen da arc maTi
imperatorebi gamoirCeodnen mtkice xasiaTiT.19
paskeviCisa da ermolovis msgavsi samxedro operaciebis moyvaruli
avtokrati mTavarmarTeblebi kavkasias bevri ar hyolia.20 imperatoris
xeldasxmulebs erTmaneTisgan sakmaod gansxvavebuli warmodgena hqon-
daT kavkasiis politikuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis kursTan daka-
vSirebiT. gaxsniliyo kavkasia sagareo vaWrobisTvis da adgilobrivi
warmoeba aemuSavebina, Tu mxolod nedleulis mimwodebeli mxare yo-
filiyo, Sesaferisi iyo Tu ara saqarTvelosTvis adgilobrivi mmarTve-
lobis arsebuli forma da romeli ena unda yofiliyo saqarTvelos sko-
lebSi mTavari _ es sakiTxebi mudmivi kamaTis sagani iyo. rus Cinovniks
v. n. ivanenkos, rogorc is me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi werda, ver gadaewy-
vita, evropuli marTvis meTodi aerCia, Tu aziuri.21 arcTu iSviaTad,
sxvadasxvagvari meTodebis gamoyeneba Sedegad iZleoda rusuli da qar-
Tuli kanonebis qaosur nazavs. magram kavkasiis uklebliv yvela gamgeb-
els erTi mizani hqonda _ es kavkasiis socialuri, ekonomikuri da poli-
tikuri integracia gaxldaT 22, rac, yovel SemTxvevaSi 1870-ian wlebamde
mainc, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis rusifikacias an rusuli kulturis Za-
liT Tavsmoxvevas ar gulisxmobda. es gasakviri ar unda iyos, Tu gaviT-
valiswinebT rusuli elitis ambivalentur damokidebulebas sakuTari
enisa da kulturisadmi. ruseTis mefeebs Znelad Tu davadanaSaulebT
nacionalisturi ideologiis gavrcelebaSi an mis gaZlierebaSi, aman
xom sabolood maTive Zalaufleba Searyia.23 rusi gamgeblebi imperiuli
ruseTis (da ara rusuli) institutebis, kanonebisa da praqtikis daner-
gvas cdilobdnen saqarTveloSi, rac qarTvelTa civilizebas Seuwyobda
xels da maT `ruseTis imperiis kulturis sivrceSi~ Seiyvanda.24 kavkasiis
gamgeblebi erTmaneTSi ZiriTadad imaze kamaTobdnen, ra siswrafiT da ra

gziT unda warmarTuliyo es procesi.25
saqmes arTulebda qarTuli sazogadoebis eTnikuri da socialuri
heterogenuloba da qarTuli kanonebis amoucnobi buneba, rac marTlac
rom saSineli sizmariviT iyo saxelmwifo CinovnikisTvis. feodalizmis
qarTuli variantis _ batonymobis urTierTobebi arcTu mkacrad regu-
lirdeboda 1705-1708 wlebSi kodificirebuli mefe vaxtang VI-is kanonTa
krebuliT. yvelaze mdidar da Zlier aristokratebs (Tavadebs) SeeZloT
sakuTrebaSi hyolodaT dabali rangis aristokratebi (aznaurebi) da
mRvdlebic, xolo eklesias, Tavis mxriv, _ aznaurebi. ymebis sul cota 6
kategoria arsebobda saqarTveloSi da yvelas SeeZlo sxva ymebi hyoloda
sakuTrebaSi. aneqsiis periodSi qalaqebic aseTi sistema iyo, radgan xe-
losanTa umravlesoba da vaWrebi (1803 wels _ 90% ) ymebi iyvnen da maTi
gildiebi (amqrebi) mefes emorCileboda.
saqarTvelos rTulma socialurma sistemam didad ganapiroba kolo-
niuri reJimisTvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva da gaarTula masTan Segueba.
ruseTis mmarTvelobas sxvadasxvagvari Sedegebi mohyva saqarTvelos so-
cialuri da eTnikuri jgufebisTvis. rusuli kolonializmi aleqsandre
WavWavaZisTvis, ekaterine meoris naTlulis, dramaturgisa da diploma-
tis, aleqsandre gribodoevis simamrisTvis, 1804 wels Tavad-aznaurTa
CaSlili ajanyebis Semdeg misi gadasaxlebiT daiwyo, magram dasrulda
brwyinvale karieriT imperiis karze, imperatoris samsaxurSi. ruseTis
mmarTvelobis pirveli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi gatarebulma ad-
ministraciulma reformebma da rusi biurokratebisa da Cinovnikebis
korumpirebulobam aRaSfoTa qarTveli aristokratebi.26 1810 wels me-
fisadmi gagzavnil peticiaSi qarTveli Tavadebi werdnen: ~sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebebi ganimarteba rusuli da qarTuli, vaxtang meeqvsis
droindeli kanonebiT. kanonTa amgvari aRreva xels gviSlis da saSinlad
gvTrgunavs.amitom mogmarTavT TxovniT, rom mogvceT mosamarTleTa ar-
Cevis ufleba, da Tu isini mxolod vaxtang VI-is kanonebiT ixelmZRvane-
leben, saqmeebi wlidan wlamde ar gaWianurdeba da saqmeebsac qarTulad
ganixilaven~.27
im dros, roca sabrZneTSi, serbeTsa da poloneTSi damoukideblo-
bisTvis brZola daiwyo da momravlda saidumlo sazogadoebebi, magali-
Tad, filiki eTaireia (saqarTvelosTan axlos, odesaSi daarsda) da kar-
bonariebi (italiaSi), axalgazrda idealisti Tavadebis patara jgufma,
romelsac ukan ar dauxevia 1825 wels dekabristebisa da 1831 wels po-

lonelebis damarcxebaTa gamo, Tavad aleqsandre WavWavaZes SesTavaza
1832 wlis SeTqmulebaSi mieRo monawileoba. isini saqarTvelos monar-
qiis aRdgenas isaxavdnen miznad.28 SeTqmuleba, romelic Soreul mar-
selSi àxali italiis~ Seqmnis erTi wlis Semdeg momzadda, rigiT bolo
galaSqreba iyo ruseTis imperiuli politikis winaaRmdeg, romelsac qar-
Tveli Tavad-aznaurebi edgnen saTaveSi. paradoqsia, magram SeTqmule-
bam gamoavlina, rom istoriis mokle, sul sami aTeuli wlis monakveTSi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom rusi mmarTvelebi saqarTveloSi daundoblad
da sastikad iqceodnen, Tavad aleqsandre WavWavaZis fenis bevr warmo-
madgenels moeswro komfortulad morgeboda ruseTis mmarTvelobas.
Tbilisis sagamoZiebo komisiisTvis micemuli Cvenebebidan naTeli xde-
ba, rom SeTqmulebi rusuli kulturisa da inteleqtis zegavlenis qveS
imyofebodnen.29 ruseTis reJimi Tavad WavWavaZis garemos samsaxuriT
uzrunvelyofda, sakuTari glexebisgan icavda (rogorc es polonurma
Sliaxtam gaakeTa), exmareboda gadasaxadebis akrefaSi, maT Svilebs sko-
lebsa da iseT prestiJul saganmanaTleblo institutebSi iwvevda saswav-
leblad, rogoric iyo paJTa korpusi sankt-peterburgSi. pirveli hos-
pitalic rusebma aaSenes saqarTveleoSi. àziuri~, CamorCenili qalaqi
Tbilisi, kartis TamaSis, Widaobisa da Rvinis smis garda, arc araferi
rom hqonda sxvisTvis SesaTavazebeli, gardaiqmna qalaqad, sadac qa-
rTveli Tavad-aznaurebi evropul gazeTebs kiTxulobdnen, urTierToba
hqondaT rus mwerlebTan da eruditebTan da franguli modis mimdevari
colebiT iwonebdnen Tavs.
aleqsandre WavWavaZe saqarTvelos didebul warsulze ocnebobda:
`warsulisa sicocxlis niavo kvlav damqrole da damaSvrals sulsa Cems
sitkbo miT ganuaxle~.30 marTalia is rusul samxedro elitas ekuTvnoda
da aristokrati, Tavadi iyo, magram amave dros qarTveli poetic gaxldaT.
aleqsandre WavWavaZe glexTa ajanyebebis CaxSobaSic monawileobda da
ruseTis omebSic evropis qveynebTan, TurqeTsa da sparseTTan. 1832 wlis
SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisTvis axalgazrda Tavadi tambovSi gadaasax-
les. iolad asatani gadasaxlebidan nikolozis specialuri nebarTviT
droze adre dabrunebuli general-leitenanti WavWavaZe erTgulad em-
saxureboda ruseTis reJims, mcire xans ki _ 1842 wlidan 1843 wlamde,
samoqalaqo administraciis ufrosic iyo kavkasiaSi.31 WavWavaZe, misi so-
cialuri fenis wevrTa umetesobis msgavsad, kulturuli nacionalisti
iyo, sakuTari enis mxurvale qomagi da qarTuli interesebis damcveli.

magram amavdroulad, is saqarTveloSi kulturis ganviTarebas, winsv-
lasa da saqarTvelos xsnas ruseTs ukavSirebda. kompromisisa da winaaR-
mdegobis es ucnauri narevi sulac ar iyo arabunebrivi Tavad WavWava-
ZisTvis da masze gacilebiT radikaluri 1860-iani wlebis qarTuli
inteligenciisTvis. saqarTvelos ruseTze damokidebuleba ganmtkice-
buli iyo musulmanuri imperiebisadmi morCilebis gamocdilebiT. iona
meunargia, romelic studentobis dros Tbilisis seminariidan garicxes
radikaluri saqcielisTvis, 1874 wels werda: `yvela Cvengans [seminari-
elebs] kargad gvesmis, rom ruseTis daxmareba CvenTvis sacicoxlo mniS-
vnelobisaa~, rom ara ruseTi, `sparseTi da osmalTa imperia didi xnis
win Cagvylapavdnen~.32 ruseTis imperias unda gaeTvaliswinebina saqar-
Tvelos miswrafebebi, magram kavSirebi imdenad mWidro da mravalmxrivi
iyo, rom maTi gawyvetis SemTxvevaSi saeWvoa, saqarTvelos ekonomiku-
rad da politikurad daRupvis safrTxe ar Seqmnoda. leqsSi `kavkasia~
aleqsandre WavWavaZe saqarTvelos beds adarebs promeTes, magram amave
dros axsenebs Tavis mkiTxvelebs, rom `ruseTma gza gauxsna da imedi
Causaxa iverielebs, rom maT Soris ganmanaTlebloba gavrceldeboda~.33
ufro dabal safexurze mdgom aznaurebs, romlebic ekonomikuradac
ufro sustebi iyvnen, vidre Tavadebi, aseve ambivalenturi damokide-
buleba hqondaT caristuli ruseTisadmi. maT erovnul grZnobebs Seu-
racxyofa miayenes, roca saqarTvelos eklesias avtokefalia CamoarTves
1811 wels, 1820 wels qarTveli arqiepiskoposebi daapatimres imereTSi
da 1835 wels saqarTvelos samefo zarafxana gaauqmes, dabolos, roca
axali administraciuli sistemis meSveobiT qarTvelebi gaZevebulni
aRmoCndnen sasamarTlo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebidan 1840 wels.
magram ruseTis kanonebis ZaliT aznaurebi ganTavisufldnen Tavadebze
damokidebulebisgan da 1848 wels miwaze aznaurTa (aristokratTa) sta-
tusis aRiarebas miaRwies. mefisadmi miweril oficialur werilSi aznau-
rebma Semdegnairad Camoayalibes Tavisi damokidebuleba: `dRes CvenTan
mSvidoba sufevs, mSvidad vmuSaobT Cvens saqmeebze, mtrebs Cvens miwa-
wyalze ki ara, maT miwaze vebrZviT; ganaTlebas vaZlevT Cvens Svilebs
da momavals sixaruliT vuyurebT da ara SiSiT. yoveli Cvengani yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi grZnobs, ra sikeTe mogvitana didi rusi mbrZaneblis
mzrunvelobam~.34
qarTuli glexoba dayofili iyo rogorc ekonomikurad, ise poli-
tikuradac. saqarTvelos mefeTa sakuTrebaSi myofi ymebi da moqalaqe-
ebi, romelTa rigebSi sWarbobdnen somxebi, samRvdeloeba da dabneuli

aristokratia, imperiis saxelmwifo ymebad iqcnen da maT mier gadaxdili
gadasaxadebic ruseTis saimperio xazinas avsebda.35 aman daamZima saxelm-
wifos axali ymebis mdgomareoba, romlebsac naRdi fuliT gadasaxdeli
axali begarebic daemataT. amas garda, isini valdebulni iyvnen rusi
jariskacebi TavianT binebSi moeTavsebinaT, cxenebi miecaT, gzebic
SeekeTebinaT da xidebisTvisac miexedaT.36 1830 wels SemoRebulma
sapasporto sistemam qveyanaSi ymebis gadaadgileba gaarTula. amave
dros, 1821 wels, qarTvel memamuleTa ymebs ufleba miecaT moeTxovaT
gaTavisufleba, Tuki ar arsebobda maTi mflobelobis damadasturebeli
dokumentacia, xolo 1824 wels Tavisuflebis gamosyidvis uflebac
mianiWes. 1849 wels, imis damtkiceba, rom isini aravis mflobelobaSi ar
imyofebodnen, Tavad ymebs daakisres, Tumca am faqtis miuxedavad bevrma
maTganma ymobisgan gaTavisufleba SeZlo.37 saqarTveloSi garkveuli
administraciuli zomebis gatarebisas rusi mmarTvelebi xSirad ymebis
moulodnel qomagebad da memamuleebisgan damcvelebad gvevlinebodnen.
memamuleebisTvis politikuri Zalauflebis dabruneba qarTveli gle-
xebisTvis bevri axali dacviTi meqanizmis dakargvis tolfasi iqneboda
da, savaraudod, sparseTTan da TurqeTTan uazro omebis dawyebamde
miiyvanda saqarTvelos.38
carizmma didi mogeba moutana moqalaqeebs, ZiriTadad, somexi erov-
nebis vaWrebs. caristuli ruseTis ekonomikuri politika saqarTveloSi
meryevi iyo, is erTi mxriv xels uwyobda saqarTveloSi sagareo vaWrobis
ganviTarebas, xolo meore mxriv, ar uSvebda qarTul produqcias ruse-
Tis bazarze. magram batonymobisgan gaTavisuflebul moqalaqeTa fenam,
romelic Tavis gildiebs akontrolebda, mainc didi sargebeli naxa ru-
seTis amoqmedebul axal Sida bazarze da didi ekonomikuri Zalaufle-
bac moipova. 1840 wels ruseTis mefisnacvalma, mixeil voroncovma, ga-
moCenil moqalaqeebs ìmperiis memkvidreobiTi qveSevrdomebis~ statusi
mianiWa, ramac es ukanasknelni gaaTavisufla samxedro samsaxurisgan,
fizikuri sasjelis moxdisa da suladobrivi gadasaxadebisgan.
voroncovma, kavkasiis sakmaod gonierma mmarTvelma, `gaaevropula~
saqarTvelos samoqalaqo cxovreba da qarTuli Tavadaznaurobisgan me-
fis samsaxurSi Camdgari privilegirebuli aristokratiis fena Seqmna.
ruseTis imperia saqarTvelos stabilurobas, dacvas, siZlieresa da
civilizacias hpirdeboda nebismieri gziT, mdidrul darbazebSi gamar-
Tuli mejlisebiTa Tu wignebiT. aleqsandre WavWavaZe da SeTqmulebis

sxva danarCeni moTvinierebuli monawileebi, madlierebiT afasebdnen
ruseTisgan miRebul keTildReobas. 1870-iani wlebisTvis bevri qarTve-
li aristokrati rusul enaze saubars amjobinebda da Svilebsac rusu-
lenovan skolebSi aswavlida.39
1860-ian wlebSi cxovrebis asparezze gamoCndnen `Tergdaleulad~
monaTluli axalgazrda Taobis aqtiuri warmomadgenlebi, romlebmac
Seuties `mamebs~ _ aleqsandre WavWavaZesa da sxva danarCen Tavadebs
TviTkmayofilebis gamo. `Tergdaleulebma~ ruseTTan oficialur, sax-
elmwifo kavSirs saxe ucvales da progresul ruseTTan kavSirad gadaaq-
cies. ilia WavWavaZe (aleqsandre WavWavaZesTan naTesauri kavSiri ar
hqonda), `TergdaleulTa~ Tavkaci, mwvaved akritikebda ruseTis poli-
tikas saqarTveloSi magram, aleqsandre WavWavaZis msgavsad, aRiarebda
ruseTis mniSvnelobas saqarTvelos gadarCenis saqmeSi. ruseTma aram-
arto `kari gauRo ganmanaTleblobas saqarTveloSi~, aramed ufro metic
_ TbilisSi ruseTis jarebis Cadgomis Semdeg, `saqarTvelom simSvide
moipova. erTmorwmuneebis zrunvam mtrisgan mogvrili SiSebi gagvibnia.
mudmiv brZolaSi CarTulma, gadaRlilma qveyanam daisvena amaoxrebeli
Semosevebisgan da laSqrobebisgan. dadumda mtrebis moqneuli xmlebi-
sa da xanjlebis xmauri da minavlda Cvens winaparTa saxlebis naxSirad
mqcevi cecxli~.40 kidev didi dro rCeboda saqarTveloSi mSvidobis dam-
yarebamde, osmalTa da ruseTis jarebi 1878 wlamde ebrZodnen erTmaneTs
dasavleT saqarTveloSi. magram ganaTlebul da wignier qarTvelebs ru-
seTi samoTxed da evropasTan damakavSirebel xidad miaCndaT.
Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom imdroindeli koloniuri saqarTve-
lo ramdenamde mainc civilizebuli iyo. ruseTis koloniuri reJimi sa-
Sinelebas Cadioda kavkasiaSi, rac kargad gamoCnda 1860-1870-ian wlebSi,
roca masobrivad gadaasaxla CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da afxazeTis mosax-
leoba.41 amas garda, ruseTi policiuri saxelmwifoc iyo: disidentebs
devnida, gadasaxlebaSi gzavnida, xalxis swavla-ganaTlebaze minimalur
Tanxebs xarjavda da yoveldRiurad aviwroebda erovnuli da religi-
uri umciresobebis warmomadgenlebs. 1860-iani wlebidan moyolebuli,
rodesac saqarTvelos radikalurad ganwyobilma inteligenciam ju-
zepe maZinisa da ungreli nacionalistis, laioS koSuTis mowodebebi
aitaca samSoblos mowyvetili xalxebis uflebebis dasacavad, ruseTma,
romelic balkaneTis omebis Sedegad nel-nela uars ambobda imperiul
identobaze rusuli saxelmwifoebriobis sasargeblod, rusifikaciis

politikis ufro sistemuri gatareba daiwyo. amiT saqarTveloSi dakarga
uerTgulesi mokavSireebi, ganaTlebuli Tavadaznauroba da saxelmwifo
moxeleebi. saukunis bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi kirile ianovskis
kavkasiis saswavlo komitetis ufrosis ruseTi Tavdauzogavad ibrZoda
qarTuli enis gasaZeveblad skolebidan da administraciuli organoe-
bidan.42 1880 wlidan rusulenovani gazeTebi regularulad aqveynebdnen
statiebs, sadac sasacilod igdebdnen saqarTvelos kulturul da isto-
riul memkvidreobas, rac eWvqveS ayenebda qarTvelTa zneobas da morals
da, aqedan gamomdinare, maT unarsac, Tavad aerCiaT adgilobrivi mmar-
TvelobiTi sabWoebi da SeeqmnaT sasamarTlo sistema.43
rusebis sisuleleebma da maTma daundoblobam marTlac Zalian gaam-
wara qarTveli inteleqtualebi, magram imperiasTan damokidebuleba
mainc ambivalenturi rCeboda. maTi winamorbedebis msgavsad, romlebic
1860-ian wlebSi moRvaweobdnen, qarTveli social-demokratebi ar Cqa-
robdnen ruseTTan kavSiris gawyvetas da rusul demokratiul elita-
saTan Tvisebrivad axali urTierTobebis damyarebas cdilobdnen. qar-
Tvelma mweralma da publicistma xalxosanma niko nikolaZem 1865 wels
gercenis `kolokolSi~ axal rusebTan kavSirebis damyarebaze qarTveli
radikalebis imedi gamoxata: saqarTvelos bedis dakavSirebiT Tanamed-
rove ruseTTan, Cveni qveyana ufro male da ukeT moagvarebs Tavis saq-
meebs, vidre amas SeZlebda sxva romelime evropuli eris mzrunvelobis
qveS an masTan kavSirSio. nikolaZis damokidebulebas iziarebdnen qar-
Tveli social-demokratebi, romlebsac 1918 wlamde swamdaT, rom Ta-
visuflebis miRweva SeiZleboda Tavisufali da demokratiuli ruseTis
farglebSi.44
regionalizmi
me-19 saukunis evropuli saxelmwifos mSeneblebis erT-erTi umTav-

resi brZola regionalizmis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli iyo. regionalizmis
naTeli magaliTia `fuero~ (espanuri da baskuri aristokratiis kanonebi)
da feodaluri privilegiebi. rogorc u. e. d. aleni miiCnevs, saqarTvelo-
Si samTavroebma moiges es brZola da qveyana `mudmivi minimalizmisTvis~
gawires.45 noe Jordania Tavis erT-erT pirvel statiaSi sinanuls ga-
moTqvamda `qarTvelTa midrekilebaze fragmentulobisken~ da werda,
rom `Cvenma istoriam Cven ganxeTqilebebiTa da mtrobiT erTmaneTisgan

gagvTiSa, man Cven Zmuri da erTianobis grZnobebiT ar gagvaerTiana.~46
aseTi warsuli unda damarcxebuliyo. erekle meoris gadawyvetileba,
xeli moewera georgievskis traqtatze, umeteswilad ganpirobebuli iyo
qarTuli samefo karis uunarobiT, moevlo bagrationTa dinastiis mrav-
alricxovani STamomavlebisTvis da daesrulebina sakuTari `fuerosebi~.
saqarTvelos hqonda Tavisi òqros xana~ _me-11 da me-13 saukuneebs So-
ris periodSi qarTvel mefeebs xelsayreli dro daudgaT mZarcveli jva-
rosnebis pirveli warmatebebis, bizantiis Sesustebisa da Turq-seljuk-
Ta Sida dapirispirebis wyalobiT da Seqmnes imperiuli konfederacia
saqarTvelos mmarTvelobis qveS, romelSic musulman xanebTan erTad
qristiani mTavrebic Sediodnen. swored es mravaleTnikuri imperia iyo
me-19 saukunis inteligenciisTvis samagaliTo saqarTvelo. 1918 wels xe-
lisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg social-demokratebsac dauZleveli sur-
vili aRmoaCndaT am periodis simboloebi saxelmwifo emblematikaSi da
samxedro jildoebSi gamoyenebinaT.47 magram saqarTvelos `brwyinvale
periodi~ 1220-ian wlebSi dasrulda monRolTa da xorezmSahis, jalal
adinis erTmaneTs miyolebuli Semosevebis Semdeg. xolo Temur lengis
jarebma me-14 saukunis bolosa da me-15 saukunis dasawyisSi sabolood
dausves wertili qarTvelTa mcdelobas, ganemtkicebinaT saxelmwifo.
saqarTvelo patar-patara samTavroebis mozaikur tilod iqca: qarTli
da kaxeTi _ aRmosavleTiT, imereTi, samegrelo, guria da afxazeTi _
dasavleTiT. saqarTvelo damarcxda efeqturi saxelmwifoebriobisTvis
brZolaSi da Zalaufleba `did teritoriul mTavrebs~ gadasca.48 amis
Semdeg saqarTvelos politikur scenaze gamodian kuTxeebi, romleb-
sac erTmaneTisgan yofs sapirispiro interesebi, adaTebi, geografia da
enebic ki. yvelaze mniSvnelovani gayofa aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqar-
Tvelos Soris moxda. kavkasionis didi qedis kalTebidan samxreTisken
moemarTeba patara ganStoeba, lixis an suramis qedi da uerTdeba pontos
alpebs, kavkasionis mcire qedis nawils, romelic saqarTvelos samxreT-
dasavleTi sazRvaria. lixis qedi saqarTvelos ori mdinaris, aRmosavle-
TiT mtkvris da dasavleTiT rionis auzebad yofs. lixis qedi ver Seed-
reba kavkasionis did qeds, sadac Zvelma berZnebma promeTe miajaWves da
romlis miRmac amorZalebi da calTvala arimaspielebi saxloben, magram
am patara qedma saqarTvelo or politikur da kulturul zonad gayo.
romis, sparseTis, arabTa, bizantiisa Tu osmalTa imperiebi, romlebic si-
uzerenitetis dasamyareblad ibrZodnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze, Ta-

vianT sazRvrebs xSirad lixis qedis kalTebTan avlebdnen. saqarTvelos
amgvari politikuri dayofa me-19 saukunemde gagrZelda _ dasavleTi
saqarTvelo osmaleTis kulturuli da politikuri samyaros nawili iyo,
xolo aRmosavleTi saqarTvelo iranis gavlenis qveS imyofeboda. Tavad
qarTvelebi ki, Sotlandielbis msgavsad, romlebsac samxreTelebad da
Crdiloelebad hyavdaT erTmaneTi dayofili, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi
mcxovrebT amerebs anu aqaurebs eZaxdnen, xolo dasavleTSi mcxovrebT
_ imerebs.49
msgavsi kuTxuri gansxvavebebi, rasac barsa da mTianeTs Soris gansx-
vavavebebic emateboda, aferxebda saerTo qarTuli erovnuli identobis
ganviTarebas. bedis dacinvas hgavda is, rom ruseTis imperiam xeli Seu-
wyo erovnuli Tanxmobis xelaxal gaRvivebas saqarTvelos inteligen-
ciaSi.50 procesi usistemo iyo da SemTxveviTi xasiaTi hqonda. kavkasiaSi
ruseTis strategiulma da samxedro interesebma qarTuli miwebis Tav-
moyra gamoiwvia. buqarestis (1812), gulistanis (1813), TurqmenCais (1828)
da berlinis (1878) xelSekrulebebs TurqeTTan da iranTan Sedegad moyva
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebisdroindeli yvela teritori-
is aneqsia.51 garda amisa, caristulma imperiulma politikam gaaumjobesa
kavSirgabmuloba, daaCqara urbanizacia da Seqmna saerTo bazari. rusi
Cinovnikebis gamoCenam qveyanaSi da osmalTa imperiasTan omebma ganaaxla
erovnuli solidarobis grZnoba qarTul inteligenciaSi.
carizmma saqarTveloSi Seqmna is, rasac benediqt andersoni `naciona-
lizmis gramatikas~ uwodebda.52 magram procesi mZimed midioda. rogorc
iuJin veberi aRniSnavs franguli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis Seasaxeb
naSromSi, èrovnuli erTianoba SeuZlebeli iyo `saxelmwifo cirkula-
ciis~ gareSe.53 saqarTveloSi ki regionebs Soris kavSirebi susti iyo.
saqarTveloSi pirvelad Camosulma rusma gamgeblebma da mmarTvelebma
produqciis gadatanisTvis dawesebuli 38 sxvadasxva tarifi aRmoaCines
(Tumca yvela maTgani ar moqmedebda). dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleo-
ba 1830 wlamde upiratesobas rusulTan SedarebiT mainc Turqul fuls
aniWebda. gzebi isev moukirwylavi da zamTris umetes periodSi gauvali
iyo. rukebi TiTqmis ar arsebobda, mosaxleobis umravlesobas an Zalian
eSinoda mgzavrobis, an Zalian Raribi iyo da gzis fuls ver ixdida. 1840-
ian wlebSi mefisnacvali voroncovi Cioda, rom aRmosavleT da dasav-
leT saqarTvelos damakavSirebeli gzebi iseT mZime mdgomareobaSi iyo,
rom Savi zRvis navsadgur redut-kaledan tiflisamde produqciis

Camota nas Tveebi sWirdeboda.54 saqmeebi ukeTesad arc 1902 wlisTvis iyo.
quTaisis guberniis Cinovnikebis mier Sedgenil angariSSi naTqvamia, rom
`gazafxulis, Semodgomisa da zamTris ganmavlobaSi [gzebi] gauvalia~.
marTalia, ramdenime magistrali arsebobda, magram ìsini dangreuli da
adgil-adgil CamoSlilia, gzebze didi ormoebia da xidebi ar aris.~55
Tbilissa da foTs (Savi zRvis porti quTaisis guberniaSi) Soris
sarkinigzo xazi britanelma inJinrebma 1872 wels daasrules. rkinigzam
daaCqara politikuri integraciis procesebi da axali ekonomikuri da
socialuri urTierTobebis qselebi gaaba. quTaisi 1877 wels miuerTda
Tbilisi-foTis xazs, xolo 1883 wels, TurqeTisgan gamoxsnis ramden-
ime wlis Semdeg, kavkasiis sarkinigzo xazebs baTumic SeuerTda. male
nedleulis mompovebel centrebTanac mivida rkinigzis ganStoeba _
tyi bulSi (qvanaxSiri) 1886 wels da WiaTuraSi (manganumi) 1895 wels.
Tbilisi-baqos sarkinigzo xazma, romelic 1883 wels gaixsna, saqarT-
velo umTavres satranzito teritoriad aqcia kaspiisa da Sav zRvebs So-
ris. rkinigzam axali teqnologiebi Semoitana qalaqebSi da soflis meur-
neobis ganviTarebasac misca stimuli. 1874-dan 1895 wlamde rkinigzis
mgzavrTa ricxvi xuTjer gaizarda 367.798-dan 1.800.309-mde. imave peri-
odSi gaizarda agreTve malfuWebadi, umeteswilad adgilobrivi sasof-
lo-sameurneo saqonlis brunva 6.534 fuTidan 430.345-mde.56 1880 wlisT-
vis TbilisSi daaxloebiT 78.500 adamiani cxovrobda. qalaqi sakmaod did
savaWro da industriuli centri iyo, romelic saqarTvelos yvela re-
gionidan izidavda glexebs. 1886-1897 wlebSi qalaqebis mosaxleoba re-
gionebSi 4-jer swrafad izrdeboda, vidre soflis. Tbilisis mosaxle-
obis raodenoba oficialuri cnobebiT 103 procentiT gaizarda, (anu
TiTqmis 160.000 kacamde) Seadgens da ZiriTadad migrantTa qalaqi gaxda.
1897 wlisTvis Tbilisis mosaxleobis 5,3 procents ucxoelebi Seadgend-
nen, 17,2 procents _ Tbilisis guberniidan da 33,9 procentsac _ sxva
danarCeni regionebidan Camosulebi. qalaqis mxolod 43,7 procenti iyo
aq dabadebuli da gazrdili.57 miuxedvad imisa, rom qalaquri cxovrebis
wesma, miRebulma gamocdilebam da moTxovnebma, rasac qalaqi uyenebda
macxovreblebs, nel-nela Secvala soflis cxovreba da daasrula regio-
nis ekonomikurad TviTdakmayofilebis procesi, 1897 wlis oficialuri
monacemebiT migrantTa mxolod 14,5 procents hqonda lixis qedi gadak-
veTili orive mxares da mxolod 20.832 ìmeri~ dasaxlda àmereTSi~.58
me-19 saukunis bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi urbanuli migracia

metwilad guberniebis sazRvrebs SigniT mimdinareobda da ara maT So-
ris. 1897 wels quTaisis guberniaSi 91.454 migranti iyo registrirebu-
li, TiTqmis 4,5-jer meti maTze, vinc Tbilissa da sxva raionebs miaSura.
saukunis bolosTvis, Tbilisis guberniis 22,8 procents urbanuli mo-
saxleoba Seadgenda. es ricxvi mTlianad Tbilisze modioda. aRmosav-
leTSi Tbilisis Semdeg sididiT meore qalaq axalcixeSi mosaxleoba
15.357-s Seadgenda.59
quTaisis gubernia aRmosavleTis guberniebTan SedarebiT ekonomi-
kurad naklebad ganviTarebuli iyo. marTalia is regionis savaWro cen-
trs warmoadgenda, mainc patara qalaqi iyo, romlis mosaxleoba 1897
wlisTvis 32.492-s Seadgenda, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1886 welTan Sedare-
biT mosaxleobis raodenoba 43 procentiT gaizarda. quTaisis guberniis
qalaqis mcxovrebTa mTliani raodenoba, baTumis _ sididiT meore qa-
laqis mosaxleobis CaTvliT (28.512) 1897 wlisTvis 9,2 procents Seadgen-
da, rac yvelaze dabali iyo mTels kavkasiaSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani
daRestnis garda.60 quTaisSi ver moxerxda industriuli bazis ganviTa-
reba, Tumca baTumisa da foTis navsadgurebSi, nedleulis mompovebel
qalaqebSi WiaTurasa da tyibulSi iqauri soflis mcxovrebni mainc Sou-
lobdnen samuSaos. glexebis sezonuri samuSao dasavleT saqarTvelos
regionebis soflis cxovrebis realobad iqca.61
1905 wlis revoluciurma movlenebma qarTvelebi caristuli mmarT-
velobis winaaRmdeg gaaerTiana, magram kuTxuri identobis SegrZneba
imdenad Zlieri aRmoCnda, rom qalaqebi da maTTan erTad gildiebi, fab-
rika-qarxnebi da qalaqebis Semogarenic daipyro.62 me-19 saukunis bo-
losTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleobam, romlis 84 procents 1897 wels sof-
lis macxovreblebi Seadgendnen, erovnul politikur sazogadoebad
daiwyo Camoyalibeba. magram procesi araTanmimdevrulad mimdinareob-
da. me-19 saukunis mijnaze kuTxuri identoba sakmaod Zlier faqtorad
rCeboda saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi. ruseTic yovelnairad
uwyobda xels amas _ saqarTvelos administraciuli dayofa aRmosav-
leT da dasavleT guberniebad da erovnuli qvejgufebis (mcire eTni-
kuri jgufebis) oficialuri aRiareba sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara kuTxuri
TviTSegnebis gaZliereba. mosaxleobis aRweris Camtareblebma 1897 wels
qarTvelebi qarTvelebad, ingiloebad, TuSebad, xevsurebad, fSavlebad,
aWarlebad, imerlebad da gurulebad dayves, magram svanebi, megrelebi
da lazebi calke qvejgufSi Caweres.63 es ufro metad ruseTis imperiu-

li kulturis Sedegi iyo da ara `divide et impera~ politikis nayofi. kla-
sifikacia da standartizacia politikurad xelsayreli iyo dapyrobis
dasaCqareblad da axali teritoriebis sabolood misaerTeblad.64 me-19
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi kavkasiis bevri rusi gamgebeli miiCnevda, rom
adilobrivi mosaxleobis asimilacia ukeT moxdeboda susti regionuli
struqturebis arsebobis pirobebSi da ara naZaladevi centralizaciiT.
imperiis politika, romelic kuTxur gansxvavebulobas iTvaliswinebda,
realobis aRiarebac iyo da yovelTvis yalbi winaswarganzraxulobiT
ar keTdeboda.65
qarTveli inteligencia kuTxur erTgulebas (Tumca ara kuTxur iden-
tobas) gadmonaSTad miiCnevda. italiasa da espaneTSi, romelTac xSirad
iyeneben saqarTvelosTan Sesadareblad, nacionalur da socialistur
moZraobas swored kuTxurma SezRudulobam misca Zlieri biZgi. axal-
gazrda noe Jordania 1894 wels werda:
`mxolod ena da gvartomoba gveubneba, suyvela qarTvelebi xar-

To. magram am daskvnamdin Cveni eri jer ar misula...gana ingiloels da
megrels SeuZliaT warmoidginon urTierTSorisi damokidebuleba da
erToba? an ra aqvT saerTo, mag. svans da aWarels, samurzayanoels da
kaxels, Wanels da mTiuls, guruls da xevsurs? eseni gana grZnoben
Tavis Tavs erT erad?..saqarTvelos nawilebi grZnoben ufro gansx-
vavebas, vidre erTobas...swored es Segneba aklia qarTvel xalxs.~66
imedismomcemi da perspeqtiuli marqsisti, Jordania, albaT azvia-

debda. saqarTveloSi bevri ar eTanxmeboda miseul Sefasebas.67 magram
mis ukmayofilebas kuTxuri erTgulebis gamo is qarTveli radikali in-
teleqtualebic iziarebdnen, ase Zalian rom undodaT saqarTvelosTvis
sakuTari adgili moepovebinaT Tanamedrove msoflioSi. sergi mesxma,
cnobilma Tergdaleulma, am TvaliT dainaxa rkinigza. is werda, rom qar-
Tvelebs imedi moecaT, rom rkinigza moSlis Caketilobas da im gaugeb-
robebs, rac Cven Tanamemamuleebs Soris arsebobs da piriqiT, ufro
gaaRrmavebs kavSirebs da gaaZlierebs erTianobis grZnobas Cvens Zmur
xalxebSio... ZmobiT, erTianobiTa da TanxmobiT movaxerxebT Cveni sir-
Tuleebis daZlevas. 68
magram kuTxuroba yvelgan igrZnoboda, is Rrmad Cabudebuli iyo qa-
rTuli cxovrebis wes-CveulebebSi, iqneboda es miwis gamoyeneba, folk-
lori, sacxovrebeli, sakvebi, tansacmeli Tu metyveleba. frangi so-

cialisti mwerali, odet keuni, romelmac Tavis SeyvarebulTan erTad
saqarTvelo 1918 wels Semoiara, aRfrTovanebuli darCa mxreebs Soris
arsebuli gansxvavebebiT, magram qarTveli social-demokratebisTvis es
CamorCenilobis niSani iyo.69 1890-ian wlebSi Tbilisis quCebSi seirno-
bisas, dakvirvebuli Tvali advilad gamoarCevda guruls, kaxels Tu
megrels. me-19 saukunis bolosTvis kuTxurobis SegrZnebam mineleba
daiwyo, magram mainc sakmarisad Zlieri da sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda
saimisod, rom qarTul politikur cxovrebaze kidev didxans moexdina
gavlena uamravi kuTxiT. magaliTad, miwis mesakuTreobis formis Tu
individualobis gamoxatvisa da kulturis kuTxurma Taviseburebebma
ganapiroba da xelic Seuwyo qarTuli social-demokratiis sruliad
gansxvavebuli safuZvlebis Seqmnas dasavleT saqarTveloSi. mudmivi
Sida ganxeTqilebebi, rac ufro naTlad igrZnoboda CrdiloeTis mTian
regionebSi, xevsureTsa da svaneTSi da samxreT-aRmosavleTSi, muslimur
aWaraSi, erT-erTi mizezi iyo, ramac qarTuli inteligencia socializmis
ideiT moxibla. socializmi maT Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifos Seqm-
nis imeds aZlevda, sadac mravalferovnebisa da mdidari xalxuri kul-
turis simboloebad qceuli regionebi safrTxes ver Seuqmnida qarTul
saxelmwifoebriv identobas. socializmi qarTul sazogadoebas ufro
Tanamedrovesa da erovnuls gaxdida, xolo saqarTvelos teritorias
ufro metad integrirebuls.
mravaleTnikuri saqarTvelo
saqarTvelo eTnikurad da religiurad imperiis erT-erTi yvelaze

metad heterogenuli mxare iyo. saqarTvelo, sadac ZvelTaganve gadio-
da savaWro gzebi, evropisa da aziis gasayarze, erTmaneTTan mebrZol
imeperiebs Soris mdebareobda. v. e. d. aleni misTvis Cveuli xatovani
stiliT werda: ìstoria CaxlarTula moSiSvlebul mTebSi, SeCerebula
xeobebSi da gabneula usier tyeebSi. aq ar arsebobs mizezSedegobriobis
raime niSani, arc progresisken swrafva. msoflios xalxebi kavkasiidan
gadadinebulan sxvadasva qveynebSi, maTi danatovari jer kidev saZiebe-
lia, magram arc axali aSenebuli moCans sadme.~70
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1897 wlis aRweris dros ruseTma 11 re-

gionuli dajgufeba _ qarTvelebi, ingiloebi, TuSebi, xevsurebi, fSa-
velebi, aWarlebi, imerlebi, gurulebi, svanebi, megrelebi da lazebi,
arsebiTad, gansazRvra rogorc qarTveluri xalxebi. Tu Cven eTniku-
robis imgvar ganmartebas miviRebT, ruseTis mier Catarebuli aRwera
rom gvTavazobs anu salaparako enis mixedviT, maSin erTad aRebuli 11
qarTuli jgufi quTaisisa da Tbilisis guberniebis mosaxleobis 68,5
procents Seadgenda.
danarCenebi ZiriTadad somxebi, slavebi da `TaTrebi~ (ase moixseni-
ebda xalxi maT, visac dRes azerbaijanlebs da Turqebs vuwodebT) iyvnen,
Sesabamisad, 10,3, 5,3 da 4,2 procenti.71 miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelebi
udides jgufi iyo Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebSi, sxva danarCen re-
gionebSi umTavresad soflad cxovrobdnen da mosaxleobis umravleso-
basac warmoadgendnen da umciresobasac. 1897 wels qarTvelebi Tbili-
sis guberniis 44,3 procents Seadgendnen, magram dedaqalaqSi mxolod
26,3 procenti cxovrobda. rac Seexeba quTaisis gubernias, aq mosaxle-
obis 82,1 procenti iyo qarTveli, maTi 49 procenti qalaqis mcxovrebi
iyo.72 qalaqSi axlad Camosuli qarTvelebis umravlesoba me-19 saukuneSi
ubralo muSaxeli da gaRatakebuli aznaurebi iyvnen, romlebsac norma-
luri samuSaoc ar hqondaT. swored maT Seavses revolucionerTa rigebi,
mTeli momdevno 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi demonstraciebs rom marTavdnen,
SeTqmulebebs gegmavdnen da kavkasiis mmarTvelebis winaaRmdeg gamosv-
lebs awyobdnen.
me-19 saukunis TbilisSi Camosulebs daxvdaT qalaqi, sadac some-
xi vaWrebi da rusi Cinovnikebi `batonobdnen~. Zlierma qarTulma Ta-
vadaznaurobam 1830-ian wlebSi dakarga wamyvani poziciebi da sakuTar
dedaqalaqSi umciresobad iqca.73 magram miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTveli
Tavadebi iseTive privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi iyvnen, rogorc rusi
mmarTvelebi da bevri somexic iseTive Raribi da uqoneli iyo, rogorc
Camosuli qarTveli glexebi, qarTvelTa umetesoba me-19 saukunis bolo
aTwleulSi mainc miiCnevda, rom rusi mmarTvelebi, kolonistebi da so-
mexi vaWrebi gaumarTleblad didi privilegiebiT sargeblobdnen. nacio-
nalizmis Tanamedrove Teoretikosebi fiqroben, rom iseTi mdgomareoba,
rogoric me-19 saukunis saqarTveloSi Seiqmna _ gamZafrebuli urbanu-
li dapirispirebebia axlad aRmocenebul nacionalur jgufebs Soris,
nacionalistur moZraobebs warmoSobs.74 1860-ian wlebSi kulturuli na-
cionalizmi, SeiZleba iTqvas, gabatonebuli ideologia iyo qarTvelebs

Soris. es nawilobriv aixsneba qarTvelebs, somxebsa da rusebs Soris
arsebuli dapirispirebebiT teritoriebTan, Zalauflebasa Tu samuSao
adgilebTan dakavSirebiT. magram erovnul niadagze momxdari uTanxmoe-
bebis simwvaves nel-nela aqrobda axali tipis socialuri solidarobis
gancda, rac mcire vaWrebs Tu xelosnebsa da glexebs Soris ibadeboda
da TandaTan arRvevda erovnul sazRvrebs. eyrdnobodnen ra kavkasieli
xalxebis Tanaarsebobisa da TanamSromlobis mdidar tradiciebs, qar-
Tvelma social-demokratebma SeZles eTnikur sazRvrebs miRma Camoeya-
libebinaT mimzidveli ideologia klasobrivi erTianobis Sesaxeb.
nacionalizmis Teoriebi xSirad ver xsnian imas, ratom marxcdeba nacio-
nalizmis idea an ratom klebulobs misi mxardaWera.75 1880-iani wlebis
dasasruls qarTveli axalgazrdebis umravlesobam zurgi aqcia libera-
lur nacionalizms da social-demokratiisken Sebrunda. 1908 wels noe
Jordania werda: `Cveni xalxi nacionalizms dResac ise uars yofs, ro-
gorc wineT... mas dResac ise unda, rogorc wineT, qarTul mwignobro-
bas da kulturas dRes ufro ewafvis, mara nacionalur politikas dRe-
sac ise uars yofs... roca qarTveli social-demokratia Tavis erisTvis
kulturul avtonomias moiTxovs... da ara politikurs, amiT is xatavs
cxovrebis Rrma mimdinareobas, amiT is wvdeba xalxis gulis nadebs da
mas Tavis programaSi Seumcdarad aRbeWdavs.~76 Jordania amtkicebda,
rom saqarTvelosTvis ruseTi istoriuli mtrebisgan damcveli Zala
da progresuli ideebis `kurieri~ iyo. ararsebuli qarTuli burJua-
zia, rogorc eris modernizatori, ruseTma Caanacvla. marTalia, qar-
Tvelebi erovnul kulturas icavdnen, magram ebrauli socialisturi
organizacia `bundis~ msgavsad, romelic aqtiurad muSaobda ruseTSi,
poloneTsa da litvaSi, qarTuli kulturuli nacionalizmi ar garda-
iqmna politikur nacionalizmad. JordaniasTvis politikuri naciona-
lizmi me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTvelos axladaRmocenebuli
burJuaziis gamoxatuleba iyo. arCil jorjaZe ki (Jordanias nemezisi) am
mosazrebas ar eTanxmeboda da amtkicebda, rom qarTvelTa umravlesoba
(glexobis CaTvliT), erovnuli teritoriebis dacvis, erovnuli skolis
ganviTarebis, am sityvis farTo gagebiT, {da} erovnuli TviTmmarTvelo-
bis momxreebi iyvneno.77 jorjaZe da danarCeni nacionalistebi mZafrad
ganicdidnen social-demokratiis popularobas, magram, rac Zalze sayu-
radReboa, arc isini ayenebdnen saqarTvelos damoukideblobis ideas.
qarTul social-demokratias, miuxedavad imisa, rom is ruseTis

mSromelTa social-demokratiuli partiis nawili iyo, gamorCeulad
qarTuli xasiaTi hqonda. is uaryofda nacionalizms, magram 1905 wlis
Semdgom periodSi iqca erovnul moZraobad, romelic kulturuli
TviTgamorkvevis, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisa da 1917 wlisTvis ki
politikuri avtonomiis ideebs qadagebda. qarTvelebi sxvebisgan ar gan-
sxvavdebodnen. moZraoba erovnuli damoukideblobisTvis 1917 wlamde
ruseTis imperiis arc sxva guberniebSi iyo popularuli.78 qarTvelTa
swrafva TviTgamorkvevisken me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi ZiriTadad
kulturuli uflebebis dacviT Semoifargleboda. SiSi, rac damoukide-
blobis gariskvas sdevda, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani elementi iyo, romlis
gamoc social-demokratiam ufro farTomasStabiani mxardaWera moipova
saqrTveloSi, vidre am ideis politikurma mowinaaRmdegeebma _naciona-
listebma.
somxebi mezobeli muslimuri qveynebis gamo kidev ufro naklebad
iyvnen anTebulni damoukideblobis ideiT. me-19 saukuneSi ruseTis aneq-
siuri politikisa da xalxTa gadasaxlebis Sedegad saqarTvelos samxreT-
aRmosavleTsa da samxreTSi, borCalosa da axalqalaqis mazrebSi, didi
somxuri dasaxlebebi gaCnda. amasTanave, gacilebiT adre, Sua saukuneeb-
Si dasaxlebuli somxebic mravlad iyvnen saqarTvelos qalaqebsa da so-
flebSi79 swored maT aqcies me-12 saukunis Tbilisi, romelSic umetesad
mahmadianebi cxovrobdnen, somxur qalaqad me-18 saukunisTvis. 1801 wels,
roca ruseTi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos samefos, qarTl-kaxeTs ierTeb-
da, somxebi idgnen gildiebis saTaveSi, romelTa saSualebiTac isini faq-
tobrivad warmarTavdnen Tbilisis ekonomikas. gildiebis gauqmebis Sem-
degac, rac ruseTis politikasa da kapitalizms mohyva Sedegad, somexi
vaWrebi mTavar rols asrulebdnen saqalaqo vaWrobasa da ekonomikaSi.80
saqarTvelos regionebSi yvelaze masStaburi somxur imigracia me-19
saukuneSi aRiniSneba, rasac xeli Seuwyo ruseTis urbanulma da komer-
ciulma eqspansiam da osmaleTis imperiidan ltolvilTa nakadma. 1897
wlisTvis àxalma~ somxebma somxuri mosaxleobis 10,3 procentis udide-
si wili Seadgines saqarTvelos guberniebsa da mazrebSi. isini dasav-
leTi saqarTvelos zRvispira qalaqebSi _ foTSi, soxumsa da baTumSi
dasaxldnen, xolo TbilisSi maTi raodenoba 1897 wlidan 1910 wlamde
47.200-dan 124.900-mde gaizarda. 68 aTasi somexi axlad Camosuli iyo
dedaqalaqSi.81 maTi umravlesoba TbilisSi fulis saSovnelad Camosuli
qarTvelebis pirispir aRmoCnda. me-19 saukunis bolosTvis TbilisSi ar-

sebuli 7.929 savaWro saxlidan 4.206 somexi vaWrebis sakuTreba iyo, 2.021
_ qarTvelebisa da 1.450 _ rusebis.82
udidesi ìndustriuli~ sawarmoebis 44%, maT Soris adelxanovis
tyavis Tu enfiniancis Tambaqos gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebi, somxebs
ekuTvnodaT 1900 wels. orive erTad 15.000 muSaxels qiraobda. somexTa
simdidre kargi ganaTlebis miRebis garantia iyo maTi SvilebisTvis,
amas isic adasturebs, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qalaqebis skoleb-
Si somexi moswavleebi ricxobrivad Warbobdnen qarTvel moswavleebs.
1870-ian wlebSi somxebs politikuri Zalauflebac gaezardaT adgilob-
rivi mmarTvelobis arCeviTi sistemis danergvasTan erTad, rac qoneb-
riv cenzs emyareboda. amis gamo TbilisSi 1902 wlisTvis amomrCevelTa
saerTo raodenobis 72%-s somexi moqalaqeebi Seadgendnen.83 Tbilisis
saqalaqo saTaTbiroSi maT umravleosoba moipoves da faqtobrivad 1870-
iani wlebidan 1917 wlamde akontrolebdnen kidec mas. am ambavma qarTvel
da somex amomrCevelTa Soris seriozuli daZabuloba warmoSva. Tbilisi
somexTa kulturuli da politikuri saqmianobis kera gaxda kavkasia-
Si. 1880-ian wlebSi maT gazeTebis gamoSvebac daiwyes da politikuri
partiebic daarses, maTgan yvelaze mniSvnelovani, socialisturi da
erovnuli hnCaki da daSnakcutuni iyo.84 somex studentTa da muSaTa
mcire nawilma daafuZna agreTve somex socialistTa kavSiri, romelic
damoukideblad moqmedebda 1902 wlidan 1903 wlamde, 1903 wels ki Se-
uerTda kavkasiis social-demokratTa kavSirs da ruseTis social-de-
mokratiul muSaTa partias. Turqebi da àzerbaijanlebi~ anu `TaTrebi~
an `muslimebi~, rogorc maT saqarTveloSi uwodebdnen, aq ruseTis
imperiis dapyrobiTi politikis Sedegad da samuSaos Sovnis imediT
gamoCndnen. isini kompaqturad saxlobdnen samxreT saqarTvelos sof-
lebSi da sakuTar `memamule-mTavrebs~ da religiur winamZRolebs
emorCilebodnen. 1897 wels `TaTrebi~, muslimuri jgufebis umrav-
lesobis CaTvliT, sparselebisa, qurTebis, asirielebis da CeCnebis
(eseni calke iyvnen dajgufebulni) garda, Tbilisis guberniis mosax-
leobis 10,2 procents (saqarTvelos guberniebisa da yvela mazris
mosaxleobis 4,2 procents) Seadgendnen da ZiriTadad mamakacebi iyvnen.
`TaTrebi~ politikurad yvelaze naklebad organizebulebi aRmoCndnen
da profesiis Tu xelobis codniTac ver daikvexnidnen.85 1905 wlamde
erTi cida socialisturi organizaciis, `humetis~ (energia) garda, maT
politikuri organo ar gaaCndaT. humeti 1904 wlidan damoukidebel

organod arsebobda ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis
baqos komitetSi. azerbaijanuli identobis, rogorc muslimurisgan
gansxvavebulis gancda susti iyo Tavad azerbaijanul inteligenciaSi,
romelic ZiriTadad `saero~ iyo.86 somxebsa da azerbaijanlebs Soris
1905 wels baqosa da TbilisSi momxdari SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis
Semdeg ganjaSi, Turqi azerbaijanlebis istoriuli kulturis centrSi,
daarsda Turquli partia àzerbaijan difai~ (Tavdacva). daarsda sxva
partiebic, ìtifak al-muslimin~ (muslimTa kavSiri) 1905 wels, `musavati~
(Tanasworoba) 1911-1912 wlebSi, magram maT kavSiri ar hqondaT ubralo
azerbaijanel TurqebTan, romlebic ZiriTadad soflis gaunaTlebeli
macxovreblebi iyvnen da morCilad emsaxurebodnen memamuleebs.
rusebisa da slavebis sxvadasxva jgufebis mniSvnelovani migracia
saqarTveloSi me-19 saukuneSi daiwyo. 1897 wlisTvis maT saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis 5,3% Seadgines. isini umetesad saxelmwifo moxeleebi, sam-
xedro pirebi, glexebi, kavkasiaSi gadasaxlebuli revolucionerebi,
gansxvavebuli religiuri konfesiis mimdevrebi (duxoborebi da mal-
aknebi), rkinigzis muSebi, maRaroelebi da demobilizebuli samxedroebi
iyvnen. es ukanasknelni imperiis erTguli msaxurebisTvis Sepirebulma mi-
webma moizida saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi.87 rusebi da danarCeni slavebi
TbilisSi mosaxleobis erT mesameds, xolo baTumsa da soxumSi erT meo-
Txeds Seadgendnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom rusuli saTvistomo social-
uri Tu ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT Zalze Wreli iyo, rusebs, rogorc
kavkasiis mmarTveli eris warmomadgenelebs, mainc privilegirebuli
mdgomareoba ekavaT sakuTar socialur fenasa Tu klass Soris da ca-
rizmis prorusuli politikiTac gvarianad xeirobdnen. swored am pri-
vilegirebulma statusma miiyvana uamravi rusi erovnebis muSa Tu sa xel-
mwifo moxele ultrapatriotul gaerTianebebSi, magaliTad, kavkasiis
rus patriotTa sazogadoebaSi. adgilobrivi rusi muSebis garkveuli
jgufi, maT Soris mixail kalinini da sergei aliluevi, stalinis moma-
vali simamri, aqtiurad monawileobdnen social-demokratebis politi-
kur cxovrebaSi.
sxva mniSvnelovan eTnikur umciresobebi _ osebi, afxazebi, berZnebi,
ebraelebi da germanelebi iyvnen. germanelebs Tbilisidan moSorebiT ori
kolonia hqondaT daarsebuli 1818 wels. osebi, romelTa umravlesoba
qristiani iyo da afxazebi, romlebic saqarTvelos Crdilo-dasavleTSi
cxovrobdnen, ZiriTadad sofelSi cxovrobdnen. marTalia, maT gaazre-

buli hqondaT TavianTi gansxvavebuloba, magram erovnuli TviTSegneba
akldaT. Sida qarTlSi mcxovrebi osebi umeteswilad xiznebi iyvnen da
miwebs iqauri miwaTmflobelebisgan iRebdnen ijariT. maTi meSveobiT
muSaxelis kontingenti aRmosavleT saqrTvelos qalaqebSi swrafad izr-
deboda.88 qarTvelebis aramonaTesave afxazebma ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-
1878 wlebis omis dros Tanamemamuleebis TiTqmis naxevari dakarges, roca
aTasobiT maTgani osmalTa imperiaSi gaiqca. afxazebs da osebs saqarT-
velos politikur Tu ekonomikur cxovrebaSi 1918 wlidan 1921 wlamde
raime gansakuTrebuli roli ar SeusrulebiaT. 1921 wels ki, gauarese-
buli ekonomikuri mdgomareobisa da gaqarTvelebis politikis gamo, qa-
rTvelebs aujanydnen.89
saqarTvelos mravaleTnikurma mdgomareobam didi zegavlena moax-
dina qarTul social-demokratiaze. is ubralod muSaTa moZraoba ki
ara, erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisken mimarTuli moZraobac iyo. erovnu-
li gansxvavebulobis xazgasma sulac ar iyo moulodneli, Tu gaviTva-
liswinebT TbilisSi Seqmnil situacias saukunis dasawyisisTvis, ro-
melsac Jordania ase aRwerda: `qalaqis ekonomika somxebis xelSia,
mmarTveloba rusebis, qarTvelebs ki yvelaze dabali Tanamdebobebi aqvT,
swavla-ganaTleba rom ar sWirdeba, iseTi.~90 akaki Cxenkeli, saqarTvelos
sagareo saqmeTa ministri 1918-1921 wlebSi, Tavis mkiTxvelebs 1918 wels
axsenebda, rom `saxalxo mRelvareba 1905 wlis revoluciis dros eWvs ga-
reSea, gadaxlarTuli iyo erovnuli Cagvris winaaRmdeg mimarTul Zlier
saprotesto moZraobasTan~.91 Calmers jonsonmac igive azri gamoTqva
Cinur da iugoslaviur revoluciebze da maT `TviTmyofadi nacionaliz-
mis nayofi uwoda ~.92
magram miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli social-demokratia Tavis Tav-
Si moicavda erovnul miswrafebebsac, is mainc mravalganzomilebiani iyo.
qarTveli glexebisTvis is miwis mflobelobas da memamulis mxridan maTi
eqspluataciis dasasruls niSnavda, qarTveli muSebisTvis ki ukeTes sa-
muSao da sayofacxovrebo pirobebs da damqiravebelTa TviTnebobis aR-
mofxvras moaswavebda. erovnuli sakiTxi mniSvnelovani iyo politikuri
uflebebis gansazRvrisTvis, qarTveli politikuri liderebic unda
hyoloda ers, magram teritoriuli pretenziebi da saxelmwifoebrioba
glexebisTvis an muSebisTvis namdvilad ar iyo upirvelesi sazrunavi. qa-
rTveli inteleqtualebisTvis problemuri iyo kulturis sakiTxebi. maT
erTianoba, kulturuli Tavisufleba da ruseTis batonobis dasasruli

surdaT. qarTveli social-demokratebis umravlesobisTvis, magali-
Tad, irakli wereTlisTvis, romelic ruseTis 1917 wlis droebiTi mTav-
robis erT-erTi gavleniani wevri iyo, es ideebi SesabamisobaSi modioda
saqarTvelos mier sruliad ruseTis revoluciis ufro farTo strategi-
isadmi Tavdapirvelad gamocxadebul mxardaWerasTan. am strategias ru-
seTis imperiis yvela sxva eric unda moecva.
1905 wlis revoluciis Semdeg qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZ-
raoba Seivso axalio wevrebiT TiTqmis yvela klasidan Tu socialuri
fenidan da erovnul organizaciad iqca. sxva erovnebis xalxebma ki Ta-
vianTi warmomadgenlobis Zebna sxva partiebSi daiwyes; somxebma _ daS-
nakcutunSi, rusebma _ socialistur revolucionerTa Tu sxva patri-
otul organizaciebSi. mTels kavkasiaSi social-demokratiam mxolod
saqarTveloSi SeinarCuna mravaleTnikuroba da socialisturi inter-
nacionalizmis ideebis erTguli gaxda, magram Tavisi SinaarsiT is mainc
qarTuli iyo. am SinaarsSi asaxva pova qarTuli glexobisa da muSaTa
klasisTvis damaxasiaTebelma bunebam. muSebis dacva saqrTveloSi saqa-
rTvelos intersebis dacvad iqca. 1905 wlis Semdeg adgilobrivma aqti-
vistebma, TiTqos xelis cecebiT, ise daiwyes raRac axali sinTezis Zebna,
romlisTvisac `socializmi qarTuli elferiT~ SeiZleboda Segverqva.
qarTulma social-demokratiam erT-erTma pirvelma misca magali-
Ti erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel moZraobebs, romlebic antiimperiuli
politikis avanscenaze farTod gaiSala pirveli msoflio omis Semdeg.
is mravalklasobriv erovnul koalicias patriotuli da socialistu-
ri baiaraRiT gauZRva win. mcire erebis mier TavianTi politikuri da-
moukideblobisTvis brZolebiT STagonebuli qarTveli social-demok-
ratebi, mainc ruseTTan kavSiris erTgul momxreebad rCebodnen 1917
wlamde. magram ebrauli `bundis~, latviuri, estonuri da polonuri so-
cial-demokratiul organizaciaTa wevrebis msgavsad, qarTveli social-
demokratebi amtkicebdnen, rom socializmis ganviTareba dekoloniza-
ciis, kulturuli Tavisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
farglebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. gazeT `kvalSi~ _ ruseTis imperiis pirvel
legalur marqsistul gazeTSi _ Jordania miuTiTebda im paralelebze,
romlebic qarTvelebisa da Cexebis erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZo-
laSi arsebobda. Cexebis msgavsad, romlebic germanelebis gaZevebas cdi-
lobdnen praRidan, qarTvelebic ibrZodnen sakuTar qalaqebSi umravle-
sobis mopovebisTvis.93 ucxo (anu somxuri) qalaquri kultura, romelmac

àRmosavleT saqarTvelos qalaqebi, rogorc erovnuli kulturis kere-
bi, uvargisad aqcia, dasasruls uaxlovdeba, radgan qarTvelebi dRi-
TidRe met ganaTlebas iReben.~94 socializmi axali cxovrebis dawyebis
Sanss iZleoda da, amasTan, kolonializmisa da kuTxurobis dasrulebis
SesaZleblobac iyo. is qarTvelebs sTavazobda imas, rac maT aqamde ar
hqondaT _ umravlesobis mmarTvelobas, ekonomikur Zalauflebas da
adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas.
socialurad dayofili sazogadoeba
me-19 saukunis saqarTveloze arCil jorjaZe ambobda, es aris wodebe-

biT daRaruli qveyanao.95 ruseTis mmarTvelebs TiTqmis 60 weli dasWir-
da imisTvis, rom saqarTveloSi arsebuli zedmetad stratificirebuli
batonymuri sistema moeSalaT. vaxtang VI-is kanonTa krebuli Seusabamo
samarTlebrivi normebisa da arqauli Tanamdebobebis labirinTs hgavda.
1840 wels qarTvelebisgan Semdgarma specialurma komisiam sabolood
uari Tqva masze, rogorc uimedod moZvelebulze.96
rusuli institutebis, kanonebis, sasamarTlo Tu administraciuli
praqtikis zegavleniT adgilobrivi elitaruli sazogadoeba iZulebuli
Seiqna Tanamedrove biurokratiuli saxelmwifos faseulobebs Sehgue-
boda. sakmaod mtkivneuli dartymis Semdeg, romelic qarTvelma Tavadaz-
naurobam aristokratiis statusTan dakavSirebiT miiRo, igi sul ufro
metad ganviTarebul da erTgul `dvorianstvod~ Camoyalibda. Tavadaz-
naurobas ayvavebis xana mefisnacval mixail voroncovis mmarTvelobis
dros daudga. italiuri opera Tu cekva `mazurka~, mokirwyluli quCebi,
orTqlmavali gemebi mdinare rionze, Tanamdebobebi saimperio armiaSi _
es yvelaferi realurad qmediTi instrumenti iyo asimilirebuli qar-
Tuli elitaruli sazogadoebis Sesaqmnelad da nel-nela aRwevda kidec
warmatebas.97 voroncovma SeZlo qarTvelebSi integraciis sawinaaR-
mdego jer kidev mogizgize vnebebi Caecxro. 1846 wels pirveli sajaro
biblioTeka gaixsna, maleve gaixsna rusuli Teatric. imave wels mefis-
nacvlis samsaxurma axali gazeTis `kavkasiis~ gamoSveba daiwyo, Tumca is
mxolod rusul da somxur enebze gamodioda. 1850 wels daarsda kavkasi-
is sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoeba da meteorologiuri observatoria
(wlebis Semdeg am observatoriaSi muSaobda axalgazrda stalini). jor-

jaZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, xelSekrulebiT qarTvelebi `ruseTis pa-
tronaJis qveS erovnuli kulturis aRorZinebis garantias Rebulobdnen
98
ruseTisadmi erTgulebisa da masTan mWidro kavSiris sanacvlod~. mo-
ris vagnerma voroncovis dros saqarTveloSi mogzaurobisas aRniSna,
rom xelSekruleba kargad muSaobda da daamata: ~sankt-peterburgis Sem-
deg sxva arc erT qalaqs ar etyoba iseTi dauokebeli mRelvareba brZane-
bebisa da samxedro jildoebis miRebis molodinSi, rogorc es TbilisSi
igrZnoba~.99
Tbilisis sazogadoebis brwyinvalebis miRma saqarTveloSi drama-
tuli Zvrebi xdeboda. 1856-1857 wlebSi samegreloSi glexTa ajanye-
bam ifeTqa. es kuTxe yirimis konfliqtis mcire sabrZolo vels hgavda.
glexebma mTavar dadians uari ganucxades tyeSi damzadebuli SeSis safa-
suris gadaxdaze. ajanyebulTa ricxvma umokles vadaSi 20.000-s miaRwia
da glexTa sakmaod Zlier laSqrad iqca, Tavisufali glexisa da mWed-
lis utu miqavas winamZRolobiT, romelsac erTgulma TanamebrZolebma
`glexTa keisari` Searqves. laSqarma dasawyisSive daamarcxa ramdenime
Tavadi da zugdidSi glexebisve xeliT aSenebul dadianebis didebul sa-
saxles miadga. glexTa ajanyebas ekonomikuri motivacia ki hqonda, mag-
ram is mainc gansxvavebuli iyo. utu miqavas gamoqveynebuli manifesti
naTels xdida, rom sankt-peterburgSi mimdinare inteleqturi revo-
luciis talRebs dasavleT saqarTvelos moSorebul kuTxeSi mcxovreb
wera-kiTxvis ucodinar glexebamdec mieRwia. manifestSi Camoyalibebu-
li moTxovnebi gulisxmobda adamianis mier meore adamianis sakuTrebaSi
yofnis gauqmebas anu iTxovda, bolo moReboda adamianis monobas. amas
garda, glexebi iTxovdnen individualur uflebebs, adgilobrivi saso-
flo Temis TviTmmarTvelobis Seqmnas, romlis muSaoba kanons daeyrd-
noboda da ara Tavgasuli Tavadebis kaprizebs, wamebisa da batonymobis
gauqmebas da bolos, kanonis dacviT da mis Sesabamisad. miwebis gadacemas
glexebis sakuTrebaSi100 generali kolubiakini, quTaisis guberniis sam-
xedro mmarTveli, moZraobas eWvis TvaliT uyurebda. is ajanyebulTa wi-
naaRmdeg gagzavnil jarebs xelmZRvanelobda da ase ganmarta momxdari:
èWvs gareSea, rom adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis naklovanebebs da kidev
ufro uares Sida mdgomareobas, dasavleTis ideebis zegavlenac unda
davumatoT. mekiTxebian, rogor an vin gaavrcela es ideebio. me vpasuxob,
rom (yirimis) bolo omma, aq Camosulma ucxo qveynis vaWrebma da bolos,
Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas: zRvidan daberilma qarma~.101 `zRvidan daberili

qari~, caristulma xelisuflebam faqtobrivad Caacxro. 1843 wels ode-
sasa da redut-kales Soris damyarda mudmivi sazRvao kavSiri, romelic
mgzavrebs moemsaxureboda gem-borniT, xolo 1857 wels, roca samegrelos
miwaze sisxli iRvreboda, Seiqmna ruseTis sanaosno da savaWro sazoga-
doeba, rac sazRvao mimosvlas uzrunvelyofda Sav zRvaze. 1858 wels,
ajanyebidan erTi wlis Semdeg, gaixsna foTis porti, romelmac samegre-
lo danarCen samyaros daukavSira. sabolood ajanyeba daamarcxes, utu
miqava ki, ekaterine dadianis mier `samegrelos dantonad~ wodebuli, 10
wliT cimbirSi gadaasaxles.
magram qarTvelma glexebma TavianTi moTxovnebiT, romlebic samar-
Tlianobis damkvidrebasa da adamianis uflebebs exeboda, sistemas da
ara marto adgilobriv mCagvrel klass _ memamuleebs miayenes seriozu-
li dartyma. general kolubiakins es kargad esmoda. 1857 wels, jer kidev
samegrelos ambebis gamoZaxili rom esmoda, qarTvelebma, mefisnacvlis
xelSewyobiT 1852 wels daarsebuli Jurnali `ciskari~ gadaSales da
rafiel erisTavis `mTxovneli msajulisTvis~ dainaxes. am dros rafiel
erisTavi zugdidis mazris administraciis ufrosi iyo. nawarmoebSi
moTxrobilia ymadqceuli dedis sevdiani ambavi, romelic Svilis dab-
runebas iTxovda.102 am leqss, batonymobis mkacri kritikosis, daniel Won-
qaZis dramatuli moTxroba `suramis cixe~ mohyva 1859 wels. moTxrobaSi
aRwerilia, rogor ingreoda da ubedurdeboda ymaTa ojaxebi gulgrili
memamuleebis xelSi.103
msgavsi publikaciebi naTlad mianiSnebda qarTul sazogadoebaSi
mimdinare cvlilebebze, romelTa wyalobiT tradiciuli ekonomikuri
da socialuri fenebi ormociode weliwadSi socialuri klasebiT Seic-
vleboda, xolo morCili qveSevrdomebi revolucionerebad iqceodnen.
da mainc, ymebis gaTavisuflebas qarTveli Tavad-aznaurebi Tavdauzo-
gavad ebrZodnen TiTqmis aTi wlis manZilze. am brZolam daamsxvria ba-
tonymobis paternalisturi urTierTobebis idealizebuli suraTi.
amierkavkasiis komiteti, romelic reformis gasatareblad daarsda
da moqmedebda miTiTebiT, ar gaemeorebina baltiispireTis qveynebis ga-
mocdileba, sadac ymebi miwebis gareSe gaaTavisufles, uars eubneboda
qarTvel Tavad-aznaurebs maT xelT arsebuli miwebisa da sakuTrebis
SenarCunebaze, Tumca komiteti mniSvnelovan daTmobebze mainc wavida.
dabali da saSualo fenis TavadauznaurobisTvis ymaTa gaTavisufle-
ba gaRatakebis tolfasi iyo. qarTveli aristokratebi, ZiriTadad rus

Tavad-aznaurebze gaWirvebulebi da Raribebi iyvnen. xSirad qarTveli
Tavadi Zneli gasarCevi iyo sakuTari ymisgan.104 Tbilisis guberniaSi
Tavadaznaurobis 50%-s 21 ymaze naklebi hyavda, xolo reformis das-
rulebis Semdeg maT 53,6 procents 25 desetinaze naklebi miwa SerCa xelT
(desetina _ 2,7 akri). quTaisis guberniaSi monacemebi Sesabamisad 78,9 da
89,8 procenti iyo.105 saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc ruseTSi, batonymobis
gauqmebis Semdeg miwa memamuleebis mflobelobaSi rCeboda sanam xan-
grZlivi, 49 wliani procesis Semdeg yma ar gamoisyidda mas. saqarTveloSi
carizmi gansakuTrebiT gulisxmieri aRmoCnda Tavad-aznaurebis mimarT.
glexebisTvis gankuTvnili miwis nakveTis maqsimaluri zRvari quTaisis
guberniaSi saxnav-saTesi miwis 5 desetinas Seadgenda, xolo Tbilisis
guberniaSi, nebismieri saxis miwis 4,5 desetinas. reformis gamtareblebs
miwis minimaluri zRvari ar dauwesebiaT, Tanac im memamuleebs, visac
quTaisis guberniaSi 60 qcevaze, xolo Tbilisis guberniaSi 22,5 qcevaze
naklebi miwa hqonda, neba darTes mTlianad daetovebinaT miwa sakuTre-
baSi. ufro metic, yovel gaTavisuflebul ymaze memamules 25 maneTs
uxdidnen (xolo Tu mas 21 ymaze naklebi hyavda _ 50 maneTs) da, rac
mTavaria, mas ufleba misces, daewesebina gadasaxadebi tyiTa da wyliT
sargeblobisTvis, rac manamade ufaso iyo, da policiis funqciebic Seu-
Tavses. amgvari daTmobebis miuxedavad, qarTvel Tavad-aznaurebs mainc
mxolod sofluri cxovrebisTvis sakmarisi miwebi da qoneba hqondaT,
radgan ar icodnen, rogor gamxdariyvnen uxvSemosavliani fermerebi.106
moTxrobaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ ilia WavWavaZe Tavad luarsab TaTqariZis
naxevraddangreul saxl-kars ase aRwers: àr gegonoT mkiTxvelno, rom
es saxli ekuTvnodes erTs vinmes Raribsa da mis gamo iyos egre gul-
Seutkivrad Tavminebebuli, ara, amis patrons hyavs oci kargad gakeTe-
buli komli kaci, ase rom as urmamde sabegro ebmeboda, cxvari blomad
da asiode cxeni... maS raRad sdgas egre cudad? mkiTxavs gakvirvebuli
mkiTxveli. imitom, rom qarTvelia.~107 1880-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi qa-
rTveli Tavad-aznaurebis xelSi rCeboda arsebuli miwebis 48,3% Tbili-
sis guberniaSi da 43,2% quTaisis guberniaSi. magram soflis meurneobis
Semosavlis wyarod qcevasTan erTad, isini sul ufro metad damokideb-
ulebi xdebodnen glexebisTvis miqiravebuli miwebidan aRebul saxsreb-
ze da Tuki hyofnidaT, amiT cxovrobdnen an Tbilisisa da quTaisis saTa-
vadaznauro bankebSi kapikebad agiravebdnen TavianT qonebas.108
saukunis bolosTvis batonymobis gauqmebam saqarTveloSi Ziri ga-

mouTxara ekonomikur da politikur stabilurobas. materialurma
siduxWirem Tavad-aznaurTa Svilebi qalaqebSi Camoiyvana, sadac samsa-
xurisa da Tavgadasavlebis ZebnaSi revolucias gadaeyarnen.
batonymobis gauqmebam cota sikeTe Tu moutana glexobas. is memam-
ulisgan ki gaTavisuflda, magram qoneba ar gaaCnda. miwis gamosasyidad
batonisgan nebarTva unda aeRo, rac xSir SemTxvevaSi misTvis miwis Sem-
cirebiT mTavrdeboda. amas garda, kanoni glexs avaldebulebda marcv-
leulisTvis, Rvinisa da TivisTvis ufro maRali gadasaxadi gadaexada.109
mTavrobis sesxebi, rac ruseTSi miwis gamosasyidi Tanxebis 80%-s fara-
vda, saqarTveloSi Zalian dabali iyo. amas miwis siZvirec emateboda da
sesxis aRebas azri ekargeboda, rac yvelaze Zneli iyo axlad gaTavisu-
flebuli ymebisTvis. maT saxelmwifo gadasaxadebic daemataT da bost-
nebisa Tu saZovrebis gamoyenebisTvis gadasaxdeli Tanxebic. glexebis
valdebulebebi memamuleebis mimarT, `sabatono droebiTi valdebule-
bis~ Tanaxmad, 1912 wlamde grZeldeboda, Tumca es piroba ruseTSi 1882
wels gauqmda. glexTa bankis kavkasiuri ganyofileba saqarTveloSi mxo-
lod 1906 wels daarsda anu 23 wliT ufro gvian, vidre ruseTSi. baton-
ymobis gauqmebidan 40 wlis Semdeg, mefisnacvali voroncov-daSkovi
aRniSnavda, rom `regionis soflis mosaxleoba, centralur raionebSi
mcxovrebi glexebisgan gansxvavebiT, saSinel materialur mdgomareo-
baSia valdebulebiTi urTierTobebisa da im maRali gadasaxadebis gamo,
rasac memamuleebs uxdian, gansakuTrebiT ki yofili saqarTvelos saz-
RvrebSi, sadac batonymobisgan gaTavisufleba memamuleTaTvis gacile-
biT misaRebi pirobebiT moxda~.110
1917 wlis bolosTvis glexebis 40%-s, romelic adre Tbilisis gu-
berniaSi mcxovreb Tavadaznaurobas ekuTvnoda, jer kidev bolomde ar
hqonda miwis gamosasyidi Tanxa gadaxdili. 1904 wlisTvis, umetesad im
mizeziT, rom miwis nakveTebi mcire iyo moculobiT (saSualod 2,5 desia-
tina erT ojaxze), quTaisis guberniis glexebis 60% miwas ijariT iRebda.
gadasaxads, Cveulebriv, naturiT ixdidnen mosavlis erTi meeqvsedidan
vidre naxevramde. saxelmwifosa da eklesiis yofil ymebs meti miwa Sexv-
daT. isini 1880 wels Tbilisis glexobis daaxloebiT 50%-s da quTaisis
29%-s warmoadgendnen.111 magram rusi glexebisgan gansxvavebiT, maT ar
misces ufleba sakuTari miwebi gamoesyidaT da isev òbratnaia podats~
ixdidnen, miwebze fulad saxelmwifo gadasaxads, romelic evropuli
nawilis ruseTSi 1887 wels gauqmda. xiznebs anu umiwo mdgmurebs da sxva-
dasxva kategoriis adgilobriv mosamsaxureebs yvelaze metad uWirdaT.
xiznebs gaTavisufleba ar Sexebia da, aqedan gamomdinare, maTTvis nebi-
smier dros SeeZloT gadasaxadebis gazrda an kontraqtis gauqmeba. re-
formam, dasaxuli miznebis sapirispirod, 25 aTasi ojaxi gaaTavisufla
miwis nakveTis gareSe.112 batonymobis gauqmeba sruliad warumatebuli
mainc ar iyo. miwis mcire nakveTebi da moijareoba aucileblad siRari-
bes ar gulisxmobs. ijariT miwis aReba SeiZleba warmatebis da simdid-
ris niSanic yofiliyo _ bevria damokidebuli moyvanili marcvleulis
saxeobaze, bazarze gatanasa da mosavlis raodenobazec. ukeTesi Semo-
savlebis miReba SeiZleboda venaxisgan naxevar desetinaze (naxevari de-
siatina dasavleT saqarTvloSi saSualo zoma iyo), vidre marcvleulis-
gan xuT desetinaze. 1904 wlisTvis dasavleT saqrTveloSi, sadac miwis
SimSili yvelaze metad igrZnoboda, yofili ymebis TiTqmis 60% Tavad
gaxda glexebis mflobeli. es moxda xelsayreli amindis, navsadgurebTan
siaxlovis, marcvleulis kargi fasisa (1890-ian wlebamde) da sezonuri
muSaobis wyalobiT. magram es regioni cnobili iyo glexTa xSiri mRel-
varebiTa da ajanyebebiT. gaqnili da xSir SemTxvevaSi sxva tomis Suama-
vlebis xelSi Cavardnili gaWirvebuli glexebi, romlebic ajanyebisken
siduxWires mihyavda, me-19 saukunis droindeli qarTuli istoriografi-
is popularuli Temaa, magram mas dazusteba sWirdeba.113 saqarTvelos
Rvinisa da xilis 70%, Tambaqosa da Salis 50% da msxvilfexa saqonlis
80% glexebis xelSi iyo. rkinigzis gaxsnam xeli Seuwyo ruseTsa da sazR-
vargareTis qveynebSi produqciis eqsports. 1860-ian wlebSi dasavleTi
saqarTvelodan gatanili simindis raodenoba 1 mln fuTidan 5-6 mln fu-
Tamde gaizarda 1880-iani wlebis SuaxanebisaTvis. imave periodSi gaizar-
da RviniT vaWrobac 30-40%-dan 55-60%-mde. 1880-iani wlebisTvis qarT-
veli glexebi sul ufro metad etanebodnen xelfasian samuSaos, rac
gamowveuli iyo soflis macxovreblebis raodenobis zrdiT, cudi mosav-
liT zedized ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi, kerZod, 1889-dan 1893-mde da
1897-1898 wlebSi, qalaqebis zrdiT, rkinigzisa da warmoebis amoqmedebiT
da naRdi fulis saWiroebiT. batonymobis gauqmebamac ufro metad mo-
biluri gaxada glexebi. am axalma `proletarma glexebma~, rogorc maT
robert edelmani uwodebs, SeinarCunes kavSiri mSobliur adgilebTan,
gazafxulze soflebSi brundebodnen da TesvaSi exmarebodnen Tavisia-
nebs.114 valiko CubiniZe ase ixsenebs WiaTuris manganumis sabadoebSi mo-
muSave glexebs 1905 wels: `zogi maTgani mxolod zafxulis ganmavlobaSi

muSaobda, zogi mxolod zamTarSi, ori-sami TviT, zogi ki sul cota xniT
Camodioda samuSaod da mere isev sofelSi brundeboda. gaivlida xani da
isev ahkidebdnen cxenebs bargi-barxanas da isev WiaTuris maRaroebisken
gaswevdnen.~115 WiaTuris mosaxleoba swrafad gaizarda manganumis aR-
moCenis Semdeg da 1880-ian wlebSi `Savi qvis~ mompovebel qalaqad iqca.116
1900 wlisTvis ki mcire mewarmeebs, romelTa umravlesoba qarTvelebi
iyvnen, ukve 250 kompania hqondaT iq da 3.700 maRaroels, damxarisxebelsa
da mrecxavs amuSavebdnen. 1890-1900 wlebSi warmoeba 4-jer gaizarda da
manganumze moTxovnis 40-50%-s akmayofilebda msoflio bazarze.117 1900
wlisTvis tyibulis qvanaxSiris sabadoebze 700 muSa muSaobda, xolo nav-
TobTan dakavSirebul saqmianobaSi baTumSi 12.000 kaci iyo CarTuli. ba-
TumSi ZiriTadad Cadiodnen, gurulebi, megrelebi da Turqebi. mosaxle-
obis raodenobam 1886 wlidan 1897 wlamde 14.803-dan 28.508-mde moimata.
oTomanTa imperiis erT-erTi migdebuli provinciidan baTumi sididiT
meore industriuli centri gaxda saqarTveloSi, romelsac ruseTis
mTliani navTobis 3/4 gahqonda 1902 wels.118 1920 wels osip mandelStami
ase aRwers baTums: `kaliforniuli oqros cieb-cxelebis rusuli tipis
qalaqi~ _ es warmodgenas gviqmnis saporto qalaqze 1900-iani wlebis ad-
reul periodSi.119
qarTuli social-demokratiis ganviTarebisTvis didi mniSvnelo-
ba hqonda axlad Seqmnil mobilur, naxevradindustriul mosaxleobas.
pirveli Taobis muSebma da maRaroelebma TavianT soflebSi marto fuli
ki ara, `zRvidan daberili qaris~ surnelic Caitanes. saukunis dasawyi-
sisTvis aRmosavleT saqrTveloSi glexebi mcire `fabrikebis~, Tbilisis
guberniis mTeli warmoebis mTavar mommarageblebad iqcnen. 1886-1914
wlebSi oficialuri monacemebiT Tbilisis mosaxleoba TiTqmis 2,5-jer
_ 144.822-dan 344.629-mde gaizarda.120 rogorc simon xundaZem gamoTva-
la, 1900 wlisTvis 1,973 saxelosno iyo, romelSic erTidan or kacamde
muSaobda da 439 Svid- an rvakaciani `fabrika~. 1870-iani wlebidan iseTma
bankebma, rogoricaa Tbilisis savaWro banki (1871), erToblivi sasesxo
sazogadoeba (1873) da Tbilisis saTavadaznauro banki (1874), sesxebis
gacema ufro msxvili sawarmoebisTvis daiwyes.121 Tbilissa da amierkav-
kasiaSi yvelaze msxvili damqiraveblebi iyvnen amierkavkasiis rkinig-
zis mTavari depo da Tbilisisa da xaSuris (mixailovski) saxelosnoebi.
1890-iani wlebis SuaxanebSi Tbilisis saxelosnoebSi 2.700 xelosani
muSaobda, maTgan TiTqmis sam meoTxeds 5 welze naklebi muSaobis staJi

hqonda.1221890-iani wlebis dasasruls, roca Tbilisis sazogadoeba SeZra
pirvelma farTomasStabianma gaficvam, Tbilisis rkinigzis mTavari saxe-
losnoebi qarTuli muSaTa klasis Canasaxad mogvevlina. 1905 wels so-
cial-demokratiis qolgis qveS swored am muSaTa klasma Seuqmna safrTxe
ruseTis administraciis arsebobas.
daskvna
1900 wels saqarTvelo Tanamedrove ganviTarebis zRurblze idga,

eTnikurad, socialurad da ekonomikurad danawevrebuli, magram sul
ufro da ufro ganaTlebuli da wignieri, civilizebuli da èrovnuli~.
1860-1880 wlebSi Tergdaleulebma gadamwyveti roli Seasrules qarTu-
li social-demokratiis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi. 1860-1890-wlebSi
qarTuli elitis dominanturi Zalis, social-demokratiis pasuxi oTxi
konteqstiT _ kolonializmiT, mravaleTnikurobiT, kuTxurobiTa da
socialuri dayofiT _ ganpirobebul sirTuleebze romantizmis, nacio-
nalizmisa da pragmatizmis narevs warmoadgenda. isini yovelnairad cdi-
lobdnen, rom swavleba qarTul enaze yofiliyo da istorias, xelovneba-
sa da literaturas iyenebdnen rogorc iaraRs erTianobisTvis brZolaSi
da sxvebsac mouwodebnen, rom emoqmedaT, aqtiuri monawileoba mieRoT
sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi da TviTgamorkvevis sakiTxebze efiqraT, ro-
gorc amas evropelebi akeTebdnen. qarTvelebs meti swavla-ganaTleba
sWirdebodaT imisTvis, rom vaWroba da soflis meurneoba ganeviTarebi-
naT da demokratiuli da Tanamedrove Zlieri saxelmwifo SeeqmnaT.
qarTvelma social-demokratebma TavianT programaSi Caaqsoves Teme-
bi, romlebic erovnul TviTgamorkvevas exeboda da social-demokratebs
Soris pirvelebma daamtkices, rom nacionalizmi da socializmi erT-
maneTs ki ar ewinaaRmdegeboda, aramed avsebda. erovnuli uflebebi de-
mokratiuli socializmisTvis mTavari iyo. saqarTveloSi socializmi
gansakuTrebiT momxiblavi iyo, radgan is imeds iZleoda, rom wertils
dausvamda kolonializmsa da ucxoeli mesakuTreebis mxridan eqsplua-
tacias, socialur da kuTxur dayofas da Tanac amas gaakeTebda garedan
Tavsmoxveuli konfliqtis gareSe.
socializmi moereoda saqarTvelos warsuls da qarTvelebs mSvidobas

moutanda qveynis SigniTac da saerTaSoriso arenazec, praqtikulad imas,
ris garantiasac erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli social-demokratebi
ver iZleodnen. qarTvelebs warsuli omebisa da Semosevebis SiSma aaRe-
bina xeli nacionalistur partiebze. socializmi maT saukeTesos hpir-
deboda _ Tanasworobas da miwas, erTis mxriv, da usafrTxoebas da
TviTmmarTvelobas, meore mxriv. glexebi da social-demokratiis pro-
letari mxardamWerebi veranair winaaRmdegobas ver xedavdnen kerZo
sakuTrebasa da miwaTmflobelebis eqspropriacias an erovnul TviT-
mmarTvelobasa da ruseTis saxelmwifosTan erT kavSirSi yofnas Soris.
maT ise esmodaT, rom qarTuli social-demokratia daamarcxebda war-
suls, moagvarebda arsebul socialur da ekonomikur problemebs da
mSvidobasa da stabilurobas moitanda.
46
T a vi II
q ar
arTTu
uli
li s o c ia l-d
l - d e m o k r a tii
tiiss
ero
ovv n
nuu l i fe s v eb
ebi
qarTuli social-demokratia centraluri ruseTisgan gansxvave-

bul pirobebSi viTardeboda. qarTveli social-demokratebi ruseTis
social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis (rsdmp) erTgulebi iyvnen da
arc ruseTSi damkvidrebul orTodoqsul marqsizmze uTqvamT uari.
magram ra-ki qarTveli social-demokratebi gansxvavebul garemoSi
moRvaweobdnen, bunebrivia, maT moqmedebis sxvagvari strategia air-
Cies. 1893-1905 wlebSi gamoyenebulma taqtikam, miuxedavad qarTveli
social-demokratebis raodenobrivi simcirisa, maT partias ruseTis im-
periis yvelaze warmatebuli marqsistuli organizaciis saxeli moupova.
1898 wels qarTvelebma daaarses caristuli ruseTis pirveli legaluri
marqsistuli gazeTi. qarTvelma social-demokratebma avstrieli da
germaneli socialistebis msgavsad (Tumca maTgan gansxvavebiT ufle-
bebs moklebulni iyvnen), axali TviTmarTvadi sazogadoebis mSenebloba
daiwyes, qmnidnen partiul komitetebs, aarsebdnen kulturul sazoga-
doebebs, profkavSirebs da sakvirao skolebs. socializmis is modeli,
romelsac isini sTavazobdnen sazogadoebas, efuZneboda TviTdaxmare-
bas, swavla-ganaTlebasa da kulturul ganviTarebas. amgvarma saqmiano-
bam saqarTveloSi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis pirvel elementebs Cauyara
safuZveli.
dawyebuli 1893 wlidan, roca ramdenime inteleqtuali Seikriba da-
savleT saqarTvelos erT-erT patara sofelSi axali socialisturi or-
ganizaciis Seqmnis mizniT, da vidre 1905 wlamde, rodesac ruseTis mefe
daTanxmda `konstituciisiRebas~, social-demokratebma saqarTveloSi
yvela ze avtoritetuli partia Seqmnes. istoriam mravali SemTxveva
qarTuli social-demokratiis erovnuli fesvebi 47
icis, rodesac marqsistuli partiebi warmatebas aRwevdnen soflis

Temebs Soris, magram saqarTvelos SemTxveva erT-erTi pirveli iyo da
aman erTi mxriv gakvirveba gamoiwvia rus da qarTvel marqsistebs Soris,
romlebic jer kidev ebrZodnen xalxosnur eresebs, xolo, meore mxriv,
es maTTvis seriozuli gamowvevac iyo. qarTveli social-demokratebi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini ufro did, sruliad ruseTis organizacias
ekuTvnodnen da sajarod acxadebdnen internacionaluri ideologiis
erTgulebas, qarTvelebs Cagruli fenebis problemebis mogvarebas mainc
erovnul safuZvelze sTavazobdnen. qarTvel social-demokratebs po-
lemika hqondaT rogorc adgilobriv nacionalistur ZalebTan, aseve
1860-1870 wlebSi moRvawe qarTvel winamorbedebTan. amave dros isini ver
eleodnen qarTuli inteligenciis Zireul Rirebulebebsac.
1860-iani wlebis qarTuli inteligencia, italiis, irlandiis da bal-
kaneTis erovnul-gamaTavisuflebebeli moZraobebis gavleniT, Tavisi
rusi Tanamoazreebis msgavsad, realizmis ideebiT iyo gatacebuli xelov-
nebasa da literaturaSi; aRfrTovanebuli iyo xalxis uflebebis dacvis
ideiT da revoluciis SesaZleblobebiT, magram rusi studentebisgan
gansxvavebiT mas aseve itacebda erovnuli TviTSegnebis, kulturuli ga-
darCenisa da TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxebi. qarTvel inteleqtualur wi-
namZRolTa _`TergdaleulTa~_ umravlesoba, visac ganaTleba ruseTSi
an ucxoeTSi hqonda miRebuli, e. w. raznoCincebi anu profesionalebis
sul ufro mzardi klasis, wvrili Tavadaznaurobis an samRvdeloebis
warmomadgenelTa Svilebi iyvnen.1 saxlSi maT mudmivad esmodaT roman-
tikuli legendebi saqarTvelos warsul didebaze da amasTanave, rusi
Cinovnikebis mier qarTvelebis Cagvrisa da Seuracxyofis ambebi. maTi
pirveli sulieri sakvebi iyo qarTuli klasikuri literatura _ SoTa
rusaTvelis „vefxistyaosani` _ romantikuli zRapari siyvarulis, me-
gobrobisa da Tavganwirvis Sesaxeb.2 inteligencia kiTxulobda devnili
qarTveli mefeebis _ Teimuraz I-isa da arCil mefis poezias da nikoloz
baraTaSvilis (1817-1845) SesaniSnav leqsebs. am literaturulma nawar-
moebebma gaaZliera saqarTvelos, rogorc tanjuli msxverplis saxe.3
ufro ganaTlebuli fenebi kiTxulobdnen volteris, haines, monteskiesa
da rileevis qarTul Targmanebs, rac qarTul sazogadoebas 1832 wlis
meamboxeebma da peterburgisa da moskovis qarTulma saTvistomoebma
gaacnes.4 Tergdaleulebs qarTveli social-demokratebisTvis udide-
si mniSvneloba hqonda. swored maTi meSveobiT eziarnen saqarTvelo-
Si Tanasworobis, pirovnuli uflebebisa da erovnuli Tavisuflebis

ideebs, xolo Tavad social-demokratebma maTgan politikuri cvlile-
bebisadmi pragmatuli midgoma miiRes memkvidreobiT. Tergdaleulebma
daaarses saqarTveloSi pirveli popularuli gazeTebi, bankebi, skole-
bi da saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebebi, daafinanses samewarmeo proeqtebi
da adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis organoebSic monawileobdnen. mokled,
rogorc arCil jorjaZe aRniSnavda, Tergdaleulebma „daiwyes saxelmwi-
fos mSenebloba evropul principebze dayrdnobiT~.5
asparezze 1870-1880 wlebSi gamosuli momavali qarTveli social-de-
mokratebi, `SeiZleba iTqvas, Tergda leulTa~ ideebsa da saqmeebs eTayva-
nebodnen. zogma damwyebma social-demokratma, magaliTad, isidore
ramiSvilma, pirveli saxelmwifo dumis deputatma, uSualod isargebla
dasaqmebis SesaZleblobiT `TergdaleulTa~ mier dafuZnebul skolebsa
da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebSi.6 SemdgomSi noe Jordania ixsenebda,
rom igi zepirad swavlobda ara mxolod rusTavelis striqonebs, aramed
akaki wereTlis leqsebsac, romelic xotbas asxamda saqarTvelos daus-
rulebel brZolas dampyroblebis winaaRmdeg.7 gimanaziaSi (saSualo
skolaSi) irakli wereTeli swavlobda àmiran-darejanians~ (meTormete
saukunis qarTuli eposi, romelic ukavSirdeba berZnul miTs promeTe-
osis Sesaxeb) da aseve saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dasaca-
vad mimarTul ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebebs.8 stalinmac ki, romelmac
SemdegSi uaryo qarTuli Zirebi, Tavisi sazogadoebrivi cxovreba saqar-
Tvelosadmi miZRvnili saxotbo leqsebiT daiwyo.9 stalinis adreuli
fsevdonimi, saxeli koba aRebuli iyo mecxramete saukunis Suaxanebis po-
pularuli romanidan, romelic aRwerda Tavisufali mTielebis (moxeve-
ebis) brZolas usamarTlobisa da korumpirebuli xelisuflebis winaaRm-
deg.10 iseve, rogorc rusi bolSevikebis ideebi saTaves rusi socialisti
da inteleqtuali winamorbedebisgan iRebda, qarTvelebic ganicdidnen
TavianTi politikuri kulturisa da literaturuli tradiciebis Zli-
er zegavlenas. miuxedavad imisa, rom mogvianebiT qarTvelma social-
demokratebma yvelaferi iRones, raTa Tergdaleulebs gamijvnodnen,
isini mainc aRiarebdnen erTgvar valdebulebas maT winaSe. akaki Cxen-
kelma ganacxada, rom qarTuli social-demokratia samocianelebis saq-
mis Rirseuli gamgrZelebeli iyo da arasworia, Tu vifiqrebT, rom Terg-
daleulebs’mxolod erovnuli sakiTxi aRelvebdaT. marTalia, isini
erovnul tansacmels icvamdnen, magram es xels ar uSlida maT, politi-
kuri cnobiereba gaeRvivebinaT qarTvel erSio.11 yovelive zemoTqmuli

sulac ar niSnavs, rom ruseTSi gavrcelebul ideebs naklebi gavlena
hqonda qarTul social-demokratiaze. piriqiT, qarTveli studentebi
umal ewafebodnen `sovremennikis~ Tu òteCestvennie zapiskis~ uaxles
gamoSvebebs, iseve, rogorc adgilobriv presaSi gamoqveynebul dasav-
luri mwerlobis Targmanebs.12 da mainc, es ideebi qarTuli kulturuli
cnobierebisa da istoriuli gamocdilebis sacerSi ifiltreboda.
Tergdaleulebi: qarTveli eris pirveli `mSeneblebi ~
1832 wlis SeTqmulebam gamoavlina, rom qarTuli sazogadoebis

mci re ricxovan wreebSi kargad icnobdnen TviTga morkvevis, konsti-
tuciisa da respublikis koncefci ebs.13 am ideebma saqarTveloSi Se-
moaRwia dekabristebi sa da kavkasiaSi momsaxure rusi oficrebis, ase ve
gadmosaxlebuli polonelebis wyalobiT; am ukanasknelTagan xom bevri
qarTul skolebSi maswavleblobda. es ideebi saqarTveloSi modioda
qarTveli Tavad-aznauri axalgazrdobisganac, romlebic moskovisa da
peterburgis universitetebSi ewafebodnen evropul politikur mec-
nierebasa da Teoriebs.14 SeTqmulebis gamoaSkaravebam didi travma mi-
ayena qarTvelebs da TbilisSi mcxovrebi TiTqmis yoveli warCinebuli
ojaxi karga xniT SokSi Caagdo. qarTuli inteleqtualuri cxovreba
moiSala. sakmarisia gavixsenoT, rogor aRwers nikoloz baraTaSvili
1830-ian wlebis Tbiliss: es aris adgili `Woraobisa da avadmyofobis...
qalebi erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg mudmiv intrigebSi gaxlarTulni... Ra-
misTevebi... [ojaxebi] dros atareben erTmaneTis Tvalis dasavsebad~...15
s. o. qiSmiSevi imave Tbiliss aTiode wlis Semdeg axasiaTebs, rogorc ban-
qos TamaSis, qeifebis, muSti-krivis (rac im dros popularuli sportuli
garToba iyo) da niZlavebis qalaqs.16 Tumca aqa-iq ramdenime naTeli wer-
tilic kiafobda, magaliTad, aleqsandre WavWavaZis saloni winandalSi
da oficerTa klubi TbilisSi. magram axalgazrdebis umravlesoba, roca
ki amis SesaZlebloba miecemoda, cdilobda aqaurobisTvis Tavi daeR-
wia da peterburgSi wasuliyo. qarTveli mwerlebi, romlebsac ucxoeT-
Si cxovrebam grZnobebi gaumZafra, TavianT nawarmoebebSi yuradRebas
umetesad upasuxo siyvarulisa da pirovnuli tanjvis Temebs uTmobdnen.
zogierTma maTganma piradi zavi dado ruseTis xelisuflebasTan. Tava-
di grigol orbeliani (1804-1883) Tavis leqsSi `sadRegrZelo~ mimarTavs

mefe nikoloz I-s: `guli iverTa gvaqvs msxverplad mzada, Senda Sesafer-
Sesawiravad; taZari Seni hsdgas gulsa Cvensa, moved mSvidobis Cvenda
sakmevad...~17 qarTuli Tavadaznaurobis sxva warmomadgenlebi nakleb
enTuziazms iCendnen, magram mainc gaorebuli grZnoba hqondaT qveynis
damoukideblobisa da misi Tanmdevi pasuxismgeblobisa da safrTxee-
bis mimarT. mTavarmarTebel Tavad mixeil voroncovis 1840-iani wlebis
mmarTvelobis dros qarTulma inteligenciam sakuTari Tavis rwmena
daibruna. erT-erTi Tanamedrovis TqmiT, voroncovma qarTul suliere-
bas àziuri Jangi~ CamoaSora.
rodesac voroncovi pirvelad Camovida TbilisSi 1845 wels, rogorc
kavkasiis mefisnacvali, aq mxolod gimnazia, seminaria, keTilSobil qal-
Ta instituti, Svidi orwliani samazro da ramdenime saeklesio skola
muSaobda, sadac mTlianobaSi 3.000 mowafemde swavlobda.18 voroncovma
da misma memkvidreebma radikalurad Secvales es suraTi. 1870-ian wle-
bamde ruseTis administracia saqarTveloSi metad gonier saganmanaT-
leblo politikas awarmoebda. 1848 wels Seiqmna kavkasiis ganaTlebis
regionuli sistema. dafuZnda mTeli rigi axali skolebisa _ dawyebi-
Tidan pro-gimnaziamde.19 adgilobriv enebs ar aviwroebdnen. 1849 wlis
brZanebulebiT wliurad 160 stipendia gaicemoda kavkasieli studen-
tebis ruseTis universitetebSi gasagzavnad.20 1850-ian wlebSi daarsda
qarTuli Jurnalebi, sajaro biblioTeka, opera, da oficialurad Seiqmna
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi _ sasoflo sameurneo mewarmeobis kavka-
siuri sazogadoeba da kavkasiuri geografiuli sazogadoeba, 1860 wels
_ kavkasiuri arqeografiuli komisia, rasac mohyva qarTuli saeklesio
galobis aRorZinebis sazogadoeba.21 da mainc, qarTuli inteleqtualuri
sazogadoeba metad mcirericxovani iyo da regionebSi praqtikulad arc
arsebobda. mravali axladSeqmnili sazogadoeba zRudavda gawevriane-
bas, xolo qarTveli inteleqtualebi seriozul siZneleebs awydebod-
nen TavianTi Jurnal-gazeTebis gamocemisas garda amisa, xelmomwerTa
arasakmarisi raodenobis gamo redaqciebi xSirad ixureboda.22 aleqsan-
dre II-is saganmanaTleblo reformebisa da evropeli da rusi `Sestide-
siatnikebis~ ideebis gavleniT ruseTidan dabrunebuli axalgazrda
qarTvelebi jer kidev arasakmarisad informirebul qarTvel mkiTxv-
els sruliad axal politikur da kulturul koncefciebsa Tu xedvas
sTavazobdnen. 1890-iani wlebisTvis saqarTveloSi moqmedebda ociode
damoukidebeli sazogadoebrivi gaerTianeba da saqvelmoqmedo orga-

nizacia: pedagog qalTa urTierTdaxmarebis sazogadoeba, kavkasiis isto-
riuli da arqeologiuri sazogadoeba, Teatraluri sazogadoeba, daxr-
Cobisgan dacvis Tbilisis sazogadoeba.23 1850-iani wlebidan moyolebuli
sazogadoebaTa wevrebi agrovebdnen xalxur simRerebs (pirveli krebuli
gamoqveynda 1878 wels), awyobdnen eTnografiul da arqeologiur eqs-
pediciebs da aqveynebdnen xalxur zRaprebs. es yvelaferi saqarTveloSi
erovnuli da samoqalaqo cnobierebis amaRlebas uwyobda xels. Tergda-
leulebi anu isini, vinc ruseT-saqarTvelos istoriuli sazRvari gada-
kveTa da Tergis wyali `Sesves~, miemgzavrebodnen peterburgis, moskov-
is, kievis, da odesis universitetebSi da iq eziarebodnen herderis, j.
s. milis, aleqsandre gercenis da besarion belinskis ideebs, peterbugSi
CerniSevskis xSiri stumrebi iyvnen,24 qmnidnen qarTul studentur saT-
vistomoebs, amyarebdnen kavSirs polonelebis gaerTianebebTan, monaw-
ileobdnen studentur demonstraciebSi (kerZod, 1861 da 1869 wlebSi)
da zogjer kronStadtis simagris saknebSic isxdnen revolucionerebTan
erTad.25 niko nikolaZem, erT-erTma cnobnilma Tergdaleulma, 1861 wels
cixeSi gatarebuli dro aRwera, rogorc Tavisi `cxovrebis ubedniere-
si dReebi.~26 sxvebs naklebad gauRima bedma, maT saswavleblebidan ric-
xavdnen da Sin uSvebdnen, zogierTi maTgani ki bedis saZieblad ucxoeTSi
miemgzavreboda.
Tergdaleulebma, rogorc imperiis sxva regionebidan Camosulma
maTma Tanatolebma, gardaqmnes TavianTi samSoblos politikuri da
kulturuli cxovreba da sergei mesxis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Searyies
qarTveli inteleqtualebis `gaqvavebuli da obgadakruli arseboba~.27
Tergdaleulebma Seuties TavianT qarTvel `mamebs~ da `ciskars~ _ saqar-
Tvelos pirvel seriozul literaturul Jurnals _ misi sazogadoe-
brivi pasiurobis gamo. belinskis msgavsad isini literaturaSi ufro
met `realizmsa~ da socialur kritikas iTxovdnen, mouwodebdnen de-
mokratiuli reformebis gatarebisa da xalxis suverenuli uflebebis
dacvisken.
`ciskris~ winaaRmdeg galaSqrebas Tergdaleulebi ganixilavdnen,
rogorc TaobaTa brZolas, magram es gacilebiT meti iyo _ `ciskris~ wi-
naaRmdeg gamosvla iseT inteleqtualur moZraobas asaxvda, romelsac
carizmi mxolod Zalis gamoyenebiT Tu moereoda. „ciskari` zogjer kri-
tikulic iyo, mis furclebze ibeWdeboda statiebi garibaldize, safran-
geTis respublikaze, qarTuli enis uflebebis dacvaze, magram amave dros

igi gamoxatavda qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis msoflmxedvelobas. Terg-
daleulebma axali qarTuli TviTSegnebis ZiebaSi Tavdayira daayenes
aristokratiuli patriotizmis Zveli samyaro, raki Semoitanes nacio-
nalizmis, Tanaswori uflebebis, realizmisa da mecnieruli progresis
axali cnebebi. axali realistebi _ ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, niko
nikolaZe, giorgi wereTeli, sergei mesxi, anton furcelaZe, iakob goge-
baSvili da lavrenti ardaziani _ Tavis nawerebSi imisken miiswrafod-
nen, rac jer kidev mTavarmarTebelma voroncovma wamoiwyo _ es iyo
ganaTlebuli da gaevropelebuli qarTuli elitis Seqmna. magram imis ma-
givrad, rom italiuri operis Tayvanismcemlebi gamxdariyvnen, axlad ga-
naTlebamiRebuli qarTvelebi TavisuflebisTvis brZolis suliskveTe-
biT enTebodnen da evropuli erebis damoukideblobisTvis brZolas
TanaugrZnobdnen. axalgazrda qarTvelebi, romlebsac didi sargebloba
moutana skolebis qselis gavrcelebam (maT Soris 1848-1865 wlebSi sami
saswavlebeli axalgazrda mandilosnebisTvis gaixsna), kiTxulobdnen Ta-
namedrove evropuli romanebisa da sxva nawarmoebebis Targmanebs.28 isini
aRfrTovanebulni iyvnen anton furcelaZis emansipirebuli gmiri vaJe-
biTa da qalebiT, romlebsac klasobrivi zRudeebi gadaelaxaT siyvaru-
lis ZaliT, ibrZodnen garibaldis jariskacTa rigebSi TavisuflebisT-
vis da iRupebodnen parizis barikadebze. samagierod, sZuldaT lavrenti
ardazianis gmiri _ solomon isakiC mejRanuaSvili, saqarTvelos keTil-
Sobili sazogadoebis degradaciisa da mdidrebis axali klasis aRzevebis
satiruli, magram tragikuli gansaxiereba.
cenzura saqarTveloSi, romelsac kavkasiis cenzuris komiteti
axor cielebda, niko RoRoberiZis (mecxramete saukunis bolo periodis
aqtiuri sazogado moRvawis) sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `jojoxeTuri~ iyo
peterburgis cenzurasTan SedarebiT.29 miuxedavad amisa, 1870-iani da
1880-iani wlebis gazeTebis Seswavlam gvaCvena, rom cenzuragavlili
masalis gasaocrad didi raodenoba mainc ibeWdeboda. rusul enaze
dawerili werilis akrZalvis albaToba meti iyo, rom, vidre qarTuli
an somxuri masalisa, xolo revoluciis Sesaxeb Rirebuli informaciis
miwodeba mkiTxvelisTvis yovelTvis SeiZleboda saberZneTis, romis an
amerikis magaliTebiT.30 qarTvel axalgazrdebs kargad esmodaT nawar-
moebSi farulad Cadebuli patriotuli mowodebebi. magaliTad, wereT-
lis `navSi~, romelic aRwerda mcire erebis Cagvras didi mezoblebis
mier, an `sala murSi~ – es xom salamurisa qeba iyo, salamuris, rogorc

qveynis dakarguli warsulis simbolosi.31 qarTvelebs yovelgvari Sez-
Rudvis gareSe SeeZloT literaturul saRamoebze daswreba da uaxle -
si patriotuli leqsebis mosmena.
ilia WavWavaZe
ilia WavWavaZe TergdaleulTa Soris yvelze gamorCeuli figura iyo.

mas SemdgomSi `qarTveli eris mama~ uwodes da wmindanad Seracxes 1987
wels. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi mtkiced da Seuvalad ewinaaRmdegeboda
social-demokratebs _ 1898 wels mas xangrZlivi polemika hqonda noe
JordaniasTan _ igi dominirebda saqarTvelos kulturul cxovrebaSi
1860-iani wlebidan vidre tragikul aRsasrulamde 1907 wels. imdroin-
deli sazogadoebrivi azri swored qarTvel social-demokratebs miaw-
erda mis mkvlelobas.32 ilia aqtiuri social-reformatori iyo da dauRa-
lavad aswavlida axlagazrdobas Tanamedrove koncefciebs erovnulobis
Sesaxeb. misi Tanamedrove aleqsandre xaxanovi (xaxanaSvili) werda, rom
ilia WavWavaZes `xelSi eWira saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi da litera-
turuli cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela Zafi. ormoc welze meti xnis ganmav-
lobaSi Tavadi WavWavaZe aZlevda tonsa da mimarTulebas ... yvela ... dine-
bas da gamovlinebas rac am [Zafebs] ukavSirdeboda.~33
ilia WavWavaZe saqarTvelos politikur scenaze 1861 wels gamoCnda.
man mwvaved gaakritika qarTveli inteleqturi elita arqauli litera-
turuli enis gamoyenebis gamo. mogvianebiT arCil jorjaZem es statia
`yumbaris afeTqebas Seadara, ramac dafanta xalxi da Semdgom or jgu-
fad dahyo _ erTi amfeTqebels miemxro, xolo meore mis sawinaaRmdegod
ganewyo....~.34 Tavad revaz erisTavis Targmanze dawerili statia (saubaria
rusi poetis, ivan kozlovis (1779-1840) nawarmoebze), sadac ilia WavWavaZe
mouwodebda salaparako enisa da ufro meti realizmis damkvidrebisken,
sinamdvileSi Tavdasxma iyo mTel qarTul socialur struqturaze, sa-
dac aristokratia gabatonebuliyo da mowyvetoda ubralo xalxsuamra-
vi privilegiisa da enis gamoisobiT. ilia WavWavaZis werili ufro saxel-
mwifoebriobis koncefcias warmoadgenda, romelic xalxis uflebebze da
kulturis misawvdomobaze unda dafuZnebuliyo.35 miuxedavad imisa, rom
axalgazrda WavWavaZis misamarTiT mware ukubraldebebi ismoda da `ma-
mebi~ mas xan don kixotsa da xanac moxetiale Txas adarebdnen, is Tavisas
agrZelebda da moTxrobaSi `kacia-adamiani?!~ daundoblad akritikebda
batonymobas.36 saqarTveloSi am moTxrobis zegavlena, SeiZleba gogo-
lis mier `mkvdari sulebiT~ miyenebul dartymas SevadaroT ruseTSi.
maTi susxiani iumori Zalian waagavda erTmaneTs.37 ilia WavWavaZis mniS-
vnelovanma nawarmoebebma, magaliTad, `mgzavris werilebma~, romelic
qarTuli erovnuli identobis aRmoCenis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs, da òTa-
raanT qvrivma~, soflis macxovreblis stoicizmisa da amtanobis Sesaxeb,
gaacocxla qarTuli erovnuli saxe maTSi cxovrebiT naboZebi siamayisa
da Zlieri moralis mqone qarTvelebisa, rac namdvilad akldaT Crdi-
loeli mezoblebs. ilia WavWavaZe erovnuli brZolebis matianes qmnida
da Tan yuradRebiT adevnebda Tvals irlandiisa da italiis gamaTavisuf-
lebel moZraobas Tu balkaneTis naxevarkunZulze mimdinare procesebs.
misi pirveli gazeTis `saqarTvelos moambis~ saSualebiT, romelmac sul
erTi weli iarseba sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeris uqonlobis gamo, qar-
Tvelebma viqtor hiugosa da pier-jozef prudonis Teoriebi gaicnes
da frangi ekonomistis klod-frederik bastias interpretaciiT, Tavi-
sufali vaWrobis koncefcia gaiazres. gazeTi ganmartavda respubli-
kis, demokratiisa da moqalaqeobis mniSvnelobas da statiebs uZRvnida
varSavis 1863 wlis revolucias.38 mis furclebze gansakuTrebuli yurad-
Reba eqceoda herderis doqtrinas, romlis mixedviTac saerTo enisa da
swavla-ganaTlebis gareSe qarTveli eri ganwiruli iyo. ilia WavWavaZis
rolis gadaWarbebiT Sefaseba qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrce-
lebel sazogadoebaSi SeuZlebelia. sazogadoebas ruseTis caristuli
reJimi moTminebiT itanda. ilia WavWavaZe Tavmjdomareobda agreTve
Tbilisis saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo banks, romelsac `gruzinski
parlamentsac~ eZaxdnen.39 adreuli radikalizmis periodis Semdeg, ilia
WavWavaZe 1880-iani wlebisTvis konservatori liberali gaxda. 1901 wels
misma ìveriam~ ganacxada, rom `qarTveli xalxi aRiarebs ruseTTan srul
erTianobas da erTgulebas ucxadebs ruseTsa da imperiis mmarTvels.~40
ilia mxars uWerda saqarTvelos ufro didi kulturuli Tavisuflebis
ideas, icavda qarTul enis uflebebs, xels uwyobda qarTuli skolebis
gaxsnas, yovelnairad exmareboda qarTul eklesias, magram winaaRmdegi
iyo kapitalisturi urTierTobebisa, uars ambobda caristuli mmarTve-
lobis winaaRmdeg amboxebaze da gmobda klasobriv brZolas.41 1906 wels
is airCies sankt-peterburgis saTaTbiroSi, sadac sikvdiliT dasjis wi-
naaRmdeg ilaSqrebda. ilia WavWavaZe Zveleburad uqmnida problemebs ca-

ristul reJims, Tumca mis mosazrebebs yvela Tergdaleuli ar iziareb-
da. iseTma sakiTxebma, rogoric iyo kapitalisturi ganviTareba, kerZo
sakuTreba da axali tipis muSaTa klasis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba,
male gamoamJRavnes maT Soris arsebuli seriozuli uTanxmoebebi. ilia
WavWavaZes swamda klasTa Serigeba. mis statiaSi `cxovreba da kanoni~ Ta-
vadaznaurobisa da glexobis urTierTobebis idiliuri suraTi airekla.
is amtkicebda, rom qarTuli sofeli saqarTvelos ayvavebis wyaro da
saqarTvelos socialur fenebs Soris `Catexili xidis~ aRdgenisTvis
saWiro katalizatoria.42 man dagmo industrializacia, mouwodebda Ta-
vadaznaurobasa da glexobas erTianobisken (xmali da Toxi) da bolomde
icavda mosazrebas religiuri rwmenis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb erovnulo-
bis CamoyalibebaSi da mis SenarCunebaSi. 1870-iani wlebidan moyolebuli
ilia WavWavaZe mimarTavda Tavadaznaurobas, rom mas Tavis xelSi sabanko
sistemis marTva, Caetarebina adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis reformebi da
SemoeRo `zemstvo~ da nafic msajulTa instituti.
meore dasi
TiTqmis yvela samecniero-istoriul naSromSi, sadac Tergdale-

ulebis moRvaweobaa ganxiluli, isini or jgufad arian dayofilni: pir-
veli dasi, romelsac ilia WavWavaZe warmoadgens da romlis interesebs
gazeTebi `saqarTvelos moambe~ (1863) da ìveria~ icavda (1877–1885,
1886–1906) da meore dasi, romelic ufro demokratiul-progresu-
lad iTvleboda da aerTianebda niko nikolaZes, giorgi wereTelsa da
sergi mesxs. maT interesebs gazeTebi `krebuli~ (1871–1873), `droeba~
(1866–1885) da `kvali~ (1893– 1904) gamoxatavda. TergdaleulTa amgvari
tradiciuli dajgufeba giorgi wereTlis mier SemuSavebuli modelidan
momdinareobs.43 magram es mosazreba umalve gaaprotestes wereTlis Ta-
namedroveebma.44 Sedegad, wereTliseulma klasificirebam ramdenjerme
ganicada transformacia. miuxedavad imisa, rom am or jgufs Soris mka-
fio gansxvavebis danaxva Zneli iyo, radgan imdenive gansxvaveba arsebob-
da, ramdenic msgavseba, maT mainc mijnavdnen erTmaneTisgan.45 wereTlis
tipologiis sisustis miuxedavad, Tergdaleulebs Soris mainc SeimCne-
oda `gzebis gayra~. niko nikolaZe da giorgi wereTeli sxvebTan erTad
caristuli reJimis ufro mkacri kritikosebi iyvnen. isini ar eTanxme-

bodnen imas, rom ilia WavWavaZes socialurad Segnebuli aristokratiis
imedi hqonda da moiTxovdnen axali institutebis, magaliTad ìndus-
triuli bankebis~ daarsebas saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo bankis
nacvlad.46
wereTeli da nikolaZe mniSvnelovani pirebi iyvnen 1880-1890 wlebSi _
WavWavaZis reformizmidan social-demokratebis revoluciur social-
izmamde gardamaval periodSi. ilia WavWavaZis msgavsad, arc wereTlisa
da nikolaZis klasificireba SeiZleba iolad. isini sakmaod xSirad icv-
lidnen azrebs. magram maTi gavlena qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZ-
raobis ganviTarebaze uaRresad mniSvnelovani iyo. ar aris gamoricxuli,
rom qarTveli social-demokratebi am ori didi pirovnebis wvrilbur-
Juaziul midrekilebebs garkveulad eWvis TvaliT uyurubednen, magram
maT socialistur ideebs mainc aRiarebdnen.47
Tavidan niko nikolaZe xalxosani iyo. 1861 wlis studentur gamos-
vlebSi monawileobis gamo is sankt-peterburgis iuridiuli fakul-
tetidan garicxes. amis Semdeg nikolaZe aleqsandre gercenTan Tana-
mSromlobda `kolokolis~ redaqciaSi,48 saqarTveloSi socializmis
ideis propagandas komunis meSveobiT eweoda, Tumca ver vityviT, rom es
ukanaskneli aq Zlieri iyo. nikolaZe, gercenis mier vefxvad wodebuli,
romelsac `ZarRvebSi sisxlis nacvlad rZe uCqefda,~ saerTaSoriso re-
voluciur sazogadoebas SeuerTda. CerniSevskis erTguli mimdevari
da TanaSemwe (1868 wels Sromebis krebulis redaqtirebaSi exmareboda)
kargad icnobda leon gambetas, karl marqss da mogvianebiT leon blums
dauaxlovda. nikolaZes marqsma mSromelTa internacionalur Sekre-
baze monawileobis misaRebad kavkasiuri delegaciis Sekreba SesTavaza.
nikolaZem winadadeba ar miiRo, radgan darwmunebuli iyo, rom cvli-
leba soflis gziT movidoda.49 TergdaleulTa Soris bunebiT yvelaze
metad kosmopolitma, ciurixis universitetSi sadoqtoro diserta-
cia daicva ganiaraRebis Temaze da parizSi 1873 wels sakuTari gazeTi
`droSa~ daaarsa.50 umetesad is werda Tbilisis rusulenovani gazeTebi-
sTvis _ òbzorisTvis~ (1878-1883), `novoe obozreniesTvis~ (1884–1906),
romelsac redaqtorobda 1887 wlidan 1891 wlamde, da bolos, kavkasiis
mefisnacvlis kancelariis gazeT `kavkazisiTvisac~ (1846–1918). nikolaZe
saqarTvelos gadarCenisTvis umTavres rols ekonomikur ganviaTarebasa
da vaWrobas aniWebda da ara qarTul enas.51 nikolaZe TviTmmarTvelo-
bis ideas ufro uWerda mxars, vidre damoukideblobas da xazs usvamda

ruseTis `progresul~ inteligenciasTan realurad muSaobisa da Tana-
mSromlobis mniSvnelobas. 1881-1882 wlebSi caristuli xelisuflebis
warmomadgenelebma niko nikolaZe narodnikul organizaciasTan, `no-
rodnaia voliasTan~ molaparakebebSi monawileobis misaRebad miiwvies.
molaparakebebi miznad isaxavda terorizmis safrTxis Semcirebas. 1890-
iani wlebisTvis mas arCevani gakeTebuli hqonda evoluciuri da mSvido-
biani gziT socializmis damkvidrebis sasargeblod. es kooperativebisa
da sakredito sazogadoebebis CamoyalibebiTa da xelSewyobiT da axali
teqnologiebis Semotanis gziT unda momxdariyo. man sabolood uari
Tqva klasobrivi brZolis ideaze da ufro metad nacionalisti gaxda,
dagmo somexTa batonoba Tbilisis politikur cxovrebaSi.52 1894 wlidan
1913 wlamde niko nikolaZe foTis meri iyo, mogvianebiT ki liberaluri
erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevri gaxda.53
giorgi wereTeli sankt-peterburgis sabunebismetyvelo fakul-
tetze swavlobda. 1861 wels studentur gamosvlebSi monawileobisTvis
dapatimrebul iqna. 1873-dan 1877 wlamde dasavleT evropaSi swavlobda.
saqarTveloSi daaarsa da redaqtorobda iseT radikalur gazeTebs, ro-
goric iyo `droeba~, `sasoflo gazeTi~, `krebuli~ da `kvali~. g. m. Tu-
manovis sityvebi rom gavimeoroT, ìs saqarTvelos pirveli profesion-
ali Jurnalisti iyo~.54 giorgi wereTels gansakuTrebuli urTierTobebi
akavSirebda qarTvel social-demokratebTan. is irakli wereTlis_ so-
cial-demokratebis amomavali varskvlavisa da ruseTis 1917 wlis rev-
oluciis erT-erTi lideris mama iyo. 1898 wels man gazeTi social-de-
mokratebs gadaabara. amis Semdeg irakli wereTeli `kvalis~ erT-erTi
redaqtori gaxda.
ilia WavWavaZisgan gansxvavebiT, giorgi wereTeli da niko nikolaZe amt-
kicebdnen, rom glexebs sakuTari miwebi mflobelobaSi unda gadascemodaT.
amas garda, wereTlis `kvali~ gansxvavebiT ìveriisgan~ mxars uWerda qarT-
vel-somexTa TanamSromlobas qalaqis adgilobriv arCevnebSi.55
mTlianobaSi, meore dasis wevrebs ufro qalaquri damokidebuleba
hqonda politikisadmi. maT glexobaze warmoebis ganviTarebis mosa-
lodneli zegavlena aSinebdaT da mouwodebdnen qarTvel `meSCanebs~
(sazogadoebis ufro dabali, Sua fenis wevrebi) da `raznoCincebs~ (ara-
aristokratuli warmoSobis inteligencia) xelSi aeRoT komerciuli
saqmianobis sadaveebi da wamyvani poziciebi daekavebinaT qalaqis politi-

kaSi. isini xedavdnen fabrika-qarxnebis axali tipis muSis mniSvnelobas da
xazs usvamdnen komerciuli bankebisa da sakredito institutebis gansa-
kuTrebul rols saqarTvelos ganviTarebaSi. 1879 wels giorgi wereTeli
`droebaSi~ werda `Cven unda davexmaroT mSromelebs... Cven unda vecadoT
da gavxdeT mwarmoeblebi, myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi~.56
Tergdaleulebi da qarTuli social-demokratiis

inteleqtualuri wyaroebi
miuxedavad gansxvavebuli aqcentebisa, yvela Tergdaleuli moiT-

xovda erovnul Tanxmobas da demokratizacias da xels uwyobda qarTu-
li enis gavrceleba-damkvidrebas. isini realurad muSaobdnen imisTvis,
rom qarTvel xalxSi samoqalaqo da erovnuli Segneba gaeRrmavebinaT.
yoveli maTgani mxars uWerda `zemstvos~ (Tumca `zemstvo~ saqarTvelo-
Si ar Semosula 1917 wlamde), reformebs sasamarTlo sistemaSi da glexe-
bisTvis `droebiTi valdebulebis~ normis moqmedebis dasrulebas.
da mainc, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tergdaleulebs mZime brZolis ga-
datana uxdebodaT adgilobriv xelisuflebasTan mraval sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT (1870-iani wlebis Semdeg), dawyebuli rusuli koloniza-
ciidan qarTuli enis Seviwroebamde, yvela maTgani mxars uWerda ruseT-
Tan mWidro kavSirs. ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omi maT mudam
Seaxsenebda, rogor iyo saqarTvelo imperiaze damokidebuli da ra sike-
Te moutana aman qveyanas. berlinis 1878 wlis zaviT xom tao-klarjeTis
uZvelesi miwebi isev SemouerTda saqarTvlos (baTumi da misi Semogareni)
da 170.000 muslimi Tanamemamule qarTul ojaxSi daabruna.57
gansxavebiT rusi `Sestidesiatnikebisgan~, Tergdaleulebi aqcents
akeTebdnen patriotizmze, erovnul identobaze da qarTul enaze. ilia
WavWavaZe ixsenebda, rom 1860-ian wlebSi, `visac ki raime niSan-wyali
hqonda RrmTis mier miniWebuli madlisa da kalami xelT epyra, TiTqmis
yvelani im gzas daadgnen, rom qarTvels gulSi Causaxon mamuli~.58 ilia
WavWavaZisTvis socialuri da erovnuli problemebi ganuyofeli iyo, mas
rusuli inteligencia mokavSired miaCnda. amave dros is amtkicebda, rom
saqarTvelos sxvagvari tkivili awuxebda... Tanamedrove cxovreba sru-

liad sxvagvar saubars moiTxovda da es dacemuli identobis aRdgoma
saqarTvelos fexze dayenebis saWiroeba iyo. meti araferi sWirdeboda
qarTvel bavSv~.59
erovnulobis gadarCenisa da kulturis aRorZinebisaTvis zrunva
TergdaleulTa filosofiis qvakuTxedi gaxldaT. es yvelgan igrZno-
boda da naTlad Canda _ federalizmis sakiTxebze diskusiebis dros,
maZinize da Risorgimento-ze saubrebisas da polonelebTan, berZnebTan Tu
irlandielebTan paralelebis gavlebis drosac.60 TergdaleulTa praq-
tikulma muSaobam, maTma uSualo monawileobam ganaTlebis, kulturisa
da ekonomikis ganviTarebis saqmeSi safuZveli Cauyara qarTvelTa Soris
politikur da ekonomikur erTianobas. niko nikolaZe xSirad akritikeb-
da inteligancias imis gamo, rom is mxolod àbstraqtul miznebsa da
principebze~ `maRalfardovani~ saubrebiT iyo dakavebuli. is amtkiceb-
da `dasabuTebuli da praqtikuli nabijebis~ gadadgmis aucileblobas.
amas garda, niko nikolaZe kavkasiis xalxebs Tavisufali federaciis
SemadgenlobaSi xedavda, romelsac erovnuli da proporciuli warmo-
madgenlobis sistemaze dafuZnebuli decentralizebuli adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTveloba eqneboda.61
bevri social-demokrati qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrce-
lebeli sazogadoebis mier daarsebul qarTul skolebSi swavlobda an
aswavlida. moswavleebi `dedaeniT~ swavlobdnen. bavSvebisTvis gankuT-
vnili pirveli sistemuri qarTuli enis gramatikis saxelmZRvanelo 1876
wels daibeWda. misi avtori erT-erTi Tergdaleuli, iakob gogebaSvili
gaxldaT. noe Jordania igonebs, rogor aswavlidnen bavSvobaSi am wigniT
ozurgeTSi, guriis patara provinciul skolaSi. xalxuri gadmocemebiT,
leqsebiTa da sagmiro ambebiT savse `dedaena~ qarTuli erovnuli iden-
tobis anbani gaxda.62 gogebaSvili niko nikolaZis CaTvliT yvela Tergda-
leulis azrs gamoxatavda, roca qarTul enaze ambobda, rom es Zvirfasi
Tasi iyo, romelSic xalxis sibrZnis, ocnebebisa da gulis mTeli simdid-
re inaxeboda...da romlis swavla bavSvs xalxis sulsa da gulTan, mis xan-
grZliv istoriasTan akavSirebda.63 erovnuli integraciisa da siaxleebis
danergvis xelSewyobis mizniT Tergdaleulebi ekonomikis ganviTarebi-
sTvis ibrZodnen, magaliTad, yvelafers akeTebdnen WiaTuris manganumis
sabadoebis sruli datvirTviT asamoqmedeblad, rkinigzis qselis gasa-
farToeblad da dauRalavad ilaSqrebdnen qarTuli politikuri da eko-
nomikuri leTargiis winaaRmdeg. sabolood bevri maTgani mewarme-saqmo-

sani gaxda. giorgi wereTeli dasavleT saqarTveloSi navTobis mopovebis
saqmeSi CaerTo da Tbiliss komerciul da savaWro centrad gadaqcevisken
mouwodebda. nikolaZe qarTuli qvanaxSiris propagandas eweoda safran-
geTSi vizitebis dros da navTobgadamamuSavebeli qarxnis mSeneblobas
afinansebda foTSi.
sxva TergdaleulebTan erTad, wereTeli da nikolaZe cdilobdnen
aeZulebinaT qarTveli muSebi, kapitalizmis SiSi moeSorebinaT da vaWre-
bi, komersantebi da mewarmeebi gamxdariyvnen. maT qarTuli ekonomikuri
fronti glexebTan, xelosnebTan da aristokratiasTan erTad esaxebodaT,
romelic Caanacvlebda somexTa monopolias.64 wereTeli da nikolaZe SeS-
foTebulebi iyvnen somxebTan da rusebTan SedarebiT qarTvelTa uaresi
akademiuri moswrebis gamo da kavkasiis swavla-ganaTlebis regionul sam-
saxurTan gamudmebuli brZola hqondaT rusifikaciis winaaRmdeg, rac
skolebSi 1870-iani wlebidan daiwyo.65 giorgi wereTelma didi energia
Sealia universitetis, minimum politeqnikuri saswavleblis daarsebas.
Tergdaleulebis mizani iyo CamoeyalibebinaT saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa
Tanamedrove, ganaTlebuli da naswavli fena, romelic SeZlebda saqarT-
velos politikurad da ekonomikurad marTvas. magram, ganicdidnen rusi
xalxosnebis ideebis gavlenas da hqondaT qarTveli glexobis imedi,
TergdaleulTa umravlesoba, amave dros, mtrulad iyo ganwyobili gan-
viTarebuli kapitalizmisadmi. Cveulebriv, qarTuli sofeli da soflad
mcxovrebi qarTvelebi erovnuli faseulebebis wyaro iyo. Tergdaleu-
lebs swamdaT, rom saqarTvelos SeeZlo Tavidan aecilebina is ubedure-
bebi, rac soflis meurneobis proletarizacias SeeZlo moetana, sasof-
lo sameurneo asociaciebiTa Tu muSaTa kooperativebis meSveobiT.
marqsizmi qarTvelebs odnavadac ar xiblavdaT. Tumca, 1890-iani wlebi-
sTvis socialisturi xasiaTis prognozebi sul ufro metad Seesabame-
boda sinamdviles, warmoeba gaizarda, Semovida axali teqnologiebi da
saqarTveloSi gaCnda gaRatakebuli `muSaTa klasi.~am viTarebaSi, zogi-
erTma Tergdaleulma socializmSi dainaxa qarTvelebis erTianobisken
mimavali gza, rac kulturis aRorZinebasa da TviTmmarTvelobas Seu-
Tavsdeboda. giorgi wereTeli werda marqsistuli moZraobis erT-erT
damaarsebels saqarTveloSi, egnate ninoSvils: `namdvili socializmi
ar niSnavs, rom Cven Cveni teritoriebi unda davTmoT, daviviwyoT isto-
ria... da gavxdeT rusebi... socialisturi doqtrinis principi is aris, rom
erTi xalxi meores ar Cagravs... xalxi orive xeliT unda CaeWidos Tavis
cxovrebas, istorias, qarTvelobas da amave dros, gaavrcelos social-
isturi ideebi, ise, rom wodeba da ekonomikuri uTanasworeba moispos...
Cven erovnuli socialistebi unda viyoT manam, sanam CvensaviT Cagruli
xalxebi ar ganTavisufldebian ufro Zlieri xalxebisgan~.66 wereTlis-
Tvis, romelic Tavis literaturul nawarmoebebSi sul ufro met yur-
adRebas acqevda qalaqur cxovrebas, vidre soflisas, socializmi eris
`koleqtiuri arsebobis~ sayrdens warmoadgenda da amasTan erTad `Ta-
vadaznaurobis, glexebis, saeklesio pirebis, vaWrebis, xelosnebis da
daqiravebuli muSaxelis gamaerTianebels.~67 1894 wels man axalgazrda
qarTvel marqsistebs mouwona, rom isini qarTvel erze fiqrobdnen, ro-
gorc erT mTelze, da ara, mis calkeul fenad Tu saqmianobis mixedviT
dayofil segmentebze. `qarTveli xalxi mxolod glexoba an aristokra-
tia ar aris, is koleqtiuri organizmia.~68 wereTelma uaryo istoriuli
materializmi, mas arc revoluciis swamda. igi warmoadgenda gardamaval
etaps qarTuli intelegenciis 1880-iani wlebis moZraobisa _ radikalu-
ri demokratiidan da populizmidan socializmis ùfro mecnieruli~
Teoriisken.
1890-iani wlebisTvis is ukve marqsistTa àxalgazrda Taobas~ icavda,
romelic `qarTvel xalxs momavlis axal gzas daanaxebda~. saxelic ki misca
maT _ mesame dasi _ da amiT isini progresuli radikalizmis modelSi Car-
To, rac pirveli da meore dasebidan iwyeboda da apogeas mesameSi aRwevda.
1898 wels gazeTis redaqciaSi social-demokratebis misvlis Semdeg
`kvali~ cvlilebebis maZiebeli axalgazrda qarTvelebisTvis misabaZi
magaliTi gaxda.
qarTuli social-demokratia TergdaleulTa ideebze aRmocenda.
masze Zlieri gavlena moaxdina TergdaleulTa gatacebam erovnuli er-
Tobis, ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da politikuri reformis sakiTxebiT.
1918-1921 wlebSi respublikis mTavrobis ZiriTadi gansaxorcielebe-
li principebi Tavisi arsiT Zalian gavda momavlis giorgi wereTliseul
xedvas; glexoba qonebis mesakuTre unda gamxdariyo, unda ganviTarebu-
liyo kerZo da saxelmwifo vaWroba, kooperativebi da saxelmwifos emar-
Ta didi kapitali. niko nikolaZis mier maqsimalizmis gverdze gadadeba
legaluri muSaobis sasargeblod da `demokratiul~ ruseTTan kulturu-
li da politikuri kavSirebis aucileblobis aqcentirebac gamoZaxils
povebda axalgazrda social-demokratebSi. magram axalgazrda qarTvel
revolucionrebs jer ver gadaewyvitaT ruseTis strategiis miReba da

aRiareba. im qarTveli studentebisTvis, romlebic 1870-1880-ian wleb-
Si odesasa da varSavaSi swavlobdnen an gadasaxlebaSi iyvnen parizSi an
JenevaSi, sakiTxi ase idga: unda gaerTianebuliyvnen Tu ara qarTvelebi
rusebis radikalur jgufebTan organizaciulad da rogori aqtiuro-
biT unda emuSavaT saqarTvelos problemebze.69 Jenevis 1874 wlis stu-
dentTa konferenciazec am sakiTxebze msjelobdnen. giorgi wereTlisa
da niko nikolaZis garda, konferencias ruseTis, daRestnis da somxeTis
warmomadgenlebic eswrebodnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelebs So-
ris bevri ewinaaRmdegeboda organizaciebis erovnuli niSniT Seqmnis
ideas da ruseTidan gamoyofas, gadawyda, rom kavkasielebs damoukide-
beli kavkasiuri federaciis Seqmnaze emuSavaT.70 konferenciaze damswre
qarTvelTa umravlesobas misaRebad miaCnda federalizmis garkveuli
forma, magram social-demokratebma sabolood uari Tqves am ideaze,
Tumca saqarTvelos kulturuli da regionuli avtonomiis moTxovnis
sakiTxi wamoayenes. araswori iqneba vifiqroT, rom rogorc marqsistebi,
isini damoukideblobis winaaRmdegni da antierovnulebi iyvnen, rogorc
bevri maTi politikuri oponenti miiCnevda. Tergdaleulebis msgavsad,
isini politikuri damoukideblobis winaaRmdegni iyvnen, magram aras-
dros uTqvamT uari saqarTvelos erTianobisTvis brZolasa da erovnul
ganviTarebaze. qarTvel social-demokratebs marqsis egalitarianizmi
da internacionalizmi ukeTes garantiad esaxebodaT saqarTvelos ganvi-
TarebisTvis, vidre politikuri damoukidebloba. giorgi wereTelic am
azrze dadga sicocxlis bolos. damoukidebloba safrTxes uqmnida pa-
tara da arcTu xelsayrel geografiul garemoSi mcxovrebi xalxis arse-
bobas. amas garda, kapitalizmis pirobebSi, saqarTvelo verasdros iqne-
boda Tavsufali, erovnuli Tavisufleba maSin iqneboda SesaZlebeli,
roca erovnul bazrebze saerTaSoriso kapitalis batonoba gauqmdebo-
da. qarTveli social-demokratebis inteleqturi ganviTareba mxolod
erovnul konteqstSi ar xdeboda. isini rusul da evropul revoluciur
moZraobaTa gavlenasac ganicdidnen. sen simonis, CerniSevskis, kauckisa
da plexanovis naazrevs iseve xarbad etanebodnen, rogorc WavWavaZis,
WonqaZis Tu furcelaZisas. Jurnalebs `sovremenniksa~ da `vperiods~ qa-
rTul Jurnal-gazeTebze metad kiTxulobdnen. axalgazrda qarTvelebi
enTuziazmiT ecnobodnen da iTvisebdnen ruseTis uaxlesi inteleqturi
mimarTulebebis naazrevs. Tavidan qarTvel social-demokratTa umrav-
lesoba lavrovisa da mixailovskis da `zemlia i volias~ da `narodnaia

volias~ aqtivistebis gavlenas ganicdida. xalxosnuri ideebi soflis
egalitarul komunebze saqarTveloSi arasdros sargeblobda warmate-
biT, radgan aq glexTa `мир~ (komuna) Zalian susti iyo. magram qarTveli
xalxosnebi, romelTagan zogierTi rusi `xalxosnebis~ gverdiT aRmoCnda
gansasjelis skamze 1873 wels, mogvianebiT 1877-1878 wlebSi, 90-iani
wlebis axalgazrda qarTvel revolucionerebs TavianT ideebs uzi-
arebdnen da sakuTar wignebsa da biblioTekebs saCuqrad swiravdnen. so-
from mgalobliSvili, romelic aqtiurad moRvaweobda qarTvel xalxo-
sanTa wreebSi, 1870-ian wlebSi ixsenebda:
1872 wlis tfilisSi aqa-iq ukve tardeboda Sekrebebi, sadac axal-

gazrda inteleqtualebi kiTxulobdnen aralegalur literaturas.
akrZaluli wignebis biblioTekebic iqmneboda, sadac `sovremeniki~
da `velikorusi~ inaxeboda.... Cven miznad TviT-ganviTareba gamo-
vacxadeT... mere xalxTan gavdiodiT da monarqiuli sistemis winaaR-
mdeg vesaubrebodiT... qarTveli studentebi dabrundnen ruseTidan
da.... axali ideebis gavrcelebas mihyves xeli... yvelas CerniSevskis,
dobrolubovis, mixailovskis, bakuninis, gercenisa da lavrovis saxe-
lebi ekera pirze. 71
sofrom mgalobliSvilma, niko lomourma da anton furcelaZem 70-

ian wlebSi saxeli gaiTqves moTxrobebiT, romlebSic soflis cxovrebas
aRwerdnen. amis gamo maT mogvianebiT `tetias motrfialenic~ Searqves..
anton furcelaZis àrsenas leqsi~, romelic gviambobs, rogor ibrZoda
axalgazrda qarTveli kaci glexebTan erTad tiraniis winaaRmdeg, erT-
erTi Tanamedrovis sityvebiT, iseTive popularuli iyo saqarTveloSi im
dros, rogorc SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~. 72
ivane jabadari, giorgi zdanoviC-maiaSvili da i. qiqoZe saTaveSi edgnen
seminarielTa, studentTa da soflis maswavlebelTa mcire xalxosnur
moZraobas.73 maTi ZalisxmeviT damyarda pirveli kontaqtebi qalaqel
xelosnebTan da SegirdebTan da daarsda stamba, sadac Sveicarieli so-
cialistebi politikur literaturas da masalebs gzavnidnen. maTive
iniciativiT, urTierTobebi damyarda aseve saqarTveloSi albaT pirvel
`muSaTa klasis~ organizaciasTan_qargalTa kavSirTan, romelsac miSa
CodriSvili xelmZRvanelobda. magram 1876 wels, ruseT-TurqeTis omis
dawyebamde (xalxosnebs glexTa sayovelTao ajanyebis imedi hqondaT)

da TavianTi pirveli konferenciis Semdeg xalxosnebs oxrana daatydaT
Tavs da 54 kaci daapatimres, ramac moZraoba mTlianad moSala.74 am damar-
cxebis Semdeg qarTvelma xalxosnebma legalur JurnalebSi ìmedSi~
(1881-1883), `Sromasa~ (1881-1883) (`Sroma~ pirveli gazeTi oyo, romelic
quTaisSi daibeWda) da `droebaSi~ daiwyes muSaoba socialisturi idee-
bis propagandisTvis.75 am Jurnal-gazeTebis furclebze (redaqciebSi
umetesad `mRvdlis Svilebi~ muSaobdnen) ìsmoda~ imdroindeli diskus-
iebi ekonomikuri Tu politikuri brZolis pirvelobaze da kapitalizmis
gardauvalobaze. magram rusuli narodnikuli Jurnalebisgan gansxvave-
biT, romlebic yuradRebas umTavresad komunaze amaxvilebdnen, qarTul
Jurnal-gazeTebSi erovnuli sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnil statiebsac beW-
davdnen. ìmedi~ skeptikurad iyo ganwyobili narodnikuli mantrisadmi
da amtkicebda, rom miwebis gadanawileba da maTi marTva panacea ar aris
da xalxis bednierebisTvis es ar kmarao. is eTanxmeboda mosazrebas, rom
sxva danarCeni ekonomikuri faqtorebic aseve mniSvnelovani iyo.76 roca
ilia WavWavaZis konservatorul populizms akritikebda, Jurnali werda:
`SeuZlebelia, rom `xmali da Toxi~ yvelgan da yovelTvis dasawyisi da sa-
Tave iyos ekonomikuri cxovrebisa. Cven ubralod vambobT, rom miwaze mo-
muSave kaci nel-nela kargavs Tavis adrindel mniSvnelobas... da Zalaune-
burad gzas uTmobs ekonomikis ganviTarebis sxva faqtorebs, magaliTad,
warmoebas da fabrika-qarxnebs~.77 1880-1890-iani wlebis qarTuli Jurnal-
gazeTebis umravlesobas kari Ria hqonda sxvadasxvagvari revoluciuri
TeoriebisTvis _ utopiuris, xalxosnuris, social-demokratiulisa da
anarqistulisTvisac. da rac mTavaria, nebismieri moZraobis Tu orga-
nizaciis warmomadgeneli iq beWdavda Tavis werils, sadac moaxerxebda.
magaliTad, noe Jordania Tavs uxerxulad ar grZnobda, roca `moambeSi’,
romelic `xalxosnur~ Jurnalad iTvleboda, Tavis pirvel marqsistul
kritikas aqveynebda qarTul sazogadoebaze. ilia WavWavaZem xom Tavisi
gazeTis, ìveriis~ redaqtorobac SesTavaza mas.78
pioner social-demokratebs, silibistro cincaZes, isidore ramiS-
vilsa da miSa CodriSvils axlo urTierTobebi hqondaT xalxosnebTan,
romlebsac Tbiliseli seminarieli gola CitaZe xelmZRvanelobda 1880-
ian wlebSi. gola CitaZem Tbilisel muSebTan daamyara kontaqtebi da lu-
dis saxlic gaxsna propagandis gasavrceleblad, Tumca es saxli maleve
daxura qalaqis xelisuflebam. xalxosnuri jgufebic male daiSala 1884
wels masobrivi dapatimrebebis Semdeg, xolo CitaZisa da CodriSvilis

ruseTSi gamgzavrebis Semdeg `qargalTa kavSirmac~ Sewyvita arseboba.
aTi wlis Semdeg orive, noe Jordania da momavali bolSeviki mixa cxakaia
ilia WavWavaZis ìveriisTvis~ werdnen (cxakaia redaqtori iyo). maTi Ta-
namedrove vaso cabaZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `qarTveli socialiste-
bisTvis `lasalis namuSevari iqneboda, mixailovskis, lavrovis Tu mar-
qsis, erTi da igive iyo.~79 filipe maxaraZe ase ixsenebda Tavis adreul
revoluciur dReebs: ìnteligenciis socialistur wreebSi, sadac m.
cxakaiasTan da silibistro cincaZesTan erTad movxvdi... araferi vi-
codiT marqsistul Teoriaze. SeiZleba gvqonda kidec marqsis `kapita-
li~ saidumlo biblioTekaSi... magram arc erTma Cvenganma ar icoda am
Sromis Sesaxeb da arc gvainteresebda... Cven Tavs revolucionerebad da
socialistebad miviCnevdiT; Cvens amocanad saxelmwifos dangreva da
xalxis samsaxurSi yofna gvesaxeboda.~80
marqsis ideebis Sesaxeb qarTul presaSi pirvelad gaisma 1880-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi, roca frakSi gamowyobilma inteleqtualebma giorgi
zdanoviC-maiaSvilma, romanoz fancxavam da `narodnaia volias~ yofilma
wevrma vasil wereTelma statiebi gamoaqveynes presaSi.81 maT mier eko-
nomikuri determinizmisa da manufaqturuli warmoebis prioritetis-
Tvis mxardaWera aisaxa gazeT `TeatrSi~ (1885-1890)82 da ìveriaSi~ gamo-
qveynebul werilebSi. werilebs erTnairad etyoboda adam smitisa da
marqsis gavlena. 1882 wels, ori wliT adre, vidre noe Jordania da filipe
maxaraZe Tbilisis seminariaSi Sevidodnen, maiaSvilma sensaciuri weri-
li dabeWda ìveriaSi~, saTauriT `werili socialist aqtivistebs~. es iyo
marqsis Teoriebis axsnis pirveli seriozuli cda, sadac ekonomikas so-
cialuri cvlilebisTvis aucilebeli gamwevi Zalis roli hqonda mikuT-
vnebuli.83 maiaSvilma, miuxedavad cenzuris komitetis mier akrZaluli
sityvebisa: `socializmi~, `komunizmi~, `Tanasworoba~ da `solodaroba,~
mainc moaxerxa marqsis ideebis gadmocema. is werda, rom 1860-iani wlebi-
dan dawyebuli radikaluri cvlilebebi ufro Rrma ekonomikuri cvli-
lebebis Sedegi iyo da ara TergdaleulTa propagandiso. `ruseTma Cvens
ekonomkur cxovrebaSi CvenTvis manamde ucnobi elementi Semoitana, ris
Sedegadac dramatulad Seicvala adamianebs Soris sawarmoo urTierTo-
bebi. xalxis ekonomikuri cxovrebis axleburad mowyobam isini aamoZrava,
Tavisi kvali daaCnia Cvens socialur moZraobas da Zala misca mas.~84 is
xazgasmiT aRniSnavda marqsistuli ideebis mniSvnelobas erovnuli moZ-
raobisTvis. es Tema mogvianebiT Jordaniam aitaca. maiaSvili werda, rom

nebismieri politikuri da erovnuli moZraoba ekonomikuri faqtorebis
pirdapiri Sedegi iyo da warmatebuli socialuri da saxelmwifoebrivi
cnobiereba evropul qveynebSi swored ekonomikuri ganvTarebis priori-
tetad dasaxvas mohyva Sedegad.85 is moixseniebs marqss, rogorc èrT-erT
udides da yvelaze Rrma moazrovnes, romelmac daamtkica politikuri
cxovrebis damokidebuleba ekonomikaze~.
1886 wels `Teatrma~ kargi recenzia dabeWda `kapitalis~ meore
tomze. pirveli tomi saqarTveloSi erTi wlis dagvianebiT gamosca za-
qaria WiWinaZem. 1889 wels vasil wereTeli werda: `dRes mTeli evropuli
civilizacia damokidebulia ubralo muSa xalxze. muSaTa klasi rom ar
aRmocenebuliyo, dRes ar iarsebebda civilizacia an warmoeba... masTan
SedarebiT ki glexi WiplariT aris miwasTan mibmuli... konservatoria...
misi Sroma axal cxovrebas aRmafrenas ar aZlevs.~86
kapitalizmisTvis, rogorc progresuli da gardauvali movlenis-
Tvis xotbis Sesxma xalxosnuri ideis damarcxebas niSnavda saqarTveloSi,
Tumca is arc yofila aq kargad Camoyalibebuli da Zlieri. magram marqsis
Teoriuli ideebis samoqmedo gegmad gardaqmna mxolod 1890-iani wlebi-
dan daiwyo, roca is social-demokratebis xelSi cnobili da popularu-
li ideologia gaxda. politikur scenaze gamosulma axalma marqsistebma
uceremoniod dagmes maiaSvili, 1880-iani wlebis da sxva pioneri marqsis-
tebi imisTvis, rom sworad ar hqondaT gaazrebuli marqsizmis arsi.
daskvna
axlgazrda qarTvelma marqsistebma erTnairad gaiTavises sruliad

sxvadasxva wyaroebidan aRmocenebuli revoluciuri ideebi. maTi msofl-
mxedveloba Camoyalibda ruseTis xalxosnuri Teoriebis, evropuli mar-
qsizmisa da erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideis gavleniT. bevri maTgani isev
rusul revoluciur moZraobasTan kavSirSi xedavda gzas saqarTvelos
kulturuli da politikuri avtonomiisken. magram socialisturi idee-
bi qarTuli kulturis filtrSi gadioda. wlebis win, 1865-Si, niko niko-
laZem `kolokolSi~ aRniSna, rom qarTuli inteligencia `nacionaliz-
mis suliT iyo gamsWvaluli~, xolo akaki Cxenkeli, social-demokratTa
erT-erTi lideri da amierkavkasiis respublikis momavali premier-minis-
tri, 1908 wels Tavis mkiTxvelebs axsenebda, rom ` qarTveli social-de-

mokratuli inteligenciis udidesi nawili ZiriTadad qarTuli erovnu-
li skolidan aris mosuli; es udavo faqtia, magram sruliad miviwyebuli,
amas didi mniSvneloba aqvs....Tu inteligenti kaci social-demokratia,
Cven gvgonia, rom is social-demokratad daibada, arada gvaviwydeba, rom
cota xnis win isic nacionalisti iyo.~87
`kvalisTvis~ iseve mniSvnelovani iyo erovnuli da kulturuli ga-
darCenis sakiTxebi, rogorc Tavad socializmi. axalgazrda karlo Cxei-
Zem da noe Jordaniam, marqsistuli wreebis Seqmnidan karga xnis Semdeg
daweres samSoblos siyvaruliTa da erovnuli siamayiT gamsWvaluli
werilebi. isini WeSmarit qarTvel eriskacebs xot-bas asxamdnen, ideo-
logiur mowinaaRmdegebsac ki.88 1900-1901 wlebSi axalgazrda irakli
wereTeli samSoblosTvis msxverplis gaRebis aucileblobaze sagmiro
leqsebs beWdavda `kvalSi~.89 roca meore msoflio omis Semdeg gavrcele-
buli socializmis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebze vfiqrobT, gasakvirad ar
gveCveneba, rom qarTuli social-demokratia Tavisi sakuTari inteli-
genciis pragmatul radikalizmsa da socialistur nacionalizms iseve
asaxavda, rogorc marqsistul universalizms.
68
T aavi
vi 3
mesam
mee d a s i
qarTuli social-demokratia im dros momwifda, roca evropel so-

cialistebs Soris cxare debatebi mimdinareobda nacionalizmis, so-
cializmis, revoluciisa da reformebis urTierTdamokidebulebis xa-
siaTze. qarTveli socialistebic imave problemebis winaSe aRmoCndnen,
ris mogvarebazec yvela imdroindeli socialisti fiqrobda. kerZod,
rogori forma unda hqonoda partiul organizacias, ra saxis urTier-
Toba hqonoda social-demokratiul moZraobas sazogadoebis arapro-
letarul fenasTan, rogori damokidebuleba aRiniSnebodapolitikur
da ekonomikur brZolas Soris da ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo maTTvis
legaluri saqmianoba. qarTuli social-demokratiisTvis erT-erTi um-
Tavresi problema, iseve rogorc Tavis droze TergdaleulebisTvis,
erovnuli sakiTxi iyo. qarTveli social-demokratebi yuradRebiT adev-
nebdnen Tvals avstriis social-demokratiuli partiis ganviTarebas,
romlis wevrebic nacionalizmisa da socializmis Serwymas cdilobdnen.
imperiebSi moqmedi socialisturi organizaciebis msgavsad, qarTulic
Tavidanve aRmoCnda erovnuli avtonomiisa da TviTgamorkvevis sak-
maod saCoTiro problemebis winaSe. evropis qveynebSi socialisturi
partiebis gaZlierebam da paralelurad, imperiis uRlis qveS mcxovrebi
xalxebis gamofxizlebam erovnuli sakiTxi im problemad aqcia, romlis
ignorirebac aRar SeiZleboda.
marqsizmisa da nacionalizmis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxis
irgvliv wamoWrili dapirispirebebi qarTveli marqsistebis adreuli
periodis debatebSic igrZoboda, magram 1890-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Zal-
ze saintereso Teoriuli sinTezi gamoikveTa. saqarTvelos koloniuri
mesame dasi 69
yofis gamocdileba, TergdaleulTa naazrevi da evropuli socializmis

ideebi erTmaneTs Seerwya, raTa socializmze dafuZnebuli erovnul-gan-
maTavisuflebeli moZraobis modeli Seqmniliyo. mas gramSis mimdevrebma
mogvianebiT ìstoriuli kompromisi~ uwodes.1
kolonializmma erovnul damoukideblobaze ocnebebs STabera suli,
Tergdaleulebma memkvidreobad pragmatizmi datoves, xolo evropulma
socializmma cxadi gaxada im masobrivi demokratiuli organizaciebis
mniSvneloba, romelTa kari yvela klasis Tu fenis warmomadgenlisTvis
erTnairad Ria iqneboda. qarTuli marqsizmi, romelic arc xalxosnuri
iyo da arc avtoritaruli, `mesame gzis~ propagandas eweoda jer kidev
am frazis gaCenamde. glexobisa da wvrili burJuaziis (meSCanebi) revo-
luciuri suliskveTebisa da maTi SesaZleblobebis aRiareba qarTuli
social-demokratiuli moZraobis erovnuli erTianobis strategiis
nawili gaxda, raSic muSaTa klasi wamyvan rols Seasrulebda. rus so-
cial-demokratebs arasdros esmodaT socializmisa da nacionaliz-
mis urTierTkavSiri an mcire da `CamorCenili~ xalxebis miswrafebebi.
gamonaklisi lenini da ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis
ararusi wevrebi iyvnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom menSevikebma mogvianebiT
bauerizmis forma airCies, ucxo mmarTvelobis xangrZlivi gamocdi-
lebis uqonlobis gamo, eTnikurad rusma social-demokratebma ver da-
inaxes, rom socializmis mier Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobaze aqcen-
tis gakeTeba avtonomiisa da erovnuli TviTmmarTvelobis legitimur
moTxovnas Seicavda.2 mesame dasisTvis ki, romlis wevrebic Tergdale-
ulTa ideebze iyvnen aRzrdilni da polonel da ukrainel socialis-
tebs Soris mimdinare debatebis gavlenas ganicdidnen, es cxadze ucxa-
desi iyo. dasavleT saqarTvelos qalaqebSi da provinciul tfilisSi am
dasma iseTi modeli SeimuSava, romelmac qarTuli social-demokratia
erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul socialistur moZraobad aqcia mTel im-
periaSi. mesame dasis mier 1890-iani wlebis dasawyisSi Camoyalibebuli
ideebi, miuxedavad Tanamdevi dausrulebeli kamaTisa, ganxeTqilebebisa
Tu miRweuli kompromisebisa, arsebiTad ucvleli darCa da maTze dayr-
dobiT social-demokratebis 1905-1917 wlebis politikuri taqtika iqna
SemuSavebuli. mogvianebiT ki, marTalia arasrulyofili formiT, is
mainc gatarda saqarTvelos 1918- 1921 wlebis pirvel social-demokra-
tiul saxelmwifoSi.
mesame dasi: saTaveebi
mesame dasi qarTul politikur scenaze 1894 wlis maisSi guriis pa-
tara sofel WanWeTidan SemoiWra. ozurgeTis ymawvilTa seminariaSi 1894
wels momxdari amboxebis moTave silibistro jiblaZem, romelsac sami
weli sadamsjelo batalionSi hqonda gatarebuli 1884 wels tfilisis
seminariis reqtoris cemisTvis, egnate ninoSvilis, mesame dasis erT-
erTi damfuZneblis saflavTan sityva warmoTqva. Wirisuflebis gasakvi-
rad, man ganacxada:
`Cveni axali batoni materializmia... is swrafad izrdeba Cvens

qveyanaSi... Cveni awindeli cxovreba warmoadgens ors axals, erTi
meoris mowinaaRmdege wodebas, anu klass. erTi mxriT _ fizikuri da
gonebrivi Sromis warmomadgenlebi, meore mxriT _ muqTaxora bur-
Jua-kapitalistebi. pirvelTa xvedria autaneli Sroma-garja. meo-
reTa ki _ dasakuTreba am Sromis nayofisa... am ukuRmarTobis dasa-
marcxeblad aris, erTis mecnieris sityviT rom vTqvaT, orsulad
axlandeli JamTa viTareba.~3
giorgi wereTelic iq imyofeboda. bevri maTgani, magaliTad, kar-

lo CxeiZe, isidore ramiSvili da mixa cxakaia, kavkasiisa da ruseTis
momavali revoluciuri moZraobis varskvlavi gaxda. egnate ninoSvi-
lis dakrZalvisTvis SeiZleboda saqarTveloSi pirveli marqsistuli
demonstracia gvewodebina. wereTelma saflavze warmoTqmuli Tavi-
si sityvidan nawyvetebi dabeWda `kvalSi~. aman saocari STabeWdileba
moaxdina axalgazrda mkiTxvelebze. giorgi wereTelma mTeli Tavisi
Jurnalisturi niWi Caaqsova, STambeWdavad rom gadmoeca tfilisidan
guriamde mgzavroba, aRewera samtrediis rkinigzis sadgurze Sekre-
bili mgloviare xalxi da gvirgvinebi. amas garda, man qarTul politi-
kaSi axali Taobis gamoCena auwya sazogadoebas: ` erTi ram SesaniSnavi
movlena aRmoCnda ninoSvilis dasaflavebaze. mis kubos gars Semokrben,
ase vTqvaT, mesame dasi axalgazrdobisa, ese igi sul ukanaskneli wlebis
Taoba, isini, romelnic gamosulan asparezze meoTxmoc-da-aTe wlebidan.
namdvili amaTi moTave, amaTi saxeli da amaTi imedi yofila ninoSvili....
[axalgazrdebi] uars hyofen Zvel Cven inteligentebs _ meTaurebs da
maTi moqmedeba ukve mavneblad miaCniaT Cveni sazogadoebis warmatebi-
mesame dasi 71
saTvis...~4 Semdeg wereTeli ase axasiaTebs axali Taobis warmomadgen-

lebs: ìsini soflis maswavleblebi, inteleqtualurad ganviTarebuli
seminarielebi da pedagogTa institutis kursdamTavrebulebi arian~,
romlebsac miznad dausaxavT `gaunaTlebeli xalxisTvis wera-kiTxvis
swavleba, maTTvis mecnierTa naTeli da dasabuTebuli Sexedulebebis
gacnoba da msoflioSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis kvaldakval siaru-
li.~5 isini qarTvelebs àxladaRmocenebul mimarTulebas~ daanaxeben.
daselebs, rogorc maT eZaxdnen, ar esiamovnaT wereTliseuli klasifi-
kacia. 1895 wlis Tebervlis `kvalSi~ dabeWdil werilSi silibistro ji-
blaZem aRiara, rom saflavze warmoTqmuli sityvebis gamoqveynebam `Cve-
ni inteligencia leTargiisgan gamoaRviZa~, magram mtkiced uaryo, rom
daselebs raime kavSiri hqondaT wina jgufebTan an, rogorc wereTelma
Tqva, mesame jgufi WeSmariti STamomavali iyo meore jgufisa.6 jiblaZe
daeTanxma im mosazrebas, rom SesaZloa maT TergdaleulebTan raRac
saerTo hqonodaT, magram misi azriT, Zirfesvianad `reaqcioner~ Terg-
daleulebsa da progresul daselebs Soris sabolood `samkvdro-sa-
sicocxlo brZola~ gaimarTeboda. Tumca am etapze daselebs Tavad ver
gaerkviaT, ras warmoadgenda maTi ìstoriuli funqcia.~ maT icodnen,
rom kapitalizmi progresuli ram iyo da, rom `dRevandeli cxovreba
Cven or mowinaaRmdege wodebas, klass gvTavazobs,~ magram warmodgena
ar hqondaT, vin iyo saqarTveloSi burJuazia da vin _ muSaTa klasi. imxa-
nad daselebi `CagrulebisTvis~ ibrZodnen mxolod, isini politikurad
Segnebuli muSaTa klasis winamZRolebi jer ar gamxdariyvnen.7 am jgu-
fis wevrTa umravlesobas is-is iyo daemTavrebina Tbilisis seminaria,
erTaderTi umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebuleba saqarTveloSi da
arc organizacia hqondaT da arc programa. rogorc filipe maxaraZem
aRniSna, isini ìnstiqtiT iyvnen revolucionerebi~, Tumca `naTeli gza~
ar gaaCndaT.8
seminaria
Tbilisis seminarias gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira qarTuli so-

cial-demokratiis ganviTarebaSi. man namdvilad dajabna leninis lon-
Jumosa da kapris marqsistuli skolebi, imdenad bevri revolucioneri
aCuqa qveyanas.9 ioseb juRaSvilic, mogvianebiT stalini rom uwodes, am
seminariis studenti iyo. stalini swavlis damTavrebamde aiZules semi-

naria daetovebina swavlis Tanxis gadauxdelobis gamo da Tanac is saeW-
vo wignebis kiTxvaSic iyo SemCneuli. mogvianebiT stalinma seminariaSi
gamefebul `Seuracxmyofel reJimsa~ da iqidan garicxvas daabrala misi
radikalad gadaqceva.10 filipe maxaraZe, qarTvel bolSevikTa momavali
lideri, werda: ` ucnauri faqtia, magram seminariam, romlis pirdapiri
mizani mRvdlebisa da ber-monazvnebis momzadeba iyo, sapirispiro Sede-
gebi mogvca; arcerT saero, arc sxva romelime saxis skolas ar moumza-
debia imdeni aTeisti, ramdenic Tbilisis seminariam moamzada.~11
qarTveli seminarielebi aRSfoTebas ver malavdnen im upativcemu-
lobis gamo, rasac rusi maswavlebelebi iCendnen qarTuli kulturisadmi.
seminaria imperiis saganmanaTleblo instituti iyo da studentTa am-
boxebebi ZiriTad qarTuli kulturis damcirebiT iyo gamowveuli da ara
maswavlebelTa Tavgamodebuli religiuri SegonebebiT, gakicxviT an maTi
metismeti simkacriT. saswavlebelSi Seqmnilma viTarebam iseve, rogorc
TiTqmis yvela sxva saimperio dawesebulebaSi gamefebulma mdgomareobam,
erovnuli ganTavisuflebisa da politikuri Tavisuflebis koncefciebi erT
brZolaSi gaaerTiana. seminaria rusuli neoklasikuri stilis nagebobaSi
sastumroebisa da qarvaslis gverdiT erevnis moedanze, golovinis pros-
peqtis samxreT boloSi iyo ganTavsebuli. moednis mopirdapire mxares
mavritanuli stilis Tbilisis qalaqis sabWo da misgan marjvniv kavkasiis
armiis regionuli Stab-bina mdebareobda. seminarias demonstraciebis,
saidumlo wreebis daarsebis, arawesieri saqcielis gamo studentTa ga-
ricxvebis xangrZlivi istoria hqonda.12 studentebi mas `rkinis tomaras~
eZaxdnen, radgan iq cxovrebas barakebSi arsebobas amsgavsebdnen.
seminariis saxelisgamtex moswavleebs Soris solomon dodaSvili
(1804–1836), 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis goni da dimitri yifiani(1814–1887),
Tbilisis Tavad-aznaurTa marSali da wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sa-
zogadoebis erT-erTi damaarsebeli iyvnen.13 lavrenti ardaziani, daniel
WonqaZe da iakob gogebaSvili yofili seminarielebi iyvnen iseve, rogorc
1870-iani da 1880-iani wlebis aqtivist xalxosanTa umravlesoba. 1890-iani
wlebisTvis seminarielisTvis de rigeur gaxda Savi niSnis, anu mglis bi-
leTis miReba seminariis damamTavrebel wels. aseTi bileTiT prestiJul
universitetSi swavlis gagrZeleba SeuZlebeli xdeboda. bevri momavali
daseli silibistro jiblaZe, isidore ramiSvili, mixa cxakaia da sxv. 1880-
ian wlebSi `mglis bileTiT~ gairicxnen. es gasakviri arc iyo, Tu gaviTva-
mesame dasi 73
liswinebT seminariaSi arsebul reJims. Tormeti savaldebulo saswavlo

sagnis sia sakmaod STambeWdavi iyo: religiis istoria, berZnuli, laTinu-
ri, Teologia, didaqtika da saRrmTo werili rusul enaze iswavleboda.
qarTuli kulturis Seswavlis SesaZlebloba studentebs naklebad hqon-
daT. isini mxolod saqarTvelos eklesiis istorias swavlobdnen. qarTu-
li enis kursi seminariaSi 1872 wels Sewyda.14
studentebi seminariaSi 14 wlis asakSi Sediodnen da 4 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi swavlobdnen. maTi umravlesoba saeklesio pirebis Svilebi iyvnen,
Tumca arc glexebis, kancelariis moxeleebisa da wvrili Tavad-aznau-
rebis Svilebi iyvnen umciresobaSi.15 rogorc wesi, SeZlebuli qarTuli
ojaxebi adgilobriv klasikur gimnaziaSi gzavnidnen TavianT Svilebs.
ioseb iremaSvili, romelic stalinTan erTad swavlobda seminariaSi,
werda, rom studenturi cxovreba, `mowyenili da monotonuri iyo.
dRiTa da RamiT barakebis kedlebSi viyaviT ga momwyvdeuli da

iseTi grZnoba gveufleboda, TiTqos patimrobis grZeli vada unda
mogvexadao... axalgazrduli mxiarulebis xma arsad ismoda, Sey ri-
lebi viyaviT patara oTaxebSi da viwro de refnebSi, sruliad mowy-
vetilebi gare sam yaros...skolis caristuli inspeqcia... SiSobda,
rom Tu Cvens mSobliur, klasikos mwerlebs wavikiTxavdiT, Tava debs,
ilia WavWavaZes, akaki wereTels, vaJa-fSavelas, aleqsandre yazbegs,
nikoloz baraTaSvils da sxvebs, Cven avenTebodiT Cveni qveynis Ta-
visuflebis da damoukideblobis surviliT~. 16
saswavlo dRe dilis 7 saaTze iwyeboda da Ramis 10-ze mTavrdebo-

da. mTeli dRe locvaSi, mecadineobaSi, gakveTilebis momzadebasa da
RvTismsaxurebaSi gadioda. seminariis 1889 wlis angariSSi naTqvamia, rom
saswavlebels ori inspeqtori mxolod da mxolod moswavleebze `mud-
mivi da Seunelebeli kontrolis~ ganxorcielebis mizniT hyavda daqi-
ravebuli da marTlac, isini moswavleebs Tvals ar aSorebdnen arc Tavi-
sufal dros da arc gakveTilebis momzadebisas.17 studentTa `zneobis~
SesanarCuneblad, seminariis xelmZRvanelobam kvira dReebic datvirTa
da maT sagaloblebis Sesruleba da rekomendebuli wignebis kiTxva daa-
vala. iremaSvili igonebs, rogor idga saaTobiT eklesiaSi erT adgilze,
qvis filaze da rogor gadahqonda tanis simZime erTi fexidan meoreze
mRvdlis gamWoli mzeris qveS.18 Tumca moswavleebs ufleba hqondaT sas-
wavleblidan gasuliyvnen ori saaTiT _ samidan xuTamde. magram, Cveu-

lebriv, avtoritaruli reJimis dros mkacri zomebis Tavidan acilebis
gzebic arsebobs. momavalma revolucionerebma seminariaSi Seiswavles
konspiraciuli xrikebi. studentTa biblioTekaSi specialurad mowyo-
bil samalavebSi sagaloblebisa da saRvTo literaturis gverdiT akrZa-
luli romanebi, Jurnalebi da sxvadasxva saidumlo masala inaxeboda.19
rogorc sofrom mgalobliSvili ixsenebs, seminarielebs ukve 1870-ian
wlebSi hqondaT Sekrebili akrZaluli Jurnalebis biblioTeka. isini
dobrolubovis, pisarevis, lasalis da prudonis Sromebsac saguldagu-
lod inaxavdnen, kiTxvis wreebi hqondaT daarsebuli, saRamoebsac awyob-
dnen da aralegalur `gazeTebsac~ gamoscemdnen.20 silibistro jibla-
Zem, isidore ramiSvilma da mixa cxakaiam saidumlo kiTxvis wre daarses.
1884 wels, roca filipe maxaraZe da noe Jordania seminariaSi Sevidnen,
iq ramdenime aseTi wre ukve muSaobda.21 rasac seminariis biblioTekaSi
ver moiZiebdnen, studentebi zaqaria WiWinaZesTan poulobdnen. zaqa-
ria WiWinaZe gamomcemeli iyo, sakuTari wignis maRazia hqonda da Tanac
socialistebsac TanaugrZnobda. is faqti, rom WiWinaZe Tavisi gamom-
cemlobis Senaxvas axerxebda, qarTveli qalaqeli axalgazrdobis ganaT-
lebis donis amaRlebaze mianiSnebda. qarTul enaze dabeWdili liter-
aturis cenzura SedarebiT susti iyo. zaqaria WiWinaZis wignis maRazia
da gamomcemloba, romelSic TergdaleulTa nawarmoebebis umravlesoba
daibeWda, iseve, rogorc `kvalisa ` da ìveriis~ redaqciebi, seminariel-
Ta Sekrebebis adgili iyo. 1890-ian wlebSi stalins ramdenjerme gafrT-
xileba misces da dasjis saxiT sakanSic gamoamwyvdies viqtor hiugos
`93~-isa da Sarl leturnos nawarmoebebis kiTxvisTvis.22
qarTveli axalgazrdebisTvis seminariaSi cxovreba mZime iyo. es met-
wilad gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom bevri maTgani mzrunvel da Tbil ojaxur
garemoSi izrdeboda. Tumca, zogs ukve eswavla dawyebiT saswavlebelSi
da gamowrTobilic iyo brZolisTvis. qarTuli xasiaTis faseulobebi,
simamace da gamZleoba, qarTvel axalgazrdebs Sesisxlxorcebuli rom
hqondaT qarTuli sagmiro literaturidan, seminariis istoriidan kargad
Canda. is daxunZluli iyo axalgazrdebsa da maT mkacr sulier zedamxedve-
lebs Soris momxdari Sexla-SemoxliT. 1873 wels kavkasiis mefisnacvalTan
Sexvedrisas, misdami gamoCenili upativcemulobis gamo, sami seminarieli
daapatimres, rasac xalxosnuri kiTxvis wris aRmoCenac mohyva. gairkva,
rom studentebi malulad kiTxulobdnen dobrolubovs da darvins. 1884
mesame dasi 75
wels silibistro jiblaZe garicxes ori mizeziT: reqtoris cemisTvis da

CerniSevskis `ra vakeToT~ SenaxvisTvis.23 1886 wels ki ioseb laRiaSvilma,
romelic aralegaluri `gazeTis~ gamo iyo garicxuli, xanjali Caartya
reqtors, dekanoz pavle Cudeckis.24 amis gamo seminariidan àrasaime-
doobis~ gamo 60 studenti garicxes da, rogorc amboben, saqarTvelos eg-
zarxosma, anaTemas gadasca qarTvelebi.25 1890 da 1893 wlebSi studentebma
gaficviT gaaprotestes uvargisi sakvebi da qarTuli sagnebis ignorireba
saswavlebelSi. amjerad 87 studenti gaaZeves saswavleblidan `mglis bi-
leTiT,~ maT Soris iyvnen momavali social-demokratebi, akaki Cxenkeli,
vladimer kecxoveli da severian juReli.
daselebis lideri, noe Jordania daibada 1869 wlis maisSi guriis
sofel lanCxuTSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi.26 Jordaniebis ojaxi lanC-
xuTSi sakmaod didi gavleniT sargeblobda.27 noes mama ganaTlebuli
kaci iyo da adgilobriv momrigebel sasamarTloSi advokatad muSaobda.
deda ubralo megreli qali hyavda. miuxedavad siRaribisa (puri da
xorcis kerZi TveSi erTxel hqondaT), noes bednieri bavSvoba hqonda
mosiyvarule da Tbili mSoblebis wyalobiT. ozurgeTis adgilobrivi
dawyebiTi seminariis damTavrebis Semdeg, romelic imdenad saSineli
dawesebuleba iyo, rom `yvelanair miswrafebas klavda moswavleebSi~,
mamamisma miwis patara nakveTi gayida, vaJiSvilisTvis 1890-1894 wlebSi
Tbilisis seminariaSi swavlis gagrZelebis saSualeba rom mieca.
28
seminaria Jordaniam 21 wlis asakSi daamTavra. dedamiss, rogorc
mogvianebiT stalinis dedas, undoda, rom noe mRvdeli gamxdariyo. 1884
wlis fotosuraTidan seminarielis formaSi gamowyobili kupriviT
SavTmiani, lamazi pirvelkurseli vaJi iyureba. saswavlebelSi saSualo
moswrebis studenti iyo. enas odnav ukidebda. es sicocxlis bolomde
gahyva. seminariaSi ori araoficialuri xelnaweri gazeTis gamoSvebaSi
monawileobda, rac, Cans, seminariis ufrosobas SeumCneveli darCa,
radgan sul maRali niSnebi hqonda yofaqcevaSi.29 Jordania wers, rom misi
da qarTvel bolSevikTa Soris yvelaze Sromismoyvare Teoretikosis,
filipe maxaraZis politikuri SuRli, rac maT urTierTobebs axasiaTebda,
jer kidev seminariaSi swavlis dros daiwyo. am ori pirovnebis bedisweris
gzebi araerTxel gadakveTila. orive guruli iyo. filipe sofel
SemoqmedSi daibada 1868 wels, orive ozurgeTis dawyebiT saswavlebelSi
swavlobda (maTze adre iq silibistro jiblaZe, isidore ramiSvili
da egnate ninoSvili swavlobdnen), orive erT daqiravebul binaSi
cxovrobda TbilisSi da poloneTSic erTi da imave umaRlesSi swavlob-

da. 1898 wlidan ki `kvalSi~ , ruseTis imperiis pirvel legalur social-
demokratiul gazeTSi muSaobdnen da orive maTganma mis pirvel nomerSi
dabeWda Tavisi werilebi. Jordanias saredaqcio sveti ekuTvnoda, xolo
filipe maxaraZis statia saqarTvelos ekonomikur mdgomarebas exeboda.30
maxaraZe, Jordanias msgavsad, wignebis moyvaruli iyo. is biblioTekaSi
ukeTesad grZnobda Tavs, vidre quCaSi. Tumca, rogorc Teoretikosi,
Jordaniaze naklebinovaciuri iyo. silibistro jiblaZem aseTi azric
gamoTqva, rom maxaraZisTvis ùkeTesi iqneboda, saxlSi damjdariyo,
ekiTxa da [social-demokratebis] organizaciisTvis Teoriuli sakvebi
moewodebina.~31 Jordania, maxaraZis msgavsad, araefeqturi agitatori
da oratori iyo.32 maT Soris metoqeobis gancdam adreul wlebSi, se-
minariaSi iCina Tavi. maxaraZem Jordania seminariis aralegalur gazeTSi
dabeWdili statiis gamo gaakritika, 1892 da 1893 wlebSi ki daundoblad
Seutia mas marqsistuli programis Seqmnis mcdelobis gamo.33 maxaraZe
bolSeviki gaxda. mogvianebiT is sabWoTa saqarTvelos revoluciuri
komitetis (revkomis) Tavmjdomared airCies, romelmac 1921 wels sa-
qarTvelos demokratiuli respublika daamarcxa. maxaraZe `diakonis,
anu mRvdlis Svili~ iyo. am statusis wyalobiT is Jordaniasgan da mi-
si aznauri megobrebisgan gansxvavebulad grZnobda Tavs.34 urataZe
igonebda, rom maxaraZes Jordaniaseuli àristokratuli manerebi da
Cvevebi~ aRizianebda.35 saerTod, socialuri sxvadasxvaoba social-
demokratebisTvis mniSvnelovani ar iyo (Jordaniam rusi mRvdlis Svili
moiyvana colad), magram savaraudod, es iwvevda maxaraZisa da stalinis
braznarev gaRizianebas Jordaniasa da sxva cnobili menSevikebisadmi.
evgeni gegeWkori, karlo CxeiZe da irakli wereTeli xom maTsaviT xal-
xis WeSmariti Svilebi ar iyvnen.36 seminariaSi swavlis bolo wels ori-
ve _ maxaraZe da Jordania, studentTa gaficvas Caudgnen saTaveSi,
romelic saswavlo procesis qarTul enaze warmarTvas, saqarTvelos
istoriis kursis SemoRebas da moswavleebisadmi ukeTes mopyrobas mo-
iTxovda seminariaSi. amas Sedegad `mglis bileTi~ mohyva orivesTvis
(4-iani yofaqcevaSi) da bunebrivia, swavla ver gaagrZeles prestiJul
universitetSi. isini varSavis veterinariul institutSi Cairicxnen,
romelsac ruseTis wmida sinodis ober-prokurori konstantine pobe-
donoscevi `janyis budes~ uwodebda.37
mesame dasi 77
qarTvel studentTa warmodgenaSi poloneTs gansakuTrebiT gmiru-

li adgili eWira. Tbilisis mravalricxovan polonur saTvistomos (bev-
ri dekabristTa da poloneTis 1831 da 1863 wlis ajanyebebis Semdeg iyo
saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebuli), Zlieri zegavlena moexdina axalgazrda
TergdaleulTa inteleqtualur Camoyalibebaze. polonelebi Tanamema-
muleTa gmirul ambebs uambobdnen axalgazrda qarTvel msmenelebs. aka-
ki wereTelze, niko nikolaZesa da giorgi wereTelze didi STabeWdileba
moaxdina poloneTis ajanyebebma. rac Seexeba nikolaZes da wereTels,
polonel studentebTan urTierTobam ruseTSi swavlis dros maTze
kidev ufro didi zegavlena iqonia. nikolaZem poloneTsa da polonele-
bze pirvelad quTaisis gimnaziaSi Seityo maTematikisa da samarTlis
maswavlebelebisgan. isini poloneTidan iyvnen gadmosaxlebulebi. maTi
gakveTilebi `revoluciur propagandas~ hgavda, xolo politikaSi gac-
nobierebas nikolaZe nacnob polonel patriotebs miawers sankt-peter-
burgidan.38 akaki wereTelsac garkveuli droiT poloneli profesori
aswavlida quTaisSi. mogvianebiT akakim leqsebi miuZRvna mickeviCs da po-
loneli gmirebic popularuli gaxada, maT Soris mickeviCis Seqmnili saxe
patrioti konrad valenrodic.39 giorgi wereTeli Tavis beletristul
avtobiografiaSi `kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzika~ (1866), mianiSnebs,
rom misi politikuri radikalizmis mizezi poloneli patriotis STam-
beWdavi ambebi iyo, romelsac is sankt-peterburgSi aRtacebiT usmenda.
Cven cota ram viciT qarTvel studentTa aqtiurobis Sesaxeb varSavaSi,
magram daselebis umTavresi ideebi swored poloneTSi datrialebuli
politikuri qariSxlis Sedegi iyo.
maxaraZem da Jordaniam Tavi amohyves, rogorc maxaraZem uwoda `ru-
seTis saxelmwifosa da polonur sazogadoebas Soris mimdinare namd-
vil omSi~. omSi, sadac erovnul sakiTxs umTavresi adgili eWira da sa-
dac namdvili muSaTa klasis danaxva SesaZlebeli iyo, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
varSavaSi mainc.40 varSavis universitetSi qarTvel studentTa wre Zalian
aqtiurobda. studentebis es jgufi saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis ligis
nawili iyo. is koordinirebas uwevda imperiis universitetebSi gabneuli
qarTveli studentebis saqmianobas.
ligis damfuZnebelTa Soris iyvnen arCil jorjaZe, socialist-fed-
eralistTa momavali lideri da giorgi gvazava erovnul-demokratiuli
partiis damaarsebeli. Jordania da maxaraZe TavianT mogonebebSi amt-

kiceben, rom maT evropis socialisturi ideebi ufro ainteresebdaT,
vidre nacionaluri da amitom polonel da rus studentTa marqsistul
wres SeuerTdnen.41 isini kiTxulobdnen plexanovs, kauckisa da marqss,
kamaTobdnen saerTaSoriso socialisturi kongresis Sesaxeb, romelic
parizSi daarsda ori wliT adre da pirvel marqsistul Sromebs ganixi-
lavdnen.
swored varSavaSi, Jordaniam `Tavisi narodnikuli skami marqsistul-
ze gacvala.~ is kiTxulobda evropeli socialistebis naazrevs, swav-
lobda germaniis social-demokratiuli partiis ganviTarebis istorias,
Sexvda `namdvil~ muSaTa klass da rusul socialistur utopiasTan da-
kavSirebiT iluziebi daemsxvra. man uSualod gaigo erovnuli sakiTxis
mniSvneloba. Jordania wers, rogori Soki miiRo, roca rusma Jandarmma
SeniSvna misca matareblis konduqtors imis gamo, rom es ukanaskneli
erT-erT mgzavrTan polonur enaze laparakobda. is aRwers im siZneleeb-
sac, rac rusuli enis boikotirebis dros Sexvda. maRaziaSi, sadac Tabaxs
da kalmebs yidulobda, arcerTi poloneli gamyidveli mas rusulad ar
daelaparaka, radgan rusul enaze molaparakeTa winaaRmdeg oficialu-
rad gamocxadebuli boikotis moTxovnebs asrulebdnen.
boikoti gansakuTrebiT Zlieri taqtika gaxda qarTveli social-
demokratebisTvis. varSavam Jordaniaze imdenad imoqmeda, rom STabeW-
dilebebi mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ar ganelebia. am qalaqma aqcia
Jordania evropel socialistad, varSavam daumtkica mas, ramdenad didi
mniSvneloba hqonda kulturis uflebebisTvis brZolas da manve mis-
ca SesaZlebloba gaerTianebuli erovnuli moZraobis Zala aRmoeCina,
romelsac namdvilad SeeZlo imperializms dapirispireboda.
gasakviri ar arisis, rom Jordanias adreul statiebSi poloneli da
ukraineli socialistebis, magaliTad, boleslav limanovskisa da ivan
frankos. emociebi igrZnoba da maT mier arCeuli brZolis taqtikasTanac
aris msgavseba, maT qveynebsac iseTive xelosnur-kustaruli ekonomika
hqonda, rogoric imJamad saqarTvelos. isini erovnul-demokratiuli
programis taqtikas uwevdnen popularizacias, romlis dasayrdeni iyo
proletariati, am sityvis ufro farTo gagebiT (xelosnebisa da glexebis
CaTvliT). es proletariati socializmisTvis gamarTul erovnul-kul-
turul brZolaSi wamyvani Zala da klasi unda yofiliyo.42
mesame dasi 79
pirveli qarTuli marqsistuli programebi
sanam Jordania da maxaraZe varSavaSi swavlobdnen da saqmianobdnen,

saqarTveloSi yofili seminarielebis erT patara jgufs imedgacrueba
daewyo xalxosnuri ideebis gamo. maT erTmaneTTan Sexvedrebs mouxSires.
Jordania da maxaraZe yofil seminarielebs axal marqsistul literatu-
ras ugzavnidnen poloneTidan. am patara jgufs egnate ninoSvili edga
saTaveSi. egnate ninoSvili glexis ojaxidan iyo. adre maswavleblobda,
rkinigzazec muSaobda telegrafistad da mbeWdav muSadac. 1890-iani
wlebSi is organ muSaobda: baTumSi, rotSildis navTobgadamamuSavebel
qarxanaSi muSad da WiaTuraSi, marganecis sawarmos kancelariaSi moxe-
led. 1886 wlis ganmavlobaSi evropaSi cxovrobda. iqidan dabrunebulma
saxeli gaiTqva rogorc `kvalisa~ da ìveriis~ korespondentma da patara
moTxrobebis avtorma. moTxrobebSi is guruli glexis duxWiri cxovrebis
tanjvas aRwerda.43
pirvelad jgufi 1892 wels dasavleT saqarTvelos sofel yvirila-
Si (qvemo zestafoni) Seikriba. rogorc jiblaZem aRniSna, es ninoSvilis
`magnituri mizidulobis~ wyalobiT moxda. ninoSvilma, romelic imxanad
ukve tuberkuloziT iyo avad, Tormeti axalgazrda kaci miiwvia stumrad.
maT Soris iyvnen petrogradis 1917 wlis sabWos momavali Tavmjdomare
(karlo CxeiZe), amierkavkasiis federaciis bolSevikTa momavali Tavmj-
domare (mixa cxakaia) da saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis moma-
vali meTauri (noe Jordania). es ukanaskneli saqarTveloSi 1892 wels dab-
runda varSavidan filtvebSi ganviTarebuli infeqciis gamo. am Sexvedras
eswrebodnen ùfrosebic~: silibistro jiblaZe anu silva, rogorc mas
eZaxdnen da isidore ramiSvili, orive guruli da yofili seminarieli.44
Sexvedris Sesaxeb, romelic mesame jgufis (dasis) damfuZnebel krebad
miiCneva, bevri sxvadasxva versia arsebobs. jer maT es saxelwodeba ar
hqondaT. giorgi giorgaZe 1923 wels werda (is leninisTvis Cveul models
iyenebs), rom es iyo ganxeTqileba `revolucionerebs da revoluciur
oportunistebs~ Soris. momavali menSevikebi Jordania da CxeiZe, opor-
tunistTa Soris moxvdnen. Sexvedraze myofi raJden kalaZe, momavalSi
cnobili bolSeviki, eTanxmeba giorgaZes, rom ganxeTqileba namdvilad
moxda xalxosnebis damcvelebsa da `mecnieruli socializmis~ mxardam-
Werebs Soris, magram am SemTxvevaSi Jordania mecnieruli socializmis
damcvelebis gverdiT dgas. kalaZis sityvebiT, Jordanias Tavis magidaze
`kapitali~ edo, magram ninoSvili da cxakaia jer isev `subieqturi ru-

suli revolucionizmiT iyvnen gaJRenTili.45
gansxvaveba albaT naklebad mkafio iyo, vidre amas modeli `narod-
niki marqsistis winaaRmdeg~ gvTavazobs. Jordaniam ufro meti icoda. is
varSavaSi kauckisa da plexanovis statiebs kiTxulobda. saqarTveloSi
ki, marqsistuli literatura Znelad Tu moipoveboda. marqsizmis Ses-
axeb piotr struves da georgi plexanovis Sromebi 1894 wlis Semdeg gax-
da legaluri, magram marqsis `komunisturi manifesti~ mxolod 1897 wels
gamovida qarTul enaze, mas Semdeg rac 100 aslis aralegaluri heqtog-
rafi gaakeTes baTumelma social-demokratebma.46
Sexverda arafris momcemi aRmoCnda. Jordaniam aRniSna, rom imxanad
populistebsa da marqsistebs Soris mkafio gansxvaveba ar iyo. mogvia-
nebiT is werda: `Cven gadavwyviteT marqsistuli suliskveTebis programa
dagvewera, magram roca davwereT, aRmovaCineT, rom is xalxosnuri ufro
iyo... mere vaRiareT, rom jer kidev ar viyaviT namdvili marqsistebi~.47
roca varSavaSi qarTvelma studentebma Jordanias programa miiRes,
maT ukmayofileba gamoTqves imis gamo, rom is erovnul sakiTxze akeTeb-
da aqcents. filipe maxaraZe ixsenebda: `programas èrovnul-demokrati-
uli partia~ erqva, ar maxsovs, `saqaraTvelo~ iyo Tu ara naxsenebi, magram
danamdvilebiT ‘erovnul-demokratiuli’ iyo... me Cvens wres gadaveci
Jordanias proeqti... veravin aRSfoTeba ver damala..programa daundo-
blad gavakritikeT.. ganvacxadeT, rom Cven mxolod social-demokrati-
uli partiis daarsebaze visaubrebdiT, iseTze, rogoric germanelebis
social-demokratiuli partiaa~.48 programa male daiviwyes. misi asli
ar SemorCenila. Sexvedris dasasruls, rogorc cxakaia wers, erTad-
erTi, rac SeiZleboda darwmunebiT ganecxadebinaT is iyo, rom yvelani
marqsistebi iyvnen, saqmianobis orive, legaluri da aralegaluri meTo-
di dasaSvebi iyo da rus da evropel muSebs uWerdnen mxars.49 Sekrebaze
muSebis sakiTxebze ar umsjeliaT, arc marqsistuli gazeTis daarsebaze
gamouTqvamT azri, Jordanias ki uTxres, rom programa xelaxla daewera.
meore Sexvedra 1893 wlis TebervlisTvis daTqves, mixa cxakaias
Tbilisis binaze. Jordania gamocxadda axali programiT, romelsac `ra
aris gasakeTebeli~ hqonda saTaurad.50 misi originali ar gadarCenila,
magram erT-erTi versia 16 Tvis Semdeg gamoqveynda ( 1894 wlis ivnis-iv-
lisSi) qarTul Jurnal `moambeSi,~ saTauriT èkonomikuri warmateba da
erovnuloba.~51 programa aerTianebda marqsizms, erovnul ganviTarebasa
mesame dasi 81
da TergdaleulTaTvis damaxasiaTebel pragmatuli evoluciis Teorias.

is gasaocar STabeWdilebas axdens mkiTxvelze, imdenad zustad Seesabameba
yvelaferi 21-e saukunis saqarTvelos. masSi ganxilulia erisa da saxelm-
wifoebriobis buneba, globalizaciis zemoqmedeba erovnul kulturaze,
omis Sedegebi mcire erebze da am ukansknelTa urTierTobebi Zlier, im-
periul mezobel saxelmwifoebTan da evropasTan. saqarTvelos CamorCeni-
lobazec bevrs saubrobs avtori, iseve rogorc qveynis dayofa-danawilebis
istoriaze da mis damonebazec Zlevamosili saxelmwifoebis mier. noe Jor-
danias umTavresi dardi da safiqralia, SeZlebs Tu ara odesme saqarTvelo,
bolo mouRos Tavis gasacodavebul da gaTiSul-danawevrebul mdgomareo-
bas da Seqmnas èrTaderTi da srulad gacnobierebuli erovnuli `me~. sa-
sowarkveTili Jordania kiTxulobs, `nu Tu xsna arsad aris? nu Tu saqarT-
velos SegnebulaT gaerTianeba SeuZlebe-lia? Tu ki mTeli Cveni istoria
mimarTuli iyo qarTvelobis dacalkevebisken, ra sasawauliT unda moxdes
dRes es sasurveli erToba? nu Tu istoriuli moZraoba araviTar kanons
ganviTarebisas ar eqvemdebareba?~52 gamosavals Jordania kapitalizmis gan-
viTarebaSi xedavda, kapitalizmi iyo is Zala, romelic axal, Tanamedrove
qarTvel ers Seqmnida da misi ekonomikisa da kulturis gadarCenas uzrunve-
lyofda. mxolod ekonomikuri ZlierebiT SeZlebda saqarTvelo imperiuli
Cagvrisgan Tavis daxsnas. erT-erT abzacSi, romelic maiaSvilis adreul
Sromebs gvagonebs, is wers,
eri, romelic materialurad aris gaerTianebuli, ideologiura-

dac erTiania. [mere] yvelas ebadeba survili, rom erovnul saqmiano-
bas da ers mixedos, gaaZlieros is. susti saxelmwifos produqcias
Tavisi miznebisTvis iyeneben saerTaSoriso bazarze. rac ufro inten-
siurad ganviTardeba vaWroba, miT meti produqcia gava saerTaSoriso
bazarze...es gazrdis moTxovnas warmoebaze da muSa xelze... am gziT,
mTeli eri dainteresdeba sakuTari keTildReobiT, burJua vaWri-
dan dawyebuli glexiTa da muSiT damTavrebuli. udidesi sazogado
moRvawe da yvelaze ubralo sofleli erTianad CaerTveba erovnul
cxovrebaSi.53
Jordanias azriT, kapitalizmma Seqmna erovnuli Segneba, magram man

aseve dahyo xalxi klasebad. es ki ìstoriuli aucilebloba~ iyo, rom-
lis gareSec eri progresisken ver wavidoda. klasobrivi dayofa isto-
riuli ganviTarebis kanoni da erovnuli momwifebis niSania, rac saqarT-

velos erTianobis axal safexurze aiyvans. programaSi detalurad aris
aRwerili soflad mimdinare socialuri diferenciaciis procesi da mo-
saxleobis gadadineba qalaqebisken, rac globalizaciis Sedegia. naSromi
mTavrdeba SesaniSnavi kompromisiT qarTvel patriotebs, romlebic er-
Tianobisken miiswrafvian da marqsistebs Soris, romlebic moderniza-
ciis miRwevas cdiloben. rogorc Jordania amtkicebda, qarTvelebi sul
ufro metad jgufdebodnen or banakad, mdidrebad da Raribebad, rom-
lebic èseni erTaT ibrZvian gareSe mterTa winaaRmdeg, erTmaneTs ebrZ-
vian samkvdro-sasicocxloT Sinaur cxovrebaSi~.54 isini erTiandnebod-
nen momxduris winaaRmdeg, vinaidan erovnuli Tavisufleba maT saerTo
ekonomikur miznebs emsaxureboda, rac orive jgufisTvis keTildReobis
momtani iqneboda. Jordanias, Jiul giusdes ( da edvard bernstainis) da-
rad, sjeroda, rom mSromelTa mzardi monawileoba samoqalaqo cxovre-
baSi maT qveynis politikaSi CarTvis Sanss aZlevda. mas swamda, rom eko-
nomikuri winsvla istoriis mamoZravebeli Zala iyo da amitom mowinave da
progresuli klasis mizani swored qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebisTvis
xelSewyoba unda yofiliyo erovnuli da individualuri Tavisuflebis
mopovebis gziT. erovnuli Segneba da samoqalaqo uflebebi mxolod eko-
nomikur ganviTarebaze ki ar iyo damokidebuli, aramed ganviTarebis
mastimulirebel faqtorebs warmoadgenda.55 programa TergdaleulTa
ideebiT iyo STagonebuli, magram marqsistul kredosac Seicavda.
masSi xazgasmiT iyo aRniSnuli kapitalizmisa da urbanizaciis prog-
resuli buneba, iwonebda klasobriv dayofas da argumentebi ekonomikuri
determinizmidan mohyavda. is bevri yoymanis gareSe miiRes daselebma,
Tumca pirovnulma uTanxmoebam Sexvedra gaafuWa. cxakaiam da Jorda-
niam, romlebsac didi xnis uTanxmoeba hqondaT erTmaneTTan, urTier-
Tobebi gawyvites da mas Semdeg mosisxle mtrebad iqcnen. filipe maxara-
Zem meore kritikuli werili gamogzavna varSavidan, magram aRiara, rom
Jordanias programa `qarTvel marqsistTa pirveli programuli werili
iyo~.56 marTalia, programam daselebs Soris azrTa mciredi sxvadasx-
vaoba gamoiwvia, magram qarTvel xalxosnebTan mas didi polemika mohyva.
vasil wereTeli ìveriaSi~ werda, rom kapitalizmi saqarTveloSi ucxoc
iyo da oportunistulic da ara iseTi progresuli, rogorsac Jordania
xatavda.57 magram daselebi aravis yurs ar ugdebnen, isini aRtacebulni
iyvnen, rom programa hqondaT da organizaciac funqcionirebas iwyebda.
mesame dasi 83
Sexvedridan ori Tvis Semdeg, 1893 wlis maisSi, 25 wlis Jordania, mosa-
lodneli dapatimrebiT aforiaqebuli, evropaSi gaemgzavra. mas jibeSi
edo sul raRac 80 maneTi, romelic mamamisma simindis kargi mosavlis wya-
lobiT Seugrova. Semdegi oTxnaxevari wlis ganmavlobaSi is saqarTvelo-
Si aRar Camosula.58
sazRvargareT yofnisas noe Jordaniam yvelaze gavleniani sociali-
stebi gaicno, maT Soris safrangeTis socialisturi partiis damaarse-
blebi, pol lafarJi da Jiul gueste; germanel social-demokratTa
lideri karl kaucki da rusuli Sromis Tavisuflebis jgufis marqsisti
fuZemdeblebi plexanovi, vera zasuliCi da lev deiCi. samSoblosken misi
statiebis niaRvari modioda, romelic ìveriasa~ da `kvalSi~ ibeWdebo-
da. Jenevidan is Sveicariel glexebze werda, germaniidan, sadac kauckis
stumari iyo, germaniis politikur partiebsa da soflis skolebze. is
werda engelszec da bismarkzec, londonidan ki gladstonis saqebari
statia gamogzavna. amave dros, is CarTuli iyo qarTuli politikis am-
bebSi da polemikur werilebs werda ilia WavWavaZesa da niko nikolaZes.
is ekamaTeboda maT im ideis mxardaWeris gamo, romelic qarTuli wode-
bebis erTiani frontis Seqmnas gulisxmobda saqarTvelos kulturis
SenarCunebis mizniT.59
noe Jordania Jenevis, berlinisa da miunhenis universitetebis leq-
ciebis kurss ismenda da dResa da Rames swavlaSi asworebda erovnul bib-
lioTekaSi da britaneTis muzeumSi. evropaSi mogzaurobam is axalgazrda
qarTvel marqsistebSi yvelaze gamocdil da mwignobar kacad aqcia, mas
samSobloSi gavlenac moemata da prestiJic aumaRlda. evropaSi gatare-
bulma drom saqarTvelos momavalze fiqrebi daalaga da naTeli gaxada.
evropis did marqsistebs mcire erebisTvis ar ecalaT, magram kauckis
Carevam poloneTis socialistur partiasa da roza luqsemburgs Soris
mimdinare kamaTSi (roza luqsemburgi poloneTisa da litvis social-
demokratias warmoadgenda), sadac kauckim mxari dauWira poloneTis
saxelmwifoebriobas, Jordanias ganumtkica rwmena, rom socializmi
ganuyoflad iyo dakavSirebuli erovnul ganviTarebasTan.60 avstriis
social-demokratiuli partiis damaarsebelma gavlenianma marqsistebma
(partia 1889 wels daarsda), romlebmac erovnul-kulturuli avtonomi-
is idea Semoitanes, Jordanias Tvalsazriss kidev ufro meti damaje-
rebloba Semates. gaocebuls im ufskruliT, romelic evropul da qar-
Tul socialur struqturebs Soris arsebobda, da aRfrTovanebuls
evropeli socialistebis legalur pirobebSi muSaobiT, Jordanias eWvi

aRar epareboda, rom saqarTvelo evropis gzas unda dadgomoda. Jorda-
nias evrocentrizmi da èrovnuli~ socializmis ideis mxardaWera emTx-
veoda imJamindeli evropis socialistur ideebs (ixileT avstriis so-
cial-demokratiuli brunis programa, romelic 1899 wels miiRes), magram
amave dros Tavad saqarTvelos istoriul pozicias asaxavda. Tavis naS-
romebSi Jordanias ar gadauxvevia ori principidan _ evropeizmidan da
kulturaze orientirebuli socializmis principidan. es saqarTvelos
survilsac gamoxatavda, gaerTianebuliyo evropasTan da amiT moepove-
bina usafrTxoeba da amave dros, socialistebisasac, SeerTebodnen saer-
TaSoriso muSaTa klass, rogorc Tanaswori wevrebi.
ruseTis imperatoris nikoloz II-is gamocxadebuli amnistiis wya-
lobiT noe Jordania 1897 wlis oqtomberSi saqarTveloSi dabrunda. aq
silva jiblaZe daselebis lideri gamxdariyo. Rrmad Camjdari TvalebiT,
arwiviseburi cxviriTa da urCi qoCriT, jiblaZe revoluciisken mimaval
nacnob gzas dasdgomoda. guruli glexebis Svili, is Jordaniasa da max-
araZeze ufrosi iyo. maTze adre swavlobda ozurgeTis dawyebiT semina-
riaSi da Tbilisis seminariaSic, sadac xalxosnurma ideebma gaitaca.61
gamorCeul orators da saqmis organizators, magram sruliad gulgrils
Teoriebisadmi, Tbilisis organizaciis sadaveebi eWira xelSi da yvel-
nairad iyenebda Tavis gavlenas, rom daselebi `kvalTan~ daeaxlovebina.
rogorc yvelaze ùfrosi~ da pativsacemi marqsisti, `kvalis~ furclebs
`Sromaze~, ìveriasa~ da sxva xalxosnur gazeTebze Setevebis gansaxor-
cieleblad iyenebda. jiblaZis xelmZRvanelobiT mesame dasi radikalebis,
magram axalgazrda inteleqtualTa sakmaod araqmediT jgufs, warmoad-
genda, romlis wevrebic sakuTari ganaTlebis problemebiTa da marqsis-
tuli ideebis popularizaciiT iyvnen dakavebulni. is ufro metad stu-
dentur klubs waagavda. daselebs grZeli TmebiTa da iRliaSi amoCrili
`kvalis~ nomriT scnobdnen. isini ilia WavWavaZis sawinaaRmdego statiebs
beWdavdnen da meqanikurad imeorebdnen marqsis winaswarmetyvelebas kapi-
talizmis gardauvalobis, evropuli modelis upiratesobisa da ori bana-
kis zrdisa da glexobis proletarizaciis Sesaxeb.
am axalgazrda marqsistTagan aravin iyo JordaniasaviT ganswavlu-
li, arcerTs ar gaaCnda Teoriuli codna. saqmianobaSic xeli eSlebodaT
imis gamo, rom bevri maTgani TbilisSi ar cxovrobda da gauTaveblad
mogzaurobdnen erTi kuTxidan meoereSi rogorc viTom filoqseras
mesame dasi 85
sazogadoebis wevrebi. filoqseras sazogadoeba, romelsac axalgazrda

rusi agronomi v. a. staroselski xelmZRvanelobda, sruliad legalurad
vazis daavadebas ebrZoda, magram sinamdvileSi es ufro socialisturi
klubi iyo. staroselskim SemdgomSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa qarTuli
social-demokratiis ganviTarebis saqmeSi (masze visaubrebT me-6 TavSi).
1897 wels, roca Jordania saqarTveloSi dabrunda, mixa cxakaia
quTaisSi muSaobda, isidore ramiSvili baTumSi da karlo CxeiZe Sora-
panSi (dasavleTi saqarTvelo). im wels mesame dasma pirveli kontaqte-
bi daamyara Tbilisis rkinigzis depos muSaTa jgufebTan. Jordanias,
romelsac dasavleTSi Sesisxlxorcebuli ideebis maTTvis gaziarebis
survili amoZravebda, sTxoves Sexvedraze gamosuliyo. saqarTvelos so-
cialisturi moZraobis centrebidan, baTumidan, quTaisidan da Tbilisi-
dan wargzavnili delegatebi 1897 wlis Semodgomaze mixa darCiaSvilis
Tbilisis binaze Seikribnen. Jordanias Tezisi saTauriT _ `gazeTi ìve-
ria~ da erovnuloba~ daibeWda `kvalSi~ 1897 wels.62 statiaSi Jordania
ìverias~ utevda klasobrivi erTianobis propagandisTvis da mkacrad
akritikebda gaerTianebuli erovnuli `partiis~ Seqmnis ideas. weril-
Si Canda marqsis Teoriebis siRrmiseuli gageba da pirveli programis
ZiriTadi ideebic cxadad da damajereblad iyo gadmocemuli. Jorda-
nia paralelebs avlebda saqarTvelos, irlandiis, CexeTisa da ungreTis
erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel brZolebs Soris. iqac social-demokratebi
imarjvebdnen Zvel jgufebze. werilSi Jordanias Tavisuflad mohyavs
marqsisa da plexanovis citatebi, agreTve magaliTebi 1789 da 1848 wlebis
revoluciebidan. isev da isev imeorebs, rom mas Rrmad swams kapitalizm-
sa da erovnuli Segnebis amaRlebas Soris arsebuli kavSiris, kavSiris,
romelic ìveriam~ ver gaigo:
`dRevandel cxovrebaSi erovnuli ganviTareba _es misi ekonomikuri

ganviTarebaa. eri gaRonierebuli nivTieraT, gaRonierebulia li-
teraturulad, iuridiulaT, politikuraT, e. i. kulturulaT....ga-
Zlierebuli, welSi gamagrebuli ekonomikur niadagze, gaZlierebulia
agreTve erovnul TviTcnobierebis niadagze...nivTieri warmateba_
es xalxis samoqmedo asparezis gafarToeba, misi Zal-Ronis gamraval-
gvareba da gaRonierebaa. aq erovnuli piradoba da nivTieri viTareba
mWidroT aris erTmaneTze dakavSirebuli, daaxlovebuli, gadabmul-
gadmobmuli. Tu pirveli ferxdeba, ferxdeba meorec, viTardeba

meore, viTardeba pirvelic. eseni ganuyrelaT erTad midian.~63
Jordaniam ZaliT gaevropelebis idea Semoitana. is amtkicebda, rom

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelo patara qveyana iyo, saukunovani kul-
turuli tradiciebi namdvilad uzrunvelyofda mis gadarCenasa da gan-
viTarebas kapitalizmis pirobebSi. ekonomikas mihyavs win kultura da
politikac:
`Cveni ganviTareba, rogorc yvela ukan CamorCenili xalxis, Zal-

datanebiTia. am Zaladobas vuZlebT imitom, rom kultura gvaqvs.
ukulturo ver uZlebs da hqreba. maSasadame, Cven CavdeqiT axal xa-
naSi, ara rogorc eTnografiuli xalxi, aramed rogorc qarTveli
xalxi, mqone sakuTari istoriis, kulturis, zne-Cveulebis. ai, es aris
erovnuli niadagi, amaze vaSenebT evropiul civilizacias. qarTvelo-
ba da evropieleoba_ai, ra sweria am droSaze. CvenSi gaevropielebis
survili Zlieria, ise Zlieri, rom xalxSi kriziss iwvevs. es krizisi
exeba gaevropielebis deda-ZarRvs_ekonomikur ganviTarebas. 64
Jordaniam sami mniSvnelovani idea ganaviTara. maT Sesaxeb pirvel

programaSi is mxolod varaudebs gamoTqvamda. am ideebma Zireulad
Secvales qarTuli organizaciis ganviTarebis gzebi.
pirveli, Jordaniam gaakritika xalxosnebi elitizmisTvis da inte-
ligenciisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis miniWebis gamo. is daskv-
naSi werda, rom iseT ganviTarebad qveynebSi, rogoric saqarTvelo iyo,
`xalxis cxovrebis Secvla-gaumjobeseba SeuZlia mxoloT xalxs da mis
maRla mdgom inteligencias~.65 Jordania dauRalvad umeorebda am azrs
rus revolucionerebs da narodnikuli moZraobisadmi simpaTiebiT
ganwyobil qarTvel inteligencias, romelsac pretenziulobis, meti-
Crobisa da `gigantomaniisTvis~ kicxavda. noe Jordanias qedmaRluri
damokidebuleba inteligenciisadmi misi bolo werilebis mTavari Tema
gaxda da aman mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba kidec partiuli organiza-
ciis bedi.66
1903 wels ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis me-2 yri-
lobaze Jordaniam Seteva miitana leninis koncefciaze, romelic gu-
lisxmobda inteligenciis kontrolis uzrunvelyofas partiaze. Jor-
dania darwmunebuli iyo, rom social-demokratiuli moZraoba SeZlebda
mesame dasi 87
masebis partiis Seqmnas muSebis xelmZRvanelobiT, rogorc es germaniis

social-demokratiulma partiam SeZlo. am platformam _ demokratia-
ubralo xalxisTvis, ìskris~ ufro ierarquli organizaciuli mowyobis
sapirispirod, Jordanias 1904-1905 wlebSi qarTul social-demokra-
tiul komitetebze kontroli moapovebina. im azrma, rom muSebma Tavad
moaxdines revolucia, didi gavlena iqonia saqarTvelos social-de-
mokratiul organizaciaSi `Ria karis~ principiT gawevrianebaze. amas
Sedegad partiaSi masobrivad Sesvla da ruseTis social-demokratiul
muSaTa partiaSi seriozuli gavlenis mopoveba mohyva.
meore, Jordaniam gaimeora sayovelTaod aRiarebuli mosazreba imis
Sesaxeb, rom `social-demokratebi yvelgan da yovelTvis aerTianeben
progresul jgufebs konservatorebis winaaRmdeg.~67 magram Jordania-
sTvis am azrs politikis praqtikaSi gatarebis TvalsazrisiT hqonda
mniSvneloba, misTvis es mxolod morTul-mokazmuli ritorika ar iyo.
Jordanias arguments plexanovis gavlena etyoboda. misi azriT, muSaTa
klass saqarTveloSi burJuaziis ararsebobam roli Seucvala. es kla-
si katalizatori iyo yvela progresuli seqtorisTvis da aerTianebda
progresul jgufebs revoluciis droSis qveS. magram saqarTveloSi
muSaTa klasis xelmZRvanelis rolSi yofnas iseTi mniSvneloba hqonda,
rasac plexanovi da sxva rusi revolucionrebi verasdros warmoidgen-
dnen. ruseTis pirobebSi, muSaTa klasi ara marto waruZRva burJuazias
revoluciur brZolaSi, aramed Secvala kidec es ukanaskneli da Tavad
gaxda progresuli da erovnuli klasi. muSebi, erzaci lideri klasi da
viTom umravlesoba, gaxdnen erovnuli ideis matareblebi. es idea marq-
sis TeoriisTvis ucxo namdvilad ar iyo. komunistur manifestSi marqsi
acxadebda, rom proletariati eris `lideri klasi~, èrovnuli~ klasic
ki iyo. es klasi jer Tavis saxelmwifoSi imuSavebda sakuTari burJuaziis
Camosagdebad. marqsisTvis eri `harmoniuli saerTaSoriso TanamSrom-
lobis winapirobas~ warmoadgenda; es saxelmwifo gaqreboda da ara eri.68
am mosazrebisTvis evropel orTodoqs socialistebs didi yuradRe-
ba ar miuqceviaT, magram saqarTveloSi idea dinamikurad ganviTarebadi
proletariatis Sesaxeb, romelic burJuazias istoriis sadaveebs Camo-
arTmevda da socializmis damkvidrebasa da `saxelmwifo-eris~ Seqmnas
daaCqarebda, azrs moklebuli ar iyo. 1897 wels Jordaniam plexanovis
ideas _ muSebis xelmZRvanelobiT warmarTul burJuaziul revolucias
_ antikoloniuri brZolis Seferiloba misca. man wamoayena azri, rom-
lis mixedviTac qarTveli muSebi da ara burJuazia, miaRwevdnen ekonomi-

kur progress da meore etapzec isini gaiyvandnen qveyanas, sadac ukve
erovnuli TviT-gamorkvevisTvis daiwyebdnen brZolas. es idea marqsis
`manifestis,~ plexanovis `proletariatis hegemoniisa~ da parvius ` mud-
mivi revoluciis~ Teoriul winamZRvrebs ki iziarebda, magram mesame da-
sis interesebs emsaxureboda saqarTvelos kulturuli gadarCenisTvis
brZolaSi. orive ideam, rom inteligencia ar unda gauZRves social-de-
mokratiul moZraobas da muSaTa klasma unda darazmos progresuli Za-
lebi feodalizmis dasamarcxeblad, Jordania miiyvana im daskvnamde, rom
burJuaziuli revolucia saqarTveloSi (da ruseTSic) mxolod im SemTx-
vevaSi miaRwevda gamarjvebas, Tu mas muSaTa klasi Caudgeboda saTaveSi.
magram bevri kiTxva rCeboda pasuxgaucemeli. socializmis pirobebSi, ra
saxis urTierTobebi eqnebodaT qarTvel muSebs rus muSebTan? SeinarCu-
nebda Tu ara qarTuli proletariati èrovnul statuss~? ras warmoad-
gens saqarTveloSi muSaTa klasi? pirveli ori sakiTxi moicdida, magram
mesame _ muSaTa klasis raobaze, saswrafo iyo. saqarTveloSi muSaTa kla-
si is ar iyo, rasac marqsi da plexanovi gulisxmobdnen. is patara, hetero-
genuli, naxevradproletaruli da naxevradglexuri iyo, romelSic sxva
`progresuli jgufebic~ iyvnen gareulni vaWrebisa da xelosnebis CaTv-
liT. jiblaZe muSaTa klasis `dabneul profilze~ miuTiTebda xolme.69
muSaTa klasis heterogenuloba amarTlebda Jordanias mosazrebas imis
Sesaxeb, rom mxolod progresuli elementebis rac SeiZleba farTo koa-
licia Tu SeZlebda saqarTveloSi feodalizmis damarcxebas. im etapze,
am azrs winaaRmdegoba ar Sexvedria, radgan social-demokratia jer ar
arsebobda saqarTveloSi. magram rasac Jordania gulisxmobda, mogvi-
anebiT praqtikulad ganxorcielda ruseTis social-demokratiuli
muSaTa partiis qarTul seqtorSi, ramac rusebisgan gansxvavebiT `muSa
xalxs~ organizaciis kari gauRo.
muSaTa klasSi Sediodnen `progresul jgufebi~, magaliTad, wvrili
Tavadaznauroba, vaWrebi da glexebi. Jordaniaseulma koncefciam mSro-
meli xalxis partiaze Rarib da uqonel araproletarebs mniSvnelovani
roli mianiWa revoluciaSi, is roli, romelic rus social-demokratTa
umravlesobas ar gauTvaliswinebia. faqtobrivad, qarTvelma social-
demokratebma pavle aqselrodis taqtika _ `proletariatis gasvla
yvela klasSi~ gacilebiT warmatebulad aamuSaves, vidre rsdmp-is sxva
nebismierma seqtorma. raJden kalaZe Tavis mogonebebSi Jordanias 1890-
iani wlebis ideebis mniSvnelobaze ambobda: òri principi danerga Jor-
mesame dasi 89
daniam qarTul social-demokratiul mimdinareobaSi, erovnuli brZola

da muSebis demokratiis hegemonia, razec Semdeg qarTuli menSevizmi aR-
mocenda da ganviTarda.~70 Jordanias ideebs erTsulovani mowoneba ar
daumsaxurebia Sexvedraze, piriqiT maT seriozuli uTanxmoebebi war-
moSves. mixa cxakaia da ivane luzini, romlebic Sexverdas eswrebodnen,
amtkicebdnen, rom klasobriv brZolas mTeli kapitalisturi samyaro
moecva da erebs, gansakuTrebiT ki mcire erebs, araviTari mniSvneloba
ar hqondaT TavisTavad.~71 baTumeli delegatebi irwmunebodnen, rom
erovnuli sakiTxis wamoweva muSebs daabnevda da TurqeTTan omis sa-
SiSroebasac gazrdida, rac qarTvelTa umravlesobas, gansakuTrebiT
ki maT, vinc baTumTan axlos cxovrobda, bunebrivia, Zrwolvas hgvrida.
kidev erTma sakiTxma daaCqara jgufis gayofa. es iyo legaluri muSaoba.
daselebi gaiTiSnen _ ufro axalgazrdebi vaso cabaZisa da lado ke-
cxovelis meTaurobiT, romlebic ufro aqtiurobdnen muSaTa wreebSi
da mesame dasis Sida, gavlenian wres ar ekuTvnodnen, ambobdnen, rom cen-
zuram legaluri muSaoba ararevoluciuri gaxada da xels uSlida radi-
kaluri daskvnebis gakeTebas. am sakiTxze msjeloba metad drouli iyo,
radgan daselebma is-is iyo gansacvifrebeli SeTavazeba miiRes `kvalis~
redaqtorisgan da gamomcemeli giorgi wereTlisgan. wereTeli maTTvis
apirebda Tavisi gazeTis gadacemas.72 daselTa umravlesoba `kvalSi~
ibeWdeboda 1890-ianebis Sua wlebidan, filipe maxaraZec gazeTis de-
faqto redaqtori iyo 1896 wlidan, ase rom, sityvieri Sexla-Semoxla
Sexvedrazeve dasrulda. legaluri ruporis qona macdunebeli iyo. re-
daqtoroba Jordanias SesTavazes (aman, ueWvelia, maxaraZis Tavmoyvareo-
baze imoqmeda) da isic daTanxmda. roca `kvalma~ social-demokratebis
redaqtorobiT daiwyo gamosvla, legalurad da aralegalurad muSaobis
momxreebs Soris uTanxmoeba gaRrmavda, magram amJamad, Sexvedra kmayo-
fili daiSala, radgan saqarTvelos social-demokratebs Tavisi saku-
Tari politikuri xma hqondaT.
kvali
`kvalis~ pirveli nomeri social-demokratebis redaqtorobiT 1898

wlis ianvarSi gamovida. formiT Tu SinaarsiT is didad ar gansxvavde-
boda wina nomrebisgan. `kvali~ jer kidev giorgi wereTlis redaqtoro-
bis droidan werda muSebis sakiTxebze da rvasaaTiani samuSao dRis da-
wesebis propagandas eweoda. Jordanias redaqtorad daniSvnis Semdeg ki,

Jurnalma axali funqciebic itvirTa. avstriul-ungruli gazeTis Wiener
Arbeiter-Zeitun msgavsad `kvalic~ social-demokratebis sul ufro mzardi
organiziciis centri xdeboda, saidanac social-demokratiuli ideebis
propagandas eweodnen. gazeTis redaqcia adgilobriv arCevnebSi monaw-
ileobis, Sromis birJebisa da mSromelTa klubebis daarsebis sakiTxebze
legalurad muSaobda da saqarTveloSi zemstvos Semotanis kampanias
warmarTavda. da bolos, `kvali~ ilia WavWavaZis, niko nikolaZis da ar-
Cil jorjaZis opoziciuri jgufebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli iaraRic iyo.
`kvalis~ revoluciuri pragmatizmi TergdaleulTa kulturul-sagan-
manaTleblo Tavdadebuli saqmianobisa da evropuli social-demokra-
tiuli partiebis zegavlenas ganicdida.
pirvel saredaqcio werilSi gazeTi acxadebda, rom `kvalis~ redaq-
torTa uwmidesi da uzenaesi mizani iyo qarTveli xalxisTvis Tanamed-
rove urTulesi Zalebis gacnoba, raTa maT mSvidad da gaazrebulad
emoqmedaT.
àmisTvis,_werda redaqcia, _ Cven ar vukarnaxebT xalxs raime uc-

naur da Seuferebel Teorias. Cveni warmodgeniT, yvela Teoriam, rac
unda idealisturi iyos, sazogadoebis gulebSi unda gamoiwvios re-
zonansi da ara ubralod, erTi adamianis enTuziazmiT aRsavse fan-
taziebSi. is aRmoCenili unda iyos, da ara gamogonili; misi safuZveli
namdvili faqti unda iyos da ara warmodgenili ambavi. 73
JordaniasTvis `kvali~ iaraRi iyo qarTuli social-demokratiis mier

sam frontze gaSlili omis sawarmoeblad, kulturisTvis, demokratiis-
Tvis da social-demokratiisTvis.74 garegnulad da SinaarsiTac `kvali~
TergdaleulTa politikur-literaturul Jurnals hgavda, romelic
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas kulturisa da swavla-ganTlebis sakiTxebs
uTmobda. Jurnalis pirvel gverdze, romelic redaqciaSi social-de-
mokratebis mosvlis Semdeg ar Secvlila, gamosaxulia tipuri qarTuli
soflis dila, mTebs Soris daklaknil mdinareze gawolili mzis sxivebi,
aqa-iq eklesiebi mdinaris napirze, mzes simboluri datvirTvac hqon-
da axali dasawyisisa. `kvali~ yoveldRe aSuqebda mimdinare movlenebs,
werda qarTuli enis swavlebaze skolebSi, Teatralur cxovrebaze, ad-
gilobrivi mmarTvelobis arCevnebze, adgilobrivi bankebis mniSvnelo-
mesame dasi 91
baze, mimoixilavda sazRvargareTis ambebs da ucxoeTSi muSebis samuSao

pirobebs.75 ibeWdeboda aseve statiebi politikosebze, magaliTad, glad-
stonze (`sindisieri kaci~), Sveicariis proporciuli warmomadgenlobis
saarCevno sistemaze, (samarTlianobis meqanizmi daCagrulTaTvis), qar-
Tuli muzeumis arsebobis aucileblobaze (ruseTisTvis da danarCeni
msofliosTvis dasamtkiceblad, rom gamorCeuli kultura gvaqvs) da
Sromis birJis saWiroebaze (Suamavalze muSasa da kapitalists Soris).76
JurnalSi mravlad iyo qarTuli yofa-cxovrebis amsaxveli suraTebi
da bavSvebis gulisamaCuyebeli portretebi, politikosebis, muSebis,
glexebisa da aseve msoflios cnobili Zeglebisa Tu monumentebis fotoe-
bi. `kvali~ ar iyo masebisTvis gankuTvnili propagandistuli Jurnali,
is samoqalaqo da demokratiuli kulturis damkvidrebas emsaxureboda.
`kvalis~ redaqtorebs, Jordanias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, surdaT `qar-
Tuli ena, literatura da kultura~ gamoeyenebinaT qarTveli mSromeli
xalxis gardasaqmnelad `Tanamedrove cxovrebis obieqturi mizezebis~
gamcnobierebel klasad da daexvewaT `misi saqmianoba da damoukidebeli
moZraoba~.77 amave dros, gazeTis marqsistuli pozicia da `globalizaci-
is~ ideiT anTeba aSkarad igrZnoboda. pirvel gamoSvebaSi gazeTi iuwye-
boda, rom `Tanamedrove pirobebSi vercerTi qveyana ver ganviTardeba da-
moukideblad, ise, rom meore qveyana zurgze wamosakidebeli ar gauxdes;
sxvadasxva xalxis dRevandeli cxovreba isea gadaxlarTul-CaxlarTuli
erTmaneTTan, rom erTSi mimdinare cvlilebebi meoreSic iwvevs cvlile-
bas da mesameSic..axali formis brZola sxvanairia, usisxlo, Tofis sro-
la Tu xmlis moqneva rom ar Wirdeba iseTi... am brZolis veli ekonomikaa,
misi farxmali fabrika da manqanebi, xolo Zala _ oqro da vercxli.~ 78
`kvali~ evropuli orientaciis `qalaquri~ gazeTi iyo da muSebis
interesebsac gamoxatavda. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1897 wlis Sexvedraze
Jordanias, rogorc gazeTis axal redaqtors gafrTxileba misces,
araferi zedmetad `nacionalisturi~ ar unda daewera, is mainc gadaWriT
icavda sakuTar Teorias, rom saqarTvelosTvis kapitalizmi mxolod
sikeTis momtani iqneboda. es sikeTe Jordanias azriT, erovnuli Segnebis
gamoRviZeba iyo. qarTuli muSaTa klasis zrda da gaZliereba iseve mniSv-
nelovani iqneboda saqarTvelosTvis, rogorc socializmisTvis. `kva-
lis~1898 wlis 12 ivlisis nomerSi is werda, rom qarTul sofels Tavis
Senaxva ekonomikurad ar SeeZlo...soflelebi bedis saZieblad Tbilis-
Si Camodiodnen.. da amgvarad, qarTvelebi burJuaziuli klasis, da rac
ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, muSaTa klasis dabadebis mowmeni xdebodnen.

èrTi ram saerTo aqvs am or klass: orive qarTvelia, orive qarTul ena-
ze laparakobs da orive qarTul znes da Cveulebebs icavs. am gziT isi-
ni erTad, muSaTa klasi ki ufro metad, aqarTvelebs Tbiliss.~79 kauckis
moSveliebiT Jordania paralelebs avlebda saqarTvelos ekonomikur
ganviTarebasa da Cexebis ekonomikur warmatebas Soris. praRas, sadac
mosaxleobis umravlesobas germanelebi Seadgendnen, samuSaod Camosu-
li Cexi glexebi nel-nela TavianT mSobliur qalaqad xdidnen. Jordania
aRSfoTebiT aRniSnavs, rom Tu Cexebma SeiZleba ajobon germanelebs,
`Cven ra SegviZlia Tbilisis somxebze vTqvaT?~ gasagebia, rasac Jordania
gulisxmobda. Tbilisis `gaqarTulebis~ erTaderTi gza aq gamefebuli
somxuri plutokratiis damarcxebaze gadioda. qarTvelebis gaZliereba
TbilisSi, qarTvelebis moZlierebas niSnavda mTels saqarTveloSi. som-
xuri kontroli ekonomikisaTvis dabrkolebas qmnida saqarTvelosTvis
evropuli anu `bunebrivi~ gziT `gamSobliurebisTvis~.80 `kvali~ gansa-
kuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda erovnul sakiTxs. mis furclebze xSirad
msjelobdnen mravaleTnikuri Sveicariisa Tu avstria-ungreTis prob-
lemebze sakuTriv saqarTvelos adgilze rom miepyroT yuradReba ruse-
Tis imperiaSi. `kvalis~ pirvel nomerSi avstriis social-demokratiul
partiaze daibeWda werili. partias gadawyvetileba mieRo partiuli or-
ganizaciis federaluri principebiT mowyobaze. am principze qarTvelma
social-demokratebma wlebis Semdeg uari Tqves. diomide TofuriZe, ro-
melic `kvalis~ redaqtori gaxda 1901 wels, aRfrTovanebas ver malavda
imis gamo, rogor moagvares Sveicarielebma erovnuli urTierTobebis
problema kantonebis meSveobiT.81
federalizmis idea kavkasiis socialistur wreebSi imJamad Zalze
popularuli iyo. somex social-demokratTa kavSiri, stefane Saumia-
nis TavmjdomareobiT, Tavis 1902 wlis programaSi fedaralizms uWerda
mxars, xolo 1903 wlis rsdmp-is meore yrilobis qarTveli delegatebi
mzad iyvnen ruseTisTvis federaluri sistema SeeTavazebinaT momava-
li socialisturi saxelmwifos mowyobisTvis. `kvali~ yuradRebiT adev-
nebda Tvals cxare debatebs partiis poziciaze muSebTan dakavSirebiT,
romelic SveicariaSi mcxovreb veteranebsa (plexanovi, aqselrodi da
zasuliCi) da àxalgazrdebs~ (arkadi krameri, timofei kopelzoni da
sergei prokopoviCi) Soris mimdinareobda.82
Jordania, leninis msgavsad, inteligenciis revolucionerobas
skeptikurad uyurebda, magram misgan gansxvavebiT fiqrobda, rom ga-
mesame dasi 93
mosavali rigiTi muSa wevrebisTvis ufro meti marTvis uflebis micema

iqneboda da ara naklebisa. sankt-peterburgis àxalgazrdebis~ arale-
galuri gazeTis, `raboCaia mislis~ darad, `kvalic~ muSaTa ufro didi
damoukideblobis moxre iyo. rogorc `kvali~ werda, inteligencia ise
eqceva xalxs, TiTqos is patara bavSvi iyos, fexze dgoma rom ar SeuZlia
TviTon..da romelsac patroni da ZiZa Wirdeba... anu rogorc meurve aras-
rulwlovans... da vin aris es meurve? erTguli da mzrunveli siyvaru-
liT aRsavse inteligencia gaiZaxis me varo patroni da meurve. ratom?
imitom rom tvini Cems xelSia, me Tavi var, da Tavi ki, yovelTvis sxeulis
ufrosia. ara, batono inteleqtualo... Sen Sens Tavs mixede, xalxi ki Ta-
vad mouvlis Tavis Tavsac da saqmesac; Cven patronaJi ar gvWirdeba, aba,
gabede da TiTis ganZreva scade xalxis gareSe.83
inteligenciis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba rom SeeryiaT, saWiro iyo
èrovnuli muSaobis gaZliereba da ganaTlebis donis amaRleba mSromel
xalxSi; praqtikuli saqmianoba, adgilobriv mmarTvelobasa da kultu-
ris sxvadasxva wreSi monawileobis miReba, `zemstvos~ SemoRebisTvis
kampaniaSi CarTva, es yvelaferi SezRudavda inteligenciis fantaziebs
da aamaRlebda samoqalaqo Segnebas rigiT adamianebSi. daselebma misces
mSromel xalxs magaliTi. Jordania Tbilisis dramatuli sazogadoebis
Tavmjdomare gaxda da aqtiurad muSaobda wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebli
sazogadoebisTvis, karlo CxeiZe literaturul klasebs atarebda ba-
TumSi da qalaqis saTaTbiros wevric iyo.
am etapze, inteligenciasTan dakavSirebuli gancxadebebi leninis
sayuradRebod ar keTdeboda. es ukanaskneli propagandas uwevda ideas,
romlis mixedviT revolucias saTaveSi profesiuli revolucionre-
bi unda Casdgomodnen. inteligenciis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sityvebi
rusi xalxosnebisa da maTi qarTveli mowafeebisTvis gasagonad iyo ga-
miznuli. xalxis mier ganxorcielebuli kontrolis principi ramdenime
wlis Semdeg bolSevik-menSevikTa polemikis mTavari Tema gaxda saqarT-
veloSi. `kvali~ mxars uWerda srul `moqalaqeobas~ partiis wevrebs So-
ris. ganaTleba xels Seuwyobda sazogadoebrivi kontrolis aqtiurad
ganxor cielebas. èkonomistebisgan~ gansxvavebiT, `kvali~ ar uaryofda
politikur brZolas, magram misi azriT, uari unda eTqvaT tradiciul
rusul revoluciur xedvaze, romlis mixedviT inteligencia xalxis
tribunad da mokavSired moiazreboda. da bolos, `kvali~ Jordanias
azrs imeorebda, saqarTveloSi arsebuli yvela progresuli jgufi,
vaWrebiTa da xelosnebiT dawyebuli da mzareulebiTa da Sinamosamsaxu-

reebiT damTavrebuli, social-demokratiis baiaraRis qveS unda gaer-
Tianebuliyo. WeSmaritad erovnuli partia is iyo, romelic ekonomiku-
rad daCagrul umravlesobas daicavda.
`kvals~ uzarmazari gavlena hqonda saqarTvelos politikur cxovre-
baze. is, erT-erTi Tanamedrovis sityvebiT `samagido wigni~ gaxda yoveli
wera-kiTxvis mcodne muSisTvis da aseTad darCa 1904 wlamde, mis daxur-
vamde.84 `kvali~ SedarebiT sust cenzuras gadioda. adgilobrivi cen-
zorebi gacilebiT SeSfoTebulebi iyvnen aSkarad nacionalisturi Ju-
rnalebiT, maT naklebad ainteresebdaT marqsistuli ideebi. òxrankis~
masalebis mixedviT, Tbilisis mcxovrebTa umravlesoba, visac aSkarad
Tu malulad uTvalTvalebdnen 1899-1900 wlebSi, somexi iyo erovnebiT,
da ara qarTveli.85 amitom rusul gazeTebs savaraudod, ufro guldas-
miT swavlobdnen da amowmebdnen. yovel SemTxvevaSi, cenzuris komite-
tis gadarwmuneba Jordanias ar gasWirvebia, roca is misi saredaqtoro
statiis akrZalvis Semdeg komitetSi mivida da wevrebs gaesaubra, Tum-
ca giorgi wereTlis gardacvalebis Semdeg mdgomareoba radikalurad
Seicvala. wereTlis gasvenebas 1900 wels uamravi muSa daeswro. imave
wels ramdenime gaficva moewyo, 1901 wels ki `pirvelmaisobis~ demon-
stracia Catarda da policiamac `kvalis~ Semowmebis gadawyvetileba mi-
iRo. Semowmebas TiTqmis mTeli saredaqcio kolegiis dapatimreba mohy-
va. Jordania lanCxuTSi aiyvanes da weliwadze meti xniT gauSves cixeSi.
sasjelis bolo Tveebi Tbilisis Zvel ubanSi, kldis Tavze agebul pirquS
nagebobaSi_metexis cixeSi gaatara. is 1902 wlis ivnisSi gaaTavisufles
da mSobliur lanCxuTSi gaasaxles. es Secdoma iyo policiis mxridan,
radgan guriaSi noe Jordania maSinve SeuerTda glexebis saprotesto ga-
mosvlebs, romelic 1902-1906 wlebSi, yvelaze organizebul moZraobad
gadaiqca ruseTis imperiaSi. ramdenime Tvis Semdeg is kvlav daapatimres
da amjerad oras gurul glexTan erTad aRmoCnda gisosebs miRma. maT So-
ris iyo noe xomerikic _ saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis miwaTmoq-
medebis ministri Jordanias kabinetSi.
ganjidan, sadac Tavisufal gadasaxlebaSi ixdida sasjels Jordania,
oqtomberSi gaTavisuflda. man gafrTxileba miiRo, rom vadas sami wliT
gaugrZelebdnen da viatkaSi, cimbirSi gadaasaxlebdnen. 1903 wlis da-
sawyisSi Jordaniam evropaSi gaqceva moaxerxa. `kvali~ ar dauxuravT. is
social-demokratebis xelSi iyo 1904 wlamde.
mesame dasi 95
gazeTis yvela axali redaqtori jiutad cdilobda Tavisi mkiTx-

velisaTvis xalxosnobasa da marqsizms Soris gansxavaveba daenaxebina
da aexsna. is qarTveli axalgazrdobisTvis yvelaze popularuli gaze-
Ti gaxda. irakli wereTelma, misma axalma redaqtorma 1903-1904 wlebSi,
Jordanias xazi gaatara gazeTSi. man gaimeora Jordanias umTavresi azri
imis Sesaxeb, rom socializmi da erovnuli ganviTareba erTmaneTs iyo
gadajaWvuli da mamamisis Taobas usayvedura, rom isini movlenaTa gan-
viTarebas CamorCnen da maT ideebs ukve axali problemebi da Zalebi upi-
rispirdebodnen.86
`kvalSi~ dabeWdil statiaSi _ `mamuliSviloba, erovnuloba Tu xal-
xis samsaxuri~, wereTeli ambobda, rom misTvis ucnobia sakuTari xalx-
is Tavganwirul siyvarulze ufro didi, sufTa da momxiblavi grZnoba.
Tumca, evropeli patriotebisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTuli patriotizmis
matarebeli burJuazia ki ar iyo, romelic saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ùcxo
tomelebisgan~ Sedgeboda, aramed mSromeli xalxi. es axali progresuli
Zala, `mTeli erisa da Cveni kulturis interesebs gamoxatavda.~87 irakli
wereTeli Tavis mkiTxvelebs afrTxilebda, rom somxuri burJuaziis wi-
naaRmdeg mimarTuli qarTuli nacionalizmi, sinamdvileSi cru mamuliS-
viloba iyo, romelic sakuTari mzardi burJuaziuli klasis interesebs
icavda; rac Seexeba saqarTvelos erovnul interesebs, misi azriT, maTi
WeSmariti damcveli muSaTa klasi iyo. am periodSi gaxda wereTeli im
ideis momxre, romelic progresuli Zalebis farTo koaliciis Seqmnas
gulisxmobda social-demokratiis meTaurobiT. 1903 wels is werda, rom
muSaTa klasis interesebi èmTxveoda saerTo interesebs, emTxveoda,
magaliTad, Tavisufali profesiebis, wvrili, saSualo da mdidari bur-
Juaziis warmomadgenlTa interesebs, imitom, rom es ukanasknelni feo-
daluri sistemis gadmonaSTebs ebrZodnen..dRes, es klasi [muSaTa klasi]
romelic ufro Segnebulia, momzadebuli da Zlieri, hegemonur rols
ikavebs mTels progresul moZraobaSi, mis garSemo Tavi Semoikriba sxva
danarCenma progresulma Zalebma.~88 wereTlis azriT, mxolod mSromeli
xalxi, romelic mTeli maTi `samSoblos~ interesebs warmoadgenda, gana-
saxirebda kidec saqarTvelos erovnul interesebs da yvela progresul
Zalas amavdroulad.~
ganxeTqileba
qarTvel social-demokratTa garkveuli nawili ukmayofilo iyo

`kvalisTvis~ damaxasiaTebeli feletonuri stiliT da im SezRudvebi-
Tac, romelic legaluri gazeTis muSaobas axlda Tan. isini dascinodnen
`kvals~ `zemstvos~lobirebisTvis, Sromis birJis mxardaWerisa da saer-
Tod, im miznebis gamo, romlebsac bevri araferi hqonda saerTo muSaTa
klasis interesebTan. `kvalis~ winaaRmdeg amboxebul jgufs saTaveSi
lado kecxoveli edga. lado kecxoveli goris mazris sofel tyviavis
mRvdlis Svili iyo. is 1893 wels Tbilisis seminariidan garicxes, xolo
1896 wels _ kievis seminariidan. lado kecxoveli qarizmatuli, ukom-
promiso pirovneba iyo da gazeT ìveriis~ sakmaod niWieri korespon-
dentic.89 is goreli glexebis cxovrebaze werda. iq bevri mimdevari da
erTguli Tanamoazre gauCnda studentur wreebSi, maT Soris iyo misi
Tanaqalaqeli, ioseb juRaSvili.90 savaraudod, kecxovelma moagvara ju-
RaSvilis Tbilisis meteorologiur observatoriaSi muSaobis dawyebis
saqme, mas Semdeg, rac juRaSvili iZulebuli gaxda seminariidan wamosu-
liyo.91 kecxoveli mcire xans ijda kievis cixeSi akrZaluli literatu-
ris SenaxvisTvis, magram amas ar SeuSinebia, piriqiT, patimrobis Semdeg
aralegaluri gazeTis daarsebis surviliT anTebuli dabrunda Tbilis-
Si. Seiswavla linotipis moxmareba da yurad ar iRebda qarTveli aqtivis-
tebis Txovnas, Tavi daenebebina aralegaluri gazeTisTvis. qarTvelebi
SiSobdnen, rom aralegaluri gazeTi safrTxes Seuqmnida yvelafers,
risTvisac `kvals~ mieRwia. magram, kecxoveli amtkicebda, rom legaluri
marqsizmi es `wyalwala marqsizmis~ qadagebaao da Jordaniac ar daindo,
mis werilebs `kvalSi~ muSaTa moZraobisTvis sikeTe ar moutaniao.92
1900 wels TbilisSi meetleTa gaficvaSi monawileobis Semdeg 24
wlis kecxoveli baqoSi gaiqca, sadac baqos social-demokratiuli or-
ganizaciis damfuZneblebs da mSeneblebs, abel enuqiZes, boris knuniancs
(gnunianci), leonid krasins da l. e. galperins Sexvda. cota xanSi sabeW-
di manqana SeiZina, Tumca finansuri daxmareba arc ìskridan~ miuRia da
arc Tbilisis organizaciidan da proklamaciebis beWdva daiwyo.93 misi
aralegaluri stambidan, romelic `ninas~ saxeliT iyo cnobili, ìskris~
publikaciebi, nomrebi da revoluciuri pamfletebi mTel ruseTSi
vrceldeboda. ìskris~ saredaqcio kolegiam stambis dafinanseba daiwyo,
magram leninis meuRle nadeJda krupskaia SiSobda, rom stamba sxva re-
mesame dasi 97
voluciur jgufebs CauvardebodaT xelSi, vTqvaT,samxreT regionuli

komitetis oficialuri organos ìuJni raboCis~ gamomcemlebs. ìuJni
raboCi~ medgar winaaRmdegobas uwevda ìskris~ monopolias.94
magram lado kecxovels meti undoda, vidre ubralo stamba _ mas
sakuTari aralegaluri gazeTis daarseba surda. Tbilisis organizacia
Tavdapirvelad uars ambobda aralegaluri stambis dafinansebaze
Tanxebis gakontrolebis uflebis gareSe, magram mere kompromisze wavi-
da da ori amwyobi gaugzavna cotaodeni fuliT proklamaciebis beWdvaSi
rom daxmareboda. TbilisSi SiSobdnen, rom qarTuli aralegaluri gaze-
Ti `kvalisTvis~ arasasurvel yuradRebas miipyrobda, magram kecxoveli
mtkiced idga Tavisaze. Tbilisma isev ukan daixia. is daTanxmda, rom dax-
marebas gauwevda gazeTs, magram baqoSi severiane juReli gagzavna, rom
kecxoveli daeTanxmebinaT, TbilisisTvis daeTmo gazeTis saredaqcio
kontroli. kecxoveli, romelsac sakuTari xeliT hqonda stamba awyobili
da gamarTuli, am winadadebam gaacecxla da Tbiliss miaxala, rom gazeTi
mxolod ìskris~ winaSe iqneboda pasuxismgebeli.95 gazeTis organizaciu-
li sakiTxebis irgvliv momxdari Setakeba aSkaras xdida Tbilisel da
baqoel social-demokratebs Soris taqtikasTan dakavSirebul mzard
uTanxmoebas, rac aisaxa kidec axali aralegaluri gazeTis statiebSi da
stilSic, misi xanmokle arsebobis ganmavlobaSi 1901 wlidan 1902 wlamde.
`brZolis~ pirveli nomeri 1901 wlis seqtemberSi gamovida. cenzurisgan
Tavisufalma, man Tavidanve saomari toni airCia, riTac daupirispirda
`kvalis~ kulturaze orientirebul kampaniebs.
`brZolaSi~ ibeWdeboda mSromelTa werilebi, Suqdeboda kavkasia-
sa da ruseTSi mimdinare gaficvebi da rsdmp-is saqmianoba, gazeTs arc
muSebis revoluciuri brZolisadmi miZRvnili saqebari leqsebi aklda.
is mouwodebda politikuri agitmuSaobis gaZlierebisken da `quCis
demonstarciebisken~, radgan eWviT uyurebda `kva lis~ erTgulebas,
emuSavaT muSebis patar-patara wreebTan, rasac dacinviT `kruJkovSina~
Searqva. `kvali~ xom yovelTvis xazs usvamda muSebis swavla-ganaTlebis
saqmes da amasTan dakavSirebul problemebs. `brZolis~ pirveli nomeri
acxadebda, rom `rogorc social-demokratiis organo, gazeTi unda wa-
ruZRves muSaTa moZraobas, aCvenos mas gza, raTa man ar dauSvas taqti-
kuri Secdomebi..[da] warmoadgendes mis Segnebul wamyvan centristul
Zalas.~ 96
Semdeg gazeTi werda da es `kvalis~ ganadgurebis mcdeloba iyo da

meti araferi, rom `muSa kacis mZime Secdomad miaCniaT, Tu is `kvals~
Tavis sakuTar gazeTad da mSromelebis interesebis gamomxatvelad
miiCnevs, radgan `kvali~ legaluria. xolo legaluri gazeTi, rac
unda mZime pirobebSi ibeWdebodes da ra mimarTulebisac ar unda
iyos, mainc legaluria da mTavrobasTan mSvenivrad aqvs awyobili
urTierTobebi. biurokratebis uSvelebeli banda cenzuras emsaxu-
reba, wiTel melansa da makratels moxerxebulad xmarobs yvelafris
winaaRmdeg, rasac simarTlisa da samarTlianobis Tundac uwvrilesi
sxivi anaTebs. 97
`brZolam~ ise, rom `kvalis~ saxeli ar uxsenebia, Seutia misi muSaobis

stils_ wreebSi, wignebiTa da broSurebiT Seetana ganaTleba masebSi.
rogorc gazeTi werda, amgvari midgoma muSebs survils ukargavda, rom
`maT ufro rTuli sakiTxebi wamoeyenebinaT da Tanamedrove realobis-
Tvis kritikuli TvaliT SeexedaT~.98 `brZolis~ meore nomerSi saubari
iyo partiaze, romelic `SeiaraRebulia Zlieri principebiT da mtkice
konspiraciuli teqnikiT~ da mzad aris `quCis moZraoba~ sakuTari poli-
tikuri miznebis misaRwevad gamoiyenos.~99 èkonomikuri~ gaficvebisami
skeptikurad ganwyobili `brZola~ mowodebebs akeTebda politikuri
moqmedebisken `quCis demonstraciebisken, sadac muSebi gaerTianebas
SeZleben~.100 imave nomerSi aleqsandre wulukiZem, romelsac didi xnis
TanamSromloba akavSirebda `kvalTan,~ gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT
_ nacionalizmi da socializmi. masSi wulukiZe miniSnebiT akritikeb-
da Jordanias, radgan man zedmetad didi mniSvneloba mianiWa erovnul
brZolas. amas garda, wulukiZem zRvari gaavlo Cagruli da mCagvreli
erebis nacionalizms Soris. `kvalisgan~ gansxvavebiT, romelic aRfr-
TovanebiT Sehyurebda saxelmwifos mSeneblobis gzaze damdgar Cexebs,
wulukiZe amtkicebda, rom Cagruli erebis progresuli nacionalizmic
ki, sabolood, burJuaziis gaZlierebas emsaxurebao.101 proletariati ar
unda motyuvdes da nacionalizmi ar unda irCios demokratiuli brZolis
sanacvlod. erovnuli Tavisuflebis miRweva mxolod demokratiisT-
vis brZoliT aris SesaZlebeli, Sesabamisad...roca erovnuli da saerTo
demokratiuli interesebi erTmaneTs gadakveTen, erovnulma gza unda
dauTmos demokratiulso.102
`brZolas~ ufro didi rusuli revoluciuri moZraobis nawilad war-
moedgina Tavi da misi bolo nomris Tavfurcelze saTaurs daumata `ru-
mesame dasi 99
seTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia~. `brZola~ agrZelebda leg-

alur muSaobaze ndobis damyarebis kritikas, magram ar uaryofda amgvari
muSaobis efeqturobasac. is dascinoda gazeT `raboCaia misls~ da gaze-
Tis mier ekonomikis ganviTarebisTvis muSaobis aqcentebs, magram amave
dros acxadebda, rom `brZolis~ redaqciis kari Ria iyo yvela revolu-
ciuri jgufisTvis, da ara marto maTTvis, vinc mxolod proletariatis
brZolaze fiqrobda. rogorc urataZe wers, kecxovels JordaniasTvis
uTxovia `brZolis~ pirveli saredaqtoro svetis dawera. `nina~ masalebs
ubeWdavda ìuJni raboCis~ da `raboCaia misls~, iseve rogorc ìskras~.103
man dagmo emigranti social-demokratebis erTmaneTSi kinklaoba da `kva-
lis~ darad mouwodebda wvril burJuaziasTan da sxva Cagrul klasebTan
gaerTianebisken TviTmpyrobelobis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. `brZo-
lis~ mier èkonomizmis~ dagmoba arafriT gansxvavdeboda `kvalis~
damokidebulebisgan am damoukidebeli moZraobisadmi, romelic viTom
yuradRebas ar aqcevda politikur sakiTxebs. da `brZola~ kritikulad
iyo ganwyobili `kvalis~ poziciisadmi erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT,
magram mxars uWerda qarTvelTa antikoloniur da kulturis dacvisTvis
brZolas.104 Tavis mxriv, arc `kvalis~ mxardamWerni iyvnen aralegalu-
rad muSaobis winaaRmdegni.
1898 wlidan, ori wliT adre, vidre kecxoveli baqoSi gaemgzavrebo-
da, `kvalis~ mxardamWerebi aralegalur muSaTa wreebs xelmZRvane-
lobdnen Tbilisis mTavar rkinigzis depoSi da 1899 wlisa da 1900 wlis
pirvelmaisobisadmi miZRvnil aralegalur proklamaciebs beWdavdnen.
kecxoveli wuxda, rom muSaoba swrafad ar mimdinareobda da arc saWiro
yuradReba eqceoda. `brZolaze~ muSaoba SeCerda, baqos social-demokra-
tiuli organizaciis wevrebis masobrivi dapatimrebebis Semdeg 1902
wlis mart-aprilSi. 26 wlis lado kecxoveli seqtemberSi daapatimres da
Tbilisis metexis cixeSi gadaiyvanes. daaxleobiT erTi wlis Semdeg ki,
1903 wlis 3 agvistos, gansakuTrebiT urC patimars, revoluciur simRe-
ras rom mReroda saknis fanjridan, mecixovnem esrola da mokla.105 `nina~
Tbilisis avlabris raionSi gadaitanes. is saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis so-
cial-demokratiuli organizaciis samsaxurSi idga 1906 wlamde, sanam
aRmoaCendnen.
`kvalsa~ da `brZolas~ Soris namdvilad iyo uTanxmoeba, magram misi
gazviadeba ar SeiZleba. social-demokratebi aleqsandre wulukiZe da
filipe maxaraZe legaluri `kvalisTvisac~ da aralegaluri `brZolis-
Tvisac~ erTnairad ganagrZnobdnen weras. `kvali~ radikalur organod

darCa. is yoveldRiurad iuwyeboda marqsis Sexedulebaze, rom `yoveli
eris da sazogadoebis istoria...erTi Tu meore formiT, klasobrivi brZo-
lis istoriaa~ da rom saqarTveloSi `klasobriv antagonizms~ fexi ukve
aedga.106 social-demokratiuli debatebis centrSi am etapze misi wevre-
bi ki ar iyvnen, aramed ìveria~ da `novoe obozrenie~ (nikolaZis gaze-
Ti) da `moambis~ axali Taobis mxardamWerebi, magaliTad, g. lasxiSvili
da v. wereTeli, romlebic 1890-iani wlebis dasasruls arCil jorjaZes
SeuerTdnen. amiT faqtobrivad Seiqmna im organizaciis birTvi, romelic
mogvianebiT, 1904 wels oficialurad daarsda, rogorc socialistur-
federalisturi partia.
polemika cxared mimdinareobda. Jordania ambobda, rom es iyo kon-
fliqti `kulturisa da filistinizms, evropeizmsa da orientalizms~
Soris. magram xSirad mopaeqreebs erTmaneTisadmi siZulvili alapara-
kebdaT.1071901 wlisTvis, jorjaZis jgufs ukve hqonda Tavisi sakuTari
gazeTi _ `cnobis furceli~, romelic ufro Riad iziarebda Tergda-
leulTa nacionalisturi memkvidreobis ideebs, kerZod, enis dacvas,
qarTvelTa sakuTrebis dakanonebisa miwaze da erovnuli avtonomiis
Seqmnis ideas federalur saxelmwifoSi. maTi Tezisebis gamo gansa-
kuTrebiT decentralizaciis, adgilobriv mmarTvelobaSi qarTvelTa
ufro farTo monawileobisa da qarTuli burJuaziisTvis xelSewyobis
Sesaxeb, es jgufi gacilebiT Zlieri da qmediTi metoqe gaxda social-
demokratiisTvis, vidre ìveriis~ garSemo gaerTianebuli dasustebuli
xalxosnebi an kavkasiis social-demokratiuli organizaciaSi dabude-
buli disidentebi.108
101
T a vi 4
mS
Srr om
o m e l i x a l xi
xi
qarTveli social-demokratebi Cinel da kubel komunistebs hgavd-

nen im TvalsazrisiT, rom isinic mkveTrad gansxvavebuli da damaxasiaTe-
beli politikuri kulturis matareblebi iyvnen. Zalauflebis mopovebi-
sTvis mebrZoli revolucionrebi moergnen qveyanaSi arsebul socialur
Zalebs da TavianTi gzavnilic Sesabamisad Camoayalibes. proletariat-
ze dafuZnebuli socialisturi revoluciisken mimaval gzaze qarTveli
daselebi garkveul `Teoriul~ winaaRmdegobebs waawydnen. pirveli _
is politikur-ekonomikuri garemo, sadac cxovrobdnen, Tumca, pirveli
msoflio omis Semdeg socialisturi revoluciisTvis yvelaze gavrce-
lebuli konteqsti protokapitalisturi iyo. qveyanaSi proletariati
erT cida klass warmoadgenda, Tanac gaugebari iyo, sad mTavrdeboda
muSaTa klasi da sad iwyeboda wvril vaWarTa klasi, romelsac qarTul
ekonomikaSi gabatonebuli mgomareoba ekava. am situaciaSi, SeuZlebeli
iyo muSaTa klasis partiis Seqmna. raime saxis zegavlenis moxdena Tu sur-
daT, qarTvel daselebs aliansi unda hqonodaT `naxevradproletarul~
glexobasTan da `meSCanebTan.~ es ukanasknelni qalaqis vaWrebisa da xe-
losnebis amorful wodebas miekuTvnebodnen... meore _ mSromelebi ar
warmoadgendnen iseT homogenur jgufs, rogoric marqss hyavda warmod-
genili. isini eTnikuradac dayofilni iyvnen da kuTxuri gansxvavebulo-
bac ar akldaT. evropaSi arsebuli situaciisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTveli
mSromelebis xelmZRvanelobis problema muSaTa saerTaSoriso solida-
robis saxelmwifoTaSorisi ganmtkiceba ki ar iyo, aramed sakuTar qveya-
naSi solidarobis SegrZnebis gaZliereba.
im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu qarTveli muSa da misi somexi an `TaTari~ mezo-
beli erT ezoSi cxovrobdnen da erT fabrikaSi muSaobdnen ( da es namd-
vilad ar iyo iSviaToba) an masac imave skolaSi dahyavda Tavisi Svilebi

sadac maT, saerTo interesebTan dakavSirebiT yovelTvis frTxilad da
mozomilad iqceodnen. es faqtobrivad, istoriuli memkvidreobiT miRe-
buli undoblobis gamo xdeboda, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTul-somxuri
urTierTobebi mudmivad konfliqturobiT gamoirCeoda. da mainc, Sua
saukuneebis droidan dawyebuli, anu im droidan rac somxebi saqarTve-
loSi Camosxldnen, qarTvelebsa da somxebs distanciuri urTierTobebi
da erTmaneTisadmi gulgrili damokidebuleba hqondaT. erebs Soris is-
toriulad rTuli urTierTobebi gadaxlarTuli iyo imJamindeli prob-
lemebis mTel wyebasTan, ramac socialuri diferenciacia da urbaniza-
ciis sxvadasxvagvari sistemebi moitana da mkveTrad gamijna profesiuli
statusi, Taobebi da socialuri sqesi.1
qarTvel daselebs enis, religiisa da tradiciebis kulturis Zalze
saCoTiro da mtkivneuli sakiTxebisa da maTTan dakavSirebiT warmoqmni-
li problemebis marTva uxdebodaT. sanam 1918 wels xelisuflebaSi movi-
dodnen da Semdegac garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, isini multikul-
turul politikas atarebdnen. magram sakuTari social-demokratiuli
organizacia mxolod nawilobriv aqcies mravalerovnul organod, ris
gamoc ukmayofilo somxebma 1903 wlis oqtomberSi Seqmnes damoukidebe-
li organizacia _somxuri social-demokratiuli muSaTa organizacia,
anu `specifistebi.~ situacia kidev ufro damZimda imis gamo, rom klasisa
da erovnebis daTmxveva moxda. saqme isaa, rom ganviTarebad da mzard bur-
Juaziul klass saqarTveloSi umetesad somxebi warmoadgendnen, mmarT-
vel biurokratias _ rusebi, muSaTa klass ki, ZiriTadad, qarTvelebi.
amgvarma erovnulma dayofam Zireulad Seaferxa socialuri revoluci-
is dinamika. magram qarTveli daselebisTvis es garkveulwilad sasarge-
bloc aRmoCnda; qarTvelebis undoblobam somexi vaWrebis da fabrikis
mepatroneebisadmi, sakmaod efeqturi Sedegi gamoiRo qarTveli muSebis
mobilizaciaSi burJuaziis winaaRmdeg, magram amave dros, es saSiSic iyo,
radgan erebs Soris konfliqtis afeTqeba SeeZlo. rac Seexeba danarCen
erovnul jgufebs, gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleT saqarTveloSi glexTa
warmatebul ajanyebaSi ( 1902-1906) daselebis monawileobis Semdeg, isini
saqarTvelos social-demokratiul moZraobas sul ufro metad aRiqvam-
dnen erovnul da ara saerTaSoriso moZraobad. movlenaTa amgvarma aRq-
mam adgilobrivi araqarTveli mosaxleobis ndoba Searyia saqarTvelos
social-demokratiuli moZraobisadmi da mTeli moZraoba caristuli
mSromeli xalxi 103
manipulaciebis pirispir martodmarto datova. kidev sxva faqtoreb-

mac imoqmeda qarTuli social-demokratiis Camoyalibebaze, magaliTad,
kavkasiis xalxebis umetesobisTvis damaxasiaTebelma politikurma kul-
turam, romelic qebas asxamda damnaSaveebs da SeiaraRebul kriminalur
jgufebs, rogorc iqaur `robin hudebs~ _ Rirsebisa da pativis mamac
damcvelebs.
Zlieri naTesauri da kuTxuri kavSirebi xelSemwyob faqtorad iqca
politikuri karieris gasakeTeblad, xolo Rirsebis SegrZneba da Tav-
moyvareobis Selaxvis gancda arTulebda aliansebis Seqmnas da politi-
kur paeqrobasac imdenad amwvavebda, rom xSirad amas daundobeli Su-
risZieba mosdevda, rogorc problemis gadaWris erTaderTi gza. amave
dros, daselebs is faqtic gamoarCevda sxvebisgan, rom evropuli yai-
dis social-demokratias aniWebdnen upiratesobas, rac cota ar iyos,
ewinaaRmdegeboda maT Semwynareblur damokidebulebas Zaladobisa da
terorizmisadmi. qarTvelebis social-demokrat megobrebs ruseTSi,
TumcaRa proevropulebs, gacilebiT ambivalenturi damokidebuleba
hqondaT evropuli tipis mSromelTa partiisadmi. amis garda, daselebs
socialisturi taqtikis SemuSaveba da mofiqreba policiuri saxelm-
wifos konteqstSi uwevdaT, risi ignorirebac maT evropel kolegebs
umetes SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT.
kavkasiis socialur-ekonomikuri, eTnikuri da kulturuli garemos
mier ganpirobebuli taqtika mogvianebiT iseT strategiad gardaiqmna,
romelic socialisturi revoluciis magaliTi gaxda ganviTarebad sam-
yaroSi. 1903 wlisTvis daselebi rus social-demokratebs SeurTdnen,
magram maTi umTavresi miswrafeba, Seqmniliyo mcire qonebis mepatro-
neTa, glexebisa da muSebis didi kavSiri, romelic Camoayalibebda samo-
qalaqo sazogadoebas, sadac Sromis uflebebi da erovnuli kulture-
bi gaerTiandeboda egalitarul da mravalkulturul socialistur
sazogadoebaSi, mtkice da uryevi darCa.
mSromelebi
Tavisi arsebobis pirveli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mesame dass saqar-

Tvelos mSromelTa da muSaTa moZraobasTan mWidro kavSiri ar hqonia.
qarTveli socialistebis umravlesobisTvis gaugebari iyo, hyavda Tu
ara saerTod saqarTvelos muSaTa klasi. rogorc Jordania igonebs, ymaw-

vilobis dros, misTvis muSa iyo ìraneli an asirieli kaci [ambalebi], ro-
melsac samxreuli ekeTa (mxrebze damagrebuli rbili baliSis msgavsi
ram, tvirTis gadasatanad); verasdros warmomedgina, rom fabrika-qar-
xanaSi Tu rkinigzaze momuSave SeiZleboda revoluciuri proletaria-
tis wevri yofiliyo.~2 1880 wlamde, qarTul sityvas- muSas uwodebdnen
tvirTis mzidavebs an im adamianebs, romlebic mzad iyvnen nebismieri sa-
muSaos Sesasruleblad an qalaqis erTi kuTxidan meoreSi gadahqondaT
gasayidi saqoneli. ilia WavWavaZe Tavis leqsSi `muSa,~ mas usaxlkaro
glexad moixseniebs, romelic TbilisSi Camosula `batonis maTraxis-
Tvis~ Tavi rom daeRwia.3 magram saukunis dasasrulisTvis ekonomikurma
zrdam, rkinigzis gayvanam da Tbilisis gadaqcevam administraciul da
samxedro centrad, pirobebi Seqmna axali tipis muSis Camosayaliblebad,
romelic qalaqSi gaCenil aseulobiT saxelosnosa da patara fabrikebis
mepatroneebTan muSaobda.
samxedro-sabrZolo teqnikis ganviTarebam moiTxova mbeWdavebi,
rkinigzis SemkeTeblebi, sarkinigzo xazze momuSaveebi da mkeravebic,
romlebic umetesad qalaqelebi iyvnen, wera-kiTxvac icodnen da kvali-
fikaciac ar akldaT. marTalia, isini mSromelebis saerTo raodenobis
mcire nawils warmoadgendnen, magram garkveulwilad marqsistul war-
modgenas `muSaTa klasze~ mainc Seesabamebodnen. Tumca, urbanizaciis
swrafi procesis miuxedavad, qarTveli social-demokratebi sruliad
sxva, im viTarebisgan gansxvavebul situaciaSi muSaobdnen, romelic
Jordanias londonSi, parizSi an Tundac sankt-peterburgSi daxvda.
me-19 saukunis bolosTvis saqarTvelos qalaqi isev preindustriuli
xanisa iyo, sadac umetesad gildiebSi Tavmoyrili xelosnebi da vaWrebi
muSaobdnen. gildiebma mniSvneloba dakarges 1860-iani wlebis Semdeg,
roca axalma kanonmdeblobam maTi monopolia daasrula. gadasaxadebTan
dakavSirebiT gildiebis moTaveTa saprotesto gamosvlebs 1865 wels
TbilisSi, vaWarTa gildiis gauqmeba mohyva, Tumca xelosanTa gildiebi
isev arsebobda.4 qarTul ekonomikaSi gildiebs Rrmad hqonda fesvebi
gadgmuli da miuxedavad mzardi warmoebisa da ucxouri konkurenciisa,
qalaqis ekonomikaSi mainc inarCunebda gabatonebul mdgomareobas. ru-
seTis did qalaqebSi ki piriqiT_saukunis bolosTvis iq gildiebis mniS-
vneloba swrafad daeca.5 kapitalisturi warmoebis SemoWras (TbilisSi
ekonomika, ZiriTadad, efuZneboda sasoflo-sameurneo produqcias _
mSromeli xalxi 105
Tambaqos, tyavisa Tu tyis warmoebas) SesaZloa zarali mieyenebina ise-

Ti xelobebisTvis, rogoricaa qsova da iaraRis damzadeba da amis garda,
Semoeyvana ufro meti `migranti~ fabrikaSi samuSaod, magram amave dros,
Tanamdrove kapitalizmis pirobebSi SenarCundeboda da gaZlierdeboda
sxva saxis mcire warmoebebi, rogoricaa danebis lesva, mewaReoba, wyal-
sadeni sistemebi da samkervalo warmoeba. am ukanasknelma daiwyo evro-
puli tansacmlisa da fexsacmlis damzadeba da warmoebac gaezarda did
sacalo organizaciebiebTan meoreuli kontraqtebis meSveobiT. icv-
leboda da izrdeboda momxmareblis moTxovnebi, rasac dakmayofileba
sWirdeboda. erT-erTi istoriuli wyaros mixedviT ,1894 wlidan 1912
wlamde TbilisSi xelosanTa raodenoba mcire kustarul saxelosnoebSi
5, 460 kacidan 8, 890-mde gaizarda.6 adgilobrivi qarvaslebi, sadac spar-
seTidan da evropidan importirebuli produqciiT vaWrobdnen da qa-
laqSi mimofantuli bazrebi, isev Tbilisis ekonomikuri cxovrebis cen-
trebad rCeboda. qarvaslebi jer kidev Sendeboda me-19 saukunis meore
naxevarSi, Tumca 1870-iani wlebis Semdeg arc erTi aRar augiaT.
xelosnebi da vaWrebi _ es jgufi, romelic Tanamedrove marqsistebs
wvrili burJuaziis kategoriaSi gahyavdaT, xolo carizmis Cinovnikebi ki
maRaziis mepatroneebTan da kancelariis klerkebTan erTad `meSCanebis~
kategorias miekuTvnebodnen xolme _ warmatebiT uwevda konkuren-
cias axal saqmosnebs, fabrika-qarxnebs, sakredito organizaciebsa da
bankebs. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, qalaqSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi Zvelebu-
rad isev kustarul saxelosnoebSi dadiodnen mewaReebTan, durglebTan,
mWedlebTan Tu mkeravebTan. me-19 saukunis bolosTvis saqarTvelos qa-
laqebis komerciul-savaWro scenaze isev quCis bazrobebi, mewvrilma-
neebi, vaWrebi da Tbilisis ganumeorebeli tvirTis mzidavebi da tomre-
biviT gaberil farTo Sarvlebsa da tunikebSi gamowyobili kintoebi da
yaraCoxelebi batonobdnen.
1900 wlisTvis saqarTveloSi 53 korporaciaSi gaerTianebuli 20.000-
ze meti gildieli xelosani da sul cota, 14 qarvasla iyo. xelosanTa
umravlesoba orkacian saxelosnoSi muSaobda, Tumca isini xSirad did
fabrikebSic muSaobdnen meore kontraqtiT. 1900 wels TbilisSi 1.973
saxelosnoSi 9.000 xelosani iyo dasaqmebuli.7 qarxnebi 1870-iani wlebi-
dan amuSavda saqarTveloSi, magram moskovisa da sankt-peterburgis rki-
nisa da qsovilebis qarxnebisgan gansxvavebiT, daqiravebulTa raodenoba
aq mcire iyo.8 maTi umetesoba patara saxelosnoebisgan didad ar gansx-
vavdeboda. 1890-ian wlebSi saqarTvelos `qarxnebis~ 95%-s aT muSaze nak-

lebi hyavda, 1905 wlisTvis `qarxnebis~ mxolod 15%-s hqonda manqana-da-
nadgarebi.91900 wels Tbilisis mxolod 7 qarxanaSi muSaobda 300 kacze
meti, rac mTlianobaSi 3. 412 muSas Seadgenda. amierkavkasiis rkinigzis
mTavari saxelosnos Semdeg,maTgan yvelaze msxvili,bosarjiancis (260),
enfiZiancis (254) da `miris~ (249) Tambaqos qarxnebi da belgiuri kompa-
nia iyo, 241 tramvais mZRoliTa da meqanikosiT, romelic ànonimuri
SezRuduli kompaniis~ saxeliT iyo cnobili.10 sxva danarCeni didi damqi-
raveblebi, adelxanovis tyavis gadamuSavebeli qarxana (sadac stalini
muSaobda adreul axalgazrdobaSi), sarajaSvilis koniakis, mirzoevis
qaRaldis, tolles, tairovisa da adelxanovis sapnis qarxnebi da rva
stamba iyo.11 1903 wels xelisuflebam fabrika-qarxnebis mdgomareoba
Seiswavla. qarxnebad is sawarmoebiiTvleboda, sadac 20 daqiravebul-
ze meti muSaobda. aqedan gamomdinare, Tbilisis guberniaSi 67 qarxana
aRiricxa, sadac 4. 181 daqiravebuli muSa hyavdaT.12 eseni iyo: xuTi Tam-
baqos qarxana, rva sainJinro sawarmo, rva xe-tyis gadamamuSavebeli da
avejis saxelosno, 15 stamba, 13 tyavisa da fexsacmlis fabrika, Svidi
aryisa da ludis gamosaxdeli qarxana, eqvsi fqvilisa da tkbileulis
fabrika da xuTi aguris qarxana. muSaTa umravlesoba Tavmoyrili iyo
tyavisa da fexsacmlis warmoebaSi (1. 668), amas mosdevda Tambaqos (949),
beWvdisa (465) da sainJinro warmoebebi.13 transportSi dasaqmebuli muSe-
bi, meetlebi, tramvaisa da funikuloris mZRolebi ar Sediodnen im 4. 181
kacis ricxvSi, rac, grigol giorgaZis gamoTvlebiT, Tbilisis guber-
niis muSaTa raodenobas 12. 500 kacamde gazrdida.14 magaliTad, amierka-
vkasiis rkinigzis saxelosnoSi 2. 747 muSa iyo daqiravebuli (giorgaZe
varaudobs-4.000-s) da 1000-mde qalaqis satransporto sistemaSi. arc
amqrebSi (gildiebSi) gaerTianebuli xelosnebi CauTvliaT da arc 1.850
TanaSemwe, kancelariisa Tu administraciis uamravi moxele, buRalteri,
molare an Sinamosamsaxure. qarTveli social-demokratebisTvis yvela
zemoT CamoTvlili jgufi mSromeli xalxis nawili iyo. ruseTis imperi-
is sxva danarCen qalaqebTan Tbiliss is saerTo hqonda, rom, ZiriTadad,
muSebi, sezonurad muSaobdnen an pirveli Taobis imigrantebi iyvnen.
urbanizacia saqarTvelos mazrebSi me-19 saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi
swrafi tempiT mimdinareobda, qalaqis macxovrebelTa ricxvi 1865-dan
1913 wlamde daaxloebiT 560%-iT gaizarda.15 es zrda asaxavda sofelSi
cxovrebis siZneleebs da saerTo siduxWires, ramac qalaqSi soflis ma-
mSromeli xalxi 107
sobrivi gadadineba gamoiwvia. magram urbanizaciis procesi saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxeSi sakmaod gansxvavebulad mimdinareobda. zogierTi
qalaqi, magaliTad, Tbilisi swrafad gaizarda: 1886 wlidan 1897 wlamde
mosaxleobis raodenobam orjer imata 78. 445 adamianidan 159. 590-s mi-
aRwia, xolo 1914 wlisTvis 243. 000 aTasi gaxda. Tbilisis guberniis da-
narCen urbanul centrebSi, magaliTad, gorSi, Telavsa da axalqalaqSi
mosaxleoba umniSvnelod gaizarda da miyruebul, uRimRamo qalaqebad
darCa, rac namdvilad ar izidav social-demokratebis aqtivistebs iq par-
tiuli muSaobis gaCaRebisTvis.16 dasavleT saqarTvelos urbanuli zrda
zogierT SemTxvevaSi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT, swrafi
iyo, gansakuTrebiT saporto qalaqebSi. soxumis mosaxleoba 1886 wli-
dan 1897 wlamde 1. 839%-iT gaizarda, Tumca mTlianobaSi, quTaisis gu-
berniis urbanizaciis procesi gacilebiT nela mimdinareobda Tbilisis
guberniasTan SedarebiT. dasavleT saqarTvelos udides qalaq quTaisSi
1897 wlisTvis 32. 476 registrirebuli mosaxle cxovrobda, baTumSi ki,
romelic 1902 wlis gaficvebis Semdeg revoluciuri saqmianobis centri
gaxda, mxolod 28,508.17 dasavleT saqarTvelos umetes qalaqebSi, garda
saporto qalaqebisa, mosaxleobis raodenoba axlomdebare soflebidan
CamosulTa xarjze izrdeboda,magram sxva qalaqebi, Tbilisis msgavsad,
imigrantebs ufro farTo geografiuli arealidan izidavda. marTalia,
maTi umravlesoba sxvadasxva mazridan qarTveli glexi iyo, mosaxleo-
bis 1897 wlis aRweris monacemebiT, TbilisSi ruseTidan Camosuli 30.000
aTasi imigranti cxovrobda, daaxloebiT 15.000 _ kavkasiis sxvadasxva
administraciuli erTeulebidan da 7.000 aTasze meti _ TurqeTidan da
iranidan.18 ricxobrivad qarTvelebi nel-nela uTanabrdebodnen Tbili-
sis sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebs, magram me-19 saukunis bolosTvis,
isini mainc 26% Seadgendnen, somxebis 36.4% -Tan, rusebisa da sxva uamra-
vi jgufis _ afxazebis, osebis, ebraelebis, berZnebis, asirielebis,
qurTebis, Turqebisa da sparselebis 21.1%-Tan SedarebiT.
zogan urbanuli zrda qalaqis gafarToebis Sedegad moxda, radgan me-
19 saukunis bolos Tbilisi gaizarda da germanuli kolonia aleqsander-
sdorfi da qarTuli soflebi _ CuRureTi, orTaWala da didube STanTqa.
aman axalCamosulTa da adre dasaxlebulTa, qalaqisa Tu soflis
macxovrebelebis erTmaneTisgan garCeva kidev ufro gaarTula.19 axal-
Camosul qarTvelTa umravlesoba soflebidan iyo. mcire sakarmidamos
mepatrone axalgazrda glexebi TbilisSi cotaodeni zedmeti fulis ga-
sakeTeblad Camodiodnen. isini qalaqis sul ufro mzardi saSualo fenis

warmomadgenlebs mtvirTavebad emsaxurebodnen da qvanaxSiriTac ama-
ragebdnen (qvanaxSirs uTos gasacxeleblad da gasaTbobad xmarobdnen)
an droebiT samuSaos iRebdnen saxelosnoebsa da qarxnebSi. qalaqi zaf-
xulobiT glexebiT ivseboda, teva aRar iyo, arc registracias gadiod-
nen, rogorc droebiTi macxovreblebi, dRisiT muSaobdnen, Tu rames ga-
monaxavdnen, RamiT ki sardafebSi an im saxelosnoebSi eZinaT, sadac maT
qiraobdnen. mokled, amiT qalaqSi macxovrebelTa oficialur ricxvs
seriozulad amcirebdnen. 1902 wels Tbilisis macxovrebelTa 43% reg-
istrirebuli iyo, rogorc droebiTi macxovrebeli, fabrika-qarxnebis
muSaTa umravlesobis CaTvliT. 1897 wels glexebis raodenoba oficia-
luri monacemebiT 54.600 aTasi anu Tbilisis mosaxleobis 34.1% iyo.20
bosarjiancis Tambaqos qarxanas 115 registrirebuli Tbiliseli hyavda
daqiravebuli, 120 ki araregistrirebuli; Sesabamisad ruksos sainJinro
qarxanaSi 9 da 45 iyo, iaralovis qarxanaSi _ 45 da 159, xolo oto maderis
ludis gamosaxdel qarxanas 24-ve muSa araregistrirebuli Tbiliseli
hyavda.21 Tbilisel muSaTa udidesi nawili dauqorwinebeli iyo. Tambaqos
qarxnis muSaTa 80% da wylisa da spirtis qarxnis 70% axalgazrda da mar-
toxela mamakaci iyo, rac imaze miuTiTebda, rom qalaqis eleqtoratis
udides nawils is Seadgenda. muSaTa es kontigenti axlad Camosuli iyo da
is iyo fexis mokidebas cdilobda qalaqSi.22 magram yvela araregistri-
rebuli muSakaci soflidan axlad Camosuli ar iyo, zogi maTgani, cno-
bili social-demokratebis Zmebi CodriSvilebis msgavsad, karga xnis win
iyo TbilisSi gadmosuli. CodriSvilebi patarebi iyvnen qvriv dedasTan
erTad rom Camovidnen TbilisSi da adreuli asakidan qarxanaSi muSaob-
dnen.23 sxva danarCeni moqalaqeebi TbilisSi iyvnen dabadebuli, magram
sxvagan iyvenen registrirebuli. qalaqis TiTqmis yvela ararezidenti,
rogorc es yvelgan xdeboda ruseTis imperiaSi, Tavis sofelTan inar-
Cunebda kavSirs. qarTvelebisTvis es gacilebiT ioli iyo. qalaqebsa da
soflebs Soris isedac mcire manZili mTavari rkinigzis xazisTvis dama-
tebulma ganStoebebma kidev ufro Seamcira. qalaqSi samuSaod Camosu-
lebs kidev hqondaT imedi, rom miwas iyididnen, miwa ki sakvebiT uzrunve-
lyofis wyaro iyo gaWirvebis dros. qarTuli kulturis qcevis kodeqsi
iTxovda, rom sofelSi darCenili mSoblebisaTvis da naTesavebisaTvis
yuradReba ar moekloT. 1895 wels silibistro jiblaZem aseTi SeniSvna
gaakeTa maTze: àq proletarebis umravlesobas mcire nakveTebi aqvT;
mSromeli xalxi 109
es muSas qonebis mesakuTris saxels aniWebs, magram sinamdvileSi ki, er-

Ti Rataki, umiwawylo glexia. mSromeli kacis bedi mis mier Seqmnil
produqciazea damokidebuli da Sromis bazarzec.~24 qarTveli muSebis
sofelTan siaxlovis SegrZneba saqarTvelos social-demokratiisT-
vis xelsayreli ar iyo. garkveulwilad, aman arasasurveli Sedegebic
gamoiRo partiisTvis. jer erTi, qarTvel kacs muSuri cxovrebisadmi
erTgulebis Tu Tavdadebis susti grZnoba hqonda. bevri maTgani qarxa-
nas `droebiT TavSesafrad~ miiCnevda.25 meore, soflis siaxlove xels
uwyobda kuTxuri identurobis SegrZnebis gaxangrZlivebas. glexebi
Cveulebriv, erTi da imave raionidan an soflidan jgufurad Camodiod-
nen qalaqSi, valdebulebebisgan Tavisufali organizaciis msgavs gaer-
Tianebebs qmnidnen erTmaneTis wasaxmareblad da `TavisianebTan~ erTad
cxovrobdnen da muSaobdnen. msgavsi fenomeni ruseTisTvisac nacnobi
iyo, magram iq es urTierTobebi naklebad gamZle aRmoCnda. Tumca aseTi
saxis adgilobrivi erTguleba xSirad muSaTa mobilizaciisTvis saWiro
iaraRze naklebi ar iyo. magaliTad, gurulebis saxiT qarTvel social-
demokratebs uzarmazari dasayrdeni hyavdaT im kuTxeSi da amas kargis
meti maTTvis araferi moutania, gansakuTrebiT ki quTaisis guberniis
ozurgeTisa da lanCxuTis mazrebSi 1902-1906 wlebSi momxdari glexTa
ajanyebebis Semdeg. mesame, grZelvadiani propagandis gaweva da parti-
uli saqmianobis warmarTva aseT mobilur da mimofantul mosaxleobaSi
Zalian rTuli iyo. muSebi ar iyvnen erT koleqtivSi, sadac saerTo in-
teresebs advilad gaacnobierebdnen. Tumca, amasac hqonda dadebiTi mxa-
re, radgan maTi mudmivi mogzauroba aqeT-iqiT socialisturi ideebis
swrafad gavrcelebas uwyobda xels soflad da raionebSi. amas garda,
rogorc ruseTis muSaTa moZraobis Sesaxeb dawerili naSromidan Cans,
axladCamosuli muSebi, romlebsac jer kidev mtkice kavSirebi hqondaT
TavianT soflebTan, ufro metad iyvnen ganwyobilni aqtiuri moqmedebi-
sTvis.26 magaliTad, policielebma ramdenime SemTxvevaSi aRniSnes, rom
`yvelaze ZirgamomTxreli da meamboxe elementebi~ Tbilisis rkinigzis
mTavar saxelosnoSi, dasavleT saqarTvelodan Camosuli axalgazrda
mamakacebi _ guruli, megreli da imereli migrantebi iyvnen. policiac
TiTqmis yovelTvis martoxela, ucolo imerlebs amoarCevda xolme dasa-
patimreblad areulobis dros.27 social-demokratebisTvis ki, axalgaz-
rda, uswavleli, sofleli imigrantebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom yovelT-
vis radikalurad ganwyobilebi da aqtiurebi ar iyvnen, mainc enTuziast
kadrebs warmoadgendnen.
marTalia, soflidan, sparseTis zogierTi raionidan da TurqeTis
somxuri regionebidan Camosulebis udidesi nawili arakvalificiuri
`Savi muSa~ iyo, Tbilisis samuSao Zalis umravlesobas gamocdileba ar
aklda. gildiebSi arsebulma tradiciam _ xelosani ostatebis mier mo-
xetiale axalgazrdebis Segirdebad ayvana, zogierT qarxanaSic moikida
fexi. zemoT naxsnebi saqarxno-safabriko inspeqciis 1903 wlis monace-
mebiT, Tbilisis guberniis qarxnebSi 4. 181 registrirebuli muSidan 2.
076 daxasiaTebuli iyo, rogorc kvalificiuri ostati, Tumca es ricxvi
icvleboda, gaaCnia romel warmoebaSi muSaobda kaci. isini, vinc tipog-
rafiuli da sainJinro saqmiT iyvnen dakavebuli, maTi samuSaos bunebi-
dan gamomdinare, maRalkvalificiurobiT gamoirCeodnen imaTTan Seda-
rebiT, vinc, magaliTad, Tambaqosa da tyavis gadammuSavebel warmoebaSi
muSaobda.
Tambaqos warmoebaSi dasaqmebul muSaTa naxevarze meti damxarisxe-
beli da yuTebSi Camlagebeli iyo, romelTa umravlesobas qalebi war-
moadgendnen. adelxanovis tyavis fabrikaSi uamravi arakvalificiuri
qali muSaobda.28 saerTod, kvalificiur muSaTa umravlesoba mamakacebi
iyvnen. amierkavkasiis rkinigzis mTavari saxelosnoebis, romelic so-
cial-demokratebis mTavari dasayrdeni da partiaSi gawevrianebis cent-
ri iyo, analizma gamoavlina, rom saxelosnoebs maRalkvalificiuri
samuSao Zala hyavda. saukunis dasawyisisTvis, iq dasaqmebuli 2. 747 mu-
Sidan 643 meqanikosi, 147 mWedeli da 76 zeinkali iyo, durglebi da rkinis
mWrelebi, Sesabamisad, 138 da 406 _ yvelani mamakacebi.29kvalificiuri
da maRali Tanrigis muSebi qalaqis mSromel èlitas~ warmoadgendnen.
isini xelobas qarxanaSi muSaobis dawyebamde, 3-4 wliani Segirdobis pe-
riodSi daeuflnen da am saqmes siamayiT emsaxurebodnen. qalaqSi karga
xnis win Camosulebi iyvnen, wera-kiTxvac icodnen da yovelTvis marjved
iyenebdnen TviTgadarCenis nebismier SesaZleblobas.
am muSebs cxovrebis donis standartebi gacilebiT maRali hqondaT,
vidre soflidan Camosuli arakvalificiuri glexebis umravlseobas.
gildiaSi gaerTianebuli xelosnebis msgavsad, am primitiul demokra-
tiul struqturas misive wevrebi marTavdnen, kvalificiuri mSromelebi
urTierTdaxmarebis sazogadoebebs qmnidnen da saqmisgan Tavisufal
dros axali, `mkiTxvelis sazogadoebis~ msgavs klubebSi atarebdnen. es
ukanaskneli 1896 wels daaarses mesame dasis wevrebma. isini samecniero
mSromeli xalxi 111
da popularuli literaturis gavrcelebasa da eklesiis daxmarebas isa-

xavdnen miznad.30 profesionali muSebi, naklebad impulsuri, magram ara-
kvalificiur muSebze ufro radikalurad ganwyobilebi iyvnen.31 saqar-
Tvelos social-demokratiis aqtivist muSaTa ZiriTadi nawili swored
kvalificiuri muSebis segmentidan modioda. vaso cabaZe, araqela oquaS-
vili da zaqaria CodriSvili _ amierkavkasiis rkinigzis mTavari saxe-
losnoebis muSaTa wreebis damfuZneblebi, Sesabamisad, durglad, zeink-
lad da mWedelad muSaobdnen. 32
samuSao Zala da eTnikuri identoba
saqarTvelos muSaTa klasi, rusuli analogis msgavsad, Zalze hete-

rogenuli iyo da iyofoda kvalifikaciis, geografiuli warmomavlobis,
statusis, sqesisa da asakis mixedviT. saqarTveloSic da ruseTSic es
xandaxan Rrma ufskruls aCenda privilegirebul, politikurad organi-
zebul muSaTa elitasa da arakvalificiur, araorganizebul da impul-
suri, feTqebadi xasiaTis axalgazrda muSebs Soris. saqarTveloSi iseve,
rogorc litvasa da latviaSi, suraTi kidev ufro mZimdeboda samuSao
Zalis eTnikuri mravalgvarobis gamo.
Tbilisi, baTumi da foTi amierkavkasiis savaWro centrebad iqca.
migrantebi moeSurebodnen rogorc erevnis, baqos da elizavetpolis
guberniebidan, CrdiloeT kavkasiidan ( stavropolisa da Tergis olqe-
bidan), aseve qarTuli regionebidan. erT-erTi mecnieris gamoTvlebiT
me-19 saukunis bolosTvis TbilisSi umetesad axalgazrda arakvali-
ficiur muSaTa 40-45% qarTveli iyo; 30-35%-somexi, 10-15% rusi da 5-
10%-TaTari (azerbaijanlebis CaTvliT) da sxvebi.33 amierkavkasiis rki-
nigzis mTavar saxelosnoSi 970 (43.8%) qarTveli, 133 (6.2%) somexi da
danarCeni 1. 137 (50.7%) rusi, ukraineli da sxva slavuri warmoSobis muSa
muSaobda.34 magram cifrebi Zireulad icvleboda fabrikebTan, warmoebas-
Tan da qalaqebTan erTad. dasavleT saqarTvelos qalaqebSi _ quTaisSi,
WiaTurasa da tyibulSi muSebi umetesad qarTvelebi iyvnen, xolo baTum-
Si, foTsa da TbilisSi suraTi ufro Wreli iyo.35 zogierT fabrika-qarxa-
naSi, magaliTad, bosarjiancis, safarovisa da enfiadZiancis fabrikebSi
(sadac mepatroneebi somxebi iyvnen) ZiriTadad, somxebs qiraobdnen; sxva-
gan kvalificiur da sazedamxedvelo samuSaos rusebi asrulebdnen.36
giorgi CxeiZe, romelic rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoSi muSaobda 1890-ian

wlebSi, ixsenebs, rom saxelosnoSi mxolod erTma ufrosma ostatma ico-
da qarTuli ena.37kavkasiaSi momuSave maRalanazRaurebadi rusi muSaxeli
ìstebliSmentTan~ aigivebda Tavs da xSirad uars ambobda qarTvelTa
wamowyebul gaficvaSi monawileobaze. vaso cabaZe Tavis mogonebebSi
wers, rom 1890-ian wlebSi ` rusi muSebis umravlesoba umetesad naciona-
listurad iyo ganwyobili. aq maT Tavi mmarTvel kastad warmoedginaT.~38
caristulma mmarTvelobam, rogorc `brZolaSi~ werdnen, SeZlo daerw-
munebina rusi erovnebis muSebi, rom àdgilobrivi mosaxleoba mtrulad
iyo ganwyobili yvela rusisadmi~ da rom, isini `rusebis sisxls dalevd-
nen da damoukidebel samefos daaarsebdnen.~39 aseTi mtruli ganwyoba
sakmaod did sirTuleebs uqmnida qarTvel social-demokratebs, rom-
lebic `Cagruli da mCagvreli muSebis~ gaerTianebas cdilobdnen. 1902
wlis agvistoSi òxranka~ Tavis angariSSi werda amierkavkasiis rkinig-
zis mTavar depoSi àdgilobrivebsa~ da rusebs Soris momxdari Setakebis
Sesaxeb. Cxubi moxda zedmeti samuSao saaTebis gamo. mokles erTi brig-
adis xelmZRvaneli da sastikad cemes meore, orive maTgani rusi iyo.40
or mTavar banakad, qarTvelebis da meore mxriv rusebis, ukrainelebisa
da polonelebis banakad gayofili rkinigzis mTavari saxelosno, sadac
isedac nairnairi eTnikuri warmoSobis adamiani ireoda, xSirad feTqde-
boda da seriozuli brZolis veli gaxda1905 wels. aseTive daZabuloba
arsebobda qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris. magaliTad, 1901 wels baTumis
manTaSevis qarxanaSi somexma muSebma, romlebic umravlesobaSi iyvnen,
saWrel ganyofilebaSi, qarTveli muSebis daxmarebaze uari Tqves, roca
ufrosi brigadiri erT-erT maTgans scemda. magram roca brigadiri
dasajes da daiTxoves qarxnidan, vinaidan is somexi iyo da aqedan gamom-
dinare, pasuxismgebeli piric da muSebis damqiravebelic, somexma muSeb-
ma mis aRsadgenad samsaxurSi ZalRone ar daiSures. .41xSir SemTxvevaSi
somxebi damoukidebel organizaciebs aarsebdnen, magaliTad, lisinov-
ter-petrosovis samkervalo fabrikaSi daSnakcutunebma sakuTari
42
profkavSiri Seqmnes. qarTvelebs Soris aRSfoTeba matulobda. arakva-
lificiuri, axladCamosuli somexi muSaxeli maT jamagirebs safrTxes
uqmnida. arcTu iSviaTad, warmoebaSi aramarto mxolod erTi eTnikuri
jgufis warmomadgenlebi Warbobdnen, rogorc magaliTad, somxebi ty-
avisa da Tambaqos fabrikebSi, aramed iyo qarxnebi, sadac mxolod erTi
kuTxidan, magaliTad, imereTidan Camosulebi muSaobdnen. ludis sax-
mSromeli xalxi 113
deli qarxnebi imerlebs qiraobdnen ZiriTadad, rac Tavad qarTvelTa

erovnuli integraciis procesis araTanabar xasiaTze mianiSnebda.43 aq
arcTu iSviaTad sxvadasxva regionidan Camosul qarTvelebs seriozuli
Sexla-Semoxla mosdiodaT sawinaaRmdego interesebis gamo. ase moxda
gurulebsa da megrelebs da qarTlelebsa da aWarlebs Soris.44 adgilo-
brivi social-demokratebisTvis aseTi araerTgvarovnoba arTulebda da
sakmaod saCoTiros xdida muSaobas. muSaTa klasis solidarobis Camoya-
libebis amocana gaZnelebuli iyo enis realurad arsebuli problemis
gamo. muSebs xSirad ar esmodaT erTmaneTis. qarTveli, àzerbaijaneli~
da somexi muSebis umravlesoba rusul enaze ver laparakobda. adreuli
periodis TviTswavlebis wreebi, `salaroebic~ ki (muSaTa dazRvevisa
da urTierTdaxmarebis fondebi) iqmneboda erTi enobrivi jgufis war-
momadgenlebisTvis. rogorc wesi, axlad Camosul da yvelaze naklebad
kvalificiur àzerbaijanlebs~ da somxebs iSviaTad hqondaT social-
demokratiul wreebTan kontaqti. maT politika an sul ar aintereseb-
daT, an sakuTari erovnuli partiebi uwevdnen Tanadgomas.45adgilobriv
social-demokratebs uWirdaT propagandistebisa da amkrefebis Sovna
`TaTrebisTvis~, es mravalgvarovani kategoria moicavda lingvisturad
gansxvavebul baqoel da elizavetpolel muslimebs, Crdilo-kavkasiel
lekebsa da osmalo Turqebs. mTlianobaSi, saukunis dasawyisisTvis, is,
visac `TaTars~ eZaxdnen, oficialurad Tbilisis mosaxleobis 8.4%-ze
(16. 000) odnav mets Seadgenda da metwilad gaunaTlebeli, sezonuri `Savi
muSa~ iyo.46 somex muSebs, romelTagan bevri osmaleTidan iyo, daSnakcu-
tunis socialisturi nacionalizmis idea Zalian xiblavdaT. isini gansa-
kuTrebiT ganicdidnen moZmeTa gaWirvebas da TanaugrZnobdnen brZolas
osmaleTSi somxebis devnisa da Seviwroebis SewyvetisTvis da somxebis
kulturuli uflebebis SenarCunebsTvis ruseTSi. rogorc cabaZe igo-
nebs, social-demokratebs didi siZneleebi SexvdaT, somexi muSebis im
wreebSi rom SeeRwiaT, sadac daSnakcutunis momxreebi Warbobdnen.47 sa-
qarTveloSi gavrcelebul eTnikur safuZvelze Seqmnil stereotipebs
isic amwvavebda, rom fabrika-qarxnebis mepatroneebis umravlesoba da
warmatebuli vaWrebi somexi erovnebis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. 1897
wels qalaqSi registrirebul vaWarTa 43.4% somexi iyo da mxolod 26.1%-
qarTveli. 1900 wlisTvis saqarTvelos umsxvilesi fabrika-qarxnebis
mepatroneebis 44%-ic somexi gaxldaT.48 es faqti nawilobriv naTels
xdis, ratom iyvnen qarTveli muSebi sxva erovnebis warmomadgenlebTan
SedarebiT politikurad kargad gacnobierebulebi isini xom TiTqmis

sul ucxoel mepatroneebTan muSaobdnen. amis garda, Tbilisis somxuri
mosaxleoba, adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis saarCevno sistemis wyalobiT,
rac sami saxis gadasaxadis gadamxdel eleqtorats efuZneboda, umrav-
lesobiT iyo warmodgenili qalaqis saTaTbiroSi. 1890 wlisa da Semdeg
1893 da 1897 wlebis arCevnebis Semdeg, somxuri umravlesobis mosvla
saTaTbiroSi, seriozuli problema gaxda qarTveli warmomadgenlebis-
Tvis, romlebic saTaTbiros boikotirebas moiTxovdnen.49 sinamdvileSi
ki, Tbilisis somexTa mxolod 6% iyo SeZlebuli amomrCeveli, danar-
Cenebi _ glexebi an wvrili vaWrebi. saarCevno brZolam urTierTobebi
Zalian daZaba qalaqis somex da qarTvel sazogadoebebs Soris. `kvalma,~
romelic cdilobda daeZlia erovnuli SuRli, gaafrTebuli Seteva mii-
tana ilia WavWavaZeze, somxebTan urTierTobebis gamwvavebis gamo. 1899
wels daweril ~qvaTa RaRadSi~, ilia WavWavaZem daadanaSaula somxebi:
àm saxiT xom gvarTmeven yovels erovnuls Rirsebas, sTiTxnian Cvens
vinaobas, da rom sul mTlad bolo mogviRon qveynis winaSe, gvibaTileben
Cvens istoriasac.... viTom amierkavkasiaSi erTaderTi somxis eria, ro-
melic ZvelisZveladac yofila...~50
dedaqalaqis gareT
urbanizacia saqarTvelos sxva danarCen qalaqebSi Tbilisis msgavsad

mimdinareobda, magram TbilisSi sxvanairad gizgizebda cxovreba, sxva sis-
wrafiT viTardeboda movlenebi da zRva SesaZleblobebic aq arsebobda.
saukunis bolosTvis, axalcixe, sadac 15.000-ze odnav meti adami-
ani cxovrobda, sididiT meore qalaqi iyo Tbilisis guberniaSi. gorSi,
Tbilisidan dasavleTiT, 3-4 saaTis savalze, 11.000-ze naklebi adami-
ani cxovrobda. aq daibada stalini. me-13 saukunis cixesimagre qalaqis
SuagulSi wamomarTuli mTidan dahyurebs mTel gors, sadac erTi ba-
zari, ramdenime ZiriTadad somxebis savaWro pasaJi, dawyebiTi seminaria
da savaWro instituti muSaobda.
Tbilisis guberniaSi umniSvnelo raodenobis fabrika-qarxanebi gab-
neuliyo _ mineraluri wylebisa da SuSis damamzadebeli qarxana bor-
jomSi, yvelis qarxana borCaloSi, spilenZis maRaro alaverdSi, sadac
frangebi da ingliselebi iyvnen investiciebiT Semosuli da ramdeni-
mSromeli xalxi 115
me agurisa da xe-tyis saxerxi qarxana Tbilisis SemogarenSi. mokled,

social-demokratebis yuradReba rom daemsaxurebina, iseTi mniSvne-
lovani araferi iyo. CamoTvlil fabrika-qarxnebSi Zalian cota muSa
muSaobda.51Tbilisis Semdeg, yvelaze mniSvnelovani industriuli cen-
trebi quTaisis guberniaSi _ baTumSi, WiaTuraSi, foTsa da tyibulSi
mdebareobda. 1878 wels osmaleTidan gamoxsnis Semdeg, baTumi amierka-
vkasiis rkinigzis mTavar xazs SeuerTda 1883 wels, riTac is ruseTis impe-
riis yvelaze mniSvnelovani navsadguri gaxda baqodan navTobis eqspor-
tis gamo (1908 wlisTvis kavkasiis navTobsabadoebi msoflioSi navTobze
moTxovnis 22%-s akmayofilebda); foTis navsadgurTan erTad, baTumis
portic umniSvnelovanesi centri iyo WiaTuris marganecisa da tyibulis
qvanaxSiris gasatanad. 1896-1906 wlebSi baqosa da baTums Soris aigo nav-
Tobis milsadeni (milis diametri mxolod 8 inCi iyo), romelic 1900 wli-
dan 1904 wlamde wliurad saSualod 59.9 milion fuT navTobs atarebda.
1902 wels, ruseTis mier eqsportirebuli 92 milioni fuTi navTobidan 72
milioni baTumis portidan gadioda.52 Jordania werda, rom baTumi àl-
baT yvelaze Tanamedrove qalaqi~ iyo saqarTveloSi da mas `saqarTvelos
kari~ uwoda evropisken. baTumis samuSao Zala 12.000 sezonuri muSisgan
Sedgeboda, eseni ZiriTadad, guriidan da mezobeli TurqeTidan samuSa-
os saZebnelad Camosuli glexebi iyvnen.
1897 wels baTumSi 7. 987 Turqi cxovrobda. gurulebis umravleso-
bis msgavsad, maT erTkviriani kontraqtiT qiraobdnen xolme navTobga-
damamuSavebel qarxanaSi (1905 wels baTumSi 16 navTobgadammuSavebeli
qarxana iyo) an mtvirTavebad, TiTo samuSao dRiT.53 baTumis 13 msxvili
qarxana, maT Soris ucxouri kompaniebi, magaliTad, rotSildis, CarTuli
iyo navTobwarmoebaSi. ramdenime qarxana amzadebda navTobproduqtebis
gadasazid saSualebebs, cilindrebsa da sxv. mTlianad am qarxnebSi mu-
Saobda 4. 149 muSa, aqedan 950 yvelaze msxvil, rotSildis qarxanaSi mu-
Saobda. qalaqis danarCeni macxovreblebi somxebi, berZnebi, aWarlebi,
sparselebi da rusebi mcire zomis savaWro centrebSi, artelebSi mu-
Saobdnen an samxedroebs uwevdnen momsaxurebas.54, saqarTvelos margan-
ecisa da qvanaxSiris saeqsporto qalaqi, sruliad gardaiqmna im wlebSi.
1870 wels qalaqSi Camosulma jeims braisma ase aRwera foTi: `yvelaze
sacodavi da gaWirvebuli adgili, sadac mogzaurs bedis ukuRmarTo-
biT SeiZleba mouwios SeCereba. qalaqSi mxolod erTsarTuliani xis
saxlebia datborili quCebis gaswvriv, isini mTlianad wyalSi dganan an
TiTqos, wylidan arian amosulio. mokled, namdvili samoTxea bayayebis-

Tvis, dRe da Rame ganuwyvetliv rom yiyineben.~551900 wlisTvis foTi Savi
zRvis sanapiros erTerTi umsxvielsi navsadguri gaxda. tvirTbrunva
gasammagda da 14 milioni fuTidan 1889 wels 44.5 milionamde gaizarda
1902 wlisTvis.marganecis garda, foTidan gadioda xorbali da Tam-
baqoc.561904 wels foTidan 31. 509 fuTi marganeci gaitanes (1913 wels-
39.046). am wlebSi TiTqmis yvela marganecis msxvilma importiorma Tavisi
ofisi gaxsna foTSi. mtvirTavebad da tvirTis gadamzidvelebad muSa-
obis SesaZleblobis gaCenam foTSi asobiT guruli, megreli, odeseli
da samxreT ruseTis sxva qalaqebSi mcxovrebi rusebi Camoiyvana, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki im periodSi, roca imperia ekonomikur Cavardnas ganicdida
sxva regionebSi.57Tumca, WiaTura da tyibuli sul ufro did rols as-
rulebdnen amierkavkasiis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi, didi raodenobis
`mogzauri~ muSa am qalaqebSi ar SeiniSneboda. magaliTad, 1900 wels Wia-
TuraSi moqmedebda 100 mcire sawarmo, romelic sul 3.700 maRaroels,
damxarisxebels, mwmendavs (ZiriTadad, qalebsa da bavSvebs) da tvirTis
mzidavs qiraobda. isini TavianTi ToxebiT, focxebiTa da cxenebiT ama-
ragebdnen britaneTisa da germaniis foladis warmoebas marganeciT.
muSebi artelebSi iyvnen gadanawilebuli da xelfass gamomuSavebiT
iRebdnen. WiaTura, sadac madneulis uzarmazari grovebisa da mdinaris
gayolebaze Camwkrivebuli madnis gasarecx-gamwmendi nagebobebis garda
TiTqmis araferi arsebobda, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ayvavda rkinigzis gay-
vanis Semdeg 1895 wlidan. 1900 wlisTvis warmoebis moculobam 40 milion
fuTs miaRwia. muSaxeli aqac sezonuri iyo, romelic umetesad wera-kiTx-
vis ucodinari glexebisgan Sedgeboda. isini soflebSi brundebodnen,
roca warmoeba mcirdeboda. maTi samuSao welSi gamwyveti iyo, saSiSic
da amasTan, dabalanazRaurebadi. quTaisi, saqarTvelos yvelaze erTgva-
rovani qalaqi mosaxleobis mxriv, romelic tradiciulad, saqarTvelos
kulturuli centri iyo, dasavleT saqarTvelos administraciuli da
komerciuli centric gaxda; saolqo sasamarTloebic iqve iyo Tavmoy-
rili, amis gamo quTaisSi uamravi glexi Cadioda miwasTan dakavSirebuli
problemebis mosagvareblad, magram 30.000 aTasian qalaqSi saukunis da-
sawyisisTvis urbanuli `muSaTa klasi~ jer kidev ar arsebobda. quTaiss
`studentTa qalaqs~ eZaxdnen iq moqmedi bevri saswavleblis gamo, magram
fabrika-qarxnebi, qalaqSi ar moqmedebdnen. rogorc filipe maxaraZe am-
bobda, es iyo `meetlebis, policielebis, meduqneebis, kancelariis fer-
mSromeli xalxi 117
mkrTali moxeleebisa da gazarmacebuli, moxetiale wvrili Tavadazna-

urobis qalaqi, romlebsac, zedamxedvelobas uwevda rusi Cinovnikebis
patara mmarTveli klasi.~58iqaur politikur istebliSments umTavresad,
qalaqis saTaTbiroSi mokalaTebuli Tavadaznauroba warmoadgenda.
muSebis
uSebis samuSao pirobebi
saqarTveloSi muSebs iseTive samuSao pirobebi da uflebebi hqon-

daT, rogoric imperiis sxva nebismieri regionis muSebs. Sromis kanonebis
mixedviT, fabrika-qarxnebSi qalebisa da bavSvebis samuSao saaTebi Sez-
Ruduli iyo, garkveuli SromiTi standartebic gansazRvruli iyo da mu-
Sis dainvalidebis an misi gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi kompensaciis gacemac
igulisxmeboda, magram es kanonebi mxolod saxelmwifos zedamxedvelo-
bis qveS arsebuli fabrika-qarxnebis muSebisTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli.
rac Seexeba zogadad Sro\mis kanonmdeblobas, is araerTgvarovani iyo da
SemTxveviTi xasiaTi hqonda, Tanac sawarmos mepatroneebi mis moTxovnebs
ar icavdnen.59 magram zogierT qarxanaSi normalurad da wesebis dacviT
iqceodnen, magaliTad, libermanis tipografiaSi, zemelis mineraluri
wylebisa da toles sapnis qarxanaSi (am ukanasknelis mmmarTveli fran-
gi iyo) muSebs jamagiric da samuSao pirobebic wesieri da metnaklebad
misaRebi hqondaT. Tumca, umravles SemTxvevaSi, qarTveli muSebi des-
poturi mepatroneebis xelSi umZimes pirobebSi Rvridnen ofls.60 dis-
ciplina mkacri hqondaT, muSebis cema ufrosi zedamxedvelebis mier
qarxanaSi Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo. zedamxedvelebi qiraobdnen da aTavi-
suflebdnen kidec xalxs da xelfassac isini uniSnavdnen maT. fabrika-
qarxnebis inspeqciis angariSi rom wagekiTxaT, dikensiseuli koSmari
dagidgebodaT Tvalwin. is aRwerda xalxiT gadaWedili qarxnis zed-
metad mkacr wesebs, iq gamefebul sibinZures da 1900 wlis Semdeg gax-
Sirebul gaficvebsac. magaliTad, safarovis Tambaqos qarxanaSi aseTi
mdgomareoba iyo: `WuWyiani... SeuRebavi kedlebi.. binZuri iataki.. haeri
Tambaqos mtvriT gaJRenTili...imitom, rom fanjrebi ar iReboda... qarxa-
naSi sunTqva SeuZlebeli iyo...~61 bifarsadanovis fexsacmlis fabrikaSi
ki, rogorc inspeqtorma aRniSna, `mTeli samuSao sam oTaxSi keTdeboda,
muSebi erTmaneTs asxdnen Tavze, sinaTle ar Semodioda da sunTqvac Wir-
da uhaerobis gamo.~62aseTive ukmayofileba iyo gamoTqmuli `miris~ Tam-
baqosa da mailovis aguris qarxnebTan dakavSirebiT, angariSSi naTqvami
iyo, rom `muSebi avadmyofurad gamoiyurebodnen `cudi ventilaciisa~ da

dabinZurebuli haeris gamo. guliSambarovi werda, rom Tambaqos TiTq-
mis yvela sawarmoSi ùkuneTi sibnele sufevda da saventilacio sistema
ar arsebobda. Tambaqos mtvriT gaJRenTil haers muSebi dReSi 12 saaTis
ganmavlobaSi sunTqavdnen.~63 rac Seexeba tipografiul sawarmoebs, sa-
dac SeiZleba vinmes hgoneboda, rom iq ukeTesi pirobebi iyo, ventila-
ciis ararsebobis gamo, radgan, rogorc wesi, stamba saxlis sardafebSi
iyo ganlagebuli muSebi ynosvas kargavdnen melnisa da qimikatebis gamo.
ukeTes dReSi arc qarxnis sacxovrebeli adgilebi iyo. adelxanovis qarx-
nis saerTo sacxovrebelSi oTaxis qiris fasi saSualo Tviuri xelfasis
10-15 procents Seadgenda. inspeqciis angariSis mixedviT, saxcovrebeli
ar Tbeboda, oTaxebi nestiani iyo, sacxovrebelSi cudi suni da autane-
li xmauri idga.64 blfabrika-qarxnebis samuSao wesebi muSebis moTxovniT
calke ibeWdeboda e.w. `Sromis wignSi.~ wesebi Zalian mkacri iyo. dReSi 12
saaTi muSaoba, erTi saaTi sadilisTvis iyo gamoyofili da naxevaric,_
sauzmisTvis. f.i. benlis samWedloSi muSebi dilis 6 saaTidan saRamos 6
saaTamde Sromobdnen. damqiravebels maTi daTxovna samuSaodan pirve-
li samuSao kviris ganmavlobaSi yovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis gareSe
SeeZlo. amis garda, isini jarimdebodnen dagvianebis gamo( 15 kapikiT
10-15 wuTis, 30 kapikiT _15 wuTidan erT saaTamde dagvianebisTvis),
erTmaneTSi saubrisTvis, dazgebis usufTaod movla-SenaxvisTvisac an
ufrosebTan uxeSi moqcevis gamo. maT gasamrjelos ar uxdidnen avadmyo-
fobis gamo gacdenili dReebisTvis da aTavisuflebdnen, Tu sam samuSao
dReze mets ar gamocxaddebodnen samuSaod.65avadmyofi muSebis nacvlad
umokles vadaSi ahyavdaT maTi Semcvlelebi, xolo samsaxuridan gaSvebu-
li xalxi kvirebis ganmavlobaSi rCeboda ujamagirod cudi ekonomikuri
situaciis gamo. mdgomareoba saqarTvelos sxva qalaqebSi arafriT gansx-
vavdeboda, gansakuTrebiT mZime viTareba ki, madneulis mompovebel da
saporto qalaqebSi aRiniSneboda, sadac usafrTxoebis zomebi saerTod
ar iyo daculi da muSaoba ubralod saSiSi iyo adamianis sicocxlisaTvis.
quTaisis guberniaSi erTaderTi inspeqtori muSaobda. 1899 wels quTai-
sis gubernatori baTumis Sesaxeb saidumlo memorandumSi werda, rom:
`muSebisTvis ar arsebobs samedicino daxmareba... maT TiTo kviriT

qiraoben, Tumca umravlesoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi muSaobs iq. isini
saSinel antisanitariaSi cxovroben. sasmeli da sakvebi Zviria da noy-
ieri ar aris. maTi mdgomareoba, vinc qarxnebs gareT muSaobs, kidev
mSromeli xalxi 119
ufro saSinelia (mtvirTavebi, sawyobis muSebi da sxv)... patara qa-

rxnebis muSebi xis civ sardafebSi cxovroben da TavianTi dazgebisa
da teqnikis gverdiT sZinavT.66
WiaTuris maRaroeli valiko CubiniZe, imdroindel uimedo cxovre-

bas da sicocxlisTvis saSiS muSaobas rom igonebda, werda, TiTqos
frontispira banakSi viyaviTo, saxcovrebeli binebi ar gvqonda, aba-
noebi ar arsebobda. qvis mtexlebi, madnis mrecxavebi da tvirTis mzi-
davebi dasvenebis gareSe muSaobdnen mTeli kvirebis manZilze. jamagirs
gamomuSavebiT viRebdiT, samedicino daxmareba an dazRveva ubeduri
SemTxvevisTvis, ar arsebobda CvenTvis.~ arada, ubeduri SemTxveva da
dasaxiCreba namdvilad ar iyo gamoricxuli uyuradRebod mitovebul,
mouwesrigebel maRaroebSi muSaobisas an maSin, roca madani urikebiT
gadahqondaT mTis viwro bilikebiT rkinigzis sadgurSi.67 maRaroelebs
xSirad maRaroSive eZinaT. maTi sakvebi mWadi da iqve, sasadiloSi nay-
idi cotaodeni bostneuli iyo. 1902 wels fabrika-qarxnebis inspeqciam
daiangariSa TbilisSi gacemuli saSualo xelfasi. Savi muSebis xelfasi
10-13 maneTi aRmoCnda TveSi, xolo maTi, vinc raime xeloba icoda _ 14-
23 maneTi.68 magram es cifrebi naTel suraTs ar iZleodnen, radgan xel-
fasebi icvleboda qalaqebis, warmoebis, kvalifikaciis donis, sqesisa
Tu asakis mixedviT. yvelaze maRalanazRaurebadi muSebi saqarTveloSi
amierkavkasiis rkinigzis mTavari saxelosnoebis, tipografiebisa da
tyavis gadamamuSavebeli qarxnebis ostatebi iyvnen. farsadanovis fex-
sacmlis fabrikis muSis saSualo Tviuri gamomuSaveba 35 maneTs aRwevda.
SedarebisTvis, evropel muSebs imave saqmisTvis 150-180 maneTis gakeTeba
SeeZloT, es damokidebuli iyo moTxovnaze da samuSaos zedmet saaTebze.
ruksos manqanaTmSenebel qarxanaSi, ufrosi ostatebi 75-90 maneTs gamo-
imuSavebdnen, xolo demurovis mbeWdavebi _ 40-50-s. rac SeexebaT daba-
li rangis ostatebs tyavis warmoebaSi, maT TveSi mxolod 12-17 maneTis
imedi unda hqonodaT, farsadanovis qarxnis Segirdebs ki dReSi 20 kapiks
uxdidnen. arakvalificiuri muSaxeli, magaliTad, mailovis aguris qarxa-
naSi, Tu bedi gauRimebda, 15 maneTs iRebda TveSi. transportSi dasaqme-
buli muSebi dReSi saSualod erT maneTs gamoimuSavebdnen, xolo maRa-
ziis mepatroneebis damxmareebi _ 50 kapiks. qalebs, Segirdebis msgavsad,
yvelaze cudad uxdidnen, daaxloebiT 30-40 kapiks dReSi, imdens, rogorc
arakvalificiur muSaxels.69 arakvalificiur muSaTa umravlesoba mTel
Semosavals binis qirasa da sakvebze xarjavda. sakvebSi mxolod puri,
yveli da mwvanili Sedioda, xorcs iSviaTad, kvira dRes yidulobdnen

mxolod. binis qirac gansxvavdeboda imisdamixedviT, romel ubanSi da
romel sarTulze cxovrobdnen damqiraveblebi (pirveli sarTuli iafi
iyo). yvelaze iafi ubnebi TbilisSi avlabari, naZaladevi da navTluRi
iyo. erToTaxiani binebis qira 2,5 maneTidan 5 maneTamde meryeobda, rac
arakvalificiuri muSaxelis erTi Tvis xelfasis erT meoTxeds udrida.
1903 wels, mas Semdeg, rac daTvala sakvebisa da binis qiris danaxar-
ji, mTavrobis komisiam daadgina, rom TbilisSi 5-6 suliani ojaxisTvis
sakvebisa da binis qirisTvis sakmarisi Tanxa TveSi 23-28 maneTs ud-
rida70(magram am TanxebSi ar Sedioda gaTbobis, transportis, tansacmli-
sa da garTobis xarjebi). ufros ostatebs da kargadanazRaurebad xelos-
nebs SeeZloT am TanxiT gaetanaT Tavi, magram dabali rangis ostatebisa
da arakvalificiuri muSaxelisTvis es SeuZlebeli iqneboda. Raribi
muSebi xelfasis danakliss sofleli naTesavebis gamogzavnili sakvebiT
ivsebdnen an patara miwis nakveTs qiraobdnen qalaqSi. muSaTa raionSi Ra-
mis gasaTevad, erTmaneTze mijriT miyolebuli erTsarTuliani saxlebis
erTi oTaxic gamodgeboda an ufro uaresi,_ miwuri, romelic mTis kal-
Taze miSenebul TavSesafars ufro hgavda, miwis iatakiTa da rogorc
wesi, erTi fanjriT, romelzec gaqonili qaRaldi iyo gakruli. muSis
oTaxSi asawyobi navTqurac `kerosinka~ eqnebodaT. sinaTlis erTaderT
wyarosac warmoadgenda, Tumca 1900-iani wlebisTvis Tbilisis msxvili
qarxnebisa da administraciuli Senobebis umravlesobaSi eleqtroba
gayvanili iyo. oTaxSi albaT, kidobanic iqneboda, romelsac ormagi da-
niSnuleba hqonda puris saTavsosi da magidis.71 qalaqs wylis problema
awuxebda, iSviaToba iyo agreTve, abanoebi da tualetebi. muSebi gvian
brundebodnen Sin. wylis mozidvas qalaqis sxvadasxva ubanSi gafantuli
saqaCebidan, romlebic gansazRvrul dros muSaobda, Cveulebriv, ver
axerxebdnen da wyals sakmaod Zvirad yidulobdnen. gamyidvlebi zurg-
ze mokidebuli tikebiT daatarebdnen qalaqSi wyals. vinaidan saWmlis
mosamzadeblad saWiro saSualebebi ar gaaCndaT, Tumca zogierTi muSa
is iyo iwyebda rkinis qurebis moxmarebas, isini sakvebsac bazarSi yidu-
lobdnen an saxeldaxelod momzadebuli saWmeli mohqondaT erT-erTi
duqnidan, sokoebiviT rom momravlebuliyvnen imdroindel TbilisSi.
axladCamosuli, umetesad martoxela mamakacebi, rogorc wesi, qarxnis
saerTo sacxovrebelSi cxovrobdnen an saxelosnoebSi eZinaT, sadac Ra-
mis darajebis movaleobasac asrulebdnen. maT damqiravlebebi asmevdnen
da aWmevdnen, magram sakvebis fasi, bunebrivia, xelfasidan eqviTebodaT.
mSromeli xalxi 121
pirveli kontaqti
1870-iani wlebidan dawyebuli, Tbiliseli muSebi periodulad aw-

yobdnen saprotesto aqciebs. xSirad es provocirebuli iyo xelfa-
sis SemcirebiT. maTi moTxovnebi ZiriTadad samuSao saaTebis Semci-
rebasa da jamagiris momatebas exeboda. 1878 wels caiteris qarxanaSi
durglebi 14 saaTiani samuSao dRis moTxovniT gamovidnen. 1887 wels
amierkavkasiis rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoSi muSebma jamagiris Sem-
cireba gaaprotestes, xolo 1894 wels bosarjiancis Tambaqos qarxnis
muSebi damqiraveblebis mier `salaroebis~ gaflangvis gamo gaificnen.
1897 wels enfiZiancis Tambaqos qarxanas muSebma seriozuli probleme-
bi Seuqmnes ucxoeTidan Camotanili axali danadgarebis Semotanis gamo.
am gziT mepatroneebi Sromis xarjebis Semcirebas apirebdnen. 1890-ian
wlebSi TbilisSi 12 gaficva moxda, baTumisa da tyibulis muSebis sapro-
testo gamosvlebzec pirvelad gamoCnda cnobebi imdroindel presaSi.72
gaficvebi mTavrdeboda, Tu qarxnis mmarTvelebi daTmobaze midiodnen an
mepatrone policias gamoiZaxebda dasaxmareblad. gaficvebi umTavresad
spontanur xasiaTisa iyo, Tumca muSebs aqa-iq ukve dawyebuli hqondaT
urTierTdaxmarebis sazogadoebebis Camoyalibeba. magaliTad, 1870-ian
wlebSi, xalxosani gola CitaZisa da seminarieli miSa CodriSvilis waqe-
zebiT, Tbilisis savaWro skolis Segirdebma qargalTa kavSiri daarses.
kavSirma mogvianebiT gaxsna biblioTeka, mkiTxvelTa wre da ludxanac,
fuli rom SeegrovebinaT, magram 1885 wels, sazogadoebis erTerTi
wevris sityvebiT, ìs nisliviT gaqra~.731880-iani wlebis bolos, savaWro
skolis Segirdebma isev gaibrZoles. amjerad, gamomcemlisa da wignis
maRaziis mflobelis zaqaria WiWinaZis daxmarebiT gamouSves xelnaweri
gazeTebi: `muSa~_ 1889 wels, `ganTiadi~ da `sxivi~ 1891-1892 wlebSi. `sxiv-
ma~ pirvel nomerSi ganacxada, rom is miznad isaxavda saqarTvelos sas-
wavleblebSi aRzrdili Taobis sulier gaTavisuflebas da misTvis sam-
Soblos siyvarulis Cagonebas, mSobliuri enis Seswavlis SesaZleblobis
micemas da masSi samoqalaqo aqtiurobis gaRviZebas. amas garda, gazeTis
sityvebiT, is Zalisxmevas ar daiSurebda qarTveli axalgazrdebis erT-
maneTTan dasaaxloeblad da maT Soris Zmuri grZnobebisa da erTiano-
bis survilis gasaRviveblad. sabolood gazeTs Sors mimavali gegmebic
hqonda, mas axali Taoba unda gamoeyvana saxelmwifo asaprezze.74masala
gazeTebSi leqsad iwereboda, ZiriTadad, patriotul Temebze. magali-
Tad, `sxivi~ aRSfoTebas gamoTqvamda imis gamo, rom `Cven ucxo enaze
gvixsnian yvelafers, Cveni enis gamoyeneba swavlisTvis da ganviTarebis-
Tvis, akrZaluli gvaqvs.~75 `ganTiadi~, romelic patriotul grZnobebs
SigadaSig muSebis solidarobis Temasac urevda, acxadebda:
Cvenze, Rarib muSebze, oflSi dabadebulebze aravin zrunavs am

qveynad, Zmebo, Cven unda mivxedoT erTmaneTs, Torem dRis sinaTle
Caqreba CvenTvis! modiT, gavanaToT Cveni gza, vipovoT simarTle,
modiT, Cvens Zlierebas codnac mivumatoT, mzis sxivebma isev rom ga-
moanaTos CvenTvis.76
1899 wels mewaReebis asociaciis mier gamocemuli `sinaTle~ werda,

`Cven ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom mxolod muSebs SegviZlia Cveni Zmebis
gaTavsufleba siRaribis marwuxebidan.~77muSaTa jgufebi cal-calke, da-
moukideblad arsebobdnen, momxreebi Tu hyavdaT, Zalian cota, amitom
maTi mniSvnelobis gadaWarbeba ar SeiZleba. 1905 wlamde mwarmoeblis an
momxmareblis kooperativebi ar arsebobda. magram gildiebis arseboba,
urTierTdaxmarebis sazogadoebebi da qarxnebSi Seqmnili muSaTa `sala-
roebi~ mSromelebSi iseT grZnobebs aRZravda, rom maT sakuTari saqmee-
bisa da problemebis movla TviTonac SeeZloT. es SegrZneba batonymobis
gauqmebis Semdeg glexebis TviTmmarTvelobis mcire gamocdilebiT iyo
gamowveuli. magram Tavad muSebis mier sakuTari organizaciis marTvis
sakiTxi qarTveli daselebis samoqmedo programis principuli debuleba
da bolSevikebTan mudmivi dapirispirebis mizezi gaxda, radgan bolSe-
vikebi ufro centralizebul organizacias aniWebdnen upiratesobas.
axlad wamoCitul marqsistebsa da muSebs Soris sistematur kon-
taqtebs ruseTma misca uneblieT biZgi, roca iq 1890-ian wlebSi amierka-
vkasiaSi gadasaxlebuli muSebi, studentebi da inteleqtualebi Sexvd-
nen erTmaneTs. amierkavkasiaSi gadasaxlebulebma wreebi daarses; 1892
wels daarsda wiTeli mTis komuna, romelsac saTaveSi miwis inspeqciis
institutis studenti, stanislav reningeri edga. komunaSi Sediodnen
axalgazrda maqsim peSkovi (maqsim gorki), sergo aliluevi _ stalinis
momavali simamri da fedia (Tevdore) afanasievi _ zingeris samkervalo
fabrikis muSa-meqanikosi.78 vaso cabaZis meSveobiT (mas `patara kacis~
saxeliT icnobdnen aRnagobis gamo), romelic Tbilisis savaWro insti-
tutis naSegirdali da ninoSvilis wris yofili wevri iyo, am jgufma
mSromeli xalxi 123
muSaTa pirveli wreebi Seqmna amierkavkasiis rkinigzis mTavar saxelos-

noebSi 1894 wlis noemberSi.79 rkinigzis mTavari depo da Tbilisis saxe-
losnoebi is adgili iyo, sadac social-demokratebs frTebis gaSla
SeeloT. iq mravlad moeyaraT Tavi kvalificiur muSebs. wlebis Semdeg
bevri maTgani menSevikebisa Tu bolSevikebis cnobili warmomadgeneli
gaxda, magaliTisTvis miSa da zaqaria CodriSvilebi, araqela oquaSvili
da raJden kalaZec kmara. rkinigzis mTavari depos ZiriTadi sayrdeni
Zala Tbilisis or raionSi _ naZaladevsa da didubeSi cxovrobda. de-
pos saprotesto gamosvlebis didi istoria hqonda 1887 da 1889 wlebis
gaficvebi, 1894 wels ki muSaTa mcire jgufma uari Tqva ruseTis axali me-
fisadmi erTgulebis ficis dadebaze,80da a.S. 1895 wlisTvis wiTeli mTis
komunis aqtiurobis Sedegad, muSebis ori jgufi, TiToeuli daaxloebiT
oci kacis SemadgenlobiT, rkinigzis depoSi ukve Sexvedrebs atarebda.
erTs vaso cabaZe xelmZRvanelobda, meores _ zaqaria CodriSvli.81 mag-
ram am jgufebSi ZiriTadad swavla-ganaTlebas eTmoboda yuradReba. po-
loneTidan dabrunebuli filipe maxaraZe, romelsac weliwadnaxevari
gaetarebina varSavis cixeSi, muSebs maTematikasa da gramatikas aswavli-
da, sxvebi rusuls. muSebi TviTon iTxovdnen maTTvis rusuli enis swav-
lebas, radgan bevrma maTganma ar icoda es ena.
1896 wels reningeri ruseTSi dabrunda. afanasievi daiWires da mere
gadaasaxles. cabaZem silibistro jiblaZes mimarTa da am ukanasknelTan
erTad muSebisa da inteligenciis erToblivi organizacia Seqmna rki-
nigzis depoSi. 1897 wels organizaciam sainiciativo komiteti airCia,
romelSic oTx-oTxi warmomadgeneli Sevida muSebisgan da inteligenci-
isgan.82 1898 wels, ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis meore
yrilobis CaSlis Semdeg (vaso cabaZe delegatad gaagzavnes, magram gzaSi
daapatimres) es komiteti Tbilisis social-demokratiul komitetad
gardaiqmna.83
Tavidan arcerT mxares, arc muSebs da arc inteligencias naTeli
warmodgena ar hqonda, ra saxis urTierTobebi unda hqonodaT erTmaneT-
Tan. daselebsa da muSebis umravlesobas ufro metad saganmanaTleblo
xasiaTis micema surdaT TavianTi saqmianobisTvis. es gasakviri ar iyo,
gansakuTrebiT ki baTumis socialistur wreebSi, romlebsac isidore ra-
miSvili da karlo CxeiZe xelmZRvanelobdnen, radgan ramiSvili da CxeiZe
1898 wlidan didi warmatebiT momuSave `sakvirao skolebis~ mTel siste-
mas edgnen saTaveSi. 84
filipe maxaraZe da saqarTveloSi mogvianebiT, 1897 wels Camosuli

noe Jordania sainiciativo komitetSi ar Seiyvanes, radgan `Seufereb-
lad~ miiCnies organizaciuli saqmianobisTvis, Tavs ver gaarTmeveno.
zogierTi daseli SiSobda, rom aralegaluri saqmianobiT `kvalis~ ar-
sebobas safrTxe Seeqmneboda da amtkicebdnen, rom inteligencia win ki
ar unda gauZRves, aramed mxolod miTiTebiT xelmZRvanelobdes muSaTa
moZraobaso. aseTi iyo Jordanias poziciac. silibistro jiblaZe ki nervi-
ulobda, rom naswavli da ganaTlebuli muSebis elita daSordeboda Ta-
vis klass. am SfoTvare debatebs Sedegad is mohyva, rom yuradReba yvelam
praqtikul saqmianobaze gadaitana, oficialurad dabalansda muSebisa
da inteligenciis warmomadgenlobiToba komitetSi da wreebSic dase-
lebis muSaoba minimumade Semcirda. magram am taqtikas bevri momxre ar
hyavda. muSebis erTi nawili aRSfoTebuli Canda imis gamo, rom inteli-
gencia ufro aqtiurad ar iyo CarTuli revoluciur saqmianobaSi.
muSebsa da inteligencias Soris urTierTobebis formis Zieba damaxasi-
aTebeli iyo adreuli xanis qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraobisT-
vis. am Temas centraluri adgili ekava axlad Seqmnil komitetebSi mimdi-
nare debatebSi. stalins, magaliTad, daWeris SiSiT aralegaluri muSaoba
erCivna da darwmunebuli iyo, rom komitetis Semadgenlobis pirdapiri ar-
Cevnebi kandidatebs daucvels datovebda policiis pirispir.85 igive Temaze
mimdinareobda kamaTi baTumSic. baTumelma mSromelebma rsdmp-s sankt-pe-
terburgis komitets kiTxviT mimarTes, rogor unda emoqmeda inteligen-
cias, exelmZRvanela saorganizacio muSaobisTvis, Tu mxolod propagan-
diT unda dakmayofilebuliyo. rogorc ki baTumel muSebs upasuxes, rom es
sakiTxi individualuri pirebis politikuri momwifebulobis safuZvelze
unda mogvarebuliyo da ara socialuri warmoSobis niSniT, maT umalve Seam-
cires inteligenciis raodenoba komitetSi or warmomadgenlamde da muSebs
misces mudmivi umravlesoba.86
am saxis debatebi qarTvel muSebsa da inteligencias Soris ganxeTqile-
baze ar miuTiTebs, Tanac unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom social-demokrati-
uli moZraobis gafarToebasTan erTad gansxvavebac gaqra. magram ori ram
cxadad gamoCnda. pirveli, qarTvel muSebs TviTorganizebis garkveuli ga-
mocdileba jer kidev daselebis scenaze gamoCenamde hqondaT miRebuli da
ar surdaT, socialisturi inteligenciisgan miTiTebebi yoveldRe mieRoT.
es nawilobriv maRalkvalificiuri muSebis simravliT iyo ganpirobebuli.
bevr maTgans Tbilisis savaWro skola hqonda damTavrebuli da wreebic da
mSromeli xalxi 125
Jurnal-gazeTebic inteligenciis daxmarebis gareSe hqondaT daarsebuli.

vaso cabaZe Tavis mogonebebSi wers, rom axlad Seqmnili muSaTa jgufebi
`skeptikurad uyurebdnen inteligencias..muSebi darwmunebulebi iyvnen,
rom Tavisi saqme TviTon unda gaekeTebinaT.~87 meore, inteligenciis war-
momadgenlebSi mZlavrobda iseTi mosazreba, rom maT ukana adgilebi unda
daekavebinaT. maTi Sexeduleba marqsis interpretacias da 1898 wlis Semde-
gdroindeli `kvalis~ zegavlenas ganicdida. saqarTvelos social-demokra-
tiul organizaciebSi muSebsa da inteligencias Soris mimdinare debatebi
filosofiur safuZvels moklebuli iyo. iseTi Zlieri pirovneba, rogoric
noe ramiSvili gaxldaT, baTumSi muSebs urCevda, rom maT ar gaekritikebi-
naT social-demokratiuli komitetebi, radgan es maT prestiJs vnebda. aman
noe ramiSvili muSebs daaSora. stalinis mosazrebebic, muSaTa warmomadgen-
lobis Semcirebaze, marTalia arapopularuli iyo, magram mxolod polici-
is SiSiT ar aixsneboda. am etapze urTierTobebi or mxares Soris normalu-
rad viTardeboda, magram Sidapartiuli kamaTis dros, romelic 1904-1905
wlebSi mimdinareobda, muSebisa da inteligenciis urTierTobis Tema ukve
seriozul politikur sakiTxad iqca. Jordaniam warmatebiT gamoiyena yove-
live es saqarTveloSi bolSevikTa winaaRmdeg gamarTuli kampaniis dros.
man cili daswama bolSevikebs inteligenciis mimarT qedmaRlur damoki-
debulebaSi.
gaficvebi
sainiciativo komitetis daarsebidan cota xnis Semdeg 1890-iani wlebis

yvelaze didi da mniSvnelovani saprotesto talRa agorda. 1898 wels
xelisuflebam gamoacxada, rom is apirebda rkinigzis mTavari saxelos-
noebis muSebisTvis ufaso mgzavrobisa da avadmyofobis daxmarebebis
gauqmebas. aTas muSaze meti, romelic ukve swavlobda rkinigzis mTa-
var saxelosnoebTan arsebul saganmanaTleblo wreSi, ianvaris TveSi
gaifica da eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi ar gamocxadda samuSaod. gaficvis
gamo SeCerda tramvaisa Tu matareblebis moZraoba TbilisSi da mis ga-
reTac. sankt-peterburgidan saqmis Sesaswavlad Camosulma komisiam
muSebs kuTvnili SeRavaTebi aRudgina, Tumca ramdenime muSac daiTxo-
va samsaxuridan. es daselebisTvis pirveli gaficva iyo, romelSic maT
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules, Tanac imis garantiasac iZleoda, rom
rusul aralegalur presaSi maTze specialuri informacia gamoCnde-
boda.88 daselebi 1898-1901 wlebis gaficvebis moTxovnebis Camoyalibe-

baSic monawileobdnen. moTxovnebi ZiriTadad ekonomikur sakiTxebs da
samuSao pirobebs exeboda. iaralovis manqanaTmSenebeli qarxnis muSebis
moTxovnebi SeiZleba tipur magaliTad miviCnioT. isini iTxovdnen sa-
muSao dRis 12 saaTamde Semcirebas, saaTnaxevrian Sesvenebas, jamagiris
momatebas, 9 saaTian samuSao dRes gamosasvlel dReebSi, Sromis wigns,
sadac naTlad iqneboda gansazRvruli muSaTa uflebebi, jamagiris gace-
mas ori kviris intervalebiT da ara TveSi erTxel, zedamxedvelebis mier
Segirdebis cemis praqtikis aRmofxvras, manqana-danadgarebis garSemo
usafrTxoebis dacvas da qarxnidan gamosvlisas maTi Cxrekis Sewyvetas.
muSebi Tavis samuSao pirobebs rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoebSi arsebul
mdgomareobas adarebdnen. saxelosnos pirobebi da iq momuSaveTa SeRa-
89
vaTebi erTgvari sazomi gaxda qarTveli mSromelebisTvis. 1900 wels
bosarjiancis Tambaqos qarxnis muSebi gaificnen. isini qarxnidan gasvlas
iTxovdnen sasadilod. rac Seexeba adelxanovis tyavis gadamamuSavebel
fabrikas, iq ukeTes sadils moiTxovdnen (kartofilis da lobios garda
kidev rames) da TavianTi salaroebis TanxiT normaluri samzareulos
aSenebas.90 moTxovnebi nawilobriv, magram xSirad kmayofildeboda. ram-
denjerme fabrika-qarxnis inspeqciac Caeria saqmeSi da moTxovnebis Ses-
rulebaze daiTanxma mepatroneebi91 (da mainc, saqarTveloSi revoluci-
uri suli amierkavkasiis rkinigzis mTavarma depom gaaRviZa). 1900 wels
muSebi isev gaificnen.92 daselebis daxmarebiT Sedgenil moTxovnebSi
Sedioda 8 saaTiani samuSao dRe, jamagiris momateba 30-50%-iT, zedmeti
samuSao saaTebis iZulebis praqtikis aRmofxvra, ukeTes sanitariul pi-
robebis Seqmna da muSebis meti pativiscemiT mopyroba.93 viqtor hiugom
da algebris gakveTilebma ucbad dakarges mniSvneloba. dadga social-
demokratiuli ideebis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis dro. gaficva or kviras
gagrZelda da damTavrda 150 kacis dapatimrebiT. maTgan bevri ukan gag-
zavnes soflebSi, radgan cixeSi adgili aRar iyo. gamarjvebiT aRtace-
buli `brZola~ werda, rom `gaficvam Tbilisis yvela muSas sixarulis
TrTolva mohgvara da epidemiis msgavsad, enfiZiancis, adelxanovis, mi-
ris da sxva fabrika-qarxnebsac moedo.~94
am periodis taqtika xSirad amarTlebda. 1897 wlis gaficvis dros
enfiZiancis Tambaqos qarxnis muSebma aiyolies danarCenebic, vinc ar
apirebda gaficvaSi monawileobas, yuri ar aTxoves Tbilisis policiis
ufrosis xvewna-mudaras, dabrunebodnen samuSaos da eklesiaSi fici
mSromeli xalxi 127
dades, rom qarxanaSi ar Sevidodnen, sanam maTi moTxovnebi ar dakmayo-

fildeboda. erT-erTi muSa, romelmac gaficvaSi monawileoba ar miiRo,
mokles.95 aseTi gaficvebi xSirad Cndeba policiis im wlebis angariSeb-
Si. Cveulebriv, muSebi pirvelad Tbilisis policiis ufross an TavianT
damqiravebels mimarTavdnen TxovniT, magram muqara, cema, mkvleloba da
ficis dadeba yvelaze efeqturi iaraRi iyo maTTvis. rogorc marTebu-
li da keTilSobiluri es taqtika xatze daficebis soflis tradiciebs
asaxavda iseve, rogorc qarTuli xasiaTisTvis misaReb Zaladobas da Su-
risZiebas.96 RvTis winaSe micemuli sityvis gatexa momakvdinebeli cod-
va iyo, xolo megobris Ralati mTeli ojaxis Seuracxyofa. 1903-1905
wlebSi gamefebuli terori, gamagrebuli xelisuflebis administraci-
uli struqturebis masobriv boikotiT, qarTuli social-demokratiis
warmatebis sawindari gaxda. is sxva jgufebsac moedo, maT Soris stu-
dentebsa da glexobas. policiis 1902 wlis angariSi rkinigzis mTavar
saxelosnoebSi Seqmnil viTarebaze ewera, rom `gaficvas sicocxlis da-
kargvis SiSiT da usafrTxoebis mizniT isinic uerTdebian, vinc muSebs
ar uWeren mxars.97 raJden arseniZe adasturebs amas Tavis mogonebebSi. is
wers, rom qarTvelebs eSinodaT amxanagebis Ralatisa. amxanagebis `moRa-
lateze~ ojaxi da megobrebi uars ityodnen da mas cema an sikvdili ar
acdeboda. arseniZe fiqrobs (magram is albaT usamarTloa am SemTxveva-
Si), rom agenti provokatorebi, rogorc wesi, rusebi an sxva erovnebis
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen da ara qarTvelebio.98
rkinigzis mTavari saxelosnoebis 1898 wlis gaficvamde, kavkasiis ad-
ministraciis mmarTvelebis mTeli yuradReba erovnuli politikisken,
gansakuTrebiT ki somxuri sakiTxisadmi iyo mipyrobili. antisomxuri
RonisZiebebic gatarda; 1885 wels daixura ramdenime samrevlo skola,
1890 wels CaSales gugonianis eqspedicia, 1903 wels ki somxuri eklesi-
is qonebis konfiskacia moaxdines. Sedegad somexi revolucionerebis
yuradReba nelnela gadavida osmaleTSi mcxovrebi Tanamemamuleebidan
ruseTisken, romelic somxeTis gaTavisuflebas problemebs uqmnida.99
cenzuras isev rusulenovani Jurnal-gazeTebi hyavda yuradRebis
centrSi da mis mier akrZaluli wignebis nusxaSi 1905 wlamde ZiriTadad
frangi da germaneli avtorebi Sediodnen.100 magram rkinigzis mTavari saxe-
losnoebis gaficvam, gansakuTrebiT ki 1900 wlis agvistos gaficvam Tbili-
sis policiis departamentis muSaobis mimarTuleba Secvala. departaments
Tavidan ramdenime Secdoma mouvida. giorgi CxeiZe igonebs, rom 1900 wlis
agvistoSi, roca policia saxelosnoebis ezoSi Sevida, man ubralod didi
tanis muSebs staca xeli da isini daapatimra.101 magram policia saxelos-

noebs 1897 wlidan adevnebda Tvals da ukve 1901 wlisTvis kargad icoda,
vin iyvnen social-demokratebis agitatorebi. Tu departamenti 1900 wels
rkinigzis mxolod 12 muSas uTvalTvalebda (TiTqmis yvela maTgani qar-
Tveli iyo) da `kvali~ misTvis isev gaurkveveli mimarTulebisa iyo, 1901
wels zustad icoda, vin unda daepatimrebina da daapatimra kidec social-
demokratebis liderebi, maT Soris silva jiblaZe, maxaraZe, viqtor kur-
natovski da cota mogvianebiT stalinic.102 oxrankis saidumlo cirkulari
asaxelebda social-demokratebis TiTqmis yvela wamyvan pirs: vaso caba-
Zes, filipe maxaraZes, silva jiblaZes da severian juRels da informacias
iTxovda maTi kavSirebis Sesaxeb muSaTa jgufebTan, am jgufebis saqmi-
anobaze sxva qalaqebSi (gansakuTrebiT baqosa da baTumSi) da qarxnebis
salaroebze. memorandumis avtorebi iTxovdnen aseve `kvalis~ masalebisa
da publikaciebis Targmans. maT ukve icodnen Jordanias urTierTobebis
Sesaxeb adgilobriv gamomcemlebTan da isic, vis ra funqciebi hqonda
gadanawilebuli social-demokrat aqtivistebs Soris.103 ivlisSi, dapatim-
rebaTa axal talRaSi mohyva Jordania, romelic lanCxuTSi imyofeboda ev-
ropaSi mimavali gemis molodinSi.
1902 wels Seiqmna Tbilisis sagangebo sagamoZiebo departamenti,
romlis umTavresi mizani social-demokratebis sul ufro aqtiuri saq-
mianobis Seswavla da maTTvis Tvalyuris devnebi iqneboda. policiis
warmatebul operaciebs social-demokratebis kidev erTi didi jgufis
dapatimreba mohyva Tebervlidan aprilamde periodSi. maT Soris iyvnen za-
qaria CodriSvili da araqela oquaSvili. policiam social-demokratebis
Tbilisis axladaRmocenebuli organizacia efeqturad gatexa welSi.104
1903 wlis 24 marts, TbilisSi kavkasiis kavSiris konferenciis Catarebidan
cota xnis Semdeg policiam kidev 14 social-demokrati daapatimra. oxran-
kis 1903 wlis angariSSi 238 politikurad saeWvo piria dasaxelebuli. maTi
umravlesoba social-demokratebi iyvnen.105 sxva danarCeni angariSebidan
naTeli xdeba, rom oxrankam kargad icoda social-demokratebis orga-
nizaciuli struqtura, maTi Sexvedrebis gasaidumloebuli adgilebi da
zog SemTxvevaSi isic, rasac am Sexvedrebze ixilavdnen.
1902 wlisTvis adgilobriv Jandarmeriasa da oxrankas informatorTa
efeqturi sistema hqonda Seqmnili, maT Soris iyvnen e.w. `yvelganmyofi
saxlis mmarTvelebi~, romlebic ezoebis dasufTavebasTan erTad momsv-
lelebis sabuTebsac amowmebdnen da saeWvo pirebsac adevnebdnen Tvals.
mSromeli xalxi 129
social-demokratiuli organizicia
1900-1905 wlebis policiis angariSebi social-demokratiuli orga-

nizaciis swraf gafarToebaze metyvelebs. social-demokratebi Zalze
organizebulad muSaobdnen Tbilisis rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoebSi da
depoSi, mbeWdavebsa da tyavis gadamamuSavebeli fabrikebis muSaTa Soris.
1904 wlis dasasruls dapatimrebulma erT-erTma muSam oxrankas TanamS-
romels uTxra, rom `TiTqmis yvela muSa gaerTianda muSaTa social-de-
mokratiul partiaSi.~ misi sityvebiT, muSebi TiTo maneTze or kapiks
ixdidnen partiisTvis da regularulad eswrebodnen naZaladevSi Cata-
rebul Sexvedrebs. yvela wres, maT Soris rusebisas, xelmZRvanelobda
muSa òficeri,~ romelic koordinacias uwevda social-demokratiuli
inteligenciis warmomadgenlebTan maT urTierToba, agvarebda Sexved-
rebs da avrcelebda propagandistul literaturas.106 oxrankasTvis isic
gaxda cnobili, rom Tbilisis fabrika-qarxnebi da depo oTx ubnad iyo
dayofili da TiToeulSi ramdenime, eqvsidan aT kacamde Semadgenlobis
jgufi Tu ujredi moqmedebda, romlebsac sakuTari salaroebi hqondaT.
saorganizacio saqmeebs Tavad muSebi uZRvebodnen, Tumca Tbilisis sa-
koordinacio komitetis movaleobaSi Sedioda saqmianobis dagegmva da
marTva ujredebSi, `propagandistebis~ (rogorc inteligenciis warmo-
madgenlebs uwodebdnen), gagzavna Sexvedrebze sxvadasxva ubanSi da fi-
nansuri sakiTxebis mogvareba. 1902 wlis TebervalSi Tbilisis komitetis
sagangebo fondi 1. 646 maneTs iTvlida.107 Tbilisis komitetTan mimagrebu-
li propagandistebi muSebis raionebSi ar cxovrobdnen. maT specialurad
iwvevdnen Sexvedrebze. 1903 wels oxrankis agentebma muSebis uamravi Sex-
vedris Sesaxeb waradgines angariSebi. ZiriTadad qarTveli da kvalifici-
uri muSebis Sexvedrebi tardeboda, sadac ìskrisa~ da `brZolis~ nom-
rebs kiTxulobdnen (oxrankis siebSi maTi umetesoba stambis asoTamwyobi
iyo). 1904 wels oxrankas social-demokratebisa da maT mier Catarebuli
Sexvedrebis Sesaxeb ukve detaluri monacemebi hqonda. magaliTad, maT
icodnen, rom rkinigzis muSa stefane qarfusaZe meore ubnis `generali~
iyo, leiba pekeri da ivane bolqvaZe muSebs anaTlebdnen bavSvebis Sromis,
ruseT-iaponiis omisa da buliginis manifestis sakiTxebs.108 oxrankis an-
gariSebidan warmodgena gveqmneba, vin iyvnen adreuli periodis social-
demokratebi. saidumlo policiis badeSi moxvedril social-demokratTa
umravlesoba (ara mandamainc rogorc am wlebis aqtivistTa warmomadgen-
lobiTi magaliTi) qarTveli iyo, xolo maT Soris umetesobas dasavleT
saqarTvelodan Camosulebi warmoadgendnen.109 oxrankis monacemebiT, isi-

ni ZiriTadad wvrili Tavadaznaurobis, mRvdlis Svilebi an glexebi iyvnen.
maTgan muSebi, rogorc wesi, depoSi an stambebSi muSaobdnen. 1900-1905
wlebSi dapatimrebulTa didi nawili 30 welze naklebi asakisa iyo.
oxrankis gaaqtiureba social-demokratebis mier fabrika-qarxneb-
Si agitaciis gaZlierebas da politikur demonstraciebs mohyva, rac
sruliad axali movlena iyo saqarTveloSi. pirvel or pirvelmaisobas
1898 da 1899 wels, Sesabamisad, daaxloebiT 25 da 75 demonstranti dae-
swro. daselebs am dReebSi aqtiuroba ar gamouCeniaT, magram Jordania
xanmokle yoymanis Semdeg (mas `kvalis~ legalurad muSaobisTvis ar un-
doda safrTxis Seqmna) mainc daTanxmda proklamacia daewera pirveli
pirvelmaisobis dResTan dakavSirebiT 1898 wels. 1900 wlis demonstra-
cia ki ufro STambeWdavi iyo. isic qalaqgareT Catarda. amjerad msvle-
lobaSi 400 kacma miiRo monawileoba. rkinigzis mTavari saxelosnoebis
muSa, mogvianebiT ki bolSeviki miSa boWoriZe demonstraciaze gamota-
nil plakatebs igonebs, romlebzec qarTul, rusul da somxur enebze
ewera: `gaumarjos rvasaaTian samuSao dRes~ da `Zirs tirania~.110 xalxi
`marseliozas~ mReroda da haerSi Tofebs isroda. bunebrivia, policiam
es meore dResve Seityo da 1901 wels igive rom ar gameorebuliyo, martis
TveSi daapatimra yvela social-demokrati, vinc siebSi hyavda Seyvanili.
magram amas xeli ar SeuSlia im ori aTasi kacisTvis, 1901 wels `jaris-
kacis bazarSi~ Catarebul demonstraciaSi monawileobis misaRebad rom
movida. demonstrantebi mefisnacvlis sasaxlis mopirdapire mxares,
aleqsandres baRSi gadavidnen. kazakebi ukve mzad iyvnen. Semdeg ki, ro-
gorc gazeTi `brZola~ werda `saSineli xelCarTuli brZola gaimarTa~.
ramdenime kaci daiRupa da demonstraciis 41 monawile daapatimres.
qalaqi oTxi dRiT gadaiyvanes gaZlierebuli usafrTxoebis reJimze.
miuxedavad msxverplisa da dapatimrebebisa, rac 1901 wlis marti-ivli-
sis movlenebs mohyva, gaficvebma da demonstraciebma saqarTvelos so-
cial-demokratia katakombebidan gamoiyvana. gubernatoris samoqalaqo
departamentis erT-erTi dakvirvebuli TanamSromeli 1903 wels werda,
rom èWvs ar iwvevs is faqti, rom social-demokratiuli moZraobis gaZ-
lierebam, romelic propagandas eweva muSaTa klasSi, mniSvnelovani roli
Seasrula gaficvebis momravlebaSi. magram es propaganda uZluri iqne-
boda da did gavlenas ver moaxdenda, socialisturi doqtrinis boroti
Tesli noyier niadagze rom ar davardniliyo.~111 magram dapatimrebebma
mSromeli xalxi 131
daasustes organizacia da amitom 1901 wlis ianvarSi arCeulma Tbili-

sis komitetma xarkovidan moiTxova inteligenciis kadrebi. amis garda,
komitetma intensiurad mihyo xeli saganmanaTleblo wreebSi muSaobas
da Segirdebi CarTo moZraobaSi axali muSa-aqtivistebis mosamzadeblad.
periferiebSi social-demokratebis saqmianoba Seuferxeblad midioda.
maTi jgufebi ukve yvela did urbanul centrSi _ quTaisSi, gorSi, ba-
TumSi, WiaTuraSi muSaobda. social-demokratebi fexs ikidebdnen dasav-
leT saqarTvelos soflebSic, sadac glexebis moZraoba daujerebeli
siswrafiT Zlierdeboda. axalgazrda grZelTmian, glexis ubralo Sav
perangSi gamowyobil da wiTel Sarfmoxveul socialistebs mravlad
SexvdebodiT im dros dasavleTis soflebSi. gansakuTrebul aqtiurobas
muSaTa moZraobam baTumSi miaRwia.
pirveli socialisturi wreebi aq ruseTidan gadmosaxlebulma g.
franCeskim da i. i. luzinma daarses 1897 wels. 1898 wlis TebervalSi
ki, maTi dapatimrebis Semdeg karlo CxeiZem da isidore ramiSvilma ga-
nagrZes es saqme.112 ramiSvilma sakvirao skolebis sistema aamuSava. ma-
gram ùfrosebis,~ rogorc karlo CxeiZes da isidore ramiSvils eZax-
dnen, dayolieba iatakveSa organizaciis Seqmnis Taobaze mxolod 1901
wels, Tbilisidan giorgi CxeiZis gamogzavnis Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli.
karlo da isidore `legalebi~ iyvnen manamade, pirveli raionis saavad-
myofos mTavari mmarTveli iyo, xolo meore _ maswavlebeli. arc erTs
ar siamovnebda aralegalurad muSaoba, eSinodaT, rom maT kargad awyo-
bil saqmes safrTxe Seeqmneboda.
1901 wlis miwurulisTvis baTumis fabrika-qarxnebSi ukve 11 arale-
galuri organizacia muSaobda. maT saTaveSi axalgazrda da niWieri so-
cial-demokratebi _ severian juReli, meore dumis momavali wevri, be-
nia CxikviSvili, guriis `prezidenti~ 1903-dan 1906-mde da Tbilisis meri
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis periodSi, noe xomeriki da noe
ramiSvili, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis miwaT-
moqmedebisa da Sromis, da Sinagan saqmeTa momavali ministrebi edgnen.
axalgazrda soso juRaSvili (stalini) patara xelis sabeWdi manqa-
niT SeiaraRebuli Camovida baTumSi 1901 wlis noemberSi. masze arasasia-
movno xmebi dadioda TbilisSi. stalinma konstantine kandelakTan erTad
(saqarTvelos momavali finansTa ministri) manTaSevisa da rotSildis
navTobis gadasazidi kasrebis damamzadebel qarxnebSi gaficvis momza-
deba daiwyo. 1902 wlis martis gaficvebi xalxmraval demonstraciebSi
gadaizarda, ris Sedegad 15 adamiani daiRupa, 50 dasaxiCrda da 500 daap-

atimres. magram patimarTa umravlesoba TavianT soflebSi, ZiriTadad
guriaSi gaasaxles. es ki Secdoma iyo, radgan guriaSi isini glexTa moZ-
raobis SuagulSi aRmoCndnen.
1902 wlis martis gaficvebis Semdeg baTumma revoluciur rukaze dai-
kava adgili. momdevno welsac aalaparaka revoluciuri da liberaluri
wreebi. baTumSi Catarebuli gaficvebis moTaveTa sasamarTlo procesi
did movlenad iqca.
Ria agitacia social-demokratebs ufro did safrTxeSi agdebda. 1902
wlis aprilisTvis policias baTumeli socialistebis Tavkacebi, maT
Soris, stalinic dapatimrebuli hyavda. gauTavebelma gaficvebma (1902
wlis aprilidan 1903 wlis aprilamde 30 gaficva Catarda) baTumis fab-
rika-qarxnebis bevri mepatrone aiZula baTumi daetovebina. 1904 wlis
dasasrulisTvis baTumSi 5 aTasi samuSao adgili gauqmda.
baTumidan gamoZevebulma gurulma social-demokratma muSebma par-
tiuli saqmianoba gaaqtiures soflad. isini glexebis moZraobas Caudgnen
saTaveSi. glexobisTvis es didi mxardaWera iyo. miuxedavad samuSaos
dakargvisa, 1903 wlisTvis baTumSi social-demokratebis 20 jgufi muSa-
obda. rsdmp-is meore yrilobis Semdeg, baTumis organizacia oficialur
komitetad gaformda. mis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen karlo CxeiZe, be-
nia CxikviSvili (orive inteligenciis warmomadgeneli) da sami muSa. 1904
wlis meore naxevarSi komiteti Riad muSaobda da sakmaod didi gavlena
hqonda adgilobriv gubernatorze. 1905 wlis damdegisTvis ki is finan-
surad moZlierda da TveSi ramdenime aseuli maneTi sawevro gadasaxadis
saxiT Sesdioda.113
daskvna
1898 wlidan, roca daselebma `kvali~ Caibares, 1903 wlamde, sanam

saqarTvelos organizacia Tavis delegatebs gagzavnida rsdmp-is meore
yrilobaze, social-demokratebis saqmianoba da saerTod, maTi mdgo-
mareoba dramatulad Seicvala. privilegirebuli daselebis komfortu-
lad awyobili cxovreba, roca Tavisuflad SeeZloT kavkasiis cenzuris
komitetSi misvla akrZaluli statiis bedis gasarkvevad (xSirad maTi
mSromeli xalxi 133
vizitebis Semdeg statia ibeWdeboda), 1900 wlis Semdeg Seicvala. maT

gasaidumloebul sardafebSi uwevdaT cxovreba, sasaflaoze da tyeSi
xvdebodnen erTmaneTs ucnob qalaqebSi, cixis nestian saknebsac xSirad
stumrobdnen da gayinuli qoxebic ar akldaT gadasaxlebaSi.
daselebis pirvelive kontaqtma muSebTan axali politikuri da or-
ganizaciuli saxis problemebis mTeli wyeba wamoWra. saqme exeboda le-
galur da aralegalur muSaobas, inteligenciis rols axladSeqmnil
komitetebSi, partiul Tanamdebobebze arCevisa da mravaleTnikur gare-
moSi propagandis gawevis wesebs, qarTvelebis urTierTobas rus muSebT-
an da moTxovnebis models, romlebic muSebs unda wamoeyenebinaT. orga-
nizaciis wevrebi pirovnulad Zalian gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan da
uTanxmoebebic xSiri iyo, magaliTad, Jordaniasa da cxakaias an stalinsa
da baTumel ùfrosebs~ Soris, magram am droisTvis maTi ideologiur-fi-
losofiuri gansxvaveba erovnuli sakiTxis, glexebis moZraobis, arale-
galuri muSaobis da sxv. Sesaxeb mkafiod Camoyalibebuli ar iyo. social-
demokratiuli moZraobis adreuli warmatebiT gamowveulma eiforiam
gadafara uTanxmoebebi da mesame dasic mkacrad icavda mundiris Rirse-
bas. magram 1903-1905 wlebs Soris periodSi, gansakuTrebiT ki rsdmp-is
gaTiSvis Semdeg, rac 1903 wlis meore yrilobaze moxda zog sakiTxze,
poziciebi imdenad daSorda, rom mwvave xasiaTi miiRo da 1905 wlis dam-
degisTvis pirad mtrobaSi gadavida.
drois am monakveTs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba hqonda qarTuli so-
cial-demokratiuli moZraobis TviTgansazRvrisTvis, razec dasavleT
saqarTvelos glexebis moulodnelma Zlierma moZraobamac didi zegav-
lena moaxdina. glexebis moZraobam social-demokratebi aiZula Rrmad
Cafiqrebuliyvnen marqsis revoluciuri mosazrebis Taobaze. carizmis
winaaRmdeg brZolis gaZlierebasTan erTad, mesame dasis mier gaTavise-
buli marqsizmis evropuli nairsaxeoba Zlieri wnexis qveS moeqca.
134
T aavi
vi 5
g aan
n xe
x e Tq iil
l e b a Sin
S in
qarTuli social-demokratiis organizaciul da ideologiur gan-

viTarebas 1903-1905 wlebSi gansazRvravda oTxi faqtori, kerZod, urTi-
erTobebi ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa partiasTan (rsdmp) da
kavkasiis sxva social-demokratiul organizaciebTan, glexebis moZrao-
ba dasavleT saqarTveloSi, 1905 wlis revolucia da ganxeTqileba rsdmp-
Si. am movlenebs oTxi Sedegi mohyva: mesame dasi ruseTis social-demokra-
tiasTan gaiTqvifa; saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli organizacia,
romelic glexobas eyrdnoboda, erovnul partiad iqca; adgilobrivma
social-demokratebma Tavisi politika da taqtika saqarTvelos viTa-
rebasa da pirobebs miusadages da, bolos, rsdmp-s gayofam saqarTvelos
social-demokratebi miiyvana daskvnamde, rom saWiro iyo sakuTari ide-
ologiis filosofiuri safuZvlebis gansazRvra1902-dan 1905 wlamde
anu im droidan dawyebuli, roca saqarTvelos organizacia rsdmp-is ara-
formaluri Semadgeneli nawili gaxda, rac damtkicda rsdmp-is meore
yrilobaze, vidre im dromde, roca socialistebi barikadebTan gaerTi-
andnen, qarTveli social-demokratebi ìskris~ erTgulebi rCebodnen
da yuradRebas ar aqcevdnen emigrantTa gauTavebel kamaTs an, rogorc
isini ambobdnen, enis uazro tartals.
saqarTvelos organizaciasa da rsdmp-s Soris azrTa mcireodeni
sxvaoba arsebobda erovnul, glexobasTan urTierTobisa da partiis
struqturebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, magram am etapze gansxvaveba ar
iyo ise cxadad Camoyalibebuli, rom misTvis raime mniSvneloba miecaT.
Tumca saqarTveloSi `kvalis~ zomieri da mdidari qarTuli mkveTrad
gansxvavdeboda `brZolisa~ da misi memkvidris `proletariatis brZo-
lis~ ubralo da uxeSi enisgan. 1901-1902 wlebis momabezrebeli polemi-
ganxeTqileba Sin 135
ka aralegalurad muSaobis Taobaze isev grZeldeboda, ufro metic, is

kidev ufro gacxovelda rsdmp-is meore yrilobis Semdeg. magram arse-
buli gansxvavebebi ganmsazRvrel faqtorad mxolod 1904-1905 wlis zam-
TarSi iqca, roca kavkasiis social-demokratiul komitetebze kontro-
lis mopovebisTvis brZolam leninsa da mis oponentebs Soris ukiduresad
mwvave xasiaTi miiRo. 1905 wlis revoluciurma movlenebma es uTanxmoe-
bebi marTalia daCrdila, magram kvamlis gafantvis Semdeg saqarTveloSi
momxdari ganxeTqileba aSkarad gamoCnda. is pirovnulis garda ideolo-
giur xasiaTsac atarebda. 1905 wlis Semdeg saqarTvelos komitetebi
menSevikebis mxareze dadgnen. es mesame dasis ideebis triumfi gaxldaT.
daselebi erovnuli da socialisturi organizaciebis liderebi gaxdnen
da muSebis mier partiis xelmZRvanelobis ideis popularizacia daiwyes.
dasavleTi saqarTvelos glexTa ajanyebis, Tbilisis, baTumis, quTaisisa
da foTis barikadebze gadatanilma revoluciurma brZolebma qarTuli
social-demokratia damoukidebel da Zlier moZraobad aqcia rogorc
Sin, saqarTveloSi, aseve rsdmp-is SigniT. 1905 wlis Semdeg mesame dasis
ideebi gascda Tbiliss da ruseTis social-demokratiul muSaTa par-
tiaSi legalizaciis, demokratiisa da nacionalizmis Taobaze mimdinare
debatebis SuagulSi moeqca.
organizaciuli erTianoba
1902 wlis ianvarSi Tbilisis cixeSi Jordania axlad daarsebuli so-

cial-demokratiuli komitetis Sesaxeb sainformacio furceli miawodes.
is maSin ganaCens elodeboda. april-maisSi ganxorcielebuli dapatimre-
bebis Semdeg komitetSi mosalodneli iyo organizaciuli cvlilebebi.
magram Jordanias yuradReba Tavfurcelze gakeTebulma warweram miiq-
cia: `ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia. gamikvirda, ra Sua-
Sia ruseTis partia. rodis SeverTdiT, ra pirobiT-araferi aravin ico-
da...damafiqra, SemeSinda ideologiuraTac ar migveRo rusebis mTeli
pozicia, sadac ar idga arc glexis sakiTxi, arc nacionaluri, arc or-
ganizaciuli Cvenis mniSvnelobiT da sxv.~1 Jordanias meti informacia
undoda. SeinarCunebs Tu ara Tbilisis organizacia Tavis damoukide-
blobas? eqneba Tu ara sakuTari centraluri organo? ra rols Seas-
rulebs inteligencia? es iyo im kacis reaqcia, romelic Tergdaleul-
Ta msgavsad seriozulad fiqrobda ufro did rusul organizaciasTan

gaerTianebis mosalodnel Sedegebze. qarTveli revolucionerebisTvis
es sakiTxi umTavres problemad rCeboda mTeli aTwleulebis manZilze da
ai, uceb, gaerTianeba moxda. Jordaniam aRmoaCina, rom 1901 wlis noember-
Si TbilisSi konferencia Catarebula. social-demokratebis 25-kacianma
konferenciam, romelSic sxvebTan erTad vaso cabaZe, severian juReli,
zaqaria CodriSvili da soso juRaSvilic monawileobdnen, Tbilisis
organizaciis axali komiteti airCia da gadawyvita, rom dabalansebuli
urTierTobebi SeenarCunebina muSebsa da inteligencias Soris. Sede-
gad komitetSi Tanabrad iyvnen warmodgenilni rogorc muSebi, aseve in-
teligenciis warmomadgenlebi. arCevnebSi monawileoba organizaciis
yvela wevrma miiRo. mxolod juRaSvilma (stalinma) da cabaZem Seikaves
Tavi. rogorc s. TalakvaZe igonebs, `soso juRaSvili da vaso cabaZe cdi-
lobdnen daerwmunebinaT is amxanagebi, romlebic arCevnebis Catarebas
mxars uWerdnen, rom am gziT arCeul komitets SeiZleba safrTxe Seqmn-
oda, rom SeiZleba arasando pirebi, magaliTad, policiis agentebi, ar-
Cevnebis gziT moxvedriliyvnen komitetis SemadgenlobaSi da maSin xom
organizacia daiSleboda.~2 komitetma ramdenime rezolucia miiRo, maT
Soris fabrika-qarxnebSi propaganda-agitaciis gawevis, sagangebo fon-
dis Seqmnisa da aralegaluri gazeTis gamocemis Sesaxeb. policiis mier
`kvalis~ redaqciaSi ganxorcielebuli reidis Semdeg es gadawyvetileba
azrzs moklebuli aRar iyo. komitetis 3 wevri `zomieri~ inteligenci-
is warmomadgeneli iyo: ori qarTveli, severian juReli da kalistrate
gogua da somexi gevorq garajiani (s. T. arqomedi). magram umravlseoba
muSebma Seadgines: zaqaria CodriSvili, araqela oquaSvili, vaso cabaZe
da giorgi CxeiZe amierkavkasiis rkinigzis mTavari saxelosnoebis muSebi
iyvnen. stalini ver moxvda komitetSi. SesaZloa, am ambavmac gadaawyveti-
na baTumSi wasvla, rom ukeTesi adgilisTvis gamoekra xeli.3
Jordania nerviulobda, rom daselebis mTavari warmomadgenlebi
arsad Candnen da rsdmp-sTan gaerTianebis gadawyvetileba garkveul-
wilad TviTneburad iqna miRebuli. man ki TiTqmis araferi icoda kon-
ferenciis muSaobaze. 1903 wlisTvis daselebi ukve gaTavisuflebulebi
iyvnen. isini organizaciuli urTierTobebis damyarebas cdilobdnen ka-
vkasiis sxva danarCen marqsistul jgufebTan. am droisTvis amierkavka-
siaSi social-demokratTa sul cota, 15 aqtiuri jgufi arsebobda. baqoSi
muSaobda erT-erTi yvelaze Zlieri organizacia, romelTanac Tbiliss
mWidro kavSiri hqonda. baqosa da Tbilisis organizaciebis iniciativiT

1903 wlis martSi Catarda Tbilisis, baTumisa da baqos komitetebis war-
momadgenlebisa da quTaisis, WiaTuris, mixailovis (xaSuris), gorisa da
ozurgeTis social-demokratiuli organizaciebis wevrTa konferencia.
es iyo amierkavkasiis social-demokratiuli `jgufebis~ pirveli Sexve-
dra. konferencia miznad isaxavda kavkasiis gaerTianebuli komitetis Se-
qmnas da rsdmp-sTan kavSiris oficialurad gamocxadebas.4 konferenciis
delegatTa umravlesobas _ daaxloebiT oTx mexuTeds, qarTvelebi war-
moadgendnen. ori somexi delegati arSak zurabovi da boris knunianci,
kavkasiis gaerTianebuli komitetis cxrakaciani Semadgenlobis wevrebad
airCies. arSak zurabovi, `daSnakcutunis~ centraluri komitetis yo-
fili wevri, mogvianebiT menSeviki gaxda. boris knunianci 1903 wels iskre-
li iyo, magram mere isic menSevikebs SeuerTda. Sexvedris dRis wesrigSi
ori ZiriTadi sakiTxi idga _ partiis organizaciuli mowyoba da parti-
is programis SemuSaveba. organizaciuli kuTxiT yuradReba gamaxvilda
partiis komitetis Semadgenlobis arCevnebze. miuxedavad ìskrisadmi~
damokidebulebisa, romelic centralizebuli, konspiraciulad moqmedi
revoluciuri organizaciebis ideis mxardamWeri iyo, social-demokra-
tiuli organizaciebis umravlesoba ara kooptaciis, aramed arCevnebis
momxre iyo. sinamdvileSi, amierkavkasiis TiTqmis yvela komitets Tavi
daniSnuli hyada. baqos organizacia am TvalsazrisiT saukeTeso maga-
liTi iyo. magram konferenciaze damswreTa umravlesoba ufro farTo-
masStabiani arCevnebisa da komitetebSi muSaTa farTo warmomadgenlobis
momxre iyo da azrs ar icvlida. isidore ramiSvilsa da sandro devdar-
ians, baqos organizaciis wevrebs, romlebic am xazis momxreebi iyvnen, wi-
naaRmdegobas stalini da cxakaia uwevdnen. maxaraZe da arSak zurabovi
iziarebdnen ìskris~ mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom ruseTis pirobebSi
ufro gamarTlebuli iyo, organizaciebs profesiuli xasiaTi hqonodaT
da adgilobrivi komitetebis sakadro politikaSi centri mniSvnelovnad
Careuliyo. isini amtkicebdnen, rom arCevnebi policiis mxridan Spiona-
Jisa da dapatimrebebis SesaZleblobas gazrdida.5 am uTanxmoebis garda,
rac sabolood arCevnebis sasargeblod damTavrda, partiis programas-
Tan dakavSirebiT sakamaTo TiTqmis aRaraferi iyo.6 erTaderTi gadaxveva
ìskris~ mimarTulebidan iyo is, rom konferencia daJinebiT moiTxovda
federaluri socialisturi saxelmwifos Seqmnas. Jordanias winadadeba
iTvaliswinebda kavkasiis seimis daarsebas, centriT TbilisSi. somex so-

cial-demokratTa kavSiri, romelic 1902 wels Seqmna stefane Saumianma,
1904 wlis Semdeg Tavdadebulma leninistma da 1918 wels baqos komite-
tis xelmZRvanelma, imaves fiqrobda, rasac litvelebi, latvielebi,
polonelebi da ebraelTa gundi. konferenciis bevri monawile, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki somexi, moiTxovda kulturul avtonomias.
konferenciaze miRebul saboloo rezoluciaSi naxsenebic aRar aris
kulturuli revolucia, magram federalizmis teritoriuli mowyobis
ideas mxari dauWires. rezolucia saxelwodebiT `rsdmp-is kavkasiis kav-
Siris programis konspeqti~ konferenciis damTavrebis Semdeg kavkasiis
kavSiris gazeTSi `proletariatis brZolaSi~ daibeWda.7 am etapze TiTq-
mis yvela kavkasieli revolucioneri social-demokratiisTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovnad da arsebiTad federalizms miiCnevda. gamoricxuli ar
aris, rom isini avstrieli social-demokratebis mier SemuSavebuli fed-
eraciis programis gavlenis qveS yofiliyvnen. programa brunis konfer-
enciaze daamtkices 1899 wels.8 somxeTis umsxviles partias `daSnakcu-
tuns~ oficialurad `somxeTis revoluciuri federacia~ ewoda, somxebis
socialistur `hnCaks~ Tavisi proeqti hqonda federaciis programasTan
dakavSirebiT. da mainc, ramdenime Tvis Semdeg, 1903 wels rsdmp-is meore
yrilobaze, kavkasiis social-demokratTa delegaciam, ebraelTa `bundis-
gan~ gansxvavebiT, xeli aiRo fedaraciis Seqmnis iniciativaze, rogorc
ki yrilobaze cxadi gaxda, rom delegatTa umravlesoba arakeTilganwy-
obili iyo am azris mimarT.9 unda iTqvas, rom am konferenciaze ìskram~
gaimarjva. azrTa mcire sxvadasxvaoba glexebis sakiTxma gamoiwvia. mag-
ram ìskris~ politikam im sakiTxSi, romelic glexebisTvis `CamoWrili
miwebis~ (glexebis an saerTo sargeblobis miwebis is nawili, romelic me-
mamuleebs gadasces batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg, da romelic glexebs
sakuTar miwad miaCndaT) dabrunebas iTvaliwinebda, mxardaWera miiRo,
miuxedavad Jordanias mowodebisa, rom miwasTan dakavSirebiT ufro sru-
lyofili da yovlismomcveli politika SeemuSavebinaT.
ìskris~ mosazrebebi, romelic èkonomizmisa~ da `revizionizmis~
eresis sawinaaRmdego kampaniis dros gaisma, kavkasiisTvis sadavo ar aR-
moCnda, piriqiT, savsebiT Sesaferisad CaTvales. yvelas ìskris~ erT-
gulad miaCnda Tavi. SeiZleba arsebobda kidec garkveuli SeniSvnebi
centralur komitetSi Zalauflebis koncentraciis xarisxTan dakav-
SirebiT, magram delegatebs rusuli social-demokratiis arakoordini-
rebuli regionalizmisTvis anu, rogorc lenini uwodebda, `kustarniC-

estvosTvis~, wertilis dasma undodaT. bolos daisva sakiTxi kavkasiis
adgilobrivi organos Seqmnis Sesaxeb. gadawyda, rom daearsebinaT ka-
vkasiis kavSiris komiteti, romelSic ZiriTadad inteligenciis warmo-
madgenlebi Sevidodnen, maT Soris Jordania da silva jiblaZe. magram
maTi umravlesoba daseli ar iyo. garda amisa, sul cota sam wevrs _
mixa cxakaias, aleqsandre wulukiZes da filipe maxaraZes _ ukve ga-
mocxadebuli hqondaT Tavisi uTanxmoebis Sesaxeb `kvalTan~, samarT-
lebriv da kulturul sakiTxebze misi fokusirebis gamo.10 Sexvedraze
airCies Tbilisis komitetis biuro da somxeTis social-demokratTa
kavSirTan organizaciuli gaerTianebac dasrulda. kecxovelis arale-
galuri gazeTi `brZola~ da somxebis organizaciis gazeTi `proletari-
ati~ erT axal aralegalur gazeTad Camoyalibda saxelwodebiT `pro-
letariatis brZola~. is qarTul, rusul da somxur enebze gamodioda.
maxaraZe da stalini Tanaredaqtorebad dainiSnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom
redaqtorebi ìskris~ politikis kavkasiuri organizaciis interpreta-
ciis erTgulebi iyvnen, es politika ki iTvaliswinebda demokratiuli
respublikisTvis brZolas, spontanuri xasiaTis SeiaraRebuli ajanye-
bebis uaryofasa da feodalur-batonymuri urTierTobebis dasasruls
soflad, isini am ideebs agresiuli formiT gadmoscemdnen `brZolaSi.~
Jordania, romelic eWvis TvaliT uyurebda rsdmp-is centralistur
tendenciebs da inteligenciis momravlebas, maxaraZisa da stalinis ar-
Cevis winaaRmdeg wavida, magram damarcxda. Tumca, mas programis dawera
sTxoves xelmeored. sanam programis ganxilvis dro dadga, Jordania
sazRvargareT gaiqca dapatimrebis Tavidan asacileblad. gaqceva ufro
Svebas hgavda misTvisac da kavSirSi misi megobrebisTvisac. am drois-
Tvis kontaqtebi ruseTis social-demokratiul organizaciebTan susti
iyo, Tumca qarTveli social-demokratebi Tavs èrTi ojaxis wevrebad~
miiCnevdnen.11 urTierToba hqondaT muSaTa klasis ganTavisuflebisT-
vis brZolis kavSirTan, romelsac Stab-bina sankt-peterburgSi hqonda,
agreTve mWidro kavSirebi hqondaT baqosTan, kiSiniovTan da xarkovTan.
Tbilisis organizacia baqos aralegaluri stambis imediT beWdavda Ta-
vis proklamaciebs. is gazeT `brZolas~ baqos organizaciis gazeTadac
miiCnevda. miuxedavad saerTo mtruli ganwyobisa rusi muSebisadmi, ad-
gilobriv komitetebSi sakmaod bevri rusi muSa da inteligenciis warmo-
madgeneli aqtiurobda. 1905 wlamde sxvadasxva dros maT rigebSi iyvnen
sergo aliluevi, lev kamenevi (is Tbilisis pirvel klasikur gimnaziaSi

swavlobda), mixeil kalinini da maria besmertnaia.12 isini atyobinebdnen
qarTvelebs rusul organizaciebSi movlenaTa ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
ekaterinoslavSi gadasaxlebuli mixa cxakaia werda statiebs social-de-
mokratiul gazeT ìuJni raboCisTvis~, romelic ìskris~ mowinaaRmdege
iyo 1898 wlidan 1900 wlamde. man kargad icoda samxreT kavkasiis ambebi.
misi baqoeli marqsisti megobrebi devdariani, leonid krasini da lado
kecxoveli (kecxoveli 1902 wlis aprilSi ruseTSi gaemgzavra `ninasT-
vis~ usafrTxo adgilisa da finansebis mosaZieblad) axlo urTierTobaSi
iyvnen rusul social-demokratiul komitetebTan. krasins, kecxovels
da l. i. galperins (galperini ìskris~ yvelaze erTguli sakontaqto piri
iyo kavkasiaSi) xSiri mimowera hqondaT krupskaiasTan. rusi muSa mixeil
kalinini (TbilisSi gadaasaxles 1900 wels), sergo aliluevi da aleqsei
peSkovi (igive maqsim gorki, TbilisSi Camovida 1891 wels) rkinigzis mTa-
var saxelosnoebSi muSaobdnen da monawileobas iRebdnen gaficvebSi.
TbilisSi periodulad Camodiodnen ìskris~ agentebi, magaliTad g.
m. krJiJanovski. qarTvelebma sakmaod bevri icodnen ruseTSi mimdinare
movlenebis Sesaxeb, amisTvis gagzavnes vaso cabaZe rsdmp-is pirvel kon-
gresze 1898 wels, da `brZolis~ statiebic 1900-1901 wlebSi detalurad
asaxavda rus emigrantTa Soris mimdinare polemikas èkonomizmis~, agita-
cia-propagandisa da partiis organizaciuli mowyobis Taobaze.13 magram
meore yrilobis mosamzadebeli samuSaos Sesaxeb informacia briuselSi
gvian Cavida. miuxedavad amisa, kavkasiis kavSiris axalma komitetma sami
delegati gagzavna masze dasaswrebad. Jordaniam, romelmac viatkaSi ga-
dasaxleba evropaSi gamgzavrebiT aicila Tavidan, am Sexvedris Sesaxeb
SemTxveviT gaigo JenevaSi plexanovis colTan stumrobis dros.
ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa

partiis meore yriloba
bevri is problema, romelmac rsdmp-is yrilobis delegatebi gaTi-

Sa, saqarTveloSi 1890-iani wlebidan moyolebuli mimdinare polemikis
centraluri sakiTxi gaxldaT. uTanxmoebebi aralegalur Tu legalur
muSaobaze, arCevnebze, kooptaciaze, partiis struqturasa da wevroba-
ze saqarTveloSi meore yrilobamdec iCenda Tavs. ganxeTqilebebs qa-
rTvel social-demokratTa Soris 1902 wlidan 1905 wlamde umetesad

gansxvavebuli temperamenti an Taobebsa da pirovnebebs Soris arsebu-
li gansxvavebuloba iwvevda, Tumca mogvianebiT es ideologiur kon-
fliqtad iqca. TavianT mogonebebSi qarTveli social-demokratebi, maga-
liTad, bolSevikebi kote cincaZe da mixa cxakaia da menSevikebi raJden
arseniZe da grigol urataZe, erTnair daskvnas akeTeben, rom Jenevasa da
briuselSi momxdar ganxeTqilebas 1903 wels gavlena ar mouxdenia qar-
Tul organizaciaze 1905 wlis dasawyisamde anu Jordanias dabrunebamde
saqarTveloSi. arCevnebis sakiTxmac ki, romelic ase awuxebda Jordani-
as, Tavisi mniSvneloba dakarga 1903-1905 wlebis revoluciur atmos-
feroSi. bevri axlad Seqmnili komiteti, magaliTad, guriis social-de-
mokratiuli komiteti, daniSnuli iyo.14 briuselsa da londonSi mimdinare
meore yrilobis dros Jordania uceb mixvda, rom leninis ideebi sulac
ar hgavda daselebisas. briuselSi sami delegati Cavida kavkasiidan _
diomide TofuriZe (`yarski~ Tbilisis komitetidan), arSak zurabovi
(`bekovi~ baTumis komitetidan) da boris knunianci (`rusovi~ baqos
komitetidan). megreli Tavadi TofuriZe, `kvalis~ damfinansebeli, del-
egatad imis gamo iqna SerCeuli, rom iq gasamgzavreblad saxsrebi hqonda,
xolo zurabovi imitom, rom somexi iyo, Tumca am ukanasknels warmodgenac
ar hqonda baTumis organizaciaze. am dros Jordania iq imyofeboda da yri-
lobas eswreboda xmis uflebis gareSe. is me-12 sesiisTvis Cavida 23 ivliss,
yrilobis dawyebidan 6 dRis Semdeg. marTalia kavkasieli delegatebi cota
daafrTxo wamyvani rusi delegatebis filosofiurma gamosvlebma da le-
ninisa da martovis orTabrZolamac daabnia, magram Tavisi azri maT mainc
gamoTqves. isini yvelaferSi ar eTanxmebodnen erTmaneTs, magram yvela
maTgans etyoboda, ramdenad ganicdidnen erovnul da regionul
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul problemebs. partiis struqturas rac Seexe-
ba, am sakiTxSi tradiciuli pozicia daikaves da ebrauli `bundis~ wina-
dadebaze, rsdmp-Tan federaciuli urTierToba daemyarebinaT, uari
Tqves.15 TofuriZem, romelzec yrilobis antinacionalisturma ganwyo-
bam imoqmeda, `bunds~ Seutia da dagmo am ukanasknelis moTxovna, rom
`saxelmwifo saxelmwifos SigniT~ SeeqmnaT. man Zal-Rone ar daiSura yri-
lobis dasarwmuneblad, rom msgavsi `nacionalisturi crurwmenebi~ ka-
vkasiaSi `Zirfesvianad aRmofxvrili~ iyo.16 knunianci, rogorc somexi,
albaT TanaugrZnobda `bundis~ pretenzias, rom mas damoukidebeli dias-
pora warmoedgina, is ar gamoricxavda avtonomiuri organizaciis arsebo-
bas partiis SigniT, magram gaemijna `bundis~ winadadebas federaciul

mowyobasTan dakavSirebiT, radgan mas `socializmTan saerTo araferi
hqonda~.17 miuxedavad imisa, rom kavkasielebma uaryves `bundis~ preten-
ziebi federaciul statusze (`bundi~ acxadebda, rom rsdmp-s pirvelma
yrilobam es idea miiRo), isini iTxovdnen kavkasiis kavSiris aRiarebas. ro-
gorc isini ambobdnen, `bundma~ erTi eris organizacia Seqmna, maSin roca
kavkasiuri kavSiri regionuli organizacia iyo da sxvadasxva erebs aer-
Tianebda da warmoadgenda regionebs, romlebsac gansxvavebuli prob-
lemebi da Tavisburebebi hqonda. Jordania da TofuriZe mxars uWerdnen im
rezolucias, romlis mixedviT regionuli kavSirebi `nebadarTuli~ iqne-
boda (Jordanias `sasurveli~ undoda exmara) partiis SigniT, Tu es kav-
Sirebi ènobrivad, an sxva niSniT mkveTrad gansxvavebul~ xalxs warmoad-
genda~.18 Jordanias daJinebuli moTxovniT es ufleba ruseTis sxva
regionebsac misces da miuxedavad mZafri kritikisa (kavkasielebs mini-
bunds adarebdnen) da posadovskis (v. e. mandelbergis) da gorinis (v. f.
galkinis) winadadebebisa, saerTod gaeuqmebinaT regionuli organizacie-
bi an SeezRudaT maTTvis avtononomia, kongresma kavkasielebis mier Se-
moTavazebul iniciativaze dayrdnobiT miiRo rezoluciis saboloo va-
rianti.19 rezoluciis damsaxurebiT rsdmp-m SeZlo sxva ararusi
social-demokratebis, magaliTad, ukrainelebisa da polonelebis daSoS-
mineba. regionuli kavSirebis, magaliTad, cimbirisa da CrdiloeTis mxare-
Ta warmomadgenlebisTvis, kavkasieli kolegebis msgavsad, mTavari iyo ara
damoukidebeli eTnikuri warmomadgenloba, aramed specifikur adgilo-
briv pirobebTan maTi interesebis morgeba, aqeT-iqiT gabneuli mraval-
ricxovani komitetebis muSaobis koordinireba da centris Zalauflebis
SezRudva, raTa mas adgilobriv viTarebaSi gaurkvevlobis gamo arago-
nivruli gadawyvetilebebi ar mieRo. regionuli organizaciebisTvis mini-
Webuli avtonomiuri uflebebi gansakuTrebiT SezRuduli iyo. es Tavi-
sufleba mxolod adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebs exeboda. yrilobis
mier damtkicebuli saorganizacio wesebis me-6 punqtis mixedviT cen-
traluri komiteti, àgvarebs komitetebis, komitetebis kavSiris da par-
tiis sxva institutebis organizaciuli mowyobis sakiTxebs~. centralur
komitets Tanxmoba unda mieca partiis yvela saxis organizaciis Seqmnaze.
am gadawyvetilebam adgilobrivi komitetebi centralur mmarTvelobas
dauqvemdebara. am punqtma Tavdayira daayena pirveli yrilobis gadaw-
yvetileba, romelic xazs usvamda swored adgilobriv kontrols da mmarT-
velobas da upiratesobas aZlevda decentralizebul partiul orga-

nizacias.am viTarebaSi kavkasielebs aRar uxsenebiaT federalizmi,
samagierod erTsulovnad dauWires mxari ara leninis, aramed martovis
mowodebas. martovma moiTxova, rom ìseTi didi gaerTianebebisTvis, ro-
gorsac fineTi, litva, poloneTi da kavkasia wamoadgendnen, ufro farTo
uflebebi miecaT adgilobriv da regionul TviTmmarTvelobaSi~. leninis
winanadeba naklebad zusti iyo, is mxolod `farTo adgilobriv TviTm-
marTvelobaze~ laparakobda.20 partiis organizaciuli mowyobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT kavkasielTa azri gaiyo. zurabovma wesebis pirveli muxlis
leniniseul ganmartebas dauWira mxari. am ganmartebiT unda yofiliyo
partia mcirericxovani, konspiraciulad emuSava da misi wevrebi profe-
sionali revolucionerebi unda yofiliyvnen. TofuriZem ki martovis
ufro farTo ganmartebas misca xma, romelSic gamotovebuli iyo leninis
moTxovna, rom partiis wevrebs personalurad mieRoT monawileoba orga-
nizaciis muSaobaSi (martovis versiiT maT regularulad unda gaewiaT
daxmareba). rogorc Cans, leninis moTxovna ufro yovlismomcveli parti-
isTvis iyo gamosadegi.21 zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom ganxeTqilebis
mTavari mizezi iyo ara partiis organizaciuli sakiTxi, aramed piradi
konfliqtebi (martovis SeSfoTeba leninis meTodebisa Tu misi diqtato-
ruli stilis gamo), rac partiuli Tanamdebobebisa da ìskris~ saredaq-
cio sabWoSi adgilis mopovebas ukavSirdeboda da Zalze TvalSisacemi
iyo.22 amgvarad, martovma, aqselrodma da sxva danarCenma `menSevikebma~
mwvane gza misces centralizebuli organizaciis Seqmnas, Tumca maTi
Sexeduleba ganxorcielebis gzebTan dakavSirebiT SesaZloa mcired gan-
sxvavdeboda leninis mosazrebisgan. menSevikebmac miiRes leniniseuli
organizaciuli mowyobis formula TavianT yrilobaze, romelic sankt-
peterburgSi 1906 wlis aprilSi gaimarTa (Semdgom is erTianobis yrilo-
baze damtkicda, sadac umravlesobas menSevikebi warmoadgendnen).23 de-
legatebis umravlesobas warmodgena ar hqonda, ris gamo atyda aurzauri.
Tumca partiis organoebTan da mis organizaciul mowyobasTan dakavSire-
bulma polemikam revoluciis bunebasTan dakavSirebiT momavali, ufro
mniSvnelovani xasiaTis gansxvaveba gamoaaSkarava social-demokratebs
Soris.24 JordaniasTvis, iseve rogorc akimovis, martinovisa (orive viTom
ekonomikuri gazeTis `raboCee delos~ delegatebi iyvnen) da `bundisTvis~,
partiis wevrobasTan dakavSirebiT leninis ideebidan gamomdinare Sede-
gebi sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis iyo. Jordaniam sastikad dagmo leninis
gegma da sastiki sayvedurebiT aavso kavkasieli delegatebi leninis mxar-

daWerisTvis. JordaniasTvis es gegma mxolod imitom ar iyo miuRebeli,
rom is ukuagdebda inteligenciis pretenzias partiis xelmZRvanelobaze,
ewinaaRmdegeboda agreTve saqarTvelos modernizaciasTan da kulturul
ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT mis xedvas. rogor SeZlebda leninis elita-
ruli partia mosaxleobis farTo fenebSi erovnuli da socialisturi
Segnebis kulturuli safuZvlebis Camoyalibebas an misi ganviTarebisTvis
xelis Sewyobas? es im demokratiuli, evropuli gzidan gadaxvevas udrida,
romelzec Jordanias rwmeniT saqarTvelos unda evlo. daselebs Seqmnili
hqondaT muSebis mier kontrolirebadi qarTuli organizacia da Jordania-
mac emociuri gancxadebiT mimarTa yrilobas, yuradReba mieqciaT qarTu-
li, ufro farTo ganmartebisTvis. `wesebi arsebobs cxovrebisTvis da ara
piriqiT, Tu leninis formulirebas gavyvebiT, vin darCeba partiaSi? erTi
generali armiis gareSe. es [formulireba] niSnavs, rom Cveni muSaoba ruseT-
Si CaiSleba; es imas niSnavs, rom Cveni amxanagebi partias aumxedrdebian...
Cveni partia masebis partiaa... is unda Sedgebodes iseTi organizaciebisgan,
romlebic partiis Zravas warmoadgenen, rac TavisTavad mebrZol masebSi
Cndeba da iqidan modis.~25 Jordaniam Tavisi kompromisuli winadadeba wa-
moayena, romelic TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeboda martovis azrisgan.26 magram
martovis variantic, romelsac aqselrodma mogvianebiT `centralizmis
dResaswauli~ uwoda, Sors iyo Jordaniasa da, mTlianad, saqarTvelos del-
egatebis mosazrebebisgan. isini yrilobaze federalizmisa da im èvropu-
li~ partiis dasacavad Camovidnen, romelsac petre struves 1898 wlis mani-
festSi Camoyalibebuli organizaciuli struqtura eqneboda.27 Jordania
ukmayofilo iyo sxva sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiTac, miuxedavad imisa, rom
programis saboloo varianti tolerantuli iyo erovnuli gansxvavebulo-
bis, maT Soris TviTgamorkvevis uflebis mimarTac. enis sakiTxi yrilobaze
sxva, kerZod, sityvisa da presis Tavisuflebis (me-5 punqti), Tanabari ufle-
bebis (me-7 punqti) da dasaqmebisa da ganaTlebis miRebis (me-8 punqti)
sakiTxebTan erTad dadga..28
delegatTa umravalesobam ver dainaxa `bundis~ warmomadgenlis mark
liberis winadadebis miRebis aucilebloba, romelic rezoluciaSi mSob-
liuri enis gamoyenebis calke uflebad CarTvas gulisxmobda. am iniciati-
vis oponentebi, maT Soris martovic, miiCnevdnen, rom ubralo CamonaTvali
sityvisa da sindisis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb sruliad sakmarisi iyo. magram
Jordania da TofuriZe (`bundis~ wverebTan erTad) mTeli ZaliT icavdnen
enis sakiTxis Setanas calke muxlSi. yrilobaze damswre rusebis umravle-

sobam ver gaigo am muxlis mniSvneloba. isini Tavidan bevrs xiTxiTebdnen
liberis winadadebaze. martovs `fetiSizmad~ miaCnda enis Tanasworufle-
bianobis daJinebuli moTxovna, plexanovi ki sakiTxis gadadebas Semdegi
yrilobisTvis moiTxovda. Jordanias moTxovnas enis Tanasworuflebi-
anobis Sesaxeb (rac me-7 punqts unda damateboda) ufro meti mxardaWera
hqonda, Tumca bolo kenWisyris dros Jordanias winadadeba Cavarda (25
xmiT 24 winaaRmdeg). es, ra Tqma unda, imas ar niSnavs, rom yrilobis del-
egatebs bundovani warmodgena hqondaT enasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze.
me-8 punqti dawvrilebiT ganixilavda enis uflebebs, rac TavisTavad par-
tiis mxridan imis aRiareba iyo, rom ararusi erovnebis warmomadgenlebi
specifikur problemebs awydebodnen. es punqti, principSi, gamarjveba iyo
enis uflebebis damcvelebisTvis.29 glexebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ka-
vkasielebs umravlesobisgan gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi hqondaT. TiTqos
leninis pozicias winaswarmetyvelebdao, Jordania glexobas mouwodeb-
da ufro meti da aqtiuri monawileoba mieRo revoluciur brZolaSi. man
kargad icoda 1890-ian wlebSi germaniis social-demokratiul partiaSi
mimdinare polemikis Sesaxeb. orTodoqsi marqsisti avgust bebeli sxva
danarCen wevrebTan erTad aRiarebda glexobis revoluciur SesaZleblo-
bebs. spd-is frankfurtis yrilobaze warmodgenili specialuri agraru-
li programa yuradRebas amaxvilebda glexobis problemebze.30 bavariel-
ma social-demokratebma bavariis mxareSi mimdinare arCevnebis kampaniis
dros aCvenes, rom glexebis praqtikul problemebze mimarTul partiis
politikas glexobis gaaqtiureba SeeZlo, rac, TavisTavad, social-de-
mokratiuli moZraobis mxardaWeris gaZlierebas moitanda. Jordaniam
martinovis msgavsi Sefaseba misca leninis programas da mas glexebisTvis
Zalian dagvianebuli da arafris mimcemic uwoda. mogexsenebaT, lenini
moiTxovda CamonaWrebis (отрезки) dabrunebas glexebisTvis da `feodal-
izmis naSTis~ aRmofxvras. mogvianebiT lenini daeTanxma Tavis oponen-
tebs, rom glexebis yrilobaze warmodgenili programa araadekvaturi
iyo.31 Jordania amtkicebda, rom glexebi warsulSi ar darCenilan, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, guriaSi isini sakmaod `gaTanamedrovebul~ postfeodalur
revoluciur Zalas warmoadgendnen. is miuTiTebda, rom guriis glexoba
yvelaze revoluciuri iyo da aq feodalizmi TiTqmis aRar arsebobda da
arc `CamonaWrebi~ ainteresebda vinmes. glexebs namdvilad SeeZloT pro-
gresuli politikuri ideebis miRebac da wamoyenebac. Jordania aRwerda
saqarTvelos pirobebs da laparakobda droebiT valdebuli glexebis did

raodenobaze, xiznebis cud mdgomareobaze da mouwodebda maT sakuTre-
baSi gadaecaT is miwebi, romlebsac TviTon amuSavebdnen. bolos, daskv-
nis saxiT warmoTqva, rom Cven glexobis brZolas unda CavudgeT saTaveSi
da proletariatis baiaraRis qveS win unda gavuZRveT. isini bedis anabara
ar unda davtovoTo. agrarul programaSi Cven pozitiuri moTxovnebic
unda davayenoT da uaryofiTic, Zveli reJimis naSTebic unda movaSoroT
da axali socialisturi wesrigic unda davamyaroTo.32 lenini, romelmac
Tavis wignSi `kapitalizmis ganviTareba ruseTSi~ Rrmad Seiswavla glexo-
baSi sul ufro mzardi diferenciacia, Raribi glexebis damvcelad gamo-
dioda da gamoTqvamda rwmenas, rom carizmisa da kapitalizmis winaaRmdeg
maT didi revoluciuri potenciali hqondaT. leninis azriT, glexobis
umravlesoba ukve `naxevrad proletari~ iyo. 1905 wlis aprilis yrilo-
baze, sadac bolSevikebi warmoadgendnen umravlesobas, leninma moiTxova
Zveli programidan `CamonaWrebis~ sakiTxis amoReba _ romelic, misi az-
riT, glexebis mobilizaciis iaraRi iyo mxolod _ da sanacvlod miwebis
CamorTmevis, glexebis komitetebis Seqmnis da glexobis politikur brZo-
laSi CarTvis sakiTxebis Setana. amitom gasakviri ar iyo, rom is daeTanxma
Jordanias imaSi, rom qarTvel glexebs specifikuri problemebi hqondaT.
man mxari dauWira agreTve Jordanias iniciativas imis Sesaxeb, rom prog-
ramaSi calke punqti SeetanaT, romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTveloSi droe-
biT valdebul glexebsa da xiznebs miwebi sakuTrebaSi gadaecemodaT. es
punqti miwis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT miRebul saboloo rezoluciaSi iqna
Setanili.33 qarTvel delegatebs yrilobis darwmuneba ufro metad imaSi
gauWirdaT, rom glexoba saqarTveloSic da ruseTSic proletariatis
revoluciuri mokavSire iyo da es, miuxedavad imisa, rom delegatebma kar-
gad uwyodnen poltavis, xarkovisa da saratovis glexebis 1902 wlis gamoc-
dileba. isini mainc im azrze idgnen, rom glexoba Tavisi bunebiT reaqciu-
li iyo da misi ndoba ar SeiZleboda. menSevikebi, rogorc maT mogvianebiT
uwodes, leninis iniciativas `CamonaWrebis~ Sesaxeb zedmetad `populis-
turad~ aRiqvamdnen. isini bolomde (1917 wlis bolomde) TavianTi progra-
mis, miwebis `municipalizaciis~ erTgulebi darCnen.
yrilobam erTgvari ganmanaTleblis roli Seasrula kavkasielebi-
sTvis. aq naTeli moefina rsdmp-is sul ufro mzardi popularobis mqone
doqtrinebs _ centralizacias, mkacr partiul disciplinasa da gansa-
kuTrebuli mopyrobis Sesaxeb adgilobrivTa gancxadebebis SezRudvas.
yrilobam gamoaaSkarava Zalebis mTeli wyeba, vin iyo centrSi da aCvena,

rom ararusi delegatebi da anti-iskruli mimdinareobis zogi rusic
erTnairad SeSfoTebulebi iyvnen centralizaciis tendeciiT.34 yri-
lobam aseve aCvena, rom rsdmp heterogenuli organizacia gamxdariyo,
romelsac ìskris~ Tavgadakluli momxreebic ki veRarafers moux-
erxebdnen (am etapze maT Soris iyvenen martovica da aqselrodic). ma-
gram Jordanias da TofuriZes organizacia ufro mets eubneboda, ker-
Zod, ramxela ufskruli gaCenilyo kavkasielebsa da rusebs Soris enisa
da glexobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. Jordaniam, romelic, principSi,
TanaugrZnobda martovs, ver daarwmuna es ukanaskneli da verc sxva da-
narCeni `sustebi~ (leninma misca maT es saxeli) imaSi, rom rusul so-
cial-demokratiul moZraobas meti yuradRebis gamoCena marTebda adgi-
lobrivi Taviseburebebis mimarT. faqtobrivad, lenins ukeT esmoda es,
vidre martovs an mis kolegebs. yrilobam daadastura, rom mesame dasis
demokratiuloba miuRebeli iqneboda rsdmp-is xelmZRvanelobisTvis.
qarTvelebi laparakobdnen pluralistuli da decentralizebuli so-
cializmis modelze. glexebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT isini rusulisgan
gansxvavebul modelebs moixmobdnen, xolo partiis mowyobasTan dakav-
SirebiT yovlismomcvelobas moiTxovdnen da iwonebdnen azrs, romlis
mixedviT regionebs ufleba eZleodaT ùmravlesobac~ gaegzavnaT war-
momadgenlad da ùmciresobac,~ Tuki azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iqneboda.
erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT isini uaryofdnen federalizms, magram
daJinebiT moiTxovdnen regionuli TviTmmarTvelobisa da enis uflebis
aRiarebas. Jordania Seaxsenebda delegatebs, rom umravlesobis azri
maincadamainc swors ar niSnavda. am droisTvis rsdmp-Si orTodoqsuli
pozicia Camoyalibebuli ar iyo, magram qarTvelebi (magram qarTvelebma
mainc daicves Tavisi Rirseba) Tavisas `Camovidnen~. amave dros, yrilobam
daarwmuna qarTvelebi, rom rsdmp-Tan erTianoba swori gza iyo da Zlieri
revoluciuri partiis gareSe qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraoba
verafers miaRwevda.
Jordania yrilobiT gaRizianebuli dabrunda evropaSi. is cota xans
axal social-federalistur partiasTan TanamSromlobda, romelsac
giorgi lasxiSvili da arCil jorjaZe xelmZRvanelobdnen. partiis Jur-
nalSi saxelwodebiT `saqarTvelo~ ramdenime statiac gamoaqveyna pariz-
Si.35 magram es TanamSromloba xanmokle aRmoCnda. saqarTvelos revolu-
ciuri jgufebis Sexvedraze, romelic 1904 wlis aprilis TveSi Catarda
parizSi, Jordania qarTvel social-demokratTa delegacias xelmZRva-

nelobda. Sexvedra social-federalistebis dafinansebuli iyo. Jorda-
niam ukmayofileba gamoTqva imis gamo, rom konferencia yvela qarTvelis
saxeliT laparakobda da demonstraciulad datova Sexvedra social-de-
mokratebTan erTad pirvelive dRes. amis Semdeg man gamoaqveyna pamfleti
`qarTveli nacionalistebi~, sadac mwvaved gaakritika klasobrivi Tanam-
Sromlobis ideis ganxorcielebis saqmeSi `saqarTvelos~ mier aRebuli
kursi. man klasebis erTiani qarTuli niadagis Seqmnis idea `Txisa da mglis
erT saZovarze gadenas~ Seadara.36 qarTveli social-demokratebisTvis
mniSvnelovani iyo socialist-federalistebisgan gamijvnis sakiTxi. es
ukanasknelni, principSi, social-demokratiis erTob mimzidvel alter-
nativas iZleodnen: TviTmmarTveloba ruseTis mfarvelobasTan erTad.
maTi gzavnili martivi iyo: saxelmwifo-teritoriuli avtonomia decen-
tralizebuli saxelmwifos farglebSi. jorjaZis TqmiT es imas niSnavda,
rom mogvianebiT maT SeeZloT SeeerTebinaT èrovnul-kulturuli gan-
viTarebisa~ da ìnternacionalizmis~ gzebi. rogorc jorjaZe acxadeb-
da, qarTveli social-demokratebi `saqarTvelos denacionalizaciis~
momxreni iyvnen.37 social-federalistebs is upiratesoba hqondaT, rom
es àdgilobrivi~ Zala iyo, sruliad SeuzRudavi centraluri komite-
tisgan, romelSic rusebi dominirebdnen. miuxedavad me-2 yrilobidan
gamoyolili cudi winaTgrZnobisa, social-federalistebTan polemi-
kaSi Jordania rsdmp-is programas icavda. is amtkicebda, rom rsdmp-is
winadadeba `specifikuri adgilobrivi pirobebis~ mqone regionebisTvis
ùfro farTo adgilobrivi da regionuli TviTmmarTvelobis~ miniWebis
Sesaxeb garantias warmoadgenda decentralizebuli mTavrobis arse-
bobisa da erovnul-kulturuli uflebebis dacvisTvis. programa enis
uflebis (Jordanias ar uxsenebia, rom am sakiTxis ganxilvas yrilobaze
omi mohyva) da TviTgamorkvevis garantias iZleoda. Jordania acxadebda,
rom socializmi yvelanairi uflebis, maT Soris erovnuli uflebebis
mopovebis saukeTeso saSualeba iyo da xazs usvamda rsdmp-is mier glexo-
bis mxardaWeras. engelsisa da leninis citatebiT, is amtkicebda, rom so-
cial-demokratias glexoba kapitalizmis dasamarcxeblad sWirdeboda
da swored amitom iyo, rom saqarTvelos glexobas saTaveSi social-de-
mokratebi edgnen.38 Jordania rsdmp-s sajarod ki icavda, magram kerZo
saubrebSi SeSfoTebas gamoxatavda partiis mier aRebuli kursis gamo.
martovis, aqselrodis, akimovisa da leninis msgavsad Jordaniamac misca
Sefaseba imas, rac briuselSi da londonSi moxda. publikacia gamoqveyn-

da saTauriT `werili kavkasiur komitets.~ Jordania lanZRavda leninis
politikas, mas antisocialisturs uwodebda, miiCnevda, rom igi Sors
idga proletariatis ganTavisuflebis ideisgan. misi sityvebiT, leninis
centristuli miswrafebebi Zirs gamouTxrida muSata partias, romelic
farTo masebs eyrdnoboda.39 Jordanias mier gamoTqmuli azrebi memarc-
xene roza luqsemburgisa da cnobili anti-iskrelis, memarjvene vladi-
mir akimovis mosazrebebs hgavda. roza luqsemburgma da vladimir akimo-
vma yrilobis Semdeg medgrad gailaSqres leninis ùltracentristuli~
tendeciebis winaaRmdeg.40 Jordaniam zurabovi da knunianci gakicxa par-
tiis organizaciuli mowyobis sakiTxSi leninis mxardaWerisTvis. Jor-
daniam werili gaugzavna kavkasiis kavSirs, sadac masze imsjeles, magram
organizacia mTlianad ar daeTanxma avtoris mosazrebas. qarTvelTa um-
ravlesobam Jordanias Camosvlamde 1905 wels araferi icoda misi pozi-
ciis Sesaxeb.
konfliqti Sin
kavkasieli delegatebi imedgacruebulebi dabrundnen TbilisSi, sa-

dac policiam morigi wmenda Caatara. silva jiblaZe da vaso cabaZe cim-
birSi gadaasaxles, miuxedavad saprotesto aqciebisa, romelic Tbili-
sis rkinigzis muSebma moawyves maTi gadasaxlebisas ivlisis TveSi. lado
kecxoveli cixeSi mokles 17 agvistos, seqtemberSi stalini gadaasaxles.
kavSiris ganadgurebulma komitetma Sekreba moawyo 3 oqtombers da del-
egatebi moiwvia baqodan, baTumidan da guriisa da imerT-samegrelos ax-
ladSeqmnili komitetebidan. delegatebs Soris iyvnen noe ramiSvili da
noe xomeriki baTumidan (orive Jordanias megobari iyo), miSa boWoriZe,
d. postolovski da saSa wulukiZe Tbilisidan da mixa cxakaia quTaisidan.
leonid krasinis seqtemberSi gamogzavnili werilidan delegatebs bun-
dovani warmodgena hqondaT briuselsa da londonSi Catarebul yriloba-
ze da, ZiriTadad, Worebze dayrdnobiT akeTebdnen daskvnebs.41 detalebs
meore yrilobidan dabrunebulebi gagvacnobeno, imedovnebdnen isini.
Sexvedraze partiis wevrebma erTmaneTi ar daindes. zurabovis si-
tyvebiT, TofuriZe gulSi mjiRs icemda da ise adanaSaulebda lenins
momxdari ganxeTqilebis gamo, umravlesobas ki erovnuli sakiTxis ugu-
lebelyofas, centristuli tendenciebis mxardaWerasa da rsdmp-is
oficialuri publikaciebis siaSi `proletariatis brZolis~ Seutan-

lobas sayvedurobda.42 knunianci da zurabovi ki erTxmad uaryofdnen
TofuriZis naambobs da partiis xazs TavgamodebiT icavdnen, Tanac um-
ciresobas gmobdnen centraluri organoebisTvis gamocxadebuli boiko-
tisTvis. TofuriZes delegatebi ar endnen. simdidrisa da aristokra-
tuli warmomavlobis gamo mas isedac eWvis TvaliT uyurebdnen da amitom
miiRes rezolucia, romelSic dagmes umciresobis saqcieli yrilobaze
ùmravlesobisdami damorCilebis elementaruli principis~ darRvevis
gamo.43 rezolucia delegatebs upirobo erTianobisa da centraluri
komitetisadmi morCilebisken mouwodebda. igi ìskrasac~ mimarTavda,
Seewyvita polemikis gaSuqeba Tavis furclebze. sxva danarCeni rezolu-
ciebi uxmaurod iqna miRebuli. konsensusi dairRva kavkasiis kavSiris
statusTan da partiis wesdebasTan dakavSirebiT. 23 wlis irakli wereTe-
li, butirkis yofili patimari, romelic cimbirSic iyo gadasaxlebuli
moskovis 1901-1902 wlebis studenturi areulobebis gamo, ar daeTanxma
44
`zemodan daniSvnis~ princips. is amtkicebda, rom qarTvel muSebs sak-
marisi saarCevno kontrolis gamocdileba hqondaT da moiTxovda, rom
uari eTqvaT organizaciuli mowyobis gegmaze. Sekreba am mosazrebas ar
daeTanxma, magram kavkasiis kavSiris komitets uflebamosileba SeuzRu-
da da moiTxova, rom mas xalxi mxolod adgilobrivi komitetebis reko-
mendaciebis safuZvelze daeniSna. am kompromisisa da rsdmp-is fargleb-
Si kavkasiis kavSiris damoukidebeli statusis didi mxardaWeris gamo
iyo, rom zurabovma plexanovisadmi miweril werilSi `kavkasiuri bun-
dizmi~ axsena. is werda, rom miuxedavad komitetis erTgulebisa ìskri-
sadmi~, ori wevria mxolod mTlianad Cvenio.45 zurabovis guliswyroma
nawilobriv imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom is izolaciaSi moeqca arCevnebTan
dakaSirebiT, rasac isic erTvoda, rom misi adgili kavkasiis kavSiris
komitetSi wereTelma daikava. wereTlis komitetSi arCeva ki swored imas
mianiSnebs, rom zurabovi marTali iyo, roca kavkasiis kavSiris saarCevno
tradiciebze laparakobda. magram wereTels komitetSi muSaoba gadaaf-
iqrebines da gamocdilebis gamo `kvalis~ Tanaredaqtorobaze daiTanx-
mes. im dros `kvals~ viqtor (riJi) naneiSvili redaqtorobda. zurabovi
aRar aurCeviaT xelmeored Tavis adgilze da amasobaSi TofuriZemac da-
karga adgili komitetSi. mogvianebiT, imave wlis oqtomberSi, leninisa
da plexanovis waqezebiT kavkasiis komitetma zurabovi Tbilisis orga-
nizaciidan garicxa meore yrilobis Sedegebis damaxinjebisa da iq momx-
dar ganxeTqilebaze informaciis gavrcelebisTvis, miuxedavad kavSiris

direqtivisa am Temis saidumlod Senaxvis Sesaxeb.46 amis Semdeg kavSiris
komitets, romelSic umravlesobas ìskris~ orTodoqsi mxardamWerebi
Seadgendnen, aRaravin dapirispirebia, magram kritika xSirad ismoda mis
efeqturobasTan dakavSirebiT. adgilobriv komitetebsac didad ar sia-
movnebdaT msxvili Tanxebis gadaxda mis Sesanaxad, magram amas seriozuli
ganxeTqileba ar mohyolia. usiamovnebebi Jordanias Camosvlis Semdeg,
1905 wlis TebervalSi daiwyo. qarTveli social-demokratebi erTi azris
iyvnen imis Taobaze, rom londonSi momxdar ganxeTqilebas didi gavlena
ar mouxdenia amierkavkasiis organizaciaze. mixa cxakaia, romelic mogvi-
anebiT uryevi lenineli gaxda, amtkicebda, rom yvelas megobruli urTi-
erTobebi akavSirebda, azrTa did Tu mcire sxvadasxvaobas erTmaneTis
mimarT rwmena ar Seuryevia, umciresoba umravlesobas emorCileboda da
aqsiomebs aravin amtkicebda.47
viqtor taratuta, erTi gauTleli, skandalurad cnobili bolSe-
viki, romelzec eWvebodnen, rom is policiis agenti iyo, ixsenebs: kavka-
siis organizaciaSi xuTi an aTi aqtivistis garda aravin icoda, ra gan-
sxavaveba iyo menSevikebsa da bolSevikebs Soris im droisTvis.48 raJden
arseniZe, romelic mogvianebiT menSeviki gaxda, ambobda, rom ganxeTq-
ilebis Sesaxeb 1904 wels gaigo erTi rusi stumrisgan muSebis samxreTi
jgufidan da am ambisTvis yuradReba ar miuqcevia. rsdmp-is warmomad-
genlebi xSirad Camodiodnen kavkasiaSi, aq aRwevda leninis `ra vakeToT~,
`nabiji win, ori nabiji ukan~ da martovis `Cvens gansxvavebebze~, magram
qarTvelebisTvis es yvelaferi wvrilmani inteleqtualuri pedantizmi
iyo. principSi, am ganxeTqilebam sakmaod didi ukmayofileba gamoiwvia
partiis rigiT wevrebSi. 1904 wlis martSi baTumis komitetma ganacxada,
rom rsdmp-s baTumis komiteti, romelic srulad ar aris informire-

buli mimdinare polemikis detalebSi, swored dRevandel dRes xedavs
erTianobis aucileblobas.49
saqarTvelos social-demokratebisTvis gacilebiT mniSvnelovani

iyo Tbilisisa da baTumis gaficvebi, romlebic 1903 wlis ivlisSi moew-
yo, WiaTurisa da tyibulis maRaroelTa gaficvebi, glexTa gamosvlebi
dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Setakebebi kazakebTan, demonstraciebi jarSi
gawvevis winaaRmdeg da, bolos, gubernatoris Tavad grigori golici-
nis mkvlelobis mcdeloba 1903 wlis oqtomberSi. 1904 wlis TebervalSi
Tbilisis policiis gadaRlilma da gaavebulma ufrosma Tavis qveSevr-

domebs miTiTeba misca yuradRebiT yofiliyvnen mosalodnel areulo-
bebTan dakavSirebiT (mimdinareobda omi iaponiasTan), aekrZalaT RamiT
cekva-simRera da daeSalaT nasvami xalxi, radgan yvelaferi saprotesto
gamosvlebSi SeiZleboda gadazrdiliyo.50 avlabris aralegaluri stamba
mTeli datvirTviT muSaobda. sami aTasze meti proklamacia ibeWdeboda
erTad. policiam 5 maneTis jildo daawesa imisTvis, vinc proklamaciebis
gamavrcelebels daiWerda. 1903 wlis seqtemberSi social-demokratebis
aralegaluri stamba aRmoaCines baTumSi da ramdenime kaci daiWires
kidec, maT Soris karlo CxeiZe. 1904 wlis ianvarSi oxrankam Tavis badeSi
moamwyvdia da Ramis reidebis dros aiyvana 70-ze meti social-demokrati,
maT Soris raJden arseniZe, irakli wereTeli, viqtor naneiSvili, arSak
zurabovi, raJden kalaZe da nikoloz eliava, Tumca mxolod 32 maTgani
gaasamarTles da 26 gadaasaxles.51 `kvali~ daixura. kavkasiis kavSirma
1904 wlis maisSi mesame konferencia moiwvia, romelmac demonstarciebi-
sa da gaficvebis datvirTuli programa SesTavaza Tavis wevrebs, magram
oqtomberSi dapatimrebebis axali talRa agorda da olga rubcova, beno
CxikviSvili da mixeil CodriSvilic daiWires.52 organizacia 1904 wels
gadaurCa da oxrankis monacemebis mixedviT aqtiur muSaobas eweoda
rkinigzis mTavar saxelosnoebSi, stambebsa da SedarebiT did fabrika-
qarxnebSi. im wels social-demokratebi ZiriTadad Sinaur revoluciur
jgufebze werdnen da ara emigrantTa Soris mimdinare polemikaze. nel-
nela yuradRebis centrSi axali gazeTi `cnobis furceli~ da misi niWi-
eri Jurnalistebi _ giorgi maisaSvili (zdanoviCi), romanoz fancxava,
arCil jorjaZe da giorgi lasxiSvili moeqcnen. maT seriozuli safrTxe
Seuqmnes saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli moZraobis politikur he-
gemonias. 1904 wlis konferenciis rezoluciaSi socialist-federali-
stebma rsdmp daaxasiaTes, rogorc dogmaze mijaWvuli da nacionalis-
turi SovinizmiT gaJRenTili partia, qarTvel social-demokratebs ki
`ruseTis social-demokratiuli centraluri komitetis monebi da maTi
iaraRi~ uwodes.53 `sainformacio furceli~ arCil jorjaZis redaqtoro-
biT seriozul sirTuleebs awydeboda cenzuris mxridan, im dros sityva
`saqarTvelos~ dabeWdva TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo, magram 1904 wlisTvis
gazeTi qarTveli social-demokratebisTvis yvelaze did ideologiur
metoqed iqca.54
ganxeTqileba da `menSevizmis
menSevizmis~ triumfi saqarTveloSi
miuxedavd imisa, rom social-demokratebis yuradReba mipyrobili

iyo policiasTan urTierTobis mogvarebisken, socialist-federaliste-
bTan polemikisa da iaponiis omisken, 1904 wlis Sua xanebisTvis momxdari
ganxeTqileba Tavis kvals amCnevda organizacias. sxvadasxva social-de-
mokratiuli centris erTmaneTTan dapirispirebulma warmomadgenlebma
amierkavkasiaSi vizitebs mouxSires da gamalebul agitacias eweodnen
rsdmp-is mesame yrilobis Catarebis (bolSevikebis mosazreba) an misi
gadadebis Taobaze (menSevikebis mosazreba). adgilobrivi komitetebis
wevrebs dabneuloba daetyoT.55
1904 wlis ivlisSi kavkasiis kavSirma yrilobis gadadeba gadawyvita,
radgan is kavkasiaSi social-demokratebis muSaobas uSlida xels. mag-
ram kavkasiaSi leninis mxardamWeris, lev kamenevis Camosvlis Semdeg im
zafxuls, ganxeTqileba isev sasaubro Tema gaxda. seqtemberSi dasavleT
saqarTvelos komitetebis stumari gaxda rozalia zemliaCka (r. zalkin-
di), ìskris~ erTguli momxre, romelic 1904 wlis agvistoSi bolSevik-
Ta konferencias eswreboda JenevaSi. man daarwmuna baTumisa da guriis
komitetis wevrebi, rom rsdmp-is mesame yrilobis Catareba aucilebeli
iyo, magram komitetis wevrebma uari ganacxades rezoluciis miRebaze
damatebiTi informaciis miRebamde. gaxarebulma zalkindma ki droze
adre miswera sankt-peterburgis leninis momxre komitets, rom `kavka-
siaSi sruli gamarjveba moipova~.56 erTi Tvis Semdeg, moTminebadakar-
guli leninis daJinebuli TxovniT, baqos komitetis wevri, a. m. stopani
Camovida TbilisSi kavkasiaSi leninis mxardamWerTa Sesakrebad. Sekre-
bas daeswrnen kavkasiis kavSiris, baqos, baTumisa da imereT-samegrelos
komitetebis wevrebi. mas kamenevi Tavmjdomareobda. es Sexvedra, albaT,
pirveli bolSevikuri konferencia iyo mTels regionSi. magram man lenins
imedi gaucrua. Sexvedraze dagmes sazRvargareTis menSevikuri central-
uri komiteti, romelsac im dros ìskra~ eqvemdebareboda; miiRes gadawy-
vetileba rsdmp-s sagangebo yrilobis Catarebisa da `vperiodis~ (leni-
nis gazeTis) mxardamWeri jgufis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. Tumca is ar gaerTianda
axlad Seqmnil sruliad ruseTis partiis umravlesobis komitetebis
biuroSi da daadastura menSevikebTan muSaobis aucilebloba adgilob-
riv komitetebSi. kavkasiis kavSiris saxeliT ivane sturuam dasva kiTx-
va, uWerda Tu ara romelime menSevikuri komiteti sagangebo yrilobis
Catarebis ideas mxars da Tu surdaT sruliad ruseTis biuros saagita-

cio programis ganxilva, manmade, sanam kavSiri gadawyvetda, vis mxareze
iqneboda.57 am gacxarebuli diskusiebis dros 1905 wlis ianvarSi Camovida
noe Jordania. is TbilisSi sankt-peterburgis gavliT Cavida. sankt-pe-
terburgSi noe Jordania Tavis meuRles, ina korenevas Sexvda, romelzec
parizSi iqorwina 1904 wels 38 wlis asakSi.58 TbilisSi orwliani aryof-
nis Semdeg mas aq sruliad sxva viTareba daxvda. `kvali~ aRar gamodioda,
is legalurma social-demokratiulma `mogzaurma~ Secvala, romelsac
Jordanias Zveli metoqe, filipe maxaraZe redaqtorobda. komitetis
wevrebi daSliliyvnen da muSebic gamocdili demonstrantebi gamxdari-
yvnen, dasavleT saqarTvelos glexebs caristuli Cinovnikebi gaeyaraT
da Tavad aeRoT marTvis sadaveebi da, bolos, mefisnacvlis mTeli admin-
istracia kavkasiis sazogadoebasTan dapirispirebuli iyo.
qarTveli social-demokratebi, romelTac saTaveSi kavkasiis kav-
Siris komiteti edga, ùmravlesobis~ pozicias iziarebdnen, Tumca mainc
dabneulebi Candnen. Camosvlidan sul ramdenime dReSi Jordaniam SeZlo
daerwmunebina Tavisi Zveli megobrebi Tbilisis komitetidan, rom kavka-
siis kavSiri leninis `vperiodis~ xelmZRvanelobiT qarTveli muSebis
uflebebis uzurpacias eweoda. kavkasiis kavSirmac Jordanias wisqvilze
daasxa wyali da Tbilisis komitetis weverebi disciplinis darRvevis-
Tvis daiTxova. kavSirma Tanxebisa da mTeli qonebis dabruneba moiTxova.
amaze gabrazebuli Tbilisis komitetis wevrebi naZaladevSi Seikribnen
da rezolucia miiRes, romelmac daadgina, rom Tbilisis komitetis mTe-
li qoneba muSebs ekuTvnoda. komiteti 17 ianvars oficialurad gamovida
kavSiris Semadgenlobidan.
4 Tebervals kavkasiis kavSirma Tbilisel muSebs mimarTa: àmxanagebo,
Cven darwmunebulebi varT, rom es Tqven ki ara, Tbilisis komitetis erTma
jgufma miiRo aseTi moufiqrebeli gadawyvetileba. adamianebis am jgufs
Tqven ukan miyavxarT, ukan ganxeTqilebisken. is Tqveni interesebis sawi-
naaRmdegod moqmedebs~.59 kavSiri axali komitetis Seqmnas Seudga. Jor-
dania ki raionebSi gaemgzavra saagitaciod, magram quTaisSi, sadac ùm-
ravlesobis~ mxardamWer mixa cxakaias, budu mdivansa da saSa wulukiZes
didi gavlena hqondaT, man veraferi moaxerxa. Tumca baTumis, imereT-
samegrelosa da guriis komitetebSi gadatanili dapirispirebisa da Cxu-
bis Semdeg, rasac d. s. postolovskim wminda kavkasiuri, eniT auwereli
kavkasiuri grZnobebis gadmofrqveva uwoda, `bolSevikebi~ gandevnil

iqnen komitetebis Semadgenlobidan.60 baTumis Sekrebaze muSti-krivi
atyda, roca Jordanias momxreebma komitetis Tanxebi da qoneba miitaces
da zafxulamde iq ori komiteti arsebobda da muSaobda.
bolSevikebis sazRvargareTis centrSi saqarTvelodan cudi am-
bebi midioda. o. vinogradova baTumidan ityobineboda, rom àq bolSe-
vikebi aRar arian. maT aRaraferi gaaCniaT, arc kadrebi da arc Tanxebi.
maTi arseboba fiqciaa, realurad isini aRar arseboben.~61 imereT-same-
grelos komitetis bolSeviki wevrebi 1905 wlis ivlisSi `proletaris~
redaqtorebs SesCiodnen, rom ìnfeqciam janmrTeli organizaciis sru-
li paralizeba gamoiwvia. menSevikebma ramdenime kviraSi mTlianad mo-
Sales muSaoba~.62 saqarTvelos komitetebis Semovlis Semdeg cxakaia-
mac ganacxada, rom baTumsa da guriaSi Zalian cudi viTareba iyo, xolo
Tbilisi da quTaisi mTlianad menSevikebs CaegdoT xelSi. es misTvis gan-
sakuTrebiT usiamovno unda yofiliyo _ is xom didxans yvelaze gavle-
niani kaci iyo quTaisis socialistur wreebSi. kavkasiis kavSiri kuTxee-
bis mxardaWeris gareSe samxedro Stab-binas daemsgavsa jaris gareSe.63
1905 wlis zafxulisTvis Jordanias momxreebi mTlianad akontrolebdnen
saqarTvelos organizacias. aprilSi kavkasiis kavSirTan dapirispire-
bulma komitetebma kavkasiis biuro airCies da qarTulenovani gazeTi
`social-demokrati~ gamosces, romelsac biuletenebi erTvoda rusul
enaze. bolSevikebis yrilobaze dasaswrebad mixa cxakaias, kamenevisa da
prokofi (alioSa) jafariZis gamgzavrebis Semdeg kavkasiis `bolSevikebi~
adgilobrivi Zlieri mmarTvelebis gareSe darCnen.64 1905 wlis maisSi le-
ninisadmi miwerili werili, romelSic stalini sasowarkveTili iTxovda
òr-sam karg organizators~ baqosTvis da òr mwerals~ _ kavkasiis ka-
vSirisTvis, naTeli magaliTia, rogor uWirdaT bolSevikebs im period-
Si. kavkasiis kavSiris damoukidebel meoTxe konferenciaze bolSevikebi
Seecadnen daebrunebinaT Tavisi qoneba, magram araferi gamouvidaT.65
riT SeiZleba aixsnas Jordaniasken mibruneba? pirveli, Jordania
yovelTvis apelirebda mesame dasis tradiciebze da ara ruseTis menSe-
vikebis programaze, romelic maT liderebs jer kargad arc hqondaT gac-
nobierebuli. mesame dasi ki tradiciulad muSebs aniWebda Zalaufle-
bas, partiuli organizaciis decentralizebul mowyobas uWerda mxars
da erovnuli kulturis saWiroebebsa da uflebebs gansakuTrebul yu-
radRebas aqcevda. Jordanias uTanxmoeba hqonda sruliad ruseTis so-
cial-demokratebTan da menSevikebTanac, romlebmac Tavidan ìskris~

erTgulebiT daiwyes. saeWvoa, rom rusi menSevikebis pozicia zogierT
sakiTxSi, magaliTad, kooptaciis, daniSvnebisa Tu centralizaciis Se-
saxeb, qarTveli muSebisTvis mimzidveli yofiliyo, gaRizianebas iwvev-
da agreTve rusebis gulgriloba erovnul umciresobaTa problemebis
mimarT. ase rom, bolSevizmi saqarTveloSi daamarcxa mesame dasis ideeb-
ma, muSebisTvis Zalauflebis miniWebis principma da centris adgilobriv
saqmeebSi Carevis politikis miuReblobam. rusuli menSevizmis ideolo-
gias bolSevikebis damarcxebaSi wvlili ar miuZRoda.66
qarTveli social-demokratebi rusi menSevikebis mokavSireebi da
Tanapartielebic iyvnen. am kuTxiT maTTvis SeiZleboda `qarTveli~ men-
Sevikebi gvewodebina, Torem sxva mxriv qarTvelebi 1905-dan 1917 wlamde
TavianT mkveTrad gansxvavebul kulturul tradiciebs didi mondome-
biT icavdnen, ise, rogorc sul ufro mzard ideologiur da organizaci-
ul avtonomias.
meore, Jordaniam moxerxebulad gamoiyena gafuWebuli urTierTo-
bebi dasustebul kavkasiis kavSirsa da adgilobriv komitetebs Soris.
1904 wlis ianvarSi ganxorcielebuli dapatimrebebis Semdeg kavkasiis
kavSiri welSi gatexili iyo. zaqaria CodriSvilis, silva jiblaZisa da
Jordanias nacnobi saxeebi kooptaciis meTodiT arCeulma v. s. bobrovs-
kaiam da stefane Saumianma Secvales an iseTma arapopularulma pireb-
ma, rogoric stalini iyo.67 1904 wlis ganmavlobaSi kavSirma ramdenime
saeWvo gadawyvetileba miiRo _ daSala menSevikuri orientaciis baqos
komiteti da stalinis miTiTebiT imereT-samegrelos komitetic, mas Sem-
deg rac es ukanaskneli ar daeTanxma rsdmp-s mesame yrilobis mowvevas.
bobrovskaias sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, 1904 wlisTvis kavSiris komiteti
daingra. xolo stalini ase werda lenins 1905 wlis maisis werilSi: ~ka-
vkasiis kavSirs mxolod `pozicia~ darCa. Tbilisis organizacias saorga-
nizacio baza aqvs. kavSirs mxolod Sori nacnoboba Tu akavSirebs muSebT-
an... gamarjveba mas ekuTvnis, vinc ukeT aris organizebuli... Tbiliselma
oportunistebma upiratesoba xelidan ar gauSves, imitom ki ara, rom
swor gzaze dganan, rogorc TviTon hgoniaT, aramed imitom, rom ufro
xeirianad moaxerxes organizeba.~68
mesame, Jordaniam gamoiyena is faqti, rom kavSiris komiteti did yu-
radRebas ar aqcevda gadawyvetilebis mimRebis rangs da iseTi suraTi
daxata, rom zemodan avtoritaruli marTva daiwyeboda da centri pa-
suxismgebelic ar iqneboda vinmes winaSe. leninis mier amierkavkasiaSi
gamogzavnilma m. n. lemanma, romelsac mesame yrilobis mowvevis agitacia

unda Caetarebina, aRiara, rom kavSiris komiteti daucveli iyo misi cen-
tralizebuli mowyobis gamo. Jordanias ki imitom aRmoaCnda momxree-
bi, rom is xazs usvamda partiis organizaciis SigniT demokratizaciis
aucileblobas iseve, rogorc muSebis gavlenis gazrdaso. zemodan wa-
mosuli brZanebebisa da partiis centraluri komitetis liderebis
mier partiuli qonebis gaukontroleblad marTvis kritika misi koziri
iyo.69 amas garda, cnobili iyo Jordanias damokidebuleba muSebis roli-
sadmi, misi azriT, swored muSebs unda aeRoT xelSi marTvis sadaveebi.
muSebis qarTuli moZraobis aqtivistebs es idea xiblavdaT, miTumetes,
rom grZnobdnen, rogor dauqveiTdaT statusi kavkasiis kavSiris xelSi.70
erT-erTi ukmayofilo bolSeviki `vperiodSi~ gagzavnil Tavis werilSi
Cioda, rom menSevikebi iakobinelebze, blenkizmsa da ufro metad ki ar-
Cevnebze laparakobdneno dabali donis organoebSi. muSebs aqezebdnen,
Tavad Cadgomodnen brZolas saTaveSi da inteligenciisTvis amis saSu-
aleba ar miecaT, inteligenciisTvis, romelic burJuaziuli wreebidan
modioda da burJuaziuli fsiqologia mohqonda Tan.71 Jordanias mier
bolSevikebisa da upasuxismgeblo inteligenciis gaTanabrebas didi
rezonansi mohyva muSebs Soris, romlebsac 1904 wlis bolos mZime dro
daudgaT xSiri dapatimrebebisa da daxvretebis gamo. leninis mxardam-
Weri n. n. alajalova igonebs Tavis gamosvlas Tbilisis rkinigzis muSebis
winaSe 1905 wels: `Tavidan muSebi wynarad mismendnen. magram mere, roca
partiis wesdebis pirvel muxlTan dakavSirebul azrTa sxvaobaze daviwye
laparaki, muSebma SeZaxilebiT gamawyvetines sityva. erT-erTi maTgani
wamoxta, joxi moiqnia da iyvira, ratom vusmenT bolSevikebs, isini xom
Cvens winaaRmdeg arian da Cveni marTva ise undaT, rogorc amas nikolozi
akeTebda.~72 Jordanias mier bolSevikebisTvis inteligenciis iarliyis
mikereba imdenad warmatebuli aRmoCnda, rom oxranka Tavis erT-erT an-
gariSSi werda, im muSebs, romlebmac uaryves inteligenciis xelmZRvane-
li roli da gaemijnen mas, ùmciresoba~ SeerqvaT, xolo inteligenciis
warmomadgenlebs ùmravlesoba.~73
meoTxe, Jordanias didi saxeli hqonda sazRvargareT gatarebuli
wlebis Semdeg. man ucxo enebi icoda, ilia WavWavaZesTan kamaTobda, ci-
xeSic didxans ijda da gamocdili opozicioneri iyo. is kargad erkveo-
da yvelaferSi, rasac social-demokratebis aqtivistTa umravlesoba
namdvilad ver daikvexnida. amas garda, Jordania warmosadegi kacic iyo,
maRali, lamazi da maSin, 1905 wels, jer kidev Savi wveri umSvenebda saxes.
miuxedavad imisa, rom odnav enas ukidebda, mSvidi da mkafio metyveleba
hqonda.74 raJden kalaZe igonebda mogvianebiT, Cveni plexanovi _ noe Jor-
dania, Tavisi kalmiT, erudiiciTa da diplomatiuri intrigebiT ùdides
kacad~ iTvleboda am Cvens patara miwazeo.75 Jordanias argumentebma, ka-
laZis gasakvirad, iseTi iskrelebi moarjula, rogorebic noe xomeriki
da noe ramiSvili iyvnen, Tumca es ukanaskneli amtkicebda, rom rostovSi
gadasaxlebis dros moinaTla menSevikad. ramiSvilis gaerTianeba Jorda-
niasTan baTumeli bolSevikebisTvis didi dartyma iyo, radgan, rogorc
erTi misi Tanamedrove ambobda, 1905 wlamde noe ramiSvili sufTa bolSe-
vikur gzas mihyvebodao.76
mexuTe, Jordania bevrs werda. stalinis azriT, man didi gavlena moax-
dina muSebsa da glexebze. is werda, saqarTveloSi maRalfardovan sity-
vas ufro didi wona hqonda muSebis TvalSi, vidre micemul sityvaso.77
mas Semdeg, rac menSevikebma Tbilisis komitetis qonebasa da finansebze
kontroli moipoves, bolSevikebs swrafad amoewuraT literaturuli
maragi.
interfraqciuli dapirispirebis pirveli eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi
bolSevikebi ZiriTadad finansur da sakadro daxmarebas iTxovdnen cen-
tridan. es kargad Cans im drois mimoweridan. kavkasiis kavSiri Cioda, rom
isini `vperiodis~ mxolod erT asls iRebdnen da arc Tanxebi hyofnidaT
da arc xalxi, menSevikebs rom dapirispirebodnen. amitom aris, rom menSe-
vikebi yovelTvis uwyoben dros fexso.78
meeqvse is, rom Jordania iyo dasavleT saqarTvelodan, guriis sofel
lanCxuTidan, romelic 1904-1905 wlebSi gaxda saqarTvelos social-de-
mokratiuli moZraobis mamoZravebeli Zala. gurulebi raodenobrivad
aRematebodnen yvela sxva regionul jgufs saqarTvelos moZraobaSi
da maTi regionuli loialobis SegrZneba Zlieri iyo. Jordaniam SeZlo
daerwmunebina dasavleT saqarTvelos komitetebi _ baTumis, guriis,
imereTi-samegrelos _ sadac dominirebdnen gurulebi, megrelebi da
imerlebi, nawilobriv imitom, rom is iyo erT-erTi maTgani, provinciebSi
Setyobineba muSaTa kontrolis Sesaxeb ueWvelad iyo Serwymuli gulis-
wyromasTan wamyvani kadrebis mimarT Soreul tiflisSi.79
am organizaciuli Sexla-Semoxlis miuxedavad, adgilobrivi social-
demokratebi erTad muSaobdnen. bolSevikebi gaxdnen isini Tu menSe-
vikebi 1905 wels, ganpirobebuli iyo ara ideologiuri gansxvavebebiT,
aramed brZolis Jinis doniT. arseniZe gakvirvebuli iyo, rom noe ra-
miSvili gaxda `menSeviki~ ara misi Sexedulebebis , aramed `mkacri xasi-
aTis” gamo. misi `buneba bolSevikuri iyo,~ acxadebda arseniZe.80 valiko
CubineZe, romelic Tavis memuarebSi magaliTad iyenebs dabneulobas
Cveulebriv wevrTa Soris, werda, rom WiaTuraSi àr iyo daZabuli urTi-
erTobebi, mxolod debatebi da qadageba.~ partiul kamaTs, agrZelebda
is, `didi gavlena ar hqonda Cvens revoluciur muSaobaze da rogorc
menSevikebi, ise bolSevikebi erTad muSaobdnen soflebsa da qalaqebSi.~81
saqarTvelos bevr komitetSi, fraqciuli kamaTi xels ar uSlida mWidro
TanamSromlobas 1917 wlamde. adgilobrivi xelmZRvanelebi orive mxares
cdilobdnen konfliqtis Semcirebas. bolSevikTa mesame kongresze 1905
wlis aprilSi londonSi, miSa cxakaia, romelsac mxars uWerda prokofi
jafariZe, mouwodebdnen erTobisaken: àr ifiqroT, rom Cvens oponente-
bze, menSevikebze, TavdasxmiTa da maTi dadanaSaulebiT dezorganizaci-
aSi, kooptirebis maniaSi da sxva ‘RirebulebebSi,’ Cven Tavisufali varT
aseTi qmedebebisagan. ra Tqma unda, Cven yvelam, menSeviki megobrebis CaT-
vliT, ganaTleba miviReT erTad. Cven kargad vmuSaobdiT maTTan guSin da
mxolod dRes varT mtrebi.~82 cxakaia moiTxovda ìzm~-ebis gamoyenebis
dasrulebas, partiuli gansxvavebebisadmi naklebad ficx midgomasa da
mniSvnelovnad ufro did avtonomias adgilobrivi komitetebisadmi.
gadawyvetilebebis mzardma sirTulem, romelTa winaSec idgnen so-
cial-demokratebi 1904-1905 wlebSi, rogoric iyo politika dumis mimarT,
liberalebi, SiaraRebuli ajanyeba da glexebis mier miwis mflobelobis
moTxovna, gamoiwvia axali uTanxmoebebi yvela social-demokrats Soris.
am etapze, am gansxvavebebis umravlesoba gamoixateboda taqtikur kon-
fliqtebSi. magram qarTulma social-demokratiulma polemikam qarT-
vel bolSevikebTan da uTanxmoebam rus menSevikebTan gamoavlina ufro
metad da metad damoukidebeli qarTuli social-demokratiuli orga-
nizacia, romelic uars ambobda bolSevikuri da menSevikuri Sexedule-
bebis miRebaze erovnul sakiTxze, glexobaze, partiis wevrobaze, revo-
luciur procesze da carizmis institutebSi monawileobaze.
marTalia, qarTveli social-demokratebi bevr sakiTxSi eTanxmebod-
nen menSevikebs, gamokveTilad mainc arcerT mxares ar emxrobodnen. 1905
wlis aprilSi Tbilisis komitetma mesame yrilobas londonSi gaugzavna
werili, romelSic dagmo orive, rogorc bolSevikebis, ise menSevikebis
xelmZRvaneloba damoukidebeli yrilobebisa da konferenciebis mowyo-
bis gamo. komiteti werda, revoluciuri energiiT damuxtul atmosfer-

oSi Tundac erTi muSis mier saqmis mitoveba uaRresad daufiqrebeli
saqcieliao. komitetis wevrebi bolSevikTa yrilobas partiis wevrebis
kerZo konferencias uwodebdnen da acxadebdnen, rom qarTveli social-
demokratebi arc sruliad ruseTis (menSevikTa) muSaTa partiis konfe
rencias daeswrebodnen JenevaSi (1905 wlis aprili). qarTveli social-
demokratebi ìskras~ uWerdnen mxars da bolSevikebis damokidebulebas
partiis organizaciuli mowyobisa da SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis mimarT
`social-demokratiisTvis ucxo~ principad miiCnevdnen, magram Tbilisis
komiteti werilis dasasruls aRniSnavda, rom uflebas itovebda Seecva-
la azri.83 es orazrovneba mxolod orive mxaris imedgacruebas ki ar
asaxavda, aramed realur gansxvavebebsac centrTan. qarTulma social-
demokratiam damoukidebeli pozicia SeinarCuna bevr sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT, man bolSevizmisgan da menSevizmisganac is aiRo, rac sWirdebo-
da. amgvarma ekumenizmma qarTul organizacias iseTi mniSvnelovani Zala
SesZina, rom orive fraqcia misi mxardaWeris mopovebisTvis ibrZoda,
magram amave dros wamoiWra sakiTxi, sinamdvileSi ramdenad erTgulebi
iyvnen qarTvelebi menSevizmis ideisa.
daskvna
istorikosma s. TalakvaZem, yofilma bolSevikma aqtivistma, aRniS-

na, rom Jordaniam ganxeTqileba Semoitana partiis rigebSi da erTiani
organizacia gaxliCa.84 es mosazreba sworia garkveulwilad. Jordanias
Camosvlamde 1905 wlis ianvarSi rsdmp-is qarTul seqtorSi ideologi-
uri saxis dayofa ar aRiniSneboda, Tumca adgilobrivi komitetebi sak-
maod aRSfoTebulebi iyvnen kavkasiis komitetis saqmianobiT. Jordaniam
SeZlo noyieri niadagis gamoyeneba 1905 wels _ qarTveli muSa aqtivis-
tebi mesame dasis _ decentralizebuli da pasuxismgebeli partiuli
organizaciis Seqmnis ideas uWerdnen mxars, inteligencias ki ar eTmo-
boda is ideebi, rac saqarTvelos politikur, ekonomikur da kulturul
moTxovnilebebs asaxavda. Jordania katalizatorad mogvevlina, magram
Jordanias agresiul swrafvas (leninis stilSi) partiis gaxleCisken sxva
mizani hqonda da es Tanamedrove, masebze dafuZnebuli partiis Seqmna
iyo da ara profesionali revolucionerebisa, rogorc lenins esaxebo-
da. swored am dros miswera niko nikolaZem Jordanias, qarTvelebi mesiad

migiCneveno.85 grigol urataZe ki mis STambeWdav aRnagobas da manerebs
igonebs. Jordania erTnairad iyenebda Tavis qarizmasa da Teoriul gan-
swavlulobas qarTuli social-demokratiis ruseTis ideologiuri he-
gemoniisgan dasacavad. ganxeTqilebis Semdeg misi daxmarebiT Seiqmna
pluralisturi partiuli organizacia, romelic Zalian waagavda gramSis
ìnteleqtualur koleqtivs.~ organizaciis mizani iyo mcire mewarmee-
bis, Raribi glexebisa da specialistebis gaerTianeba muSaTa partiis
irgvliv. garkveulwilad, qarTuli kursi ufro menSevikuri iyo, vidre
sakuTriv menSevikebis programa, rasac aqselrodi, rusuli menSevizmis
duaieni, proletariatis Sesvlas uwodebda yvela fenaSi. magram menSe-
vikebis umravlesobisa da rusi bolSevikebisTvis qarTul samoqmedo
kurss eretikuli Seferiloba dahkravda, radgan mas mivyavdiT glexe-
biTa da meSCanebiT gazavebul muSaTa partiis Seqmnamde. rusi menSevikebi
partiuli disciplinis Seuracxyofad miiCnevdnen qarTveli social-de-
mokratebis mier teroristuli aqtebis mowyobas da eqspropriaciebs. rac
unda paradoqsuli iyos, qarTuli social-demokratiis individualobas
ganapirobebda misi rusul marqsistul orTodoqsiaze orientacia. is
aqselrodisa da plexanovis ideebis erTguli mimdevari iyo. aqselro-
dis mixedviT, partiis rigiTi wevrebic da xelmZRvanelobac mSromeli
xalxi unda yofiliyo, xolo plexanovi miiCnevda, rom partias unda war-
moedgina `mSromeli da eqspluatirebuli xalxis yvela fena.~ saerTod,
menSevikebica da bolSevikebic ugulebelyofdnen am principebs. magram
qarTvelebis politikuri garemo gadamwyveti faqtori iyo. qarTveli
social-demokratebis ideologiur da praqtikul Taviseburebaze gan-
sakuTrebuli gavlena iqonia glexobis moZraobam da ajanyebam dasavleT
saqarTveloSi 1902-1906 wlebSi. am ambebma social-demokratebs ganumt-
kica imis rwena, rom rusebisgan gansxvavebiT maT sxvanairi problemebi
da SesaZleblobebi hqondaT. glexTa moZraobam ori ram gaakeTa: pirveli,
man rsdmp-is qarTuli seqtori masebis partiad gardaqmna da, meore _ qa-
rTul organizacias ufro erovnuli erTianobisken misca gezi da ara mu-
SaTa klasis saerTaSoriso solidarobisken.
162
T aavi
vi 6
g u rriiis
is re
r e s pu bl
b l ik a
glexobis moZraoba saqarTveloSi, ufro zustad, guriaSi, sadac man

gansakuTrebul gamarjvebas miaRwia, rusi marqsistebisTvis gamocana
iyo. marqsis naTqvami glexebze maT TavianTi klasobrivi interesebis
dacva Tavad ar ZaluZTo – saqarTveloSi ki glexobam mTavari rolic
Seasrula da Tavisi klasobrivi interesebic revoluciurad gamoxata.1
meoce saukunis praqtikulad yvela marqsistuli revoluciisTvis dam-
axasiaTebelma am paradoqsma, , ganapiroba revoluciaSi glexebis rolis
Taobaze wamoWril kiTxvebze pasuxis Zieba.2 evropel socialistebs agra-
ruli sakiTxi naklebad aRelvebdaT 1890-ianebis Sua wlebamde, rode-
sac germaniis social-demokratiuli partiis (spd) warmomadgenlebma
georg fon volmarma da eduard davidma am partiis mier glexobis ro-
lis uaryofa gaakritikes, rogorc potenciurad radikaluri social-
uri Zalisa. isini amtkicebdnen, rom glexobasa da proletariats erTi
da igive problemebi awuxebs da amdenad, bunebrivi mokavSireebic iyvnen
– leninma da karl kauckim mogvianebiT swored am ideas dauWires mxari.
magram davidi, Tavis revizionistul naSromSi `socializmi da soflis
meurneoba~ (1903), ufro Sors wavida da wamoayena azri, rom mcire meur-
neobebi ekonomikurad ufro efeqturi aris, vidre didi. am mosazrebam
kiTxvis qveS daayena sasoflo sameurneo miwebis socializaciis sakiTxi
raime formiT, rac tradiciuli marqsistuli orTodoqsia iyo.3 ruseTis
social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiis SigniT arsebuli azrTa sxvadasx-
vaoba agrarul sakiTxze ar misdevda funqcionalur principebs da ufro
nacionalizaciis, municipalizaciisa da privatizaciis alternatiuli
midgomebis garSemo trialebda. magram miuxedavad 1902-1907 wlebSi rs-
dmp yrilobebze gaCaRebuli intensiuri debatebisa, sadac upiratesoba
municipalizaciis princips mianiWes, ruseTis social-demokratebma

ver gaiazres glexTa radikalizaciis mniSvneloba ruseTis revoluci-
isTvis. amave dros aRsaniSnavia leninis, petre maslovisa da Jordanias
gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi. qarTveli delegatebi, eyrdnobodnen ra
guriaSi miRebul gamocdilebas, dominirebdnen rsdmp meoTxe `gamaer-
Tianebel~ yrilobaze glexobis sakiTxze gamarTul debatebze. yrilobis
daskvniTi rezolucia `glexebis moZraobisadmi damokidebulebis Ses-
axeb~ glexobas axasiaTebda, rogorc revoluciur klass da mouwodebda
yrilobas rogorc boikotebisa da `soflis mSromelebis~ rsdmp rigebSi
miRebisken. am rezoluciam aCvena, ra gavlena moipova qarTveli social-
demokratebis guriaSi gamoyenebulma taqtikam. Jordania warmatebuli
rezoluciis erT-erTi iniciatori iyo da Tumca man ver SeZlo mTli-
anad gaeqarwylebina rusi menSeviki delegatebis undobloba `Zireulad
wvrilburJuaziuli~ glexobis mimarT, Tavis qarTvel TanamoazreebT-
an erTad moaxerxa rusi menSevikebis darwmuneba, rom 1905-1906 wlebSi
glexobasa da proletariats saerTo revoluciuri interesebi hqondaT.4
glexobisadmi qarTvelTa mxardaWera meti iyo, vidre ubralod aqcen-
tebis gansxvaveba maTsa da rus social-demokratebs Soris. JordaniasT-
vis da misi mimdevrebisaTvis, guriam imperiis SigniT arsebuli social-
uri da kulturuli gansxvavebebis mniSvneloba naTlad aCvena, man aseve
revoluciuri pragmatizmis, farTo warmomadgenlobis demokratiuli
partiis, TviTmmarTvelobisa da qvemodan wamosuli revoluciuri moq-
medebis saWiroebac warmoaCina. iseve, rogorc erovnulma sakiTxma, qa-
rTvel social-demokratebs agrarulma sakiTxmac daanaxa, rom maT war-
modgenebs yovelTvis ar iziarebda rsdmp-s wevrTa umravlesoba, radgan
am ukanasknelT sxva pirobebSi uxdebodaT muSaoba. ruseTis imperiis
farglebSi mniSvnelovani regionuli gansxvavebebi arsebobda soflad
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, miwisa da nawarmis fasebSi,
ijarisa da gadasaxadebis odenobaSi, da miwis mflobelobis Tvalsazris-
iTac, ramac mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvra glexebis 1905 wlis amboxebis
forma da simZafre.5 robert edelmanma Tavis naSromSi dnepris marjvena
napiris (dasavleT) ukrainis Sesaxeb aCvena, rom samecniero naSromebSi
agraruli ruseTis Sesaxeb, rogorc wesi, yuradRebas amaxvileben cen-
tralur Savmiwa da volgis Suawelis regionebze, rasac man ànalitikuri
centralizmis~ tendencia uwoda. amgvari tendencia ruseTis imperiaSi
mimdinare zogadi procesebis damaxinjebul suraTs qmnis. marTlac, ar-
guriis respublika 165
sebobda ruseTis imperiis vrceli teritoriebi _ baltiispireTSi, ka-

vkasiaSi, dasavleT ukrainaSi _ sadac saTemo miwaTsargeblobis rusuli
tradicia sustad iyo gamoxatuli da swored am ararusul periferiaSi
aRmocenda yvelaze kargad organizebuli da politikurad Camoyalibeb-
uli glexTa moZraoba. amisi kargi magaliTi qarTveli glexobis moZraoba
iyo. 1905 wels is imperiis masStabiT yvelaze warmatebuli da organizeb-
uli glexuri moZraoba iyo, Tumaca saqarTveloSi sxva glexuri `respub-
likebic~ arsebobda, mag. `senakis respublika~ da `soxumis respublika~
– iseve, rogorc ruseTSi – `markovis respublika~. simZafrisa da orga-
nizebis msgavs dones latviel glexTa amboxebebmac miaRwia. 1906 wels
saWiro gaxda masobrivi samxedro operaciebis ganxorcieleba, raTa lat-
viisa da estoneTis soflebSi caristuli mmarTveloba aRdgeniliyo.6 ma-
gram swored guriis magaliTma gamoiwvia rusi inteleqtualebis _ maT
Soris lev tolstois enTuziazmi, albaT, egzotikuri geografiis gamo,
da moizida dasavleli Jurnalistebis yuradReba.7 guriis SemTxvevam
didi gavlena iqonia aseve rus social-demokratTa damokidebulebaze da
mosazrebebze glexobis sakiTxis mimarT.
`guriis respublikis~ magaliTma gamoavlina qarTvel social-demok-
ratTa da glexobas Soris arsebuli uCveulo kavSiri. proporciuladac,
glex wevrTa ricxvi saqarTvelos social-demokratiul organizaciaSi
ufro maRali iyo, vidre ruseTis social-revolucionerebs (eserebs)
Soris.8 qarTulma glexobam rsdmp-is qarTuli organizacia masobriv
organizaciad gardaqmna, romelic kiTxvis qveS ayenebda rsdmp-
is revoluciuri strategiis umTavres elementebs. akaki Cxenkelma
ganacxada, rom `guriis moZraoba umTavresi etaps warmoadgenda qarTuli
social-demokratiis damoukidebeli TviTganviTarebis gzaze. . . mana
iZula social-demokratia glexobisTvis saTanado yuradReba mieqciao.9
qarTveli social-demokratebis kavSiri glexobasTan, maTi faqtobrivi
mxardaWera miwis gayofis ideisa da ara miwis `municipalizaciisa~,
aseve glexobis qarTul organizaciaSi masobrivi gawevrianeba rsdmp-
is rus wevrTa Soris seriozul eWvs iwvevda qarTveli social-demok-
ratebis marqsistuli orTodoqsiis mimarT. qarTvelebis poziciam se-
riozuli konfliqti gamoiwvia rus social-demokratebTan taqtikis
Taobaze, konkretulad ki, `glexur~ partiebTan, magaliTad eserebTan
urTierTobebis gamo.10 rus social-demokratebs gauWirdaT qarTvelTa
poziciis miReba partiaSi gawevrianebis sakiTxze, miuxedavad im ga-
damwyveti mxardaWerisa, rac glexobaze orientirebulma qarTulma

organizaciam rsdmp-is kongresebsa da konferenciebze menSevikebs
aRmouCina. 1906 wlis stokholmis yrilobaze qarTveli menSevikebi Sead-
gendenen rsdmp menSevikuri frTis meoTxeds TiTqmis mesameds (28.9%)
1907 wlis rsdmp-is V (londonis) yrilobaze. V yrilobaze damswre qar-
Tvel delegatTa 30 procentamde guriidan iyo. bolSevikma grigol
aleqsinskim gurias `menSevizmis cixesimagre~ uwoda.11 safiqrebelia,
ramdenad damajerebeli iqneboda ruseTis menSevikebis dapirispireba
bolSevikebTan xsenebuli yrilobebis msvlelobisas, rom ara guria da
qarTvelebi?
miwasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTobebi guriaSi
ruseTis imperias 1810 wels mierTebuli guria 1829 wlamde garkveul

avtonomias inarCunebda. 1840 wels ki es mxare mazrad (uezdi) iqca da
òzurgeTis` mazra daerqva. ozurgeTi guriis erT-erTi mTavari qalaqis
saxeli iyo.
1846 wels ozurgeTis mazra axladSeqmnili quTaisis guberniis ad-
ministracias SeuerTes. 1804 wlisTvis misi mosaxleoba TiTqmis asiaTas
suls aRwevda, xolo teritorias, sadac daWaobebuli dablobebi da
lamazi borcvebi simindis yanebs, venaxebs da aqaiq Cais planataciebs
daefara, daaxloebiT 532 000 akri farTobi ekava (anu daaxl. 210,000 ha).
mosaxleoba TiTqmis mTlianad glexebisgan Sedgeboda. isini ocdaxuT
sasoflo Temad gaerTianebul samocdaTeqvsmet sofelSi cxovrobdnen.12
batonymobis gauqmebis Sesaxeb miRebuli kanonmdeblobiT Seqmnili saso-
flo Temebi ruseTSi arsebul maT ekvivalentebs waagavdnen, Tumca dasav-
leT saqarTveloSi saTemo miwaTmflobelobis tradicia metad susti
iyo. Temi arsebobda (obSCina) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos zogierT mazraSi
da saxelmwifo glexebs Sorisac, magram quTaisis guberniaSi igi praqti-
kulad ar arsebobda. es faqti aisaxa glexebis ganTavisuflebis qarTul
kanonmdeblobaSic, romlis ZaliT pasuxismgebloba saxelmwifo da miwis
gadasaxadebze qarTuli soflis Temebs mieniWa, magram amave dros indi-
vidualur ojaxur meurneobas begara dautova miwadmflobelis mimarT
sxva sazogadoebriv da samoqalaqo movaleobebTan erTad. guriaSi uZrav
qonebaze memkvidreobis ufleba Zlieri iyo, rasac arc glexTa saTemo or-
ganizacia aprotestebda. miuxedavad imisa, rom guriaSi sasoflo Temis

cneba qarTuli miwaTsargeblobis tradicias ar efuZneboda, aq, guriis
respublikaSi, swored sasoflo Temi gaxda adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelo-
bis organizaciuli CarCo.
guriaSi ar arsebobda `qarxana~, Tumca mcire aryis saxdeli saamq-
roebi sakmaod mravlad iyo. iq oTxasamde `muSa~ muSaobda, romelTagan
bevri sinamdvileSi glexi iyo. yvelaze did qalaqSi 1897 wels 4,694 suli
cxovrobda.13 saqarTvelo, gansakuTrebiT ki dasavleTi saqarTvelo, ev-
ropuli ruseTisgan miwaTmflobeli aznaurobis simravliT gamoirCe-
oda. qarTveli Tavadaznauroba mTeli saqarTvelos mosaxleobis 5.6%
Seadgenda, rac bevrad aRemateboda evropuli ruseTis 1.4%-s. reformis
Semdeg is quTaisis guberniis miwebis 42%-is mflobeli gaxda.14 sauku-
nis bolosTvis gurul glexebs Soris miwaze moTxovnileba kidev ufro
gaamZafra mosaxleobis zrdam da glexTa ganTavisuflebis pirobebma.
mTlianad quTaisis guberniaSi 1902 wels glexTa 52.8% amuSavebda rva
desetinaze naklebs (xolo amaTgan TiTqmis naxevris gankargulebaSi iyo
oridan oTx desetinamde _ desetina Seadgens 2.7 akrs anu daaxloebiT 1.1
heqtars).
komitetis 1902 wlis angariSis Tanaxmad, glexuri ojaxuri meurneo-
bebis 60-70% da aznaur miwaTmflobelTa 25% ganicdida savargulebis
did ukmarobas.15 1897 da 1913 wlebs Soris saqarTvelos soflis mo-
saxleoba gaizarda 20%-iT (qalaqis mosaxleoba ki 35%-iT).16
mosaxleobis simWidroviT quTaisis gubernia kavkasiaSi meore ad-
gilze iyo erevnis guberniis Semdeg. aq 33 adamian cxovrobda kvadratul
verstze.17 raki Tavadaznaurobis didi nawili Tavadac mciremiwiani
iyo, ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, maT ar evalebodaT, rom TavianTi yofili
ymebisTvis minimaluri savarguli gamoeyoT.18 maT, visac 11.25 desetinaze
an ocdaerT sulze naklebi yma ekuTvnoda quTaisis guberniaSi (aseTi ki
quTaisis Tavadaznaurobis 80 % iyo), ar ekisreboda glexebisTvis miwis
gadacema nakveTis minimaluri normis zemoT.19 quTaisis Tavadaznauro-
bis 53% hqonda rva desetinaze naklebi miwa. e. kondratenkos 1889 wlis
SefasebiT, Tuki umsxvilesi miwaTmflobelebi gamoiricxeboda, aznau-
ris miwis nakveTis saSualo zoma oTxi desetina iyo, anu ori desetiniT
meti, vidre saSualo glexis ojaxs ekuTvnoda.20 vladimer staroselski,
romelic quTaisis gubernatori iyo rTul 1905 wels, aseT aznaurebs
„aznaur-proletarebs~ uwodebda.21
mTlianad saqarTvelos masStabiT miwis saSualo odenoba (saxnavi da

arasaxnavi erTad), rasac glexuri ojaxi amuSavebda, reformamdeli 5.2
desetinidan 3.4 desetinamde Semcirda reformis Semdeg. 1905 wlis an-
gariSis Tanaxmad, saSualo glexuri ojaxi amuSavebda ara umetes 1.5 de-
setinas, romlis naxevari ijariT hqonda aRebuli.22 1902 wels Seqmnilma
specialurma komitetma, romelic Tvalyurs adevnebda quTaisis guber-
niaSi soflis meurneobis mdgomareobas, daadgina, rom „Raribi glexis
ojaxis~ gamosakvebad saWiro iyo oTxi desetina miwa.23 1905 wels evropul
ruseTSi saSualo miwis nakveTi Seadgenda aTidan TerTmet desetinamde
_ TumcaRa arsebobda ruseTis regionebi, sadac miwis nakveTebi bevrad
ufro mcirec iyo. quTaisis guberniis glexTa 15%, vinc „droebiT val-
debulebis~ mdgomareobaSi rCeboda (ruseTSi gauqmda iZulebiTi Sesyid-
vis kanoniT 1881 wels, magram saqarTveloSi ZalaSi rCeboda 1912 wlamde),
amuSavebda ojaxze oridan xuT desetinamde, xolo saxelmwifo glexTa
38% (1880-ian wlebSi)_ samidan ocdacamet desetinamde.24 Tbilisis gu-
berniaSi „droebiT valdebul~ glexTaTvis erT ojaxze modioda 10.9 de-
setina. da mainc, 1904 wlisTvis quTaisis guberniis yofil ymaTa 59%-ma
saxelmwifosgan yovelgvari finansuri daxmarebis gareSe (ruseTSi maT
saxelmwifo daexmara) Tavisi miwis nakveTebis gamosyidva moaxerxa, Tum-
ca amgvar glexTagan 81% sam desiatinaze naklebs flobda.
es cifrebi paradoqsulad gamoiyureba. isini adastureben miwis mwva-
ve ukmarisobas quTaisis guberniaSi, guriis CaTvliT (ozurgeTis mazra).
magram glexebma aq miwis nakveTebis gamosyidva SeZles. 1887 wlisTvis ki
Tbilisis guberniis yofil kerZo sakuTrebaSi myofi yma glexebis 70%-
s jerac ar hqonda miwis nakveTebi gamosyiduli. Tbilisis guberniaSi am
dros 8,363 miwaTmflobeli glexi iTvleboda, quTaisis guberniaSi 96,912
miwis mflobeli glexi iyo.25 amgvari gansxvaveba nawilobriv quTaisis gu-
berniaSi Sesyiduli nakveTebis mcire zomiT aixsneba, amasTan, quTaisis
guberniaSi miwis fasi sam-oTxjer aRemateboda Tbilisis guberniaSi miwis
fasic arsebul fass. es faqti migvaniSnebs, rom miwis nakleboba siRari-
besTan yovelTvis mWidrod dakavSirebuli ar aris da siRaribe dasavleT
saqarTveloSi 1905 wels momxdari amboxebebis erTaderTi mamoZravebe-
li Zala ar yofila.26 evropaSic mcire zomis fermebi glexur meurneo-
bebs ufro xSirad hqondaT vidre rus glexebs, magram aq masobrivi gamos-
vlebi iSviaTi iyo.27 glexTa keTildReobis TvalsazrisiT evropaSi ufro
mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobda iseTi faqtorebi, rogoric mosavlianoba,
warmadoba, mosavlis sabazro Rirebuleba, ijara, gadasaxadebi da valde-

bulebebi.
is faqti, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos glexoba miwis nakveTebis gamo-
syidviT iyo dakavebuli, xolo ufro Raribi Tavadaznauroba mondome-
biT yidida miwas, nawilobriv xsnis, ratom iyo glexebis mier miwis Sesy-
idva quTaisis guberniaSi ufro xSiri Tbilisis guberniasTan SedarebiT.
magram 1880-iani wlebidan gurulebs SesaZlebloba gauCndaT mieRoT ses-
xebi mcire urTierTdakreditebis kavSirebis meSveobiT.28
natanebisa da sufsis xeobebSi miwa noyieric iyo da sxvadasxva sub-
tropikuli kulturebisTvis gamosadegi, magaliTad, meabreSumeobis,
mevenaxeobisa da mexileobisaTvis, rac mosavlis fulad qcevis saSuale-
bas iZleoda. 1890-iani wlebisTvis abreSumis warmoeba (qalebi akeTebdnen
yelsaxvevebs da Salebs) da mevenaxeoba gaxda guruli glexebis damate-
biTi Semosavlis wyaro.29 arayi da qarTuli alkoholiani sasmeli TiTqmis
yovel ojaxSi ixdeboda da karg fasadac iyideboda guriaSi dabanakebul
jariskacebs Soris. magram gurulTa keTildReoba ufro metad simindze
iyo damokidebuli. 1901 wels, amierkavkasiaSi mosuli simindis mTeli mo-
savali quTaisis guberniaze modioda, ase rom 1880-iani wlebis bolosT-
vis es regioni ruseTis simindis eqsportis daaxloebiT erT meoTxeds
awarmoebda.30 kavkasiis sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebis quTaisis gan-
yofileba gurias ise aRwerda, rogorc èrT uSvelebel simindis yanad
gadaqceul regions~.31 simindze damokidebuleba gurul glexs sabazro
fasebis cvlilebebisgan gansakuTrebiT daucvels xdida. gurulebis Se-
darebiTi keTildReoba, rac stabilurad mzard fasebs emyareboda, 1891
wels Sewyda, roca centraluri ruseTis regionebSi katasrofulad da-
bali mosavlis gamo marcvleulis eqsporti droebiT SeCerda. ramden-
ime wlis Semdeg ki amerikulma simindma qarTuli simindi arakonkurent-
unarianad aqcia. Tu 1880-ian wlebSi erTi fuTi simindi 70-90 kapikad
iyideboda, 1884 wlisTvis es fasi 35-40 kapikamde daeca. fasebisa da/an
eqsportis mniSvnelovani zrda arc 1895 wlis Semdeg momxdara. 1899-sa
da 1908 wlebs Soris quTaisis guberniidan wliuri eqsporti saSualod
3 milion fuTs Seadgenda, maSin roca wina Tormetwliani periodis gan-
mavlobaSi es ricxvi 5-6 milioni fuTi iyo. Tumca glexebma swored maRa-
li fasebis periodSi moaswres TavianTi miwis nakveTebis gamosyidva da
savaraudod, 1890-iani wlebis Sua periodamde saSualo glexur ojaxs
cxovrebis donis dacemis safrTxe ar ugrZvnia.
gurulebs erTi upiratesobac hqondaT. es iyo WiaTuris manganu-

mis sabadoebze, tyibulis naxSiris maRaroebSi an baTumisa Tu foTis
portebSi sezonurad muSaobis SesaZlebloba. 1872-1883 wlebSi gaxsnil-
ma axalma sarkinigzo xazebma guria TbilisTan da baTumTan daakavSira.
Tbilisi-baTumis xazis guriis monakveTze eqvsi rkinigzis sadguri iyo.
ozurgeTidan baTumamde matarebeli mxolod ormoc wuTs undeboda. 1900
wlisTvis baTumi amierkavkasiis mesame udides samrewvelo centrad iqca
da iq dasaqmebuli Tormeti aTasi muSidan daaxloebiT naxevari guriidan
iyo. 1909 wlis oficialur angariSSi aRiniSna, rom quTaisis guberniis
adgilobrivi mosaxleoba „ samuSaos ZiebaSi moxetiale cxovrebas eweva.
TiTqmis mTlianad svaneTis,...guriis, samegrelos janmrTeli mosaxleo-
ba wlis umetes dros ara marto TavianT soflebs gareT, aramed TavianT
mxaris gareTac atarebs~.32
yvelaze intensiuri migracia 1894 wlidan daiwyo. 1900-sa da 1905
wlebs Soris SeiniSneboda guriis mosaxleobis kleba, 104,951-dan 96,708 –
mde.33 1905 wlis martSi guriaSi mogzaurobis Semdeg, a. krim-girei werda,
rom naneiSvilebis sasoflo TemSi, 522-dan 322-ma adamianma datova saku-
Tari saxli samuSaos Sovnis mizniT.34 sabolood gurulTa umravlesobam
Tavi baTumis, foTisa da odesis portebSi amoyo, bevri konstantinopol-
Sic aRmoCnda da soxumis olqis Tambaqos plantaciebSic. dasaqmeba sam-
rewvelo sferoSi ekonomikurad exmareboda ojaxebs da Tanac gurulebs
organizebis axal formebsac acnobda.
1902 wlisTvis social-demokratebma kargad moikides fexi baTumSi,
ise, rom im wels mowyobili gaficvebis Sedegad xuTasi muSa gabrunebul
iqna mSobliuri guriis soflebSi. grigol urataZe, Tavad guruli da qa-
rTuli revoluciuri moZraobis erT-erTi xelmZRvaneli werda, rom gu-
riaSi „baTumeli muSa~ gaigivebuli iyo carizmTan mebrZol progresul
adamianTan.35 magram miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos
macxovreblebs imaze ukeT gahqondaT Tavi, vidre amas Tanamedroveebi
aRwerdnen, maTi keTildReoba metad myife iyo. maT samuSaos dakargva
emuqrebodaT, rac moxda kidevac 1902 wels, xolo mosavlis moyvanis
primitiuli meTodebi niSnavda, rom cud amindebs krizisis gamowveva
SeeZlo. quTaisis guberniaSi desetinaze mosuli warmadoba dabali iyo
da erT desetinaze 54.7 fuTs udrida 1910 wels, evropul ruseTSi ki sa-
Sualod_92.4 fuTs.36 saqarTvelos soflis mosaxleobis 45%-is mflo-
belobaSi arsebuli miwis nakveTebi xuTidan aT nawilamde iyo dayofili.
maTgan mxolod 4.2%-s hqonda mTliani savargulebi. 1913 wels Catareb-

ulma guberniis gamokvlevam aCvena, rom Tavadaznaurobisgan Sesyiduli
an ijariT aRebuli miwa xSirad glexis saxlidan 10-15 kilometris daSo-
rebiT mdebareobda.37 miwis ukmarobisa da mosaxleobis zrdis gamo mi-
wisa da ijaris fasi maRali iyo. quTaisis sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis
komiteti 1904 wels ityobineboda, rom glexTa 60%-s miwa hqonda ijariT
aRebuli.38 xolo ijara Seadgenda mosavlis erTi meeqvsedidan mosavlis
naxevramde. umravles SemTxvevaSi saijaro xelSekrulebebi mokleva-
diani iyo, rac fasebis zrdis pirobebSi miwadmflobels aZlevda xels.
ozurgeTis mazraSi miwis fasi 1880-ian wlebSi saSualod erT desiatinaSi
86 maneTidan 1900 wlisTvis 320 maneTamde gaizarda, rac amierkavkasiaSi
yvelaze maRali fasi iyo.39 miuxedavad imisa, rom glexebis umravlesoba
(erT-erTi wyaros Tanaxmad glexebis 80%) miwas ijariT iRebda, am miwis
farTobi metad patara iyo, radgan miwaTmflobelebs ar hqondaT bevri.
glexebsa da memamuleebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebi gadamw-
yvetia glexebis protestis saxis gansazRvrisTvis. guriis SemTxvevaSi
miwadmflobelebi ufro metad mciremiwiani aznaurebi iyvnen da maTi
cxovrebis stili TiTqmis arc gansxvavdeboda mezoblad mcxovre-
bi glexebisagan. isini erTmaneTis beds xSirad iziarebdnen. simindze
fasebis momatebisas mogebaSi iyvnen 1890-ian wlebSi da fasis dacemisas
erTnairad dazaraldnen. ruseTis miwis kreditorTa yrilobis monace-
mebis mixedviT, roberta maningis mier aRwerili rusi Tavadaznaurobis
gaRaribeba glexebis ganTavisuflebis Semdeg ar asaxavda quTaisis gu-
berniis mdgomareobas, sadac 1898 wlisTvis miwaTmflobelTa sakuTrebis
mxolod 4% iqna dagiravebuli, maSin roca ruseTisTvis es wili 1896
wels 42%-s Seadgenda. magram isic aris, rom qarTvel Tavadaznaurobas
pirvel rigSi arc gaaCnda sakmarisi miwa dasagiraveblad.40 da mainc, 1906
wlis quTaisis guberniis ekonomikuri mimoxilvis Tanaxmad, 1898 da 1905
wlebs Soris periodSi Tavadaznaurobam mis mflobelobaSi arsebuli mi-
wis 40% gayida, rac wina wlebTan SedarebiT didi zrda iyo.41 es nawilo-
briv glexebis moZraobis dawyebis brali iyo. bevri memamule, romelic
miwas ver amuSavebda da sicocxlis dakargvis safrTxes grZnobda, qa-
laqebSi gadavida sacxovreblad. maTi umravlesoba iZulebuli gaxda
qalaquri cxovrebis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad miwa gaeyida. 1905
wlis maisSi mefisnacvlisTvis miwodebul angariSSi staroselski werda,
rom TavadaznaurTa did nawils uWirda cxovreba da saxelmwifo sam-
saxuris mier SeTavazebul usafrTxoebas amjobinebda. Tanac swored im

dros miwaze fasebi maRali iyo da esec ganapirobebda miwis gayidvas. mi-
webis gayidvis gaxSireba imaze miuTiTebs, rom miwaTmflobelebi fasebis
zrdis gamoyenebas cdilobdnen miwaze. Tu glexebis ganTavisuflebis
Semdgom pirvel aTwleulebSi Tavadaznauroba ara marto yidida, aramed
yidulobda kidevac miwebs, 1898-1905 wlebSi isini bevrad naklebs yidu-
lobdnen. 1860-iani wlebidan yvelaze met miwas dasavleT saqarTveloSi
swored glexebi yidulobdnen. 1868 da 1879 wlebs Soris quTaisis guber-
niaSi 1,834 glexma Seisyida gaunawilebeli miwis 25,190 desetina 955,780
maneTad (maSin, roca glexebis mier miwis gayidvis mxolod da mxolod
samocdaTeqvsmet SemTxveva). marTalia, glexebis orma mesamedma mxolod
erT deseatinaze naklebi miwa Seisyida, imave periodSi Tavadaznaurobis
mier miwis Sesyidvis 678 SemTxveva aRinusxa (anu glexebis mier yidvaTa
ricxvis erTi mesamedi), xolo gayidvis_2,777 (glexebze 36-jer meti).42
dasavleT saqarTveloSi glexebis gaRatakebis gavrcelebuli suraTi
zedmetad gamartivebulia, radganac gansxvavebebi rogorc TviT glexebs
Soris, ise mxareebsa da mazrebs Sorisac didi iyo. mravali sagazeTo
werilis avtorisgan gansxvavebiT eTnografma Tedo saxokiam guriaSi
1897 wels mogzaurobis Semdeg guruli glexebis keTildReobis Tu ara,
TviTkmarobis suraTi aRwera.43 marTalia, xorci iSviaTad hqondaT iqaur
glexebs, magram lobio, mWadi, bostneulis kerZebi da yveli ar akldaT.
amboxebis mizezebi
1902-1905 wlebSi guriis glexebis mier wamoyene buli moTxovnebi mra-

valferovani iyo. sakiTxTa mTeli wyeba iwyeboda saijaro gadasaxadebis
SemcirebiT da mTavrdeboda tyisa da wylis Tavisufali sargeblobis
uflebiT. glexebi moiTxovdnen im sagadasaxado sistemis gauqmebas, ro-
melic maT gzebis, saeklesio ezoebis, skolebisa da soflis administra-
ciis Senaxvas aiZulebdaT _ am xarjebSi Tavadaznauroba ar monawileobda.
glexebi gmobdnen miwis saxelmwifo gadasaxads, rac Seadgenda mosavlis
1.8%-s da gadasaxads zeTisa da Saqris saxiT, aseve saeklesio gadasaxads,
rasac „dramis~ uwodebdnen. glexebSi Zlier ukmayofilebis adgilobrivi
administracia iwvevda. saqarTveloSi arc „zemstvebi~ (adgilobrivi sab-
Woebi) iyo da arc „volosti~ (udablesi soflis administraciuli erTeu-
li, rac evropuli soflis sabWos msgavsi iyo-parish), rac ruseTSi glexebs
arapirdapiri warmomadgenlobiTobis saSualebas aZlevdaT, xolo „zem-
stvebis~ SemTxvevaSi, qmnida garkveuli primitiuli socialuri dacvis
sistemasac. saqarTveloSi soflis inteligencias – maswavleblebs, eqi-
mebs, soflis administraciis moxeleebs _ praqtikulad ar gaaCndaT sa-
sargeblo saqmianobis warmarTvis saSualeba. saukunis dasawyisisTvis gu-
riaSi soflis TemebSi arsebuli SezRuduli TviTmarTvelobis tradicia
praqtikulad dangreuli iyo. kavkasiis mefis nacvali grafi voroncov-
daSkovi, (1905-1915 ww.) 1905 wels Cioda, rom saqarTvelos soflis sazoga-
doeba veranairad axorcielebda TviTmarTvis koncefcias da soflis ux-
ucesebi da administraciis moxeleebi, vinc pasuxismgebelni unda iyvnen
soflis Temis winaSe, damoukidebel da ukontrolo batonebad iqcneno,
rasac ukanonoba, Tavis nebaze marTva [da] ubedureba mohyveba. soflis sa-
samarTloebi, rac glexebis ganTavisuflebis kanonmdeblobis farglebSi
Seiqmna, mTlianad policiis xelT iyoo.44 kavkasiis policiis ufrosi gen-
eral-maiori Sirinkini, guriis ambebs abralebda xelisuflebis warmomad-
genelTa danaSaulebriv umoqmedobas da biurokratul damokidebulebas .
. . TavianTi movaleobebis mimarT.45
ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT soflis Temebi saqarTveloSi ar Sedgeboda
mxolod erTi miwaTmflobelis yofili ymebisgan. Cveulebriv, aseTi Temi
aerTianebda ramdenime sofels da yvelanairi kategoriis glexebs _ sa-
xelmwifo/saxaso, saeklesio an miwaTmflobelis yofil ymebs. amgvari
mdgomareoba soflebs Soris urTierTobebis damyarebis saSualebas
iZleoda da Tanaziarobis gancdas aZlierebda, ramac xeli Seuwyo glex-
uri moZraobis swraf gavrcelebas. roca funqcionirebda soflis Temi,
sakmaod efeqturi iyo. 1903-1905 wlebSi gurulma glexebma aaRorZines
glexuri sasamarTloebisa da sakrebuloebis praqtika. guriis respubli-
kis instituciuri struqtura Camoayaliba glexTa ganTavisuflebam. gu-
riaSi wera-kiTxvis bevri mcodne da mravali skola iyo. 1896 wlis statis-
tikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT saxokia acxadebda, rom guriaSi yvela
tipis samocdasami skola funqcionirebda, maTSi ki 2,833 mowafe swav-
lobda.46 qalaq ozurgeTSi oTxi skola iyo, maT Soris erTi gogonebisT-
vis, mTlianad iq 681 mowafe iricxeboda. magram ganaTlebis saministros
daqvemdebarebul guriis skolaTa umravlesoba erT an orwliani dawyebi-
Ti skola iyo da uaRresad savalalo mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, _ xSir-
ad gaTbobis, fanjrebis, xSirad dafis gareSec ki. maswavleblebs saTana-
do ganaTleba akldaT. soflis Temi maT kapikebs uxdida. luiji vilarim,

italielma istorikosma da Jurnalistma, romelic wlebis Semdeg xotbas
asxamda musolinis, 1905 wels guriaSi imogzaura, rogorc milanis „kori-
ere dela seras~ korespondentma. man gurulebi aRwera, rogorc `[qarT-
velTa Soris] yvelaze ganaTlebulni . . . biblioTeka aris yvela sofelSi.
. . da yvela sofels sakuTari safosto samsaxuri aqvs, raTa yoveldRiu-
rad miiRos gazeTebi Tbilisidan, baTumidan da ruseTidan.`47 Tavis mox-
senebaSi guriis moZraobis Sesaxeb kavaleriis kapitani roJanovi adas-
turebda, rom gurulebma „wera-kiTxva ician~ da rom „regionSi mravali
skolaa.~48 Tumca es gancxadebebi, SesaZloa, gadaWarbebuli iyos, eWvgar-
eSea, rom gurulebi afasebdnen ganaTlebas. ozurgeTelebs stambac hqon-
daT da wignebis maRaziac. biblioTekas, sadac qarTulenovani wignebis
garda, rusuli wignebica da Jurnalebic inaxeboda, iqauri mandilosnebi
ganagebdnen.49 quTaisis guberniis sxva mazrebTan SedarebiT, mowafeebis
yvelaze didi raodenoba ozurgeTs hyavda, aq yovel 19.6 mosaxleze erTi
mowafe modioda. mowafeTa raodenobiT meore adgilze zugdidis mazra
iyo 1 mowafiT 39 mosaxleze. yvelaze dabali maCvenebeli ki baTumis olqs
hqonda– 1 mowafe yovel 153 mosaxleze.50
gazeTebze xelmowera amgvari provinciuli qalaqisTvis aq uCveulod
maRali iyo.51 ozurgeTSi swavlis damTavrebis Semdeg guriis sofle-
li bavSvebi saqarTvelos uZveles inteleqtualur centrSi, quTaisSi
miemgzavrebodnen. noe ramiSvils, evgeni gegeWkors, noe xomeriksa, da
konstantine kandelaks _ damoukidebeli saqarTvelos (1918-1921 ww.)
ministrebss, aseve karlo CxeiZes, mixa cxakaias da gerasime maxaraZesac
(meore dumaSi social-demokratTa warmomadgenels) _ swavla-ganaTle-
ba quTaisSi hqondaT miRebuli, ZiriTadad, dabali donis seminariaSi.
quTaisi, romlis mosaxleoba 1905 wels Seadgenda 30-35 aTas mosaxles,
cnobili iyo rogorc „studenturi qalaqi~. grigol urataZe ixsenebda,
rom mis sofelSi „iSviaTad Tu arsebobda ojaxi, romelic ar ocnebobda,
rom Svili studenti gamxdariyo~.52 aseTi ganwyobis gamo iyo, rom guru-
li glexebi iolad ijerebdnen „studentebis~ radikalur Segonebebsac.
xSirad isini iyvnen social-demokretebis agitator-propagandistebi.
guriaSi skolebis simravle TavisTavad maswavlebelTa _ revolucio-
nerebis tradiciuli mrevlis _ did raodenobas niSnavda. Tedo sax-
okia ambobda maswavleblebze, rom isini progresis mTavar mamoZraveb-
el Zalas warmoadgendnen sofelSi. „vin Taobda guriaSi skolebisa da
samkiTxveloebis qselis Seqmnas? igive soflis maswavlebeli. vis unda

umadlodeT guriis soflebs Soris saukeTeso gzebis arsebobas? soflis
maswavlebels~.53 pasuxs areulobebze vinRa agebda areulobebze? soflis
maswavlebeli, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aseTi iyo caristuli xelisuflebis
azri. 1902 wlis agvistos daWerebis pirveli talRis dros, maswavleble-
bi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis qveS moeqcnen.
gurias protestis gamoxatvisa da winaaRmdegobis gawevis tradicie-
bi hqonda. baTumis aneqsiamde 1878 wels es mxare emijneboda osmaleTs.
Jordania ixsenebda, rom lanCxuTSi 1880-ian wlebSi mosaxleobas jer
kidev eSinoda, rom axalgazrda kacebsa da qalebs Coloqs iqiT gataceba
da gayidvac emuqrebodaT,( Coloqs iqiT, e.i. TurqeTSi).54 guria sazazRv-
ro mxare iyo, sadac Sesabamisad centraluri xelisuflebis xeli sustad
igrZnoboda. iaraRis tareba Cveulebrivi ambavi iyo da sami seriozuli
ajanyebac moxda 1841, 1862, da 1886 wlebSi. am ajanyebebSi, mniSvnelovan
rols TamaSobdnen isini, visac eriq hobsbaumi `socialur yaCaRebs~ uwo-
debs – anu yaCaRebis jgufebi, romlebic aTavsebdnen soflis saerTo in-
teresebis dacvas (brZola miwaTmflobelTa winaaRmdeg) da yaCaRobasa
da Zarcvas sakuTari saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad.55 guriaSi am ti-
pis yaCaRebs `firalebis~ an `yunyuzebis~ saxeliT icnobdnen. 1903-1905
wlebSi isini glexebs exmarebodnen samTavrobo Zalebze TavdasxmebSi.
SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis amgvari tradicia da daburuli tyeebis
arseboba imas niSnavda, rom aq mravlad iyo dasamali adgili, rac serio-
zul sirTules uqmnida carizms samxedro kontrolisTvis. Tbilisis mra-
valerovani guberniisgan gansxvavebiT guria eTnikurad erTgvarovani
regioni iyo. marTalia mezobel soflebs Soris dapirispirebebi arse-
bobda, da ara mxolod maT Soris, aramed socialur da naTesaur jgufebs
Sorisac, magram ekonomikuri, socialuri, eTnikuri da religiuri erT-
gvarovneba gurulebis ziari TviTSegnebis mniSvnelovan elementi iyo.
glexobis moZraobaSi monawileobis TvalsazrisiT Znelia `Rarib~
da `mdidar~ glexebs Soris gansxvavebis dadgena. qarTveli social-de-
mokratebic iSviaTad asxvavebdnen maT erTmaneTisgan. sando informa-
cia imis Sesaxeb, ra gavlenas axdenda moZraobaSi monawileobaze asaki
an sqesi, ar moipoveba, magram mitingebis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli angariSebi-
dan Cans, rom masSi yvela asakis glexi monawileobda. qalebs im droisT-
vis hqondaT xmis ufleba, magram maTi monawileoba moZraobaSi nakleb
savaraudoa. Jordanias mSobliur lanCxuTSi caristuli xelisuflebis
warmomadgenelTan Sesaxvedrad SerCeuli Tvrameti delegatidan eqv-

si qali iyo. Tumca maTi warmomadgenloba ufro simboluri iyo, vidre
namdvili, radgan guruli sazogadoeba Zireulad patriarqaluri iyo.56
bolos davumateb, rom guriaSi glexobis moZraobaze didi zegavlena
moaxdina mimdinare movlenebma: magaliTad, 1901-1903 wlebis cudma mo-
savlianobam; ruseT-iaponiis omiT gamowveulma damatebiTma sirTulee-
bma, rac gamoixata mamakacebis, didi raodenobis cxenebisa da marcvleu-
lis dakargviT (samagierod is jariskacebi, vinc oms gadaurCa, marTvisa
da samxedro gamocdilebiT dabrundnen Sin); momavlis SiSma da finans-
uri arastabilurobis SegrZnebam, rac 1901 wlis sagadasaxado cvlile-
bebiT iqna gamowveuli; 1900 wels SemoRebulma damatebiTma saaqcizo
gadasaxadma arayze, ramac aryis warmoeba 60%iT Seamcira; qalaqebSi
mimdinare socialurma konfliqtebma da erovnul-gamaTavisuflebelma
brZolebma, rac imperiisa da zogadad evropis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi aRin-
iSna im wlebSi. general-mairma Sirinkinma guriis movlenebi fineTSi mim-
dinare saprotesto gamosvlebs daabrala.57
saukunis dasasrulisTvis guriaSi mciremiwiani glexebis simravle
SeimCneoda. maT 1895 wlamde arsebuli simindis fasebis aRmavlobis Sem-
deg gauWirdaT Tavisi keTildReobis SenarCuneba. isini, imisda miuxeda-
vad wera-kiTxvis mcodneebi iyvnen Tu ara, migraciisa Tu geografiuli
siaxlovis wyalobiT qveyanaSi mimdinare movlenebSi kargad erkveodnen.
maT SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis didi gamocdilebac hqondaT da sof-
lis Temis saxiT, TviTorganizaciisTvis saWiro instituciuri CarCoc.
moZraoba
guriis moZraobas biZgi misca 1902 wlis maisSi sofel nigoiTSi sa-
ZovrebiT sargeblobis uflebisaTvis wamowyebulma davam. baTumis 1902
wlis gamosvlebSi monawileobis gamo bevri muSa raionebSi gadasaxlebiT
dasajes, amis gamo guriis soflebSi mravlad iyvnen `baTumeli muSebi~.
quTaisis sasuliero seminariidan garicxuli grigol urataZe, romelic
im dros social-demokratiuli partiis propagandisti iyo, Tanaugr-
Znobda glexebis winadadebas boikoti gamoecxadebinaT Tavad maWuta-
Zis meurneobisTvis, rac imas niSnavda, rom glexebi ar daamuSavebdnen
mis miwebs da arc miwis gamosasyid Tanxebs gadaixdidnen.58 miqel-gabri-
elis soflis Temma boikots `beWedi dausva~ koleqtiuri daficebiT.

moTxovnebis CamoTvlis Semdeg (saZovrebiT sargebloba, gadasaxadebis
Semcireba, `dramis~ gauqmeba) ramdenime aseulma glexma sami TiTi aswia
da àmin, amin, amin~ fonze daifica, rom moRalateebs dasjidnen. am scenas
urataZe rogorc `naxevrad-religiurs~ ise arwers.59 amgvari fici arc so-
flebSi yofila revoluciuri Sekrebebis dros uCveulo da arc qalaqad
mimdinare gaficvebisas. qarTveli menSevikebis gazeTi `sxivi~ ase aRwer-
da 1905 wlisTvis damaxasiTebel erT-erT scenas: àsamde kaci Seikriba,
moixades qudebi da xelCakidebulebma Tavi daxares jvrisa da bibliis
winaSe. mRvdelma . . . warmoTqva sityvebi . . . maT sityvasityviT gaimeores:
`vficav, dReidan vibrZoleb Cems ZmebTan, qalaqis mSromelebTan erTad,
da Tuki Cemgan rames moiTxoven, guls amoviReb mtrebis mier datyveveb-
ulebisTvis.~60
glexebi social-demokratebis komitetebs xSirad ise uyurebdnen
rogorc sasuliero organizacias,61 an rogorc `mefes Tavisi jariTa
da policiiT~.62 miqel-gabrielis sasoflo Temis pirvelma Sexvedram
swrafad miiRo miTologiuri masStabebi. xmebi gavrcelda, TiTqos ficis
dadebas londonis universitetis studenti xelmZRvanelobda, xolo
mcire borcvs, sadac xsenebuli Sexvedra Sedga, `naficvara~ ewoda. sxva
danarCenma sasoflo Temebmac male gaimeores miqel-gabrielis Temis
magaliTi. am etapze Sexvedrebs adgilobrivi inteligenciis warmomad-
genlebi uZRvebodnen. mTavrobis angariSis Tanaxmad miqel-gabrielis
soflis Tems sami maswavlebeli, ori studenti, da erTi mRvdeli xelmZ-
Rvanelobda.63
Tavidan qarTveli social-demokratebi eWviT uyurebdnen glexebs.
roca urataZem quTaisisa da baTumis organizaciebs daxmarebiT mimar-
Ta, mas civad Sexvdnen. karlo CxeiZem Tqva, rom glexebi socialistebi
ver iqnebodnen. cxakaia SiSobda ficis religiuri JReradobis gamo. mere
ocdaori wlis urataZe, vinc jer kidev marqsistul anabanas ecnoboda,
sxva gurul liderebs daukavSirda – silva jiblaZes da noe Jordanias.
axali ambebiT aRgznebulma jiblaZem, JordaniasTan erTad dawvrilebiT
gamohkiTxa urataZe da dapirda daxmarebas. Jordaniam ganacxada, rom
Raribi glexebi didad ar gansxvavdebodnen `qalaqis muSebisgan.~64 maSin
jiblaZes da Jordanias ar esmodaT, rom swored am dapirebam gardaqm-
na qarTuli social-demokratiuli organizacia erT-erT udides da
yvelaze warmatebul social-demokratiul moZraobad ruseTis imperia-
Si. 1903 wlisTvis naxevari guria ukve CarTuli iyo moZraobaSi, xolo 1904
wlisTvis ocdaxuTidan oc sasoflo Tems boikoti hqonda gamocxade-
buli miwaTmflobelebisTvis. glexebi umTavresad ekonomikuri saxis,
mag. gadasaxadis Semcirebis da saZovrebiTa da tyiT ufaso sargeblobis
uflebis moTxovnebebs ayenebdnen. mTavrobam nigoeTSi miavlina Tavadi
a. b. wereTeli, ozurgeTis mazris moqmedi deputati, magram amas aranairi
Sedegi ar mohyolia. boikotis gavrcelebasTan erTad quTaisis guberna-
torma generalma smaginma zomebi gaamkacra, samasamde kaci daapatimra da
glexebs gamoucxada, ufro mkacrad dagsjiTo. glexebma teroristuli
aqtebiT upasuxes xelisuflebas, Senobebs cecxls ukidebdnen da muqaras
uTvlidnen, yvelas angariSs gagisworebTo. mTavrobas gadamwyveti zome-
bi am etapze rom mieRo, guriis respublika albaT aRarc Seiqmneboda, ma-
gram araefeqturma, gaubedavad Catarebulma represiebma amboxebulebi
mxolod waaxalisa.
qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraobis roli
1903 wlis maisSi gamarTul konferenciaze qarTvelma social-de-

mokratebma sami komiteti Seqmnes: qalaqel mSromelTa quTaisis komite-
ti da `soflis mSromelTa~ guriisa da imereTis komitetebi. am axali
terminiT _ `soflis mSromeli~ qarTveli social-demokratebi cdi-
lobdnen glexebis organizacia marqsizmTan mieaxloebina. maisis kon-
ferenciis Semdeg baTumis komitetma guruli social-demokratebis
Sexvedra moawyo. Sexvedras dasavleT saqarTvelos wamyvani social-de-
mokratebi eswrebodnen – maT Soris urataZe, noe xomeriki da noe ramiS-
vili. Sexvedris ZiriTadi sakiTxebi terorsa da partiul organizacias
exeboda. glexi delegatebis mxridan gaweuli winaaRmdegobis miuxe-
davad, terori sakmaod bundovnad_masebis revoluciuri saqmianobis
dakninebad Sefasda.65 organizaciuli sakiTxi ufro rTuli iyo. misi
klasobrivi xasiaTi rom ar miCqmaluliyo, konferenciam ori tipis or-
ganizacia Seqmna – `demokratiuli~ komitetebi glexebisTvis da `revo-
luciuri~ komitetebi social-demokratebisTvis. sinamdvileSi, es gan-
sxvaveba xSirad moCvenebiTi iyo. social-demokratebi male iZulebuli
gaxdnen mietovebinaT mkacrad gansazRvruli partiuli muSaoba masebSi
da xalxis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis saqmianobaSi CarTuliyvnen.66 sof-
lebSi samuSaod sabaziso organizaciul erTeulad ganisazRvra `rgoli~.

pirveladi rgolebi (saSualod 90 ojaxze 10 rgoli modioda) irCevdnen
àTisTavebs~, aTisTavebi ki Tavis mxriv irCevdnen àsisTavebs~. Sexve-
drebis dros asisTavebi sasoflo Temis warmomadgenlebs irCevdnen, isi-
ni ki_ samxareo warmomadgenlebs. samxareo warmomadgenlebs pirdapiri
kontaqti hqondaT guriis social-demokratiul komitetTan. uzenaes
organod rCeboda `saxalxo kreba~ anu mTlianad soflis an Temis Sekre-
ba. magram guriis komitetis avtoriteti imdenad maRali iyo, rom yvela
misi gadawyvetileba mtkicdeboda. mainc, komitetebis ormagi sistemis
Seqmnam glexebs Soris garkveuli daZabuloba gamoiwvia, da bevri maT-
gani protestis niSnad tovebda `demokratiul~ komitetebs. `grigali~
werda arsebul dilemaze: `yvela iTxovs partiaSi Sesvlas da gawevri-
anebis viwro midgomis gauqmebas moiTxovs. isini samarTlianad aRniS-
naven, rom Tuki petres da ivanes SeuZlia partiaSi Sesvla, maT ratom ar
unda SeeZloT? roca Cven vuxsniT, rom am petrem da ivanem partiis pro-
grama gaiziares da daemorCilnen partiis disciplinas, isini gvpasuxo-
ben, rom maTac SeuZliaT am pirobebis Sesruleba.~67 kavkasiis kavSirma,
SeSfoTebulma qarTuli organizaciis mier gatarebuli gawevrianebis
liberaluri politikis gamo, miiRo rezolucia, romelSic iTxovda `de-
mokratiuli~ da social-demokratiuli komitetebis mkacr gamijvnas.
adgilobrivi guruli social-demokratebi ki noe xomerikis xelmZRvan-
elobiT amtkicebdnen, rom ori damoukidebeli organizaciis SenarCune-
ba arapraqtikuli iyo. glexebis garicxva partiis rigebidan gamoiwvevda
maT CamoSorebas social-demokratebisgan.68 xomerikis azriT, glexebi
Sevidodnen demokratiul organizaciebSi, Tu es organizaciebi gansx-
vavebuli iqnebodnen social-demokratTa organizaciebisgan, rac imas
niSnavda, rom maTTan qiSpobaSi iqnebodnen. amgvarad gamovidoda, rom
social-demokratebi mxars dauWerdnen im organizaciebs, romlebic
maT sakuTar komitetebs winaaRmdegobas gauwevdnen. igi moiTxovda, rom
vinmes aexsna, sazogadod ratom unda CamoSorebodnen glexebi social-
demokratias.69 rdmp-Si glexTa monawileobis sakiTxi fraqciebs Soris
partiis bunebaze debatebis nawili iyo. qarTuli praqtika ar Seesabam-
eboda partiis wevrobis rsdmp koncefcias.
`grigali~ ityobineboda, rom guriaSi partiis wevrad ganixileboda
yvela, vinc ki angariSs uwevda partiul programas da aRiarebda mas, Tun-
dac gaTavisebuli ar hqonoda jer, da [miRebul iqna] Tuki politikurad
sandod miiCneoda da survili hqonda partiis wevri gamxdariyo.70 1905

wlis noemberSi Catarebulma guriis organizaciis mesame yrilobam (Tu
konferenciam – naTeli ar aris) ganacxada, rom partiaSi bevri iseTic
Sevidoda, visac kargad ar hqonda maTi programa gaazrebuli . . . magram
partiis Camoyalibebis erTaderTi gza Segnebuli wevrebis partiis Seqmna
iyo, vinc sicocxleSi social-demokratiul taqtikas gaatarebda.71 1906
wlis rsdmp gamaerTianebeli yrilobisa (april-maisi) da partiis wevro-
bis leninuri gansazRvrebis miRebis Semdeg, guriis organizaciis `wvr-
ilburJuaziuli~ elementebisgan gawmenda gadawyda. amgvari qmedeba 1917
wlamde metad iSviaTi iyo rsdmp praqtikaSi. is naTelyofda guriis so-
cial-demokratTa gawevrianebisadmi farTo da dauregulirebel midgo-
mas. miuxedavad amisa, `partiul filtrze~, rogorc mas ewoda, male aiRes
xeli, radganac safrTxe Seuqmna guriis glexebSi arsebul social-de-
mokratiis bazas. glexebma civad miiRes partiaSi maTi ricxvis Semci-
rebis idea da imazec ar daumalavT aRSfoTeba, rom `wvrilburJuaziuli
elementis~ saxelic miakeres. marTlia, rsdmp guriis ganyofilebam 1905
wels Tavi menSevikurad gamoacxada, igi ufro axlos idga glexobis le-
niniseul xedvasTan. 1905 wlis Semdeg rusma menSevikebma aRiares `saso-
flo-sameurneo muSaTa~ agitaciuri potenciali da moiwones soflebis
revoluciuri TviTmmarTveloba. saqarTvelos, latviisa da sxva msaga-
vsi regionebis gamocdileba, sadac 1905 wels glexebi akontrolebdnen
vrcel teritoriul erTeulebs, safuZvlad daedo 1905 wlis april-
maisSi gamarTul menSevikebis Jenevis konferenciaze wamoyenebul ino-
vaciur midgomas, romelic iTvaliswinebda `Zalauflebis nawilobriv,
epizodur xelSi Cagdebas da ama Tu im qalaqSi an regionSi revoluciuri
komunebis Seqmnas.72 magram miuxedavad taqtikuri da inteleqtualuri
moqnilobisa, rusi menSevikebi glexobaze mainc marqsis Sexedulebebis
erTgulni rCebodnen, razec marqsi `lui bonapartis Tvramet brium-
erSi~ werda:73 rusi menSevikebi mxars uWerdnen `miwis mitacebas~, magram
sxva mxriv sofelsac qalaqur models usadagebdnen, rac sxvaTa Soris,
gaficvebisken da profkavSirebis Seqmnisken mowodebasac gulisxmobda.
isini skeptikurad uyurebdnen klass, romelic, rogorc istoriam aCvena,
SeiZleboda mmarTveli klasis reaqciul instrumentadac gadaqceuliyo.
b.i. nikolaevskim SemdgomSi mokled ase Seajama rusi menSevikebis pozi-
cia – azri, romelSic `glexebis fobia~ dominirebs.74 1905 wels, rodesac
ruseTis raionebi mRelvarebam moicva, rusi menSevikebi Zveleburad qa-
laqze-dafuZnebul burJuaziul revoluciaze amaxvilebdnen yuradRe-

bas. maT dagmes leninis winadadeba, gamoecxadebinaT proletariatisa da
glexobis revoluciur-demokratiuli diqtatura, rogorc populistu-
ri da wvrilburJuaziuli.
1906 wlis stokholmis yrilobaze qarTvelma social-demokratebma
xma misces municipalizaciis menSevikur programas, magram sinamdvileSi
maT erCivnaT miwis gayofa da privatizacia. amgvari arCevani mTlianad
SeuTavsebeli ar iyo 1906 wlis aprilis gamaerTianebeli yrilobis rsdmp
rezoluciis arsTan, radgan rezolucia iTvaliswinebda miwis gayofas
garkveul pirobebSi.75 miuxedavad amisa, qarTveli social-demokrate-
bi cdilobdnen glexebis aqtivizmi klasobrivi aliansis revoluciur
strategiaSi CaerToT, rasac leninic ambobda 1905 wels. qarTvelTa az-
riT, glexi – yovel SemTxvevaSi guriaSi –`naxevradproletari~ iyo da
mxars uWerda muSebis moTxovnebs Semcirebuliyo ijara da samuSao saa-
Tebi, mieRoT politikuri Tavisufleba. leninma msgavsi pozicia gamox-
ata 1905 wels gamarTul bolSevikebis mesame yrilobaze. igi amtkicebda,
rom socialisturi SegnebisTvis Raribi glexoba mzad iyo da SeZlebda
buJuaziasTan antifeodaluri kavSiridan proletariatTan revolu-
ciur kavSirze gadasvlas. magram miuxedavad imisa, rom lenini da qarTve-
li social-demokratebi msgavs poziciebze idgnen glexobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiT, maTi strategiebi gansxvavdeboda. lenini iTxovda miwis
nacionalizacias, maSin roca qarTvelebi miwas ganixilavdnen, rogorc
glexis individualur sakuTrebas. guriaSi mciremiwiani glexebis um-
ravlesobas miwis sakuTrebaSi qonis Zlieri survili hqonda. qarTveli
bolSevikebi, maT Soris axalgazrda stalini, romelsac ukve cudi saxeli
hqonda gavardnili gansxvavebuli azris gamo miwis sakuTrebis Sesaxeb,
aRiarebdnen, rom miwis socializaciis programa qarTvelebisTvis nak-
lebad mimzidveli iyo da amdenad mxars uWerdnen miwis kerZo sakuTre-
baSi gadanawilebas. 1906 wlis martSi stalinma (besoSvilma) ganacxada:
arc `socializacia~, arc `nacionalizacia~ da arc `municipalizacia~
– am midgomebidan dRevandeli revoluciuri saqmis interesebs arc erTi
ar Seesabameba. . . aSkaraa, rom Cven miwa glexebs unda mivceT. . . da unda
mivceT saSualebac, rom miwebi erTmaneTSi gaiyono.76 igi ase ganmartavda
sakiTxs: Tu miwis gayofa feodalizmis winaaRmdeg iqneba mimarTuli, ma-
Sin es movlena revoluciuri iqneboda. qarTvel social-demokratTagan
cota vinme Tu ar daeTanxmeboda am azrs. 1903 wlis ganmavlobaSi qa-

rTveli glexobis moZraoba gascda guriis sazRvrebs. 1904 wlis agvis-
toSi Seiqmna imereT-samegrelos komiteti da 1905 wlis bolosTvis
samegreloSi ukve 600 rgoli moqmedebda. guria kvlav moZraobis wamy-
van Zalad rCeboda, magram sxva regionebidanac ismoda _ `Cvenc igive
gvinda, rac gurias~. 1904 wlis ianvarSi guriis social-demokratiuli
organizaciebis meore konferenciam ganavrco boikoti saxelmwifo uw-
yebebze da eklesiaze. gamorCeulad radikalur rezoluciaSi konferen-
cia mouwodebda `miwaTmflobelTa da saxelmwifo miwebis revoluciuri
konfiskaciisken~.77 adgilobrivma xelisuflebam Tbilisidan umniSvnelo
daxmareba miiRo. 1905 wlis maisSi daniSnuli mefis nacvali voroncov-
daSkovi, 1907 wels mefes werda, rom soflis mcirericxovani policia,
romelic mxolod erTi oficrisgan (pristavi) da soflis ramdenime
dawesebulebis mcvelebisgan Sedgeboda, winaaRmdegobas ver uwevda did
saxalxo moZraobas, ufro metad ki imitom, rom policielebi teroris
safrTxis qveS iyvneno.78 boikotis gavrcelebasTan erTad Setakebebi
glexebsa da adgilobriv policielTa Soris kidev ufro gamZafrda da
1905 wlis bolosTvis guria da zogierTi mimdebare mazra caristul xe-
lisuflebas praqtikulad aRar emorCileboda. 1905 wlisTvis guriaSi
moqmedebda gaerTianebis, sityvisa da Tavyrilobis Tavisufleba. adgi-
lobrivi revolucionerebi am mxares `patara Sveicarias~ uwodebdnen.
guriis respublika
guriaSi TviTmarTveloba kargad iyo organizebuli. TviTorganize-

bis sabaziso CarCo glexTa ganTavisuflebis kanonis safuZvelze iyo Se-
qmnili da sasoflo Temis krebas, glexebis sasamarTlos da Temis xelmZ-
Rvanelebis arCeviTobas eyrdnoboda. guriis `respublikaSi~ arCeul iqna
komisiebi. maTi mizani iyo saijaro gadasaxadebis odenobisa da CamorT-
meuli miwebis saZovrebad gamoyenebis uflebebis gansazRvra. igulisxme-
boda, rom yvela teritoria miiRebda monawileobas gzebisa da eklesiebis
SenaxvaSi. soflisa Tu Temis krebis mier daricxuli ijaridan da sxva ga-
dasaxadebidan Semosavali zogadad xmardeboda `xazinas~ an `kulturul
saWiroebebs~. yvela amgvari sakiTxis gadaWrisas uzenaesi xelisufleba
moqmedebda soflisa an sasoflo Temis saerTo krebis saxiT, romelsac
soflis sasamarTlos funqciebic hqonda. vilari daeswro ramdenime aseT

saerTo krebas. is Semdegnairad aRwerda maT muSaobas: `roca danaSauli
xdeboda, mTeli Temi . . . erTianad monawileobda damnaSavis dakavebaSi.
amis Sedegad Zarcva da yaCaRoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda . . . `narodni
sud~ (saxalxo sasamarTlo) Tvalyurs adevnebs soflis macxovrebelTa
morals. adiulterSi SemCneuli yoveli adamianis saqmec . . . eqvemdebare-
ba gamoZiebas da sasjels. Cveulebriv, sasjelad boikoti gamoiyeneba~.79
sasamarTloebi yovelTvis rodi moqmedebda ise efeqturad, rogorc
amas vilari aRwerda. saxalxo samarTali arcTu iSviaTad uSvebda mZime
Secdomebs. glexebic xSirad gasarTobad an kidev Zveli angariSebis gas-
asworeblad eswrebodnen sasamarTlos. sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba
da sasjeli xmis umravlesobiT miiReboda. qalebis xmebic iTvleboda.
miuxedavad am sasamarTloebis mravali naklovanebisa, is mainc soflis
macxovreblebis yvelaze STambeWdavi gamarjveba iyo. voroncov-daSkovic
erToboda xandaxan imaze fiqriT, rom maTi legalizacia moexdina, vilar-
isTvis naTqvami hqonda kidec, rom es sasamarTloebi saxelmwifo tribu-
nalebze ufro patiosnad da efeqturad aRasruleben samarTalso.80
saxalxo sasamarTlos yvelaze efeqtur iaraRi boikoti iyo. T. JRen-
tis sityvebiT, boikotis yvelas eSinoda, radgan es sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebidan gariyvas, mezoblebisgan izolacias, [da] xalxis mtrul
damokidebulebas niSnavda.81 ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sasjeli soflidan an
qalaqidan gaZeveba SeiZleboda yofiliyo. saerTo kreba imdenad mondo-
mebuli iyo, rom xSirad ZviradRirebul qelexebs, qorwilebsa da loTo-
basac krZalavda.82 religiuri ritualebi mraval sofelSi Secvala saero
ceremoniebma. saerTo kreba niSnavda maswavleblbs da gansazRvravda
saswavlo programasac. 1905 wels Sekrebebi praqtikulad yovel kviraSi
tardeboda da misi moTxovnebi sul ufro da ufro politikuri xdeboda.
niko mari, SemdgomSi cnobili sabWoTa lingvisti, Tumca Zalze winaaRm-
degobrivi pirovneba, Tavad naxevrad Sotlandieli da naxevrad guruli,
am wlebze werda, rom soflebSi gasaocari sazogadoebrivi aqtioba Sein-
iSneboda. kreba krebas mosdevda, ìse rom kaci ifiqrebda, netav glexebi
rodisRa pouloben dros TavianTi yanebis dasamuSaveblad~... isini xom
aqtiurad monawileobdnen debatebSi da xSirad saaTebs, xandaxan ki dRee-
bsac mitingebze atarebdneno.83
guriaSi ar yofila fraqciebs Soris konfliqti, Tumca zogjer
bolSevikebsac da menSevikebsac iwvevdnen saerTo krebebze diskusiebis
gasamarTad. mari ixsenebda, rogor daeswro erT-erT amgvar krebas: `dam-
swreTa umravlesoba amTqnarebda, rogorc es xSiria leqciebze da mit-

ingebze, magram danarCenebi yuradRebiT usmendnen. Tema ZiriTadad exe-
boda muSebis rolsa da marqsis mniSvnelobas mecnieruli socializmis
ganviTarebis saqmeSi . . . debatebi gagrZelda dRis ori saaTidan Ramis
pirvel saaTamde da auditoriis umravlesoba mas bolomde daeswro.~84
glexebi TandaTanobiT ufro erkveodnen revoluciur terminolo-
giaSi. male maT moiTxoves, rom maTdami mimarTvis forma `moqalaqe~ gamx-
dariyo. 1904 wlis dasasrulisTvis glexebma `wiTeli razmebi~ Seqmnes
social-demokratebis inciativiT da ormaneTiani gadasaxadic daaweses
iaraRis SesaZenad. caristuli (da sakmaod SemaSfoTebeli) angariSis
Tanaxmad, yovel TemSi moqmedebda samxedro biuro, romelsac sakuTari
iaraRi da yumbarebi hqonda.85 vilari wers, rom erT-erT sofelSi Caye-
nebuli jari, romelic man moinaxula, `praqtikulad uZluri~ iyo, radgan
`yoveli guruli SeiaraRebuli iyo~. `wiTeli razmis~ erT-erTi wevri
mogvianebiT ixsenebda, rogor iswavla barikadebis ageba da satelefo-
no saubrebis mosmena, Semdeg ki aRwerda matareblebis Zarcvas, Seiara-
Rebul Tavdasxmebsa da specdavalebebze gasvlas amaxanagebis gadasar-
Cenad, magaliTad, aseTi davalebis Sesasruleblad 1905 wlis dekemberSi
TbilisSi Casvlas.86 rogorc wesi, gurulebi iaraRs dezertirebisgan
yidulobdnen an adgilobrivi policiis ganyofilebebidan.87 (v.a. staro-
selskis cnobiT gurul `wiTel razmebSi ~orasamde dezertiri monawil-
eobda). iaraRis dagrovebasTan erTad SiSic izrdeboda, rom glexTa aja-
nyeba gardauvali iyo. magram, erT-erTi damkvirveblis cnobiT, guriaSi
erTdroulad 2000-ze meti SaSxana ar arsebobda, Tanac yvela maTgani ar
iyo sabrZolo mdgomareobaSi da tyvia-wamalic ar iSoveboda.88
glexebis moZraobaSi miwaTmflobelTa reaqcias SeuZlia protesti
amboxebad aqcios, amboxeba ki _ Zaladobad. gurul miwaTmflobelebs,
raki Seudareblad didi Zalis pirispir aRmoCndnen, winaaRmdegoba ar
gauweviaT. v.a. staroselski werda, rom Secdoma iqneboda imis daSveba,
rom privilegirebulma fenebma nabayoflobiT daTmes Tavisi uflebebi,
magram saerTo ganwyoba iseTi iyo, rom mxolod ramdenime TavzexelaReb-
uli Tu iTxovda Tavisas, danarCenebi ki, vinc moaxerxa, qalaqebSi gaiqc-
neno.89 magram, Cveulebriv, memamulesTan xerxdeboda SeTanxmebis miRweva.
iSviaT SemTxvevaSi, roca glexebi miwas epatronebodnen, amas sisxlis-
Rvra ar mohyveboda xolme. zogi wvrili memamule amboxebas SeuerTda.
maTi Svilebi ki aqtiurad monawiloebdnen moZraobaSi, rogorc `studen-
tebi~ an `propagandistebi~. social-demokratTa guruli liderebi, maga-

liTad, noe Jordania, ZiriTadad wvril memamuleTa fenidan iyvnen.
1905 weli quTaisis guberniaSi Taviseburi dinamikiT xasiaTdeboda,
rac ruseTis movlenebisgan damoukideblad viTardeboda. rogorc maz-
ris prokurorma aRniSna, 1905 wlis TebervlisTvis mTeli ozurgeTis
mazra moeqca, [guriis] komitetis sruli kontrolis qveS. es ramdenime
TviT adre xdeboda, vidre zafxul-Semodgomis revoluciuri movle-
nebi daiwyeboda ruseTsa da baltiispireTSi. mazris prokurori werda,
rom mTavrobis mier daniSnulma yvela Tanamdebobis pirma da soflis
administraciamac mazris xelmZRvanelobas ganucxada, rom saqmianobis
gagrZeleba aRar SeeZlo. . . da uari Tqva movaleobebis Sesrulebaze.90
1905 wlis dasawyisisTvis ozurgeTis mazris policiis rva oficridan
erTi mokles, erTi daiWra, ori iqaurobas gaecala da oTxic gadadga.91
guriis komitetis Tavmjdomare benia CxikviSvili cnobili gaxda, rogorc
`guriis prezidenti~ an `guriis mefe~. viqtor taratuta aRniSnavda, rom
guriis mxare . . . calke respublikad iqca, sadac policiis Zalaufleba
ver aRwevdao.92
xanZrebi seriozul problemad iqca. glexebis umTavresi samizne adgi-
lobrivi administraciis Senobebi (sadac miwis dokumentacia inaxeboda)
da policiis ganyofilebebi iyo. ramdenime teroristuli aqti uSualod
social-demokratebis monawileobiT moxda. zogjer social-demokrate-
bi `saSinao davalebas~ SecdomebiT asrulebdnen da udanaSaulo adami-
anebs xocavdnen. 1904 wlis ianvarSi Catarebul guriis social-demokra-
tiuli organizaciebis meore konferenciam gaurkveveli pozicia daikava
teroris mimarT da ganacxada, rom Tavisi arsiT is arc dasaZraxi iyo, da
arc revoluciuri.93 magram roca terorma gansakuTrebuli masStabebi mi-
iRo 1905 wlis SemodgomisTvis, guriis komitetma akrZala iaraRis tare-
ba misi nebarTvis gareSe. da mainc, terori Tu teroris SiSi, boikotebis
ganxorcielebis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebad rCeboda da rom moendome-
binaT kidec,komitetebi teroris aRmofxvras ver SeZlebdnen.
glexebis moTxovnebi
1905 wlis 28 Tebervals aRdgenil iqna mefisnacvalis Tanamdeboba

(gauqmda 1882 wels) da am Tanamdebobaze dainiSna grafi voroncov-daS-
kovi, liberaluri Sexedulebebis aristokrati, romelic filipe maxara-
Zem daaxasiaTa, rogorc àvtokratiis yvelaze gonieri warmomadgeneli

kavkasiaSi~. saqarTveloSi CamosvlisTanave vononcov-daSkovma ganacxa-
da, rom mxolod miwasTan dakavSirebuli damokidebulebis [glexebisa me-
mamuleebze] saswrafo gauqmebas SeeZlo mSvidobisa da siwynaris safuZ-
vlis Seqmna im regionebSi, sadac glexebi amboxebulni arian da aRekveTa
msgavsi movlenebis gameoreba kavkasiis sxva regionebSi.94 man vilaris
ganucxada, rom guriis moZraobas sikeTiT CaaxSobda. voroncov-daS-
kovma gaaTavisuflebina quTaisis guberniaSi administraciuli wesiT
dakavebuli yvela patimari da Tavis TanaSemwed samoqalaqo departa-
mentSi daniSna aseve liberalurad moazrovne n.a. sultan krim-girei,
kavkasiis sasoflo-sameurneo sazogadoebis warCinebuli wevri.95 vo-
roncov-daSkovis saqarTveloSi Camosvlamde krim-gireim guriaSi imog-
zaura glexebis gaWirvebis Sesaswavlad. mis Casvlas kidev erTi mizani
hqonda _ glexebisTvis unda Seetyobinebina, rom maTi yvela kanonieri
da samarTliani moTxovna, mTavari administratoris kompetenciisa da
Zalauflebis farglebSi, umal dakmayofildeboda.96 krim-gireis axld-
nen wamyvani gazeTebis Jurnalistebi, maT Soris `mogzaurisac~. gauqmda
reportaJebze dawesebuli akrZalvebi. krim-girei guriis Tormeti sof-
lis Tems ewvia. misma mogzaurobam glexebis moTxovnebis garkveuli le-
gitimacia moaxdina da Tan social-demokratebs propagandis SesaZle-
bloba misca.
glexebis moTxovnebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg filipe maxaraZe werda,
rom guriaSi krim-gireis misiam . . . moZraobis naperwkali iseT regionebSi
gadaitana, sadac adre araferi smenodaTo.97 1905 wlis martisTvis, mRel-
vareba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic gavrcelda da krim-girei gaiwvies.
miuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobda utyuari monacemebi imis Sesaxeb, rom
glexebis Sexvedrebsa da gamosvlebs social-demokratebi uZRvebod-
nen, krim-gireis mogzaurobam amboxebis mizezebi gamoamzeura. T. JRen-
tis Tanaxmad, moTxovnebic ganxiluli hqondaT da delegatebic Ser-
Ceuli hyavdaT krim-gireis Camosvlamde, formaluri arCevnebi mis gamo
Catarda. delegatTagan erTerTi -yovelTvis iyo sando propagandisti.
miuxedavad amisa, roca Sexvedrebis dros glexebi spontanurad erTve-
bodnen, saubarSi cxadi xdeboda, rom bevri maTgani politikurad Zalze
gacnobierebuli iyo.
rogorc wesi, krim-gireis ekonomikuri da politikuri moTxovnebis
nazaviT xvdebodnen. tipur magaliTi iyo „jvarcmis~ Temis kreba, ro-
melsac aTasamde adamiani daeswro. wardgenili moTxovnebi mTlianad ga-

moaqveyna „mogzaurma~:
1. glexebs daubrundes usamarTlod mokrebili fuli [ganTavisu-

flebis gadasaxadi];
2. `droebiT valdebuli~ glexebi TavianTi nakveTebis SenarCunebiT
yovelgvari Semdgomi gadasaxadis gareSe gaTavisufldnen;
3. `xizans~ mieces Tavisi miwa;
4. moxdes eklesiis, saxazino da msxvili memamuleebis miwebis konfis-
kacia;
5. SemoRebul iqnes progresuli gadasaxadi nulovani gadasaxadiT
maTTvis, visi wliuri Semosavali xuTi aTas maneTze naklebi iyo;
6. gauqmdes faruli gadasaxadebi da tarifebi
7. eklesia da saxelmwifo gancalkevdnen;
8. arsebobdes ufaso, savaldebulo ganaTleba 16 wlis asakamde;
9. arsebobdes sityvis, beWdvis, Sekrebis Tavisufleba da gaficvis
ufleba;
10. pirovnebisa da ojaxis xelSeuxebloba aucilebelia;
11. gauqmdes qveynis Sida sapasporto sistema;
12. gauqmdes regularuli jari;
13. sasamarTlo da administraciis warmomadgenlebi xalxis winaSe unda
iyvnen pasuxismgebelni;
14. dabrunebis neba daerToT administraciul gadasaxlebaSi myof
pirebs;
15. mowveuli iqnes damfuZnebeli kreba.98
ganxilvebis dros cxadi xdeboda, ra problemebi awuxebda glexebs

yvelaze metad. prioritetuli ekonomikuri moTxovnebi gaxldaT. maga-
liTisTvis, sofel baxvSi yvelaze mZime tvirTad saxelmwifo gadasaxade-
bi da `drami~ ganixileboda. soflis macxovrebeli glexebi Ciodnen imis
Taobaze, rom mxolod maT ekisrebodaT gzebis, eklesiebisa da saTemo
Senobebis Senaxva. isini gmobdnen saaqcizo gadasaxads arayze da ga-
dasaxadebs navTsa da Saqarze da amiss garda, iTxovdnen `TavianTi~ mi-
webis dabrunebas.
jarSi gawveva metad arapopularuli iyo. arcTu iSviaTad glexebi
iTxovdnen, rom guruli axalwveulebi guriaSive darCeniliyvnen. amave
dros, nacionalizmis da antirusuli ganwyobis aranairi niSani ar SeimC-

neoda. gurulTa umravlesoba moiTxovda, rom dawyebiT skolebSi swav-
la qarTulad warmarTuliyo, magram saSualo da zeda doneze swavlebis
enad rusuli undodaT. `RmerTma dagvifaros~ – acxadebda erT-erTi
sasoflo Temi _ `Cven ar gvsurs sakuTari mefe da arc ruseTidan gamo-
yofa gvinda . . . Cven mxolod imas viTxovT, rom rusuli wesebi CvenTanac
SemoiRon~.99 guria TurqeTis sazRvarTan mdebareobda da gurulebs ga-
rantad mahmadiani mtrebis winaaRmdeg ruseTi egulebodaT. krim-gireis
misiis marcxi glexebis radikalurma moTxovnebma ganapiroba. rogorc
TviTon aRniSna, gurul glexebs safrangeTis konstituciac ki ver daak-
mayofilebdao. miuxedavad amisa, guriidan dabrunebis Semdeg, 8 marts,
krim-gireim winadadeba daayena oTxi reforma gatarebuliyo. kerZod,
adgilobrivi arCevnebis SemoReba daniSvnebis magier, mTavrobis mier
daxuruli biblioTekebis aRdgena, administraciuli wesiT gadasaxle-
bulTa dabruneba da jaris gayvana. voroncov-daSkovma saqarTveloSi
CamosvlisTanave Seasrula pirveli ori winadadeba da quTaisis cixeebi-
dan gaaTavisuflebina administraciuli brZanebiT dapatimrebuli daax-
loebiT 120 patimari.100
caristuli politika
1905 wlis ivlisSi voroncov-daSkovma vladimir staroselski quTai-

sis gubernatorad daniSna. staroselskis moskovSi hqonda agronomia nas-
wavli. man didi aqtiuroba gamoiCina 1880-iani wlebis bolos filoqseras-
Tan brZolis dros saqarTveloSi. staroselskim daaarsa mebaReobis
saswavlebeli da kvleviTi sadguri quTaisis SemogarenSi. vononcov-daS-
kovma 44 wlis ufrosi agronomi staroselski kavkasiis miwaTsargeblobisa
da sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis mTavari administraciidan wamoiyvana.
vononcov-daSkovi riskze midioda. staroselski `qarTvelofili~ iyo da
bevri megobari hyavda radikalurad ganwyobili qarTuli inteligenciis
wreebSi. misi saxli ramdenimejer gaCxrika policiam. sanam daniSvnaze
daTanxmdeboda, staroselskim voroncov-daSkovs garkveuli pirobebis
Sesruleba moTxova. kerZod, sagangebo mdgomareobis gauqmeba, xelisu-
flebis warmomadgenelTa Tavnebobis aRkveTa da administraciuli wesiT
dapatimrebebisTvis wertilis dasma. igi mouwodebda mTavrobas, Semoe-
Ro arCeviTi sasamarTloebi, gamoeCina mimtevebloba iseTi SemTxvevebis

mimarT rac adamianis sicocxles an qonebas ar emuqreboda, da polici-
isagan mTeli simkacriT moeTxova brZanebebisadmi damorCileba. dabo-
los, mas surda rac SeiZleba swrafad SemoRebuliyo `zemstvo,~ rogorc
sistema. mis moTxovnebs reagireba mohyva _ sagangebo mdgomareoba gau-
qmda, rionis saZulveli samxedro nawili guriidan gaiyvanes da Camoyal-
ibda kavkasiaSi zemstvos Semqmneli komisia. masSi Sevidnen opoziciuri
partiebis warmomadgenlebi, maT Soris social-demokratebic.101 staro-
selskim glexebis moZraobis daubrkoleblad ganviTarebas Seuwyo xeli
guriaSi. filipe maxaraZe ixsenebda, rom man àranairi zomebi ar miiRo
revolucionerebisa da propagandistebis winaaRmdeg~, da ufro metic,
`maTi dacvis survilic gamoamJRavna~.102 qarTvelebi mas `wiTel guber-
nators~, an ubralod `Cven lados~ eZaxdnen. policiidan ganuwyvetlad
modioda masze saCivrebis nakadi. werdnen, rom igi eswreboda revolu-
cionerebis Sexvedrebs, aTavisuflebda patimrebs da wiTeli droSebiT
morTuli matarebliT mgzavrobda. urataZe axasiaTebda mas, rogorc
`WeSmariti inteligenciis nihilist warmomadgenels~ da ufro ìdeal-
ists, vidre administrators.~103 xmebi staroselskis saqmianobis Ses-
axeb sankt-peterburgSic Cavida. Sinagan saqmeTa ministri p.n. durnovo
nikoloz II-s atyobinebda, rom staroselski èWvmitanili iyo gurul
moZraobaSi Segnebulad monawileobaSi.~104 1906 wlis ianvarSi nikolozis
brZanebiT staroselski gaaTavisufles dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan.105
1905 wlis zafxulisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos
TiTqmis yvela mazraSi `sagangebo usafrTxoebis` mdgomareoba iyo ga-
mocxadebuli, soflebi amboxebulTa xelSi gadavida. quTaisis guberniis
rkinigzis Jandarmeriis ufrosi Tavis ivnisis Tvis moxsenebaSi ajanyebas
` wyliT savse did boilers~ adarebda, romelic hermetiulad aris daxu-
fuli da did cecxlze dgas. eWvgareSea, rom sabolood boileris kedle-
bi ver gauZleben orTqlis wnevas . . . da raki sxva gasasvleli ar aqvs...
[boileri] gamanadgurebeli afeTqebis Sedegad namsxvrevebad iqceva.106
noemberSi rkinigzisa da telegrafis muSebis gaficvebma dasavleT
saqarTvelo mTlianad mokveTes aRmosavleTs da vidre samTavrobo Zalebi
1906 wlis ianvarSi ar daikavebdnen dasavleT saqarTvelos TbilisTan
damakavSirebel suramis sarkinigzo gvirabs, guriis komitetis nebarT-
vis gareSe verc erTi matarebeli ver gadioda quTaisis guberniisken.
mefisnacvlis administraciaSi mozRvavebuli oficialuri angariSebi
ityobineboda SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmebis Sesaxeb policiis ganyofile-

bebze, sasamarTlodan TanamSromelTa gaZevebisa da mosamarTle-magis-
tratebis mkvlelobis faqtebze, imperiis simbolikis Seuracxyofasa da
saxelmwifo gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobis SemTxvevebze. adgilobrivi xe-
lisuflebis warmomadgenlebi`gadamwyveti zomebis~ miRebas iTxovdnen,
maT Soris samxedro nawilebis Semoyvanas. oqtomberSi mefem manifesti
gamoaqveyna, romelSic reformebis gatarebas iqadneboda. liberalurma
kavkasiurma administraciam es faqti sakuTari politikis mxardaWerad
aRiqva. imave wels generali Sirinkini moaxsenebda sankt-peterburgs:
ra mizeziTac ar unda iyos gamowveuli ajanyeba, imis magier, rom uxe-

Si Zalis meSveobiT CavaxSoT, Cven unda vcadoT da regionis macxovre-
blebi davawynaroT 17 oqtombris manifestis Sesabamisad. . . kavkasiis
centralur administracias yovelTvis unda axsovdes, rom mas nebi-
smier dros SeuZlia daamarcxos guria samxedro Zalis gamoyenebiT,
magram xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma isic unda gaiTvaliswinon . .
. [rom]. . . guriaSi gatarebuli sisxliani represiebi marto kavkasiaSi
ki ar gamoiwvevs protestebs, aramed mTels ruseTSi.107
miuxedavad amgvari mimtevebluri damokidebulebisa, revoluciuri

muxti gavrcelda aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gorisa da duSeTis mazreb-
Sic. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi glexebis sapro-
testo gamosvlebs arasodes miuRwevia guriisa da dasavleT saqarTvelos
organizaciuli donisTvis, maTi gamosvlebi mainc seriozul safrTxes
uqmnida xelisuflebas.108 glexebma SeiaraRebuli erTeulebi Seqmnes
da 1905 wlis gazafxulidan dawyebuli oficialuri angariSebi xe-tyis
ukanono Wrisa da gadasaxadebis gadauxdelobis Sesaxeb TviTmmarTv-
elobis moTxovniT mowyobil xmaurian mitingebze gaxSirda da maTSi sul
ufro didi sasowarkveTa igrZoboda.109
moxda araerTi Setakeba kazakebTan, rasac msxverpli mohyva orive
mxares. saprotesto gamosvlebi naklebad efeqturi iyo aRmosavleT
saqarTveloSi. glexebi aq ufro met miwas flobdnen, xolo somexi da
àzerbaijaneli~ glexebi moZraobisadmi nakleb interess amJRavnebdnen.
gaSlili sivrce ufro mosaxerxebeli iyo kazakebisTvis ieriSis gansa-
xorcieleblad, samTavrobo Zalebi metic iyo da axlosac. es faqtorebi
ubiZgebda adgilobriv Tavadaznaurobas, rom maT sakuTari SeiaraRebu-
li milicia SeeqmnaT Tavdacvis mizniT. voroncov-daSkovi aRmosavleT

saqarTveloSic iseve araTanamimdevrulad iqceoda areulobis dros,
rogorc guriaSi. pirvelad man informaciis Sesagroveblad general-
adiutanti Tavadi z.g. WavWavaZe kaxeTSi, xolo general-adiutanti Tava-
di i.g. amilaxvari gorsa da duSeTSi miavlina ivlisis TveSi. imave xanebSi
mefisnacvalma proklamaciebi daabeWdina, romlebSic scada samarTliani
pretenziebi (droebiT valdebulebasTan, saZovrebiTa da tyiT sarge-
blobasTan, saeklesio gadasaxadTan da adgilobriv administraciaSi
korufciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebze) daedgina. erT TveSi, roca
dainaxa, rom aman Sedegi ver moitana, voroncov-daSkovma polkovnik
alftans ubrZana, fexosanTa daxmarebiT yvela zoma mieRo duSeTsa da
gorSi wesrigis aRsadgenad. oriode Tvis Semdeg, noemberSi ki amnistia
gamoucxada im pirebs, vinc polkovnikma alftanma admnistraciuli wesiT
daapatimra an ruseTSi gadaasaxla.110
oqtombris bolos samTavrobo nawilebsa da SeiaraRebul glexebs So-
ris momxdari Setakebis dros, nasakiralSi moklul iqna 14 kazaki.111 vo-
roncov-daSkovma, romlis mdgomareoba nervul kriziss uaxlovdeboda,
general-maior alaxanov-avarskis guriaSi meamboxeebis ganadgureba da
wesrigis damyareba ubrZana. magram staroselskisa da Tbilisis inteli-
genciis Carevis Semdeg mefisnacvalma jari ukan gamoiwvia. guriam kidev
erTxel amoisunTqa SvebiT. Tbilisidan wamosul staroselskis rkinigzis
yvela sadgurze qalebi egebebodnen anTebuli sanTlebiT. wlebis Semdeg
is am dRes ixsenebda, rogorc yvelaze bedniers Tavis cxovrebaSi.
noemberSi gurulma social-demokratebma mesame yriloba moiwvies,
raTa TavianTi taqtika ganexilaT oqtombris manifestis WrilSi. atyda
dava imis Taobaze, unda gauqmebuliyo Tu ara boikotebi. gauqmebis mxar-
damWerebi amtkicebdnen, rom social-demokratebis administraciuli
saqmianoba maT mxardaWeras ukargavda. isini ki, vinc gauqmebas ewina-
aRmdegeboda, acxadebdnen, rom mTavrobisTvis Zalauflebis dabruneba
Ralati iqneboda. saboloo rezoluciaSi mxareebi SeTanxmdnen, rom im
SemTxvevaSi SeewyvitaT boikoti, Tu oqtombris manifesti Sesruldeboda.
amis garda, yrilobam gadawyvita, rom iaraRis SesaZenad da Sesagroveblad
centraluri organo Seqmniliyo. noemberSi ki maTi yuradReba qalaqebze
gadaerTo. baTumSi barikadebi imarTeboda, quTaisSi rkinigza da te-
legrafi amboxebulebis xelSi gadavida, Tbilisi ki sayovelTao gafic-
vis mosawyobad emzadeboda dekemberis TveSi.
dasasruli
dekembris bolos xmebi gavrcelda moskovSi muSaTa gamosvlebis dam-

arcxebis Sesaxeb. imave TveSi CaaxSes muSebis amboxi TbilisSic. am gamar-
jvebam da Sinagan saqmeTa ministris miTiTebebma gadamwyveti zomebis
miRebis Taobaze, kavkasiis mmarTveloba gamoacocxla. TiTqmis mTels
saqarTveloSi gamocxadda `saomari mdgomareoba~. 5 ianvars, general-
maiori alixanov-avarski quTaisis guberniis mmarTvelis movaleobis
droebiT Semsruleblad gamoacxades.
alixanov-avarskis brZanebebi samTavrobo dawesebulebebis aRdge-
nas, komitetebis daSlas da SeiaraRebuli jgufebis ganadgurebas da yve-
las daxvretas iTvaliswinebda, vinc winaaRmdegobas gawevda.112 guriis
komitetma samxedro Zalebis Cayeneba gadawyvita suramis uReltexilT-
an, iq, sadac mTebi yofen aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos. mTebis
qveS gamavali gvirabi blokirebul iqna. magram alixanov-avarskis jaris
gaCereba ver moxerxda da ukve 9 ianvars is quTaiss akontrolebda. gu-
berniaSi mis gadaadgilebas xanZari, darbeva da egzekuciebi mohyveboda;
man daapatimra staroselski da didZali dacvis TanxlebiT TbilisSi
gaagzavna.
alixanov-avarskim mosaxleobas 17 moTxovna wauyena. is brZanebda:
gadauxdeli gadasaxadebis gadaxdas, gadamwvari samTavrobo Senobebis
aRdgenas, miwaTmflobelebis mimarT boikotis Sewyvetas da mouwoda
dezertirebsa da revolucionerebs danebebisken. amas garda, alixanov-
avarskim gaafrTxila yvela, rom jariskacebis mimarT nebismier upativ
cemulobas tyvia mohyveboda.113
Semdgomi sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi Crdilokavkasieli tomebis STamoma-
valma gurulebis mier, `lek SurismaZieblad~ wodebulma alixanov-avars-
kim sruliad gaanadgura guria. cnobilia, rom Crdilokavkasieli tomebis
damarcxebaSi kavkasiis omebis dros qarTvelebsac miuZRodaT wili.
social-demokratebis gazeTi `ganTiadi~ 1906 wlis martSi iuwyeboda:
guriaSi amJamad saSineleba trialebs. . . qalaqi ozurgeTi aRar arsebobs..
. . soflebSi asobiT saxli nacartutad aris qceuli, xolo Tuki vinmes
saxli gadarCenila dawvas, yovelnairi sakvebi da simindi momsparia.~114
evgeni gegeWkori, social-demokratebis deputati quTaisis guberniidan
mesame dumaSi, acxadebda, rom 1906 wels guriis rvaTviani okupaciis dros
aRiricxa 80,000 maneTis jarima da gadamwvari 381 saxli da 400 maRazia.115
1906 wlis Tebervlis SuaxanebisTvis guriaSi ganlagebuli saokupacio

Zalebi moicavda Tormet batalions, tyviamfrqvevebiT aRWurvil Tor-
met rotas da kazakebis cxra eskadrons. guriis wiTeli SenaerTebi amgvar
Zalas ver umklavdebodnen. social-demokratebis komitetebma glexebs
mouwodes, rom winaaRmdegoba SeewyvitaT. 1906 wlis martisTvis `wes-
rigi~ aRdgenil iqna. social-demokratebis gazeTi èlva~ sevdianad iu-
wyeboda imave Tves: guruli, romelic amayad aRudga win biurokratiis
gaumarTlebel qmedebebs, dRes TavCaqindruli, xelSi samferi droSiT
da xelisuflis portretiT, `pur-mariliT~ esalmebao Tavis sisxlian
mters...116 guriis `gawmendis~ operacia 1907 welsac gagrZelda. 1906 wlis
agvistoSi SemoRebul iqna samxedro tribunalebi. voroncov-daSkovis
cnobiT, saqarTveloSi ori wlis manZilze savele samxedro tribunalebma
73 adamians miusajes sikvdili, 62-s katorRuli Sroma da 4-s gadasaxle-
ba. am sasikvdilo ganaCenTa ricxvSi ar Sedioda Cveulebrivi samxedro
tribunalebis mier gamotanili sasikvdilo ganaCeni. imave periodis gan-
mavlobaSi mxolod Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebidan TiTqmis xuTi
aTasi adamiani iqna administraciuli wesiT gadasaxlebuli.117 1906 wels
damyarebuli wesrigi sakmaod myife iyo, magram òxrankis~ kavkasiis uw-
yebis Sefi polkovniki babuSkini 1906 wlis moxsenebaSi iuwyeboda: ram-
denime wlis ganmavlobaSi gadauxdeli gadasaxadebi amJamad ikribeba. . .
revoluciuri moZraobis meTaurTa umravlesoba, iseve, rogorc guriis
komitetTan daaxloebuli pirebi, daSlilebi ariano.118 mTavrobis sawi-
naaRmdego trerori 1906-1907 wlebSic gagrZelda, magram guriis respub-
lika ukve aRar arsebobda.119
daskvna
guris respublikis waramteba marqsis ideebis siZlieris damsaxureba

ar yofila.120 guruli glexebi morwmuneebi iyvnen da fics xatze debdnen.
isini gulgatexili miwaTmflobelebi iyvnen, romlebsac surdaT kanoni-
erad dapatronebodnen miwas. studentebis ideebi imitom xiblavdaT, rom
studentebi maT samarTlianobisa da samarTlis Sesaxeb esaubrebodnen;
isini glexebs axali samyaros Seqmnas hpirdebodnen, sadac adamiani pa-
tiosani SromiT SeZlebda pativiscemis mopovebas. studentebi maT met
miwas da saxelmwifo gadasaxadebisa da memamuleebisTvis gadasaxdeli
begaris mospobasac hpirdebodnen; aseve SromiTi Ralis anu jariskacebis

sadgomebisa da skolebis, adgilobrivi administraciis, eklesiebisa da
xidebis SenaxvisTvis aucilebeli cxenis, urmisa da drois Tanabrad ga-
nawilebas glexebsa da memamuleebs Soris. studentebi glexebs TviTm-
marTvelobaze esaubrebodnen, magram ruseTis patronaJis daukargavad,
gasageb enaze skolaSi swavlis SesaZleblobaze (Tumca glexebs isic sur-
daT, rom maT Svilebs rusulic eswavlaT) da mSvidobaze. gurias adrec
hqonda okupacia gamocdili, ocdaxuTi wlis win, 1877-1878 wlebis ru-
seT-TurqeTis omis dros da gurulebs mezobeli aWaridan Tavdasxmis
SiSi jerac ar ganelebodaT.
magram amgvari SiSi Tu ukmayofileba qarTveli glexebisTvis aT-
wleulebis manZilze Cveuli gaxda. mainc rogor moxda, rom 1902-1905
wlebis guriis moZraoba kargad organizebuli, mZlavri da gamZle aR-
moCnda? Cven ukve ganvixileT iseTi faqtorebi, rogoric iyo industri-
uli centrebis siaxlove, qalaqebidan dabrunebuli sezonuri muSebis
zegavlena, SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegobis tradiciis arseboba, Sedar-
ebiT maRali kulturuli done, bolo wlebis dabali mosavlianoba da
gadasaxadebis zrda. kidev ra kritikuli faqtorebi arsebobda? pirvel
rigSi, es iyo regionis geografiuli periferiuloba: politikuri cen-
trisgan daSorebam gaaadvila cxovrebis gansxvavebuli wesebis Camoya-
libeba da gaaRrmava solidarobis grZnoba, imavdroulad Seasusta mTav-
robis swrafad moqmedebis unari. organizaciuli xasiaTis problemebma,
rac 1904-1905 wlebSi Seeqmna mTavrobas guriaSi, social-demokratebs
winaaRmdegobis mosamzadeblad dro misca. meore, kavkasiis administra-
cia voroncov-daSkovis meTaurobiT gadawyvetilebebs Znelad iRebda.
is mefisnacvlis liberalur instinqtebsa da alixanov-avarskis msgavsi
samxedro generlebis meomrul instinqtebs Soris meryeobda. voroncov-
daSkovis gadawyvetilebam, rom regionSi sulTan krim-girei gaegzavna da
quTaisis gubernatorad staroselski daeniSna, moZraobis politizacia
moaxdina da is adreuli samxdro Carevisgan daicva. mesame, gurulebis
kuTxuri TviTSegnebis Zlieri grZnoba kidev ufro ganamtkica social-
uri, ekonomikuri da eTnikuri erTgvarovnebis maRalma donem. qarTve-
li social-demokratebis liderebi _ noe Jordania, silva jiblaZe,
isidore ramiSvili, karlo CxeiZe _ adgilobrivi guruli axalgazrdebi
iyvnen, xolo bevri sxva _ rogorc grigol urataZe, adgilobrivi glexe-
bi. ziarma regionulma identurobam safuZveli Seuqmna urTierTndobas
da amave dros, social-demokratebs bevrad ukeTesad gaaazrebina gu-

rulebis specifikuri saWiroebebi da prioritetebi. meoTxe, glexobis
60%-s guriaSi mcire da damoukidebeli meurneebi (fermerebi) iyvnen.
marTalia bevri maTgani Tavadaznaurebisgan ijariT aRebul miwaze iyo
damokidebuli, magram boikotis dros finansurad sakmaod damoukide-
blebi iyvnen sezonuri samuSaosa da damatebiTi fuladi Semosavlebis
(aryisa da abreSumis warmoebisgan) xarjze. marTlac glexebis siRatake
rom yofiliyo ajanyebis mTavari mizezi, rasac bevri Tanamedrove amt-
kicebs, albaT es Caklavda ajanyebas. glexebis xangrZlivi amboxeba bev-
rad ufro savaraudoa imaTgan, vinc memamuleTa uSualo kontrols ar
eqvemdebareba, vidre damokidebuli, Rataki da umiwo glexebisgan.121
mexuTec, da albaT yvelaze mniSvnelovania _ guria ver miaRwevda aseT
grZelvadian warmatebas social-demokratebis Carevis gareSe. zogjer
glexebi TavianT xelSi iRebdnen iniciativas da mTlianad uaryofdnen
social-demokratebis liderobas, magram social-demokratebi, romle-
bic garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi gmobdnen glexur moZraobas, rogorc
àramarqsistuls~, sabolood amboxebis warmatebis gadamwyvet faqto-
rad iqcnen. maTi roli gadamwyveti aRmoCnda mas mere, rac qarTvelma
social-demokratebma garedan moxveuli agraruli programa uaryves.
maT glexebis moTxovnebi gaiTvaliswines. raJden arseniZe ixsenebda: Cven
vibrZodiT, rom Segvemsubuqebina da Segvemcirebina gadasaxadebi. es iyo
yvelaze mniSvnelovani ram. Cven im azrs vuwevdiT propagandas, rom bo-
los da bolos mTeli miwa glexebis sakuTrebaSi unda gadavides _ anu
imaT xelSi, vinc miwas amuSavebs. miwa imas, vinc mas amuSavebs _ es iyo
Cveni lozungi.122
social-demokratebi guriis respublikis warmatebis gadamwyvet Zala
iyo, magram guriis respublikasac sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda Tavad
qarTuli social-demokratiisTvis. guriam gardaqmna rsdmp-is qarTuli
ganyofileba erovnul organizaciad da uzrunvelyo Zlieri baziT, ra-
mac qarTvel social-demokratebs rsdmp-is farglebSi araproporci-
ulad gavleniani xma moapovebina. guriis respublikas qarTveli social-
demokratebi im dilemis erT-erTi gadamwyvetad xedavdnen, ris winaSec
marqsisti revolucionerebi idgnen soflis sazogadoebasTan damokide-
bulebaSi. iseve, rogorc georg fon volmari da germaniis social-de-
mokratiuli partiis bavariuli ganyofileba da avstrieli social-de-
mokratebi, ociode wlis Semdeg, qarTveli social-demokratebic imas
amtkicebdnen, rom Raribi da saSualo glexoba naklebad gansxvavdeboda

proletariatisgan da siRaribisa da uZlurebis beds maTsave iziarebda.
rsdmp-is wevrTa umravlesoba qarTvelTa midgomas ise uyurebda, ro-
gorc eserebis msgavs eress. eserebis msgavsad qarTveli social-de-
mokratebic propagandas uwevdnen `mSromelTa saxalxo revoluciis~
koncefcias (народная революция), rac glexobis sxvadasxva fenasac da
qalaqel `meSCanebsac~ moicavda. magram gansxvavebiT eserebisgan da maT
mier mxardaWerili socializaciis principisgan, qarTveli social-de-
mokratebi mxars uWerdnen miwis privatizacias, romelic maTi rwmeniT
warmoSobda burJuaziul (da ara socialisturs) revolucias soflad.
qarTveli social-demokratebis mier arCeuli kursi Teoriuli dis-
kusiebis produqti ar iyo, es adgilobrivi moTxovnilebebiT gamowveu-
li pragmatuli pasuxi gaxldaT. amgvari moqniloba gakveTili iyo rusi
menSevikebisaTvis, visTvisac glexobis SesaZleblobebis arasaTanadod
fataluri Secdoma aRmoCnda. lenins ki mxedvelobidan ar gamorCenia qa-
rTveli social-demokratebis guriaSi warmatebis mniSvneloba. miuxeda-
vad imisa, rom misi saboloo mizani miwis nacionalizacia iyo, is mixvda,
Tu ratom iTxovdnen qarTvelebi aseTi SeupovrobiT glexobis CarTvas
social-demokratebis revoluciur strategiaSi. gansxvavebiT sxva ru-
suli marqsistuli moZraobebisgan 1917 wlamde, garda baltiispireTis
socialisturi moZraobisa, qarTveli social-demokratebi propagandas
uwevdnen glexTa masebis socialistur organizebas. es warmateba, iseve
rogorc baltiispireTSi, dakavSirebuli iyo koloniur konteqstTan da
adgilobriv pirobebTan. magram qarTvelma social-demokratebma pirve-
li prototipi Seqmnes glexobaze dafuZnebuli erovnul-gamanTavisu-
flebeli moZraobisa, rac 1917 wlis Semdgom centraluri gaxda leninis
antikoloniuri politikisTvis da romelic meoce saukunis revoluciur
politikaSi dominirebda.
40 wlis noe Jordania, daaxloebiT 1914 weli.
tiflisis policiis arqividan
irakli wereTeli axalgazrdobisas
akaki Cxenkeli, `dumis~ deputati

karlo CxeiZe, `dumis~ deputati
axalgazrda noe ramiSvili. tiflisis policiis arqividan

evgeni gegeWkori, `dumis~ deputati
filipe maxaraZe, axalgazrda Teoretikosi bolSeviki

tiflisis Teologiuri seminari, 1905
baTumis xedi, 1900
metexis eklesia da cixe
qalaq tiflisis `dumis~ palata kazakebis Setevis Semdeg
1905wlis 29 agvistos
tiflisis mTavar sarkinigzo depoSi muSaTa gaficvis Sedegad

gadabrunebuli matarebeli, 1905 weli
erevnis moedanze cnobili demonstracia, 1917 wlis TebervalSi
jariskacTa Sexvedra TurqeTis frontze, 1917 wlis Tebervali

muSa da glexTa deputatebis pirveli regionuli kavkasiuri sabWo, 1917 wlis 31 maisi. mesame rigSi marjvnidan
meaTe WaRara wveriT aris noe Jordania. misgan marjvniv mexuTe _ akaki Cxenkeli;
meeqvse _ noe ramiSvili. pirvel rigSi marjvnidan meoTxe xeljoxiT aris silva jiblaZe
207
T a vi 7
1 9900 5 w e li:
li : d a m s x v r e u li
l i o c n e b e bi
bi
`mitingebisa da mimarTvebis epoqa~ _ ase daaxasiaTa `kavkazma~ 1905

weli.1 dekemberSi muSebis damarcxebis miuxedavad es weliwadi qarTuli
social-demokratiis Tvis triumfaluri gamodga. am wels damtkicda,
rom qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraoba erovnulic da interna-
cionaluric iyo. imavdroulad, man erovnuli da kulturis sakiTxebis
irgvliv gaaerTiana qarTvelebi da SeZlo anticaristuli frontis mo-
bilizeba, romelSic somexi vaWrebi, qarTveli glexebi da rusi muSebi
Sediodnen. social-demokratia qarTvelebisTvis erovnuli kultur-
isTvis brZolas niSnavda, inteligenciisTvis _ demokratiisTvis, xolo
muSebisa da glexebisTvis _ ekonomikisTvis brZolas. am sami frontis
gaerTianebam qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraoba farTo masebis
socialistur organizaciad aqcia. qarTvelma social-demokratebma Ta-
visi Zalaufleba mTel rig institutebSi daamkvidres, saqalaqo sabWoe-
bidan dawye buli da saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebebiTa da profesiuli
kavSirebiT damTavrebuli, rac aSkara gamowveva iyo caristuli reJimis
oficiozisa TiTqmis yvela doneze. rusi socialisturi organizaciebi-
sgan gansxvavebiT isini aqtiurad uWerdnen mxars buliginis muSaobas
dumaSi.2 isini ganagrZobdnen glexebTan muSaobas maTi partiaSi gawevri-
anebis mizniT da qalaqel vaWrebsac da xelosnebsac farTod gauRes or-
ganizaciis kari. magram, amave dros, qarTvelma social-demokratebma
teroristuli saqmianoba gaaaqtiures da propagandas uwevdnen iaraRis
gamoyenebas revoluciis dasacavad.
qarTvelebis damokidebuleba glexobisadmi da maT mier teror-
istuli saqmianobis TanagrZnoba axlos iyo leninur ideebTan, xolo
liberalebTan TanamSromloba da arCevnebSi monawileoba menSevikuri
taqtikis mTavar xazs misdevda. 1905 wlisTvis ukve ikveTeboda sxvaoba
bolSevikebsa da menSevikebs Soris, magram am wels ganviTarebulma mov-
lenebma gansxvavebebi daCrdila. 1905 wels (da Semdgom) orive frTis so-
cial-demokratebi improvizaciulad moqmedebdnen, TanamSromlobdnen
erTmaneTTan, iyofodnen da xelaxla erTiandebodnen, icvlidnen moka-
vSireebs da taqtikas. 1905 wlis revoluciurma movlenebma social-de-

mokratebi, fiodor danis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `mowamla~ da garkveuli
dabneuloba gamoiwvia maTSi imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra iyo òrTodo-
qsuli~ da ra _ ara.3 1905 wels qarTuli social-demokratia sadavo rev-
oluciuri strategiebis erT-erTi varianti gaxda. is, ramac qarTuli
social-demokratia gamorCeuli gaxada, Teoriuli inovaciebi ki ar yo-
fila, Tumca arc es aklda, aramed qarTuli inteligenciis socialuri
aqtivobis tradicia da misi socialisturi praqtika, rac saqarTvelos
gansakuTrebuli pirobebiT iyo gansazRvruli.
social-demokratiis 1905 wlis warmatebis gadamwyvet faqtors gle-
xoba warmoadgenda, Tumca qarTveli social-demokratebi ZiriTad aq-
cents mainc qalaqebze akeTebdnen, sadac wvrili vaWrebi da xelosnebi
Warbobdnen. es socialuri suraTi damaxasiaTebeli iyo saukunis da-
sasrulis ruseTis imperiis qalaqebisTvis, magram saqarTveloSi msgav-
si winakapitalisturi elementebi erovnuli da kuTxuri jgufebiT iyo
gadakveTili. saqarTvelo koloniuri qveyana iyo, sadac jariskacebi,
revoluciis potenciuri mokavSireebi, ucxo enaze laparakobdnen. qa-
rTvelebi moqmedebdnen im sazogadoebaSi, sadac Rirsebisa da pati-
vis dacva qcevis ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli faqtori iyo (boikotireba
qmediT taqtikad kulturis am maxasiaTebelma aqcia) da sadac Zaladoba
da sisastike uTanxmoebis gadawyvetis misaReb formad miiCneoda. am faq-
torebma ganapiroba sankt-peterburgSi, berlinSi Tu parizSi miRebuli
taqtikisgan gansxvavebuli samoqmedo kursis arCeva. qarTvel da rus so-
cial-demokratebs Soris gansxvavebaze bWobisas noe Jordania askvnis,
rom isini ~brZolis meTodiT~ gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan. Semdeg
ki ganagrZobs, rom yoveli eri Tavisi istoriis Semqmnelad gvevlineba
da, maSasadame, sakuTari politikuri da ekonomikuri pirobebis gaTval-
iswinebiT qmnis revolucias.4 im problemis sapasuxod, romlis winaSec
rusi marqsistebi idgnen, Tu rogor SeewyoT xeli socialisturi revolu-
ciisTvis ganviTarebad sazogadoebaSi, qarTvelma social-demokratebma
saqarTvelos pirobebisTvis Sesaferisi socialisturi hibridi Seqmnes.
es iyo socializmi qarTuli ieriT.
1. rkinigzis saremonto 6. aleqsandrovis baRi 11. kavkasiis armiis
saxelosnoebi da depo 7. vaJTa klasikuri regionuli Stabi
2. eleqtro-tramvais depo gimnazia 12. qalaqis saTaTbiro
3. kavkasiis mesame polki 8. aleqsandre nevelis 13. sionis sakaTedro taZari
4. rkinigzis sadguri (kavkasiis armiis) eklesia 14. meidani
5. kavkasiis mesangreTa 9. mefisnacvlis sasaxle
meore batalioni 10. sasuliero seminaria
Tbilisi
Tanamedrove socialisturi TvalTaxedviT Tbilisi ar jdeboda

kapitalisturi qalaqis modelSi. kapitalizmis niSnebs _ Rarib muSaTa
klass, qalaqis Ratak sacxovrebel ubnebs, burJuazias da momravlebul
fabrika-qarxnebs feodaluri xanis gildiebi, saxelosnoebi, saTavadaz-
nauro bankebi, kuTxurobis Zlieri gancda da moZvelebuli Sidaojaxuri
socialuri damokidebulebebi Serwymoda. am gardamaval `glexur qala-
qebSi~ revolucionrebs xSirad ukeTesi pirobebi xvdebodaT. marqsma
swored amitom Seafasa ruseTis revoluciis perspeqtivebi dadebiTad _
iqac `CamorCenili~ da Tanamedrove socialuri struqturebis rTuli na-
revi arsebobda. mas bevr rus marqsistze ukeT esmoda, rom ruseTis revo-
luciisTvis ar iyo aucilebeli Camoyalibebuli muSaTa klasis Segneba da
rom socializmisTvis saWiro tradiciuli moTxovnebis dakmayofileba,
magaliTad, ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qalaqisa da Zlieri qalaquri
proletariatis arseboba, yovelTvis ar iyo aucilebeli. 1890 wlisT-
vis saerTaSoriso socialisturi moZraobis bevrma warmomadgenelma ga-
navrco marqsis es mosazreba. kerZod, eduard bernstainma ganacxda, rom
ganviTarebuli qalaqi da momwifebuli muSaTa klasi sulac aRar qmnida
revoluciur garemos.5
imdroindeli Tbilisi ufro limasa da bombeis hgavda, vidre me-20
saukunis dasawyisis berlins Tu parizs. ganviTarebadi samyaros sxva
qveynebis mTavari qalaqebis msgavsad Tbilisi xasiaTdeboda mosaxleobis
gadametebuli siWarbiT, sacxovreblebis unebarTvo mSeneblobiT (naZa-
ladevi), danaSaulis maRali doniT, quCis vaWrobiTa da meqrTameobiT.
qalaqis xelisuflebam wyalmomaragebis sistemis aSeneba 1880-ian wleb-
Si SeukveTa, magram 1905 wlisTvis mxolod centralur ubnebs Tu
mie wodeboda wyali milsadeniT. Tbilisis mosaxleobis umravlesoba
mtkvris dabinZurebul wyals yidulobda, romelsac virze amxedrebuli
meTuluxCeebi daatarebdnen qalaqis quCebSi. 1890-ian wlebSi erTaderTi
wyalsaqaCi muSebis ubnisTvis mxolod didubeSi arsebobda. saxlebis
umravlesobas sakanalizacio kvanZi ezoSi hqonda. Tbilisis saukeTeso
satransporto saSualebas cxenebSebmuli tramvai warmoadgenda, ro-
melic didubis rkinigzis sadguridan qalaqis centramde, erevnis
(paskeviC-erivanskis) moednamde dadioda. tramvai damontaJebuli iyo
belgiuri kompaniis mier, romelic Tavadve uzrunvelyofda mis gamar-
1905 weli: damsxvreuli ocnebebi 211
Tul muSaobas. 1904-1905 wlebSi is eleqtronul sistemad gadakeTda.

qalaqSi ar arsebobda gare ganaTeba, Tumca 1900 wels ramdenime ubnis
eleqtroficireba wamoiwyes.6 mTavari quCebi, marTalia, mokirwyluli
iyo, magram zamTris periodSi Zlieri atalaxeba icoda. 1897 wlisTvis,
roca qalaqis mosaxleoba 159 590-s Seadgenda, Tbilisis guberniis
sididiT meore qalaqi 15 357 macxovrebliT axalcixe iyo. TbilisSi
modioda yvela, vinc gadasaxadebisgan Tu memamuleebisa da policiisgan
Tavis dasaxsnelad TavSesafars eZebda da visac ubralod fulis Sovna
an karieris gakeTeba surda. aq SexvdebodiT TurqeTidan ltolvil
berZnebsa da somxebs, Sirvanel, naxiCevanel da ganjel azerbaijanlebs
(rogorc xalxSi uwodebdnen _ TaTrebs) da sparselebs, CeCnebs da
inguSebs CrdiloeT kavkasiidan, rus glexebs da jariskacebs, imerlebs,
kaxelebs, gurulebs da evropuli ruseTidan Camosul saxelmwifo
moxeleebs.
1890-ian wlebSi samuSao mtkvris gayolebaze Camwkrivebul fqvilis
qarxnebSi iSoveboda, madaTovis adgilebis saxerxebSi an ufro did sawar-
moebSi, magaliTad, adelxanovis tyavis gadamamuSavebel da fexsacmlis
fabrikebSi. 1900 wlisTvis TbilisSi Tambaqos 8 fabrika moqmedebda, sa-
dac 2 000 muSa muSaobda, xolo rkinigzis depoSi da saxelosnoebSi _ 4
000-ze meti. qalaqSi axali Camosuli meidanze an rkinigzis sadgurze Tu
gavidoda, uTuod Sexvdeboda iq Tavmoyril samuSaos maZieblebs. meidans,
romelsac TaTris moedansac uwodebdnen, ase aRwerdnen 1850-ian wlebSi:
xalxisa da saqonlis, fafaxebisa da gadaparsuli Tavebis, fecebis (spar-
suli qudi) da cilindrebis... cxenebisa da virebis, aqlemebisa da ZaRlebis,
moxucebisa da axalgazrdebis TavSeyris adgili... sadac yvela gahyviris,
xmaurobs, xmamaRla icinis, ilanZReba, mReris, muSaobs... es yvelaferi
nairgvar tonalobaSi tortmanebs da feTqavs mwveli mzis gulze, sadac
haeri ar iZvris.7 es suraTi didad ar Secvlila 1905 wlisTvis. qalaqis
mosaxleobis swrafi zrda (234 000-dan 1886 wels 666 000-mde 1913 wels)
gamoiwvia regionebidan arakvalificiuri muSaxelis masiurma Camosv-
lam, rasac 1900-iani wlebis dasawyisSi TurqeTidan ltolvili somxebis
talRac daemata. am periodis statistikuri monacemebi sandoobiT ar
gamoirCeva, masSi ar Canan jariskacebi da droebiT Camosuli pirebi, Tum-
ca 1902 wels Tbilisis mosaxleobis 43% registrirebuli iyo, rogorc
droebiTi macxovrebeli. zafxulSi, roca mgzavroba ioldeboda, Tbili-
sis mosaxleoba 20 000-iT izrdeboda.8 axalCamosulebi, romelTa umrav-
lesobas martoxela sofleli mamakacebi Seadgendnen, qalaqTan Seguebis

rTul problemas awydebodnen, magram eTnikuri kavSirebis wyalobiT,
rac xSirad kuTxur qselebad an erTmorwmune jgufebad iyofoda, isini
Tavs arTmevdnen gardamavali periodis sirTuleebs. wylis gamyidvele-
bi, ZiriTadad, imerlebi an raWvelebi iyvnen; abanoebis mepatroneebi _
sparselebi, qvismTlelebi _ ufro xSirad berZnebi an sparselebi, xolo
saukeTeso mkeravebi da xarazebi _ ebraelebi. Tu Tqven samsaxuri an
sacxovrebeli bina gWirdebodaT, Tqveni warmomavloba, soflidan iqne-
boda es Tu romelime kuTxidan an qveynidan, Zalian sasargeblo atribu-
ti SeiZleba gamxdariyo. 1905 wlamde erovnuli TviTSegneba TbilisSi
macxovrebel TiTqmis yvela jgufSi sawyis safexurze imyofeboda. qa-
laqis asimilirebul qarTul aristokratias SeeZlo rus Cinovnikebs
mimxroboda sakuTari Tanamemamuleebis winaaRmdeg; `Zvel~ somxebs Tavi
Sors eWiraT 1890-ian wlebSi gadmosaxlebuli ufro Raribi somexi imi-
grantebisgan; `TaTrebi~ sruliad sxvadasxva regionebidan iyvnen Camo-
sulebi da ori meCeTi hqondaT, SiitebisTvis da sunitebisTvis. qalaqi
amas yvelafers asaxavda. feSenebluri sacxovrebeli ubani, `rusuli qa-
laqi~, bulvaris ukan, golovinis prospeqtis gayolebaze iyo ganlagebu-
li. aq caristuli xelisuflebis rusuli elita da mdidari somexi mewar-
meebi cxovrobdnen. golovinis prospeqti socialuri cxovrebis centri
da kavkasiis administraciis guli iyo. rusuli klasicizmis nagebobebi
_ mefisnacvlis sasaxle, saministroebi, kavkasiis armiis regionuli
Stab-bina da STambeWdavi, magram arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT uin-
tereso Senoba _ aleqsandre nevelis taZari gunibis moedanze, golovi-
nis prospeqtze mdebareobda. saRamoobiT operis moyvarulebi modiod-
nen: 1905 wels saxelmwifo saxazino TeatrSi mopasanis `madmuazel fifi~
idgmeboda. prospeqtze moseirneni evropuli modis uaxles nimuSebs aT-
valierebdnen maRaziebis did vitrinebSi, gansxvaveba didi iyo qalaqis
Zveli ubnis saxelosnoebis bneli interierebisgan! aqve iyo Tbilisis
prestiJuli saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebic, pirveli klasikuri gim-
nazia, sadac sisxliani tragedia datrialda 22 oqtombers, qalTa gim-
nazia, sasamarTloebi, Teatrebi, sastumroebi, magaliTad, òrienti~ da
`severnie nomera~, sadac ucxoeli inJinrebi, diplomatebi da saqmosnebi
Cerdebodnen. aleqsandres baRic, sadac demonstraciebi imarTeboda,
golovinis prospeqtze iyo. samxreTisken, erevnis moednis ukan solo-
lakis da zemo kalas ubnebi mdebareobda, sadac aguris SedarebiT axal,
or da samsarTulian saxlebSi saSualo fenis somxebi, rusebi da aqa-iq

qarTvelebic cxovrobdnen. kalas zeda kalTebze ebraelebi saxlobdnen.
sololakidan aRmosavleTiT, mdinarisken rom CauyvebodiT, qvemo kalasa
da orTaWalaSi moxvdebodiT. es adgili Tavisi viwro, mixveul-moxveuli
quCebiT, daxuruli pasaJebiT, bazrebiTa da maRaziebiT Zveli Tbili-
sis guli iyo. aq agvarebdnen xelosnebi da vaWrebi TavianT saqmeebs. aq
muSaobdnen iaraRis ostatebi, aq yiddnen vaWrebi mervidan, Sexidan Tu
Tavrizidan axalCamotanil xaliCebs, TerZebi frangul modaze keravd-
nen, mkeravebi maqmanebs qsovdnen da Zafs rTavdnen, mWedlebi da meWur-
Wleebic aq muSaobdnen. Tbilisis 23 moedans Soris es moedani, meidani,
yvelaze popularuli adgili iyo, sadac dReSi daaxloebiT 20 000 ada-
miani ireoda. es idealuri adgili iyo social-demokratebisTvis, aq qa-
laqis Worebis gageba, teqnikis SeZena da gazeTebis gayidva SeiZleboda.9
qvemo kalidan `somxuri stiliT~ aSenebuli avlabris xidiT mtkvris
marcxena sanapiroze gadaxvidodiT. zemoT, kldis Tavze metexis eklesia
da graf ermolovis mier 1820 wels agebuli cixe mdebareobda. orive mdi-
nares gadmohyurebda. swored am cixidan iyo, rom cnobili somexi revo-
lucioneri kamo samwliani Tavis mogiJianebis Semdeg mtkvarSi gadaxta
da am gziT uSvela Tavs 1911 wels.10 social-demokratebis TiTqmis yve-
la liderma patimrobis garkveuli dro aq gaatara, ramdenime maTgani
am cixeSi gardaicvala kidec an moklul iqna.11 cixis ukan avlabari iyo.
aq umetesad somexi wvrili vaWrebi, muSebi da xelosnebi cxovrobdnen.
social-demokratebis iatakqveSa stambas _ `ninasac~ avlabarSi daedo
bina. is baqodan gadmoitanes da saqarTveloSi warmatebiT muSaobda. qa-
laqSi moqmedi skolebi, gamomcemlobebi da stambebi, sakredito dawe-
sebulebebi da samTavrobo struqturebi maswavleblebs, gamyidvelebs
da `TeTrsayeloian~ moxeleebs izidavda, romlebic erT-erT yvelaze
swrafad mzard socialur jgufs warmoadgendnen. TbilisSi axali da
ganaTlebuli klasi ibadeboda; 1890-iani wlebis bolos aq 99 saswavle-
beli muSaobda, sadac 10 266 biWi da 5 572 gogona swavlobda.12 1905 wlis
revoluciur movlenebSi studentebma mniSvnelovani roli Seasrules.
riyeze an veraze saxlobdnen wignieri saeklesio pirebi da moxeleebi.
vere axali da prestiJuli ubani iyo qalaqis Crdilo-dasavleTiT. vinc
veraze ver axerxebda cxovrebas, CuRureTSi saxldeboda, sadac adre
malaknebi cxovrobdnen.13 CuRureTis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda kukia an
`kolonia~. es viurtembergel germanelTa 5-6 aTaskaciani dasaxleba iyo.
germanelebi umeteswilad fermerebi iyvnen da politika sul ar aintere-

sebdaT. uvlidnen TavianT `ludis baRebs~, lamazad Rebavdnen saxlebs da
dadiodnen protestantul eklesiebSi. kukia sakvirveli adgili unda yo-
filiyo Tbilisis or yvelaze xmaurian ubans _ didubesa da naZaladevs
(naxalovka) Soris.14 didubisa da naZaladevis ubnebi qalaqis Crdilo-aR-
mosavleTiT rkinigzis sadguris, rkinigzis saxelosnoebis da tramvais
depos orive mxares iyo ganlagebuli. am ubnebSi rusi kvalificirebuli
muSebi da social-demokrati muSa-aqtivistebi cxovrobdnen da raione-
bidan Camosuli qarTvelebic ZiriTadad aq saxldebodnen mTis kalTaSi
SeWril miwurebSi. Zlier wvimas xSirad savalalo Sedegebi mohqonda am
sadgomebisTvis. naZaladevisa da didubis policielebs saqme ar eleo-
daT yoveldRiuri muSti-krivis, azartuli TamaSebis, prostituciis Tu
socialisti aqtivistebis saqmianobis gamo. kacs Tu damalva sWirdeboda,
es ubnebi saukeTeso adgili iyo, radgan, danarCeni qalaqisgan izolire-
buli, xelisuflebis yuradRebis miRma rCeboda. aq ar arsebobda saavad-
myofo, skolac ar iyo bevri da quCebsac umetesad ar hqonda saxeli. 1905
wlis dekemberSi qarTvelma social-demokratebma kazakebs bolo gadam-
wyveti winaaRmdegoba didubesa da naZaladevSi gauwies.15
swored amgvarma viTarebam, mravaleTnikuri mosaxleobiT, ltol-
vilebiT, xelosnebiT da naxevrad proletari glexebiT, romelTac erT-
maneTisgan ena, socialuri warmoSoba da sacxovrebeli adgili aSorebda,
social-demokratias sirTuleebi Seuqmna 1905 wels. rogorc ronald si-
unim aRniSna Tavis naSromSi, TbilisSi erovnuli da klasobrivi grZnobebi
gadaxlarTuli iyo; xan erovnuloba (an religia) ufro mZlavrobda, xan
ki klasobrivi kuTvnileba, isini xan aZlierebdnen erTmaneTs da xanac wi-
naaRmdegobaSi modiodnen, gaaCnia ra konteqstSi viTardeboda movlenebi
da vin iyvnen mTavari moqmedi pirebi. ase magaliTad, 1905 wels somexi da
`TaTari~ muSebi erTad gavidnen demonstraciaze kazakebis daundobeli
moqmdebis saprotestod, magram noembris movlenebma baqosa da TurqeT-
Si isini erTmaneTis mtrebad aqcia. rogorc erik hobsbaumi aRniSnavda,
adamianebi ise ar irCeven `koleqtiur TviTSegnebas,~ rogorc irCeven
fexsacmels, imis gacnobierebiT, rom fexze erTdroulad mxolod erTi
wyvilis Cacmaa SesaZlebeli.16
1905 wels qarTuli social-demokratia saqveynod eweoda inter-
nacionalizmis propagandas, magram is qarTvelebi, romlebsac qarxanaSi
somexi zedamxedvelebi an mefisnacvlis administraciul uwyebebSi ru-
si ufrosebi hyavdaT, social-demokratias im saSualebad aRiqvamdnen,

romlis saSualebiTac TavianT ufrosebTan rolebis gacvlas SeZlebd-
nen. bevri axalgazrda qarTveli inteleqtualisTvis, vinc social-
demokratiuli moZraobis Sua rigebSi idga, socialuri emansipacia
da erovnuli Tavisufleba erTi da igive iyo. Tbilisis naxevrad ka-
pitalisturma da koloniurma konteqstma social-demokratebis war-
modgenaSi xeli Seuwyo muSebisa da `xalxis~ Serwymas. xalxi ersac niS-
navda (rusulad `narod~ da `nacia~). Tbiliseli muSebis didi nawili
fabrika-qarxnebSi ki ar muSaobda, aramed patar-patara saxelosnoebSi.
am xelosnebisa da ostatebis gareSe qarTuli `proletariati~ mxolod
rkinigzis saxelosnoebis, stambebis da Tambaqosa da tyavis didi fab-
rika-qarxnebis muSebiT iqneboda Semofargluli. Tbilisis (agreTve
saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis) xelosnebi da ostatebi is proletarebi
ar iyvnen, marqsi rom gulisxmobda. isini `mSromel xalxs~ warmoadgend-
nen da eqspluatirebuli Raribebis jgufs miekuTvnebodnen. imisTvis,
rom socializms seriozuli mimdevrebi gasCenoda saqarTveloSi, es
idea fabrika-qarxnebis proletariatis sazRvrebs unda gascdenoda.
qarTvelma social-demokratebma farTod gauRes sakuTari organizaci-
is kari gawevrianebis msurvelebs da es ar iyo mxolod partiis rigebis
Sesavsebad gamiznuli taqtikuri svla, es saqarTvelos areul-dareuli
realobis asaxva iyo. kote cincaZe, romelic mogvianebiT bolSeviki
gaxda, werda, rom WiaTuris maRaroebSi Zneli gasarCevi iyo, vin iyo muSa
da vin _ glexi; aq dasaqmebulTa umravlesobas axlomaxlo soflebis
macxovreblebi Seadgendnen, romlebic maRaroebSi droebiT muSaobdnen.17
bevri qarTveli social-demokrati sofelSi iyo dabadebuli da giorgi
wereTlisa da niko nikolaZis nawerebze iyo gazrdili, romlebic
`mSromeli xalxisTvis~ laparakobdnen da fiqrobdnen da ara viwrod
gansazRvruli proletariatisTvis. 1905 wels `mSromeli xalxi~ `muSaTa
klasis~ sinonimad, xolo social-demokratiuli organizacia `xalxis
partiad~ iqca saqarTveloSi.18 kote cincaZe igonebda, rom is erTnairi
energiiT muSaobda rogorc glexebTan, ise muSebTan, roca social-
demokratebis aqtivisti iyo. maT Soris gansxvaveba ar arsebobdao.19
muSebis, xelosnebis, vaWrebis da glexebis gaerTianebam `mSromel
xalxSi~ SesaZlebeli gaxada erovnuli socializmi. saqarTvelos social-
demokratebisTvis ori identobis _ socialisturisa da erovnulis _
Serwyma logikuri iyo. erovnuli socializmis qarTuli ideebi marqsis
ori òrTodoqsuli~ koncefciiT iyo gamagrebuli. plexanovi, romlis

Teoriebi marqsis mosazrebas eyrdnoboda germanuli proletariatis
rolze kapitalizmamdel germaniaSi, ambobda, rom roca burJuazia sus-
tia imisTvis, rom revolucias gauZRves, maSin muSaTa klass SeuZlia
gaimarjvos da gauZRves demokratiul anu saxalxo revoluciaso. baZa-
vda ra marqss 1905 wels, martovma proletariats èris wamyvani klasi~ da
èris klasobrivi gamaTavisuflebeli~ uwoda, xolo momavali revolu-
cia `saxalxo revoluciad~ dasaxa.20 ase rom, am ori orTodoqsisTvisac-
plexanovisa da martovisTvis, muSaTa klasi erovnuli da internaciona-
luri gamaTavisuflebeli brZolis winamZRols warmoadgenda. engelsi
Tavis bolo naSromebSi iseT social-demokratiul muSaTa partias xe-
davda, romelic wvril burJuazias da Rarib fermerebs gaaerTianebda
Tavisi baiaraRis qveS.21
evropis erovnuli problemebis mcodne kaucki am dros amtkiceb-
da, rom ararusebis brZola damoukideblobisTvis ganuyofeli iyo so-
cialuri emansipaciisTvis brZolisgan. 1905 wels qarTveli social-
demokratebi praqtikaSi atarebdnen am koncefciebs. muSebi saTaveSi
edgnen saxalxo erovnul-gamaTavisuflebel brZolas, romelSic `didi
burJuaziis~ garda yvela monawileobda. moskovisa da xarkovis saqalaqo
cxovrebaSi yvelaze metad wvrili vaWrebi, xelosnebi da sezonuri muSe-
bi aqtiurobdnen, magram rusi social-demokratebi ufro met yuradRe-
bas fabrika-qarxnebis organizebul proletariats uTmobdnen. maTgan
gansxvavebiT qarTvelma social-demokratebma qalaqis Raribi mosaxleo-
ba CarTes partiaSi, romelic Cagruli fenis yvela jgufs aerTianebda da
romelic am axal koleqtivs, romlisTvisac `radikaluri eri~ SeiZleba
gvewodebina, Tavisuflebas pirdeboda. saqarTveloSi proletariatis
partia xalxis partia iyo. 1905 wlisTvis saqarTvelos social-demokra-
tia masebis organizacias warmoadgenda, romelic yvela msurvels uReb-
da kars. maTi umravlesoba, vinc organizaciaSi Sedioda, qarTveli iyo.
somxebs ufro metad `daSnakcutuni~ izidavda, romelsac 30 jgufi hyav-
da 1905 wlis damdegisTvis, xolo rusebi, Tu saerTod interesdebodnen
partiuli cxovrebiT, socialist-revolucionerebis partias irCevd-
nen. ase rom, 1905 wlisTvis qarTuli social-demokratia saxalxo par-
tiis garda qarTveli xalxis partias warmoadgenda. is erT-erTi pirveli
erovnuli saxalxo frontis moZraoba gaxda me-20 saukeneSi, romelmac
wvrili burJuazia, glexoba da muSebi gaaerTiana, rac rogorc erovnul,
ise socialistur ideebs asaxavda.22
revolucia da ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobebi
1905 wels saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli organizacia rsdmp-

s msgavsad `Zalauflebis dilemis~ winaSe dadga.23 iyo Tu ara 1905 wlis
movlenebi burJuaziuli revolucia, sadac proletariats damxmare
roli unda Seesrulebina, Tu proletariats burJuaziis sisustiT unda
esargebla da xelSi aeRo marTvis sadaveebi? am SekiTxvaze pasuxi taq-
tikis arCevas niSnavda, magram revoluciis xasiaTis gansazRvrisas arc
bolSevikebi iyvnen Tanmimdevrulebi da arc menSevikebi, da arc erTma
mxarem ar icoda zustad, Tu rogor unda emoqmeda WeSmarit marqsists.
magram arCevani saswrafod iyo gasakeTebeli. unda mietovebinaT Tu ara
liberalebi? iZleoda Tu ara caristuli arCevnebi karg SesaZleblo-
bas, Tu arCevnebSi monawileoba social-demokratebis diskreditacias
gamoiwvevda? momwifebuli iyo Tu ara dro SeiaraRebuli ajanyebisTvis?
social-demokratias am sakiTxebis irgvliv erTiani pozicia ar gaaCnda,
magram qarTveli social-demokratebi ufro Tanamimdevrulad da or-
ganizebulad iqceodnen, vidre maTi rusi amxanagebi. es nawilobriv im
faqtiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom saqarTveloSi social-demokratebi ga-
batonebul politikur Zalas warmoadgendnen. maT cota Tu hyavdaT se-
riozuli mowinaaRmdege da ar sWirdebodaT TavianTi politikis vinmeze
morgeba. amas garda, `saWesTan~ daselebis dabrunebis Semdeg, qarTvel
social-demokratebs ufro ganumtkicdaT rwmena Tavisi grZelvadiani
miznebisa da taqtikis sisworeSi: isini burJuaziul revolucias xelmZR-
vanelobdnen da nebismier legalur SesaZleblobas gamoiyenebdnen xalx-
isTvis codnis misacemad, politikur da sazogadobriv cxovrebaSi maTi
monawileobis maqsimalurad asamaRleblad, da imperiaSi mcxovrebi yvela
xalxisTvis demokratiul da erovnul uflebebs uzrunvelyofdnen.
1905 wlis damdegisTvis qarTul social-demokratias TbilisSi rTu-
li periodi daudga. 1904 wlis ianvarsa da oqtomberSi ganxorcieleb-
ulma dapatimrebebma sagrZnoblad Seasusta qarTuli organizacia. 1904
wels `kvalis~ daxurvis Semdeg irakli werTeli berlinSi dabrunda.
filipe maxarZe da saSa wulukiZe ar iyvnen dapatimrebulni, magram wul-
ukiZe tuberkuloziT iyo avad. is 1905 wlis ivnisSi gardaicvala. arCil
jorjaZe, daselebis Tanamoazre da mxardamWeri, moskovis universite-
tis maTematikis fakultetidan garicxes da is TbilisSi imyofeboda.
kavkasiis kavSirs danarCen organizaciasTan urTierTobebi gaufuWda
da arc baqos gaficvebs mohyolia reaqcia Tbiliseli muSebisgan. oqtom-

bris TveSi iaralovis qarxanaSi da dekemberSi rkinigzis saxelosnoebSi
gaficvebi moewyo, magram, rogorc Cans, TbilisSi, iseve rogorc ruseT-
Si, liberalebi warmatebas TavianTi ~sabanketo kampaniiT~ aRwevdnen, ro-
melic `zemstvos~ Semotanas isaxavda miznad.24
ianvris Sua ricxvebSi TbilisSi CamoaRwia xmebma sankt-peterbur-
gis sisxliani kviris Sesaxeb. qarTvelma social-demokratebma Sewyvites
`banketis kampaniaSi~ Careva da gaficvisTvis daiwyes mzadeba. am mzadebis
Sesasusteblad policiam saSa wulukiZe, miSa boWoriZe da filipe maxaraZe
daapatimra. gaficva mainc daiwyo da 18 ianvars rkinigzis depos muSebi dep-
odan gamovidnen. ramdenime dReSi maT mihyvnen tramvais memanqaneebi, muSe-
bi da meetleebi, Tambaqosa da sapnis fabrikebis muSebi. gaficvam qalaqis
paralizeba gamoiwvia. Tbilisel muSebs mibaZes baTumelma, WiaTurelma,
foTelma da tyibulelma muSebma. sabotaJi moxda sarkinigzo xazebze. go-
lovinis prospeqtze demonstrantebi da kazakebi Seetaknen erTmaneTs, ma-
gram miuxedavad sabrZolo suliskveTebisa, ianvris gaficva damarcxebiT
damTavrda. muSebis moTxovnebi ar dakmayofilda. ori kviris Semdeg isini
samuSaos daubrundnen.25 magram daiwyo omi.
ianvris gaficvam kavkasiaSi muSaobis sirTuleebi gamoavlina. rusi
muSebis umravlesobam rkinigzis deposa da saxelosnoebSi uari ganacxa-
da gaficvaSi monawileobaze. maT igive gaimeores ivlissa da oqtomber-
Sic. rus muSebs sazedamxedvelo postebi ekavaT qarxnebSi da umetesad
iseT samuSaos asrulebdnen, romelsac codna da gamocdileba sWird-
eboda. amitom isini siamovnebiT usvamdnen xazs Tavis upiratesobas qa-
rTvelebis winaSe. filipe maxaraZis sityvebiT, kavkasiaSi rus muSas sa-
xelmwifos ruporad da misi interesebis damcvelad miaCnda Tavi.26
jariskacebi ZiriTadad rusebi iyvnen (1000 mosaxleze 31 jariskaci
modioda Tbilisis guberniaSi 1905 wels) da maTi darwmuneba adgilo-
brivi mosaxleobis moRalatur bunebaSi rTul saqmes ar warmoadgenda.
marTalia Tbilisis garnizonSi 1905 wels revoluciuri xmauri atyda,
magram qarTvel propagandistebs jariskacebi umetesad mainc eWviT uyu-
rebdnen.27 erTaderTi gamarjveba, romelsac social-demokratebma ja-
riskacebTan miaRwies 1905 wels, iyo is, rom social-demokratebis sax-
alxo laSqris rigebSi aiyvanes qarTveli dezertirebi da is glexebi,
romlebic omSi wasvlaze uars ambobdnen.
social-demokratebis qarTveli liderebi sajarod gmobdnen na-

cionalizms, magram Sua fenis social-demokratebs, maT Soris maswav-
leblebs da administraciis moxeleebs ar moswondaT rusebi, ra fenis
warmomadgenlebic ar unda yofiliyvnen isini da aRSfoTebulebi iyvnen
imis gamo, rom rusebi usamarTlod sargeblobdnen privilegiebiT. Camo-
saxlebul rus glexebs ukeTes miwebs aZlevdnen, rus muSebs da moxeleebs
ki ukeTesi SesaZleblobebi hqondaT karieris gasakeTeblad da, aqedan
gamomdinare, kargi xelfasis misaRebad. rusebis gankargulebaSi iyo na-
gaika (kazakuri maTraxi) da isini kavkasiaSi avtokratias icavdnen. rki-
nigzis rusi muSebi aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen rusuli patriotuli
sazogadoebebis muSaobaSi.28 12 maiss `kavkazma~ informacia dabeWda 1500
rusi muSis demonstraciis Sesaxeb. isini meore samisionero eklesiaSi
Seikribnen ruseTis mefisTvis salocavad, iqidan ki mefisnacvlis sasax-
lisken gaswies xatebiT xelSi da gzad patriotul simRerebs mRerodnen.
muSebma mefisnacvals werili gadasces mefisTvis. isini werdnen, rom
sataniT Sepyrobili amboxebulebi maT tanjvas hgvridnen, radgan isini
muqariTa da mdabali saqcieliT xels uSlidnen maT, patiosnad da sin-
disierad aResrulebinaT misi udidebulesobis mSvidobismoyvare xe-
lqveiTebze dakisrebuli movaleobebi. amas garda, isini atyobinebdnen
mefes, rom wamqezebloba ise mZlavrad iyo fexgadgmuli kavkasiaSi, rom
yoveli keTilsindisieri muSa sikvdilis SiSiT iZulebuli iyo cent-
ralur guberniebSi dabrunebaze efiqra, sakuTari ojaxis daobleba rom
aecilebina Tavidan.29 im wels, mogvianebiT, rkinigzis rusma muSebma maTi
sxva regionebSi gadayvana moiTxoves. isini Ciodnen, rom maTi sicocxle
safrTxeSi iyo. 1904-1905 wlebSi rkinigzis saxelosnoebis eqvsi rusi
erovnebis muSa mokles. 30
rusi muSebisTvis dabrkolebas warmoadgenda is, rom social-de-
mokratiuli moZraoba ZiriTadad àdgilobobrivi~ iyo da rom misi aq-
tivistebi propagandas maTTvis ucxo enaze eweodnen. qarTvelebi Tavis
mxriv, ufro Tavisuflad atarebdnen saagitacio muSaobas mSobliur
enaze da im xalxSi, vinc maTdami keTilganwyobili iyo. isini SeboWilad
grZobdnen Tavs skeptikurad ganwyobil rus muSebs Soris. adgilobrivi
social-demokratiuli presa metwilad qarTulenovani iyo, Tumca so-
cial-demokratebi rusul enazec beWdavdnen cnobis furclebs Tu buk-
letebs.31 msgavsi problemebi arsebobda somxebTan da azerbaijanelebT-
an mimarTebaSic. somxebi ZiriTadad `daSnakcutunis~ irgvliv iyvnen
gaerTianebulebi da muxedavad imisa, rom partias socialistur ideo-

logiaze hqonda pretenzia, is mainc nacionalisturi iyo. is TurqeTis
mmarTvelobisgan somexTa gaTavisuflebis mizniT Seiqmna 1890 wels. 1905
wlisTvis TbilisSi somxur politikaSi ~daSnakcutuni~ dominirebda da
Zalian frTxilobda social-demokratebTan urTierTobaSi.32 somxebsa
da `TaTrebs~ Soris 1905 wels baqoSi, TbilisSi, erevansa da naxiCevanSi
momxdari Setakebebis Semdeg, sadac `daSnakcutunma~ mTavari roli Sea-
srula, misi da social-demokratebis urTierTobebi gauaresda.33 1905-
1906 wlebSi ~daSnakcutuni~ identobis kriziss ganicdida (socialis-
turi iyo Tu nacionalisturi? ruseTze unda gaemaxvilebina yuradReba
Tu TurqeTze?). mas monawileoba ar miuRia naZaladevSi dekembris TveSi
ganviTarebul movlenebSi da SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia
kazakebisTvis. kavkasiis ori somxuri organizacia ufro TanamSromlob-
da erTmaneTTan. somxeTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa organizacia
(specifistebi), romelsac daaxloebiT 3 000 wevri hyavda, rsdmp-is nawili
iyo da garkveuli gavleniT sargeblobda baqoel, baTumel da Tbilisel
muSebs Soris.34 `hnCaki~ (zari) 1887 wels JenevaSi daarsda da 1903 wels ka-
vkasiis mTavarmarTeblis, Tavad golicinis mkvlelobis mcdelobis Sem-
deg gauvarda saxeli.35 magram arc erTi somxuri organizacia ar iZleoda
somxur muSaTa klasTan daaxloebis saSualebas social-demokratiuli
organizaciisTvis, sadac qarTvelebi dominirebdnen. specifistebic da
`hnCakic~ rsdmp-Tan afilirebuli organizaciebi iyvnen, magram orive
damoukideblad muSaobda.
1905 wlis dasasrulisTvis azerbaijanelebs oTxi politikuri par-
tia hqondaT: erTi muWa panislamisturi jgufi _ haiati (sicocxle),
romelic amave saxelwodebis gazeTis irgvliv iyo gaerTianebuli; `hu-
meti~, romelsac baqos rsdmp-is komitetTan hqonda mWidro urTierTo-
bebi; liberaluri partia _ `difai~ da ìtifak al-muslimini~, romelic
ufro moZraoba iyo, vidre partia. arc erT organizacias ar hqonda didi
gavlena azerbaijanel muSebs Soris, Tu ar CavTvliT 1905-1906 wlebis
revoluciur periods.36 araqarTveli muSebi adgilobrivi social-de-
mokratiuli organizaciis wevrebi iyvnen. mTavrobis winaaRmdeg 1905
wlis saprotesto demonstraciebis dros dapatimrebulTa, daWrilTa da
moklulTa siebSi somxuri da rusuli gvarebi Warbobda da ara azerbai-
januli. magram rusi da somexi muSebi social-demokratebs socialist-
revolucionrebs an `daSnakcutuns~ amjobinebdnen. 37
1905 wels qarTveli da rusi muSebis urTierTobebi gauaresda. ian-

vris gaficvam teroristuli aqtebis afeTqeba gamoiwvia. Tebervlis
bolosTvis gaficvaSi monawileobaze uaris Tqmis gamo mokluli an na-
cemi iyo as muSaze meti. TiTqmis yvela rusi iyo. rkinigzis saxelosno-
ebSi terori gaxda Streikbrexeris cxovrebis ganmsazRvreli niSani. ka-
vkasiuri gazeTebi aivso mkvlelobebisa da Zarcvis sensaciuri ambebiT.
`mogzauri~ werda, rom baTumis portis xuTasamde muSa ianvris gaficvis
dros rusuli savaWro gemebisa da rkinigzis muSebs sikvdiliT daemuqra,
Tu isini muSaobas daiwyebdnen.38 imave TveSi, rkinigzis gadakveTaze, sam-
trediis patara, mSvid sadgurSi yviriliT, stveniT, Tofis sroliT sama-
samde muSa SeiWra da vagonis gadambmelebi, meisreebi da xelosnebi gamo-
yara iqidan, mere sadguris ufrosis oTaxidanac gaagdo yvela... muSebs
daemuqrnen, Tu imuSavebT, mogklavTo.39
teroristul aqtebze upiratesad pasuxismgebeli qarTvelebi, gan-
sxvavebuli kulturis samyaroSi cxovrobdnen. axalgazrda qarTvelebs,
romelTagan bevri soflebidan iyo Camosuli, mniSvnelovan Rirebule-
bebad miaCndaT Rirsebisa da pativis dacva, Seuracxyofis gancda, vaJka-
cobaze Tavgamodeba Tu sabrZolo gmiroba. disciplinis wesebis swavleba
maTTvis SeuZlebeli iyo da arc social-demokratebis xelmZRvanelobas
gamoudvia Tavi am mxriv.
ianvris movlenebma gvarianad SeaSfoTa xelisuflebis warmomadgen-
lebi. manamde maTi yuradReba `daSnakcutunis~ teroristuli saqmiano-
bisken iyo mimarTuli. mTavarmarTebelma grafma grigori golicinma
Seamcira somexTa warmomadgenloba administraciaSi, exmareboda pirvel
Turqul gazeTs, àzerbaijans~ da 1903 wels brZaneba gasca somxuri
eklesiis qonebis konfiskaciis Sesaxeb. yovelive aman somxebi ise mtru-
lad ganawyo golicinisadmi, rom `hnCakma~ misi mokvlac ki scada 1903
wlis oqtomberSi. golicini eloda amas da jaWvis perangs atarebda, ra-
mac gadaarCina kidec maSin sikvdils. magram misma politikam kavkasiaSi
sruli diskreditacia ganicada da 1904 wlis ivlisSi, roca is Tanamdebo-
bidan wavida, mTelma regionma SvebiT amoisunTqa. golicini kavkasiaSi 68
wlis grafma ilarion ivanes Ze voroncov-daSkovma Secvala. is 1905 wlis
maisSi Cavida kavkasiaSi da mefisnacvlad dainiSna.40 mefisnacvlis ins-
tituti voroncov-daSkovs xelisuflebis centraluri organoebisgan
mniSvnelovan damoukideblobas aniWebda. samoqalaqo saqmeebSi is uSua-
lod mefis winaSe iyo angariSvaldebuli. voroncov-daSkovi ministrTa
da saxelmwifo sabWos wevrad airCies da kavkasiis jarebis mTavarsar-

dalic gaxda.41
mefisnacvali da misi administracia
cxenebis momSenebeli, navTobis investori, cnobili aristokratu-

li ojaxis STamomavali voroncov-daSkovi am samsaxurisTvis idealuri
kaci Canda. igi Tavs `Zvel jariskacs~ eZaxda da axlo urTierToba hqonda
mefesTan, rac Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo mefisnacvlisTvis, romelsac
xSirad uwevda sarisko gadawyvetilebebis miReba.42 voroncov-daSkovi
aleqsandre III-is piradi dacvis ufrosi iyo gatCinaSi, ministradac muSa-
obda da arc samxedro gamocdileba aklda, 1850-iani da 1860-iani wlebis
kavkasiis omebSi mefisnacval Tavad aleqsandre baratinskis gverdiT
ibrZoda. voroncov-daSkovis meuRle kavkasiis yofili mefisnacvlis,
Tavad mixeil voroncovis SviliSvili iyo. nikoloz II-is azriT, voron-
cov-daSkovis xasiaTi da sazogadoebrivi mdgomareoba mas imperiis erT-
erTi urTulesi regionis samarTavad avtoritetsa da Zalas matebda.
kavkasieli liberalebisTvis voroncov-daSkovis daniSvna sxva mize-
zebis gamo iyo misasalmebeli. is pragmatuli kaci iyo, megobrobda
iseT reformatorebTan, rogoric generali m. t. loris-meliqovi iyo
da `sviaSCennaia druJinas~ Seqmnis iniciativac mas ekuTvnoda. `sviaS-
Cennaia druJina~ saidumlo jgufi iyo, romelic saxelmwifos umaRles
oficialur pirebs aerTianebda da romelmac pirdapiri molaparakebe-
bi gamarTa teroristul jgufTan, `narodnaia voliasTan~ 1880 wels.43
rogorc saimperatoro karis ministrma, voroncov-daSkovma miwis re-
formebis dawyeba scada, rac sxva gardaqmnebTan erTad òbSCinas~ Secv-
lasac iTvaliswinebda individualuri fermerobiT.
voroncov-daSkovis imedi bevrs mieca mas Semdeg, rac man kavkasieli
xalxebisadmi mimarTva gamosca regionSi gamgzavrebamde cota xniT adre.
is ambobda, rom misi saimperatoro udidebulesobis moTxovniT adgilo-
brivi warmomadgenlebis monawileobiT konferencia Catardeboda kavka-
siaSi... misi udidebulesobis winadadebiT konferenciaze imsjelebdnen im
zomebze, romelTa gatareba aucilebeli Seiqna gaxSirebuli Zarcva-gle-
jisa da uwesrigobis aRmosafxvrelad... ganixilavdnen, Tu ra moculobis
cvlilebebs saWiroebda regionSi arsebuli sasamarTlo struqturebi...
gansazRvravdnen miwebTan dakavSirebul problemebs da daaCqarebdnen

miwebis gadanawilebas yvelaze gaWirvebul soflebSi.44
voroncov-daSkovma piroba dado, rom somxur eklesias qonebas
daubrunebda, gauzrdida xelfasebs saxelmwifo moxeleebs, gaaumjobe-
sebda maTi muSaobis pirobebs da ganixilavda umaRlesi ganaTlebis sas-
wavlo dawesebulebis gaxsnis sakiTxs. man Tavis garSemo Semoikriba lib-
eraluri pirebi, magaliTad, n. a. sulTan krim girei samoqalaqo saqmeebSi
damxmared daniSna, e. n. Sirinkini _ kavkasiis policiis Sefad, general-
leitenanti i. d. malama _ samxedro sakiTxebSi TanaSemwed da vladimir
staroselski, mogvianebiT `wiTeli gubernatori,~ romelzec nikoloz
II-m voroncov-daSkovs miswera, erT karg tirifis xeze qanaobis Rirsiao
_ quTaisis guberniis mmarTvelad.45 Sirinkinmac ki, romelsac odiozuri
pirovnebis saxeli hqonda revolucionerebs Soris, kargad auRo alRo
situacias. kavkasiis administraciis maRali Tanamdebobis CinovnikebisT-
vis gankuTvnil 653-e oficialur cirkularSi, mouwodebda ra urTierTo-
bis dros adgilobrivi mosaxleobis pativiscemisken, Sirinkini werda, rom
propaganda-agitacias socialur klasebsa da xalxis masebs Soris Sedegi
mxolod maSin mohqonda, roca amis safuZveli arsebobda... Znelia dauje-
ro adgilobriv Cinovnikebs, roca isini angariSSi weren, TiTqos ramdenime
aTasi muSis sistematuri gaficva, romlis Sewyvetas jarebis gamoyeneba da
adamianis sicocxlis gawirvac sWirdeba bolos, TiTze CamosaTvleli ada-
mianebis borotganzraxuli agitaciis gamo xdebodes.46
Sirinkinma oficialur pirebs kanonis dacva mosTxova da akrZala
patimrebis Seuracxyofa cixeebSi da wodebebis garCeva sasamarTloebSi.
man aseve gaumarTleblad cno Sinagan saqmeTa saministros mier adminis-
traciuli sasjelis saxiT gasaxlebis gamoyeneba, radgan es sapirispiro
Sedegebs iwvevda. xolo rac Seexeba revolucionerTa da maTi komitetebis
warmatebul saqmianobas, Sirinkinma aRniSna, rom es xelisuflebis mra-
valwliani araswori damokidebulebis brali iyo... xelisuflebis, ro-
melsac ar ainteresebda xalxis yofa-cxovreba da yuradRebas ar aqcevda
maT gaWirvebasa da problemebs... xelisuflebis nebismieri moqmedeba,
romelic Seuferebelia garkveuli viTarebisTvis... aRrmavebs arsebul
bzars mosaxleobasa da xelisuflebis regionul organoebs Soris.47 me-
fisadmi gagzavnil angariSSi voroncov-daSkovi 1905 wlis movlenebTan
dakavSirebiT werda, rom adgilobrivi administraciis warmomadgenlebs
damoukideblad da gonivrulad moqmedebis unari aRar SeswevdaT da rom
isini wlebis manZilze ufrosebis miTiTebebis brma da zerele Sesrule-

bas mieCvivnen.48 korufcia seriozul problemas warmoadgenda. luiji
vilari igonebs, rom mas 1894-1898 wlebis saidumlo dokumenti aCvenes,
romlis mixedviT 19 ùezdis~ ufrosi, 9 ufrosis moadgile, 83 policie-
li da ori qalaqis policiis Sefi sisxlis samarTals gadasces `spekula-
ciis, mkvlelobisa da sxva danaSaulis gamo~.49 kavkasiaSi dabali rangis
bevri reputaciaSelaxuli Cinovniki iyo gadmosaxlebuli da miuxedavad
voroncov-daSkovis mosazrebisa, rom kavkasia TviTmmarTvelobisTvis
iseve iyo mzad, rogorc imperiis sxva danarCeni regionebi, CinovnikTa
umravlesoba adgilobriv mmarTvelebs eTanxmeboda imaSi, rom kavkasiel
xalxebs `moraluri safuZveli~ akldaT `zemstvos~ asamoqmedeblad da
rom maT warmodgena ar hqondaT, Tu ras niSnavda kanonis pativiscema.50
saSualo donis biurokratebTan brZolis garda voroncov-daSkovs mcire
dafinansebis pirobebSi uwevda muSaoba. es sankt-peterburgis mier kavka-
siaSi samoqalaqo cxovrebis ignorirebis Sedegi iyo. voroncov-daSkovi
Cioda, rom policielebis mcire raodenoba TbilisSi imas niSnavda, rom
maTi Sevseba adgilobrivi, sofleli karaulebis rigebidan unda momx-
dariyo. policielTa ricxvi TbilisSi dRiTidRe mcirdeboda, radgan
revoluciuri saqmianobis gaaqtiurebisa da mosalodneli safrTxis ga-
mo TanamSromlebi masiurad tovebdnen am uwyebas. voroncov-daSkovi
aRniSnavda, rom maSin roca 1905-1906 wlebSi policiis uwyebebi imperiis
sxvadasxva regionebSi zedmeti 20 milioni rubliT daafinanses, saqarT-
velos policias araferi miuRia. 1900 da 1904 wlebs Soris periodSi fi-
nansTa saministrom Tbilisis policiisTvis dafinanseba Sekveca. Tanxa
96 000-dan daaxloebiT 80 000 rublamde Semcirda. gansxvaveba Tbilisis
dumas unda daefara.51 1906 wlis oqtomberSi baTumis olqSi policiis mx-
olod erTi ufrosi oficeri da misi cxra xelqveiTi muSaobdnen, rom-
lebic 155-kacian uxeirod momzadebul jgufs xelmZRvanelobdnen. 1905
wlisTvis qalaq baTumis 35 000-ian mosaxleobas policiis mxolod 50
TanamSromeli emsaxureboda.52 voroncov-daSkovs Tbilisel moqalaqeTa
jgufma TxovniT mimarTa, rom policielebisTvis xelfasebi moematebina,
rom am gziT uwyebas `moraluri da patiosani kadrebi~ miezida. voron-
cov-daSkovi iZulebuli gaxda vilarisTan eRiarebina, rom Cinovnikebs
did Zalauflebas da mcire xelfasebs vaZlevT da amis Semdeg gasakviria,
rom maT pirveli meoris Sesavsebad gamoiyenono?53
voroncov-daSkovisTvis sakuTari misiis sirTule TbilisSi Camosv-

lamdec cxadi unda yofiliyo. martis TveSi misi daniSvnis Sesaxeb gakeTe-
buli gancxadebis Semdeg muSebma, studentebma, afTiaqarebma, maswavleb-
lebma da adgilobrivi samTavrobo uwyebebis moxeleebma moTxovnebi
warmoadgines. isini uqme dReebis raodenobis gazrdas, pensiebis gaum-
jobesebas, ufaso samedicino daxmarebas da maRal xelfasebs iTxovdnen.
22 marts Tbilisis maRaziebis damxmareebi gaificnen, aprilis TveSi maT
stambis mbeWdavebi, rkinigzisa da tramvais depos muSebi, mzareulebi
da Sinamosamsaxureebi miyvnen. mefisnacvlis samuSao oTaxi angariSebiT
gaivso. isini qalaqgareT Catarebuli xalxmravali demonstraciebis Se-
saxeb ityobinebodnen. Tbilisis qalaqis Tavi SvidiaTaskacian demon-
straciaze werda martis bolos. Tbilisis administraciisa da kancelar-
iis moxeleebma voroncov-daSkovs ruseT-iaponiis omis dasafinanseblad
Tavisi xelfasebidan CamoWrili 1%-is gauqmeba, maswavlebelTa sabWos
warmomadgenlebma ki ganaTlebis sferoSi avtonomia da policiis agen-
turisgan skolebis gaTavisufleba mosTxoves.
reformis marcxi
1905 wlis 5 maiss voroncov-daSkovs Tbilisis sadgurze farTo-

farflian qudebSi gamowyobili da oqros epoletebiT mxrebdamSvenebuli
sazogadoeba daxvda, maT Soris kavkasiis administraciis maRali Tanamde-
bobis pirebi _ TanaSemwe samxedro dargSi, general-leitenanti malama,
TanaSemwe samoqalaqo saqmeebSi, n. a. sulTan krim girei da kavkasiis jar-
ebis Stabis ufrosi, general-leitenanti griaznovi. ukravda orkestri
da maRalfardovani misasalmebeli sityvebic warmoiTqva. sadguris baqa-
nze imyofebodnen agreTve Tbilisisa da quTaisis aristokratiis warmo-
madgenlebi, qalaqis gildiebis ufrosebi, Tbilisis dumis Tavmjdomare,
qalaqis warmomadgenlebi, Jurnal-gazeTebis redaqtorebi, qarTuli
saegzarqosos, somxuri da kaTolikuri eklesiebis meTaurebi, azerbai-
janeli mufti da yovel maTgans Tavisi moTxovnebi hqonda.
ramdenime dRec ar iyo gasuli, rom golovinis prospeqtze mdebare
mefisnacvlis brwyinvale sasaxleSi dabinavebuli voroncov-daSkovi ka-
vkasiuri problemebis morevSi aRmoCnda. rkinigzis depoSi ganaxlebuli
teroristuli kampania, afTiaqarebis gaficva, somxebsa da azerbaijan-
lebs Soris naxiCevanSi afeTqebuli konfliqti da rus patriotTa demon-
straciis Sedegebi mis dauyonebliv yuradRebas iTxovda. baqos guberna-

tors, Tavad nakaSiZesac am dros esroles.
ivnisSi mefisnacvalma sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebTan Sexvedrebis
raundi daiwyo miwis reformebTan da `zemstvosTan~ dakavSirebiT. man
sazogadoebas SesTavaza kanoni, romlis ZaliT glexebis droebiTi val-
debuleba dasruldeboda (kanoni sabolood 1912 wels miiRes) da gauqm-
deboda xiznebis (gaqceuli glexebi, romlebic miwas ijariT iRebdnen)
gaurkveveli mdgomareoba. man sazogadoebas mouwoda, saswrafod Semo-
eRoT `zemstvo~ da soflis macxovreblebisTvisac uxucesTa arCevis sa-
Sualeba miecaT. mefisnacvalma sankt-peterburgSi SemuSavebul gegmas
rusi glexebis kavkasiaSi gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb medgari winaaRmdegoba
gauwia.
ivnisis TveSi voroncov-daSkovma CamorTmeuli qoneba daubruna
somxur eklesias. is imedovnebda, rom somexi xalxis dawynarebiT ruse-
Tis sagareo politikas gaaumjobesebda iransa da osmaleTSi. ivlisis
TveSi is maswavleblebs Sexvda da skolebSi mSobliur enaze swavlebis
saaTebis gazrda da saskolo sagnebis SerCevaSi uSualo monawileobis
miReba SesTavaza.54 man Tavisi administraciis stambis muSebTanac scada
mogebis ganawilebaze molaparakeba. magram voroncov-daSkovma veraf-
riT SeZlo qarTuli sazogadoebis zomieri nawilis cduneba. man Tbilis-
Si axalCamosul vilars gaando, rom im saxis daTmobebiT, rasac liber-
alurs uwodebdnen... is mosaxleobis ukeTesi nawilis dakmayofilebas
SeZlebda, danarCenebs ki rogorme mouvlida.55 es gancxadeba zedmetad
optimisturi iyo. qalaqis duma, romelic qalaqis saganmanaTleblo, sa-
medicino da sapolicio dawesebulebs uwevda daxmarebas 1876 wlidan,
dumis maRali sawevro gadasaxadis (1500 rubli) gamo qalaqis finansuri
elitisgan Sedgeboda, romlis umravlesobas somxebi warmoadgendnen.56
1900 wlisTvis somxebi Tbilisis dumis sam meoTxeds Seadgendnen, magram
golicinis saqmianobis gamo isini undoblad uyurebdnen caristul ad-
ministracias da eWvobdnen, rom somxebsa da `TaTrebs~ Soris Tebervlis
Setakebebi baqoSi rusebis provokaciis nayofi iyo.
dumis Tavmjdomareebi liberalebi iyvnen _ qristefore vermiSevi
(1905 wlis seqtembramde), Tavadi n. e. argutinski-dolgorukovi, orive
somexi, da Tavadi v. n. Cerqezovi. 1905 wlis maisSi, roca mefisnacvals
kavkasiuri tradiciiT, puriTa da mariliT xvdeboda, vermiSevma voron-
cov-daSkovs moaxsena, rom xalxis gauTavebeli mRelvareba... wesrigis
dacvisa da kanonierebisadmi negatiur damokidebulebaze ki ar mianiS-

nebda, aramed janmrTel da SemoqmedebiT Zalebze... romlebic gamosav-
lis ZiebaSi iyvnen.57
1905 wlis pirveli 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi Tbilisis saqalaqo sabWo
Ria forumad iqca. damswreTaTvis gankuTvnili aivnebi gadaWedili iyo
gaficuli muSebiT, social-demokratebiTa da sxvebiT. sabWos wevrebi
xSirad sakuTar adgilebamde misvlasac ver axerxebdnen. 23 ianvris sxdo-
maze sabWom mouwoda mTavrobas, Sekrebisa da kavSirebis Seqmnis ufleba
mieca muSebisTvis. man aseve moiTxova, rom sabWos komisias `zedmiwevniT
Seeswavla muSebis moTxovnebi~, SeemuSavebina kanoni gaficvis uflebis
Sesaxeb da mTavrobisgan `meezoveebis~ agenturuli qselis gauqmeba
moeTxova.58 TebervalSi somxebis gaJletam baqoSi da imave TveSi kaza-
kebis Tavdasxmam sabWos TanamSromlebze sabWos wevrebi xelisuflebis
mimarT antaganosturad ganawyo. martSi argutinski-dolgorukovis,
a. s. babovis da aleqsandre xatisovis (xatisiani) meTaurobiT saqalaqo
sabWo kavkasieli warmomadgenlebis, maT Soris glexebisa da muSebis
organizaciebis yrilobis mowvevas iTxovda, romelsac regionis prob-
lemebi unda ganesazRvra. maisSi sabWom vermiSevi qalaqebisa da dabebis
gamgeblebis yrilobaze gagzavna moskovSi da misi piriT solidaroba ga-
moucxada yrilobis delegatebs, romlebmac presis Tavisuflebis Semz-
Rudavi kanonebis gauqmeba moiTxoves.59 quTaisis saqalaqo sabWomac maT
mibaZa. sabWos wevrebi aRSfoTebulebi iyvnen kazakebis mwvave reaqciiT
14 Tebervlis demonstraciaze, romelmac 3 adamiani imsxverpla da 5
daasaxiCra.60 sazogadoebis sxva jgufebic, visganac voroncov-daSkovs
SeiZleba mxardaWeris imedi hqonoda, magaliTad, qarTuli Tavad-aznau-
roba an wvrili saqmosnebi, 1905 wlisTvis damaxasiaTebeli radikalizmiT
iyvnen daavadebulni. 14 aprils quTaisis Tavadaznaurobis `sagangebo
Sekreba~ SfoTavda da boboqrobda. erT-erTma gamomsvlelma ganacxada,
rom is mxolod Tavadaznaurobas ki ar ekuTvnoda, aramed mTel qarTvel
xalxs, meorem Tqva, rom Sekreba individis damonebisa da policiis tira-
niis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. rom ar gavagrZeloT, Sekrebaze mefisad-
mi mimarTva miiRes. mimarTvaSi werdnen, rom qarTveli xalxis dasawynare-
blad da misi kulturis gasaviTareblad mxolod erTi gza arsebobda... da
es erTi gza imaSi mdgomareobda, rom saqarTvelos marTva unda ganxor-
cielebuliyo kanonebiT, romlebsac qarTveli xalxis mier sayovelTao,
pirdapiri, faruli da Tanaswori kenWisyriT arCeuli warmomadgenlo-
biTi asamblea miiRebda.61 Tbilisis somexi mosaxleobis warmomadgenleb-

ma peticia gaugzavnes voroncov-daSkovs, romelSic TviTmmarTvelobis
uflebas moiTxovdnen. somxebi kavkasiis miwis asambleisgan yovelgvari
privilegiebisa da Sida sapasporto sistemis gauqmebas iTxovdnen, kavka-
siuri universitetisgan _ ufaso dawyebiT swavlebas mSobliur enaze da,
bolos, mefisnacvals somxuri eklesiis avtonomiasac sTxovdnen.62
kavkasiel muslimTa sazogadoebam Tanaswori mopyroba moiTxova vo-
roncov-daSkovisgan. isini werdnen, rom muslimebi sruliad gariyulebi
iyvnen regionis administraciis saqmianobisgan, maT samuSaod ar iRebdnen
araTu regionuli donis samxedro, mmarTvelobiT Tu sasamarTlo uwye-
bebSi, aramed am uwyebebis dabali rgolis organoebSic ki. maT Svilebs
mSobliur enaze swavlis ufleba ar hqondaT da ufrosebs ki skolebSi
pedagogebad ar amuSavebdnen. dabolos, aRSfoTebiT aprotestebdnen im
faqts, rom saqalaqo sabWoebis muslim amomrCevelTa da qalaqis adminis-
traciuli organoebis muslim wevrTa raodenoba ar SeiZleboda qristian
amomrCevelTa da qristian wevrTa raodenobis naxevarze meti yofiliyo.63
mefisnacvlisTvis ioli arc qristianuli eklesiis xelmZRvanelebTan
iyo urTierToba. TebervalSi imereTis eparqiis 357 mRvdelma Sekrebaze
miiRo da sankt-peterburgSi gagzavna peticia, romelSic saqarTveloSi
antiklerikaluri moZraobis gaZlierebas mTavrobis mier gatarebul
politikas abralebdnen, gansakuTrebiT ki rusuli saegzarxosos poli-
tikas kavkasiaSi. peticiis avtorebi amtkicebdnen, rom maT aiZulebdnen,
glexebisgan fulis gadaxda moeTxovaT monaTvlaSi, gardacvlilisTvis
wesis agebaSi da sxva saritualo momsaxurebaSi. isini iTxovdnen qarTuli
eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenas, misTvis ekonomikuri damoukideblobis
miniWebas da reformebis gatarebas sasuliero seminariebSi.64
maisis bolosTvis igive moTxovnebis warsadgenad aRmosavleT saqa-
rTvelos samRvdeloeba Seikriba Tbilisis seminariaSi, magram eklesiis
msaxurebis Sekreba mTeli sisastikiT daSales kazakebma. Sedegad ruse-
Tis egzarxosi da seminariis reqtori gaaTavisufles dakavebuli poste-
bidan. 11 oqtombers mefisnacvalTan Sexvedrisas qarTvelma Tavadaznau-
rebma isev daayenes eklesiis sakiTxi. maTi sityvebiT, eklesia àgoniaSi~
imyofeboda, sasuliero pirs, romelic qarTul enaze ver laparakobda,
qarTveli glexebi ise aRiqvamdnen, rogorc `saeklesio departamentis
Cinovnikebs~ an agentebs.65 yvelas gasakvirad, ruseTis egzarxosi daTan-
xmda, rom ganixilavda qarTuli eklesiis avtokefaliis sakiTxs, magram
es saqme mTavrobis komisiaSi SeCerda.66 somxuri eklesia ufro windaxedu-

lad iqceoda, radgan Tavisi qonebis dabrunebas eloda, magram voron-
cov-daSkovs mainc eWviT uyurebda adgilobriv oficiozTan saeklesio
skolebis marTvis gamo gaCaRebuli brZolis Semdeg.
miuxedavad voroncov-daSkovis reformatoruli suliskveTebisa da
mtkice gadawyvetilebisa, rom Tavisi winamorbedis kursi, rasac TviTon
`damangrevel politikas~ uwodebda, sapirispiro geziT Seecvala, misi
yvela cda miwis, sasamarTlo Tu adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis reformebis
gatarebisa yru kedels awydeboda. reformebis CaSlaSi erTaniarad mi-
uZRodaT wvlili sankt-peterburgis ministrTa kabinets, mis sakuTar
xelqveiTebs, samxedroebsa da TanamSromlobisadmi gulgrilad ganwyo-
bil revolucionerebsac.67 magram 1912-1913 wlebSi mefisnacvalma miwis
sakiTxSi gamarjveba moipova da energiulad da Seupovrad ganagrZo re-
formebis gza, ramac kavkasiel glexebs kerZo sakuTrebaze uflebebis
gafarToeba moutana.68 Tumca gulgril Cinovnikebs TavSi ar mosdiodaT,
rom liberali ufrosis xaTriT uari eTqvaT Sesisxlxorcebul Cvevebze
da ukompromiso revolucionerebis pirispir martod darCenili voron-
cov-daSkovi, romelsac arc amomrCevlebi umagrebdnen zurgs, xSirad
iZulebuli xdeboda adgilobrivi samxedro pirebis nebas dahyoloda.
wlis bolos, Tavisi reformatoruli politikis gacamtverebis
Semxedvare voroncov-daSkovma nikoloz II-s TxovniT mimarTa Tanamde-
bobidan wasvlis Sesaxeb, magram 1915 wlamde, anu 78 wlis asakamde, mas
neba ar darTes, gadamdgariyo. mefisnacvals mtrebi hyavda ideologi-
uri barieris orive mxares, sankt-peterburgsa da adgilobriv oficiozs
Soris reformebis gatarebis dauZleveli survilis gamo, xolo libera-
lebsa da radikalebs Soris am reformebis gatarebis SeuZleblobis gamo.
1908 wels is mefes werda, rom pirovnuli Tavdasxmebi ukiduresi memar-
jveneebisa da memarcxeneebisgan mas didad ar aSfoTebda: erTnic da meo-
renic mtrad mimiCneven da arc cdebiano.69
qarTuli social-demokratia 1905 wels
1905 wlis ganmavlobaSi qarTvel social-demokratebsa da qarTvel

bolSevikebs xSirad mosdiodaT uTanxmoebebi. gazafxulze usiamovneba
avlabris stambis, erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli komitetebis legalu-
robis da Tanxebisa da teqnikis ganawilebis gamo daiwyo. gaerTianebis

warumatebeli mcdelobis Semdeg aprilis TveSi kavkasiel bolSevikTa
liderebi mesame yrilobaze (bolSevikebis) dasaswrebad londonSi gaemg-
zavrnen. qarTvelma social-demokratebma ki sruliad kavkasiis Sekreba
Caatares mcxeTaSi.
`bolSevikebi~ mixa cxakaia da prokofi (alioSa) jafariZe mesame yri-
lobas daeswrnen. yrilobaze didi dava atyda 8 mandatTan dakavSire-
biT. bolSevikebis mtkicebiT mandatebi kavkasiis kavSirs ekuTvnoda. sa-
mandato komisiam saarCevno procedurebis darRvevasa da ùdisciplino
saqcielSi~ dasdo brali kavSirs da, sabolood, kavkasiidan yrilobis
erTaderTi uflebamosili deputati jafariZe aRmoCnda, romelic baqoSi
muSaobda. mixa cxakaiam mandati bolSevikebis centraluri komitetidan
miiRo, xolo kavkasiidan Casuli danarCeni deputatebi rusebi iyvnen.70
bolSevikebs rom adgilobrivi kavkasieliebis mxardaWera akldaT, es na-
Teli iyo. yrilobisTvis menSevikebis mxardamWeri centraluri komite-
tis mier gagzavnilma werilma kidev ufro daamZima kavkasiis kavSiris
gaWirvebuli mdgomareoba. werilis avtorebi acxadebdnen, rom kavSiri
social-demokratebis umravlesobis azrs ar gamoxatavda saqarTveloSi.
isini ufro Sors wavidnen da mesame yriloba aralegalurad gamoacxades,
es mosazreba Jenevis partiul konferenciaze gamoiTqva maisSi, sadac
menSevikebi akontrolebdnen situacias. bolos, werilSi aRniSnavdnen,
rom bolSevikebis ideebis gamo am ori frTis gaerTianebis imedi `gulub-
ryviloba~ iyo.
amave dros, Tbilisis komitetma gamoacxda, rom is damoukidebeli iqne-
boda da arc mesame yrilobas daeswreboda da arc Jenevis partiul konfer-
encias.71 kavkasielebi mesame yrilobas, iseve rogorc rsdmp-s meore yrilo-
bas, glexobis sakiTxebis mcodneebad moevlinnen. cxakaia leninTan erTad
gamovida agrarul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. man mTeli Tavisi moxseneba guru-
li glexebis moZraobaze dayrdnobiT gaakeTa. leninma moZraobas `glexebis
yvelaze mowinave moZraoba~ uwoda. mixa cxakaiam qarTveli glexebis revo-
luciuri xasiaTi aRwera da ilaparaka ruseTis glexobis ufro farTo
revoluciur strategiaSi CarTvis saWiroebis Sesaxeb.72 misi TqmiT, guriis
movlenebma yvelas aCvena, rom proletariatis yvelaze mniSvnelovani mo-
kavSireebi liberalebi ki ara, glexebi iyvnen. partiasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT kavkasielebma zomieri kursi airCies. cxakaia
yrilobis ganwyobasac gamoxatavda, roca Semrigebluri pozicia daikava
menSevikebTan damokidebulebaSi.73 man gailaSqra centraluri komitetis-

Tvis didi Zalauflebis miniWebis winaaRmdeg, mouwoda delegatebs, rom
mudmivad edevnebinaT Tval-yuri komitetSi inteligenciisa da glexebis
warmomadgenlobisTvis, raTa uzrunveleyoT muSebis warmomadgenloba,
gaakritika ìzmebis~ moWarbebuli gamoyeneba, leninis gaRmerTeba da urCia
partias, rom `modus vivendi-s praqtikuli gzebi moeZia menSevikebTan dasaax-
loeblad~. amgvar ganwyobas jafariZemac dauWira mxari. cxakaiam ganacxada,
rom roca oponentebs, amxanag menSevikebs, Tavs vesxmiT an vadanaSaulebT
taqtikis moSlaSi, kooptaciis maniisTvis da sxva danarCeni `Rirsebebi-
sTvis~, Cven TviTonac ar varT Sors am sikeTeebisgano. Cven, ra Tqma unda,
yvelani megobrebi viyaviT, erTad vaswavlidiT, kargad vmuSaobdiT erTad
jer kidev guSin da mxolod dRes gavxdiT erTmaneTis mtrebio.74 marTa-
lia, cxakaia uaryofda legalur muSaobas, magram mesame yrilobis kurss
SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis Sesaxeb didi mzadyofniT ar iziarebda. yrilobis
rezolucia mouwodebda delegatebs `daegegmaT SeiaraRebuli ajanyeba da
uSualod exelmZRvanelaT misTvis~, magram cxakaiam gaafrTxila delegate-
bi, rom SeiaraRebuli ajanyebisTvis isini jer mzad ar iyvnen.75
aprilSi sruliad kavkasiis social-demokratiuli organizaciebis
pirvel konferencias saqarTveloSi noe Jordania xelmZRvanelobda.
konferencias saqarTvelos yvela komitetisa da baqos komitetis war-
momadgenelbi eswrebodnen. konferenciam kavkasiis kavSirTan dasapir-
ispireblad kavkasiis biuro Seqmna, xolo SeiaraRebuli konfliqtis
mosamzadeblad _ samxedro teqnikuri komisia, imis miuxedavad, rom kon-
ferenciis daskvniT rezoluciebSi teroristuli aqtebis Catarebaze
uari iTqva. komisias noe ramiSvili xelmZRvanelobda. guruli glexis
ojaxSi dabadebul 24 wlis noe ramiSvils, romelic studentur gamosv-
lebSi monawileobisTvis iurevis universitetis iuridiuli fakulteti-
dan garicxes, icnobdenen, rogorc karg organizators, radikals, emo-
ciur orators da Zlieri xasiaTis pirovnebas. mas ramdenjerme mouvida
Setakeba muSebTan imis gamo, rom isini komitetebis xelmZRvanelobaze
acxadebdnen pretenzias. 1905 wlisTvis noe ramiSvils bombebis ramden-
ime sawarmo hqonda gaxsnili.
konferenciaze sakmaod zomieri gadawyvetilebebi iqna miRebuli (sa-
yovelTao gaficvebisa da SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebis uaryofa, monawileo-
ba yvelanair legalur saqmianobaSi), romlebic didad ar gansxvavdeboda
rusi menSevikebis mier JenevaSi erTi kviris dagvianebiT gamarTul kon-
ferenciaze miRebuli rezoluciebisgan. magram aqcenti sxva iyo. menSe-

vikebis konferenciam glexebis sakiTxisadmi gulgriloba gamoamJRavna
da miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis mixedviT miwebis darigebis sakiTxi
damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevamde unda gadadebuliyo. kavkasiis konferen-
ciam xazi gausva ufro farTo araproletaruli jgufebis, gansakuTrebiT
`soflis proletariatis da naxevrad proletariatis~ partiaSi CarTvis
saWiroebas da moiTxova `Zlieri social-demokratiuli organizaciebis~
dafuZneba soflad. kavkasielebi daeTanxmnen menSevik amxanagebs, rom
agraruli terori dasagmobi iyo, magram realurad amaze Tvals xuWavd-
nen. maT konferencias SesTavazes emuSavaT kavkasiis regionul TviTmmarT-
velobaze da ara erovnul-teritoriul avtonomiaze. maTgan gansxvavebiT
rusma menSevikebma erovnuli sakiTxi konferenciis bolosTvis moitoves
JenavaSi, mere ki dro ar eyoT da es Tema saerTod aRar ganuxilavT. 76
magram am droisTvis qarTvel social-demokratebsa da rus menSe-
vikebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi umniSvnelo iyo, xolo gansxvaveba
adgilobrivi bolSevikebisgan _ jer kidev bundovani. 1905 wlis manZil-
ze yvela social-demokratiuli fraqcia TanamSromlobda erTmaneTTan:
Tumca qarTveli social-demokratebis debatebSi da maT samoqmedo taq-
tikaSi garkveuli kursi ikveTeboda. 1905 wels qarTuli organizacia ar
Semoifargleboda mxolod politikuri agitaciiT, is nebismier legalur
saSualebas iyenebda xalxSi politikuri ganaTlebis gasavrceleblad.
aprilis konferenciaze sayovelTao gaficvis Sesaxeb miRebul rezo-
luciaSi gansakuTrebiT iyo aRniSnuli sayovelTao gaficvis saganmana-
Tleblo xasiaTi. qarTvelebis aseTi midgoma axlos iyo rusi menSevikis,
pavel aqselrodis poziciasTan, romelic mtkiced da Tanamimdevrulad
eweoda inteligenciis zrunvisgan Tavisufali, politikurad Segnebuli
da damoukidebeli muSaTa klasis propagandas.
axalma qarTulma social-demokratiulma gazeTma `social-demok-
ratma~ Tavis furclebze ganacxada, rom legaluri profkavSirebi xels
Seuwyobda, magaliTad klasebs Soris solidarobis dabadebas da da-
moukidebeli muSaTa klasis partiis Camoyalibebas.77
qarTvelma social-demokratebmac amis gamo miiRes monawileoba
voroncov-daSkovis mier organizebul SexvedrebSi, sadac `zemstvos~
reformebi ganixileboda. qarTvelma social-demokratebma daaarses
mwarmoebelTa da momxmarebelTa kooperativebi da arCevnebSic monawi-
leobdnen. mefis 6 agvistos gamoqveynebuli moulodneli brZanebiT Se-
iqmna komisia, romelsac unda emuSava sakonsultacio sakanonmdeblo

organos, `buliginis dumis~ Camoyalibebaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom duma
muSaTa umravlesobas xmis uflebas CamoarTmevda da masSi monawileobas
ver miiRebda kavkasiis teritoriebis umetesi nawili, garda ramdenime
qalaqisa, magaliTad, Tbilisisa da baqosi, gansxvavebiT imperiaSi ar-
sebuli mravali sxva revoluciuri partiisgan (maT Soris iyo rsdmp-is
udidesi nawili, `bundi~, liberaluri kavSiri, sruliad ruseTis maswav-
lebelTa yriloba), social-demokratebis qarTvelma liderebma mxari
dauWires buliginis dumaSi upirobo monawileobas.78 maT iluziebi ar
hqondaT. mogvianebiT, 1906 wlis martis TveSi, noe Jordaniam ganmarta
social-demokratebis pozicia dumaSi monawileobasTan dakavSirebiT, im
dumaSi, romelsac man `saxalxo warmomadgenlobis fabrikacia~ Searqva.
is werda:
`boikoti imas niSnavs, rom Cven arCevnebSi monawileobas ar miviRebT,

aramed xalxs avuxsniT, rom saTaTbiro ar varga da sxva. mara es gany-
enebuli msjelobaa, romelsac mxolod mowinave, ufro Segnebuli
nawili gaigebs.... Seugnebeli masisTvis ki....carieli sityviT imis
damtkiceba, rom saTaTbiro ar varga, ar kmara....Tu Cven movSordebiT
saarCevno asparezs, darCebian liberalebi da reaqcionerebi... arCev-
nebSi monawileobis miReba ki saSualebas gvaZlevs massaze meti gav-
lena movipovoT...~79
1905 wels qarTveli bolSevikebi, romlebsac maxaraZe da stalini

warmoadgendnen, rusuli menSevikuri organizaciebis umravlesobis
msgavsad, mTavrobis SemoTavazebuli dumis boikotirebis propagandas
eweodnen. besoSvilis (stalini) sityvebiT, 1905 wlis oqtombris duma
ùunaro parlamenti~ iyo da sxva araferi. is mxars uWerda saarCevno
kampaniaSi monawileobas, magram saboloo kenWisyraSi monawileobis
winaaRmdeg gamodioda, radgan, misi azriT, masSi monawileoba masebSi
imedgacruebas da social-demokratebis diskretidacias gamoiwvevda.80
rigiTi amomrCevlisTvis Jordaniasa da besoSvilis pozicia Zneli ga-
sagebi iyo _ rogor unda ganxorcielebuliyo erTdroulad saTaTbiros
arCevnebi da misi dagmoba, an ras niSnavda winasaarCevno procesebSi
monawileobis miReba da mere gadamwyveti kenWisyris boikotireba.
arc erTi taqtikuri svla ar vargoda da gansxvavebebs maT Soris, praq-
tikulad, araviTari gavlena ar hqonia. amitom orive frTam miiRo mo-

nawileoba saarCevno kampaniaSic da kenWisyraSic.
roca stokholmis konferenciaze, 1906 wlis aprilSi, lenini da bol-
Sevikebi dumis Taobaze miRebul rezoluciaSi cvlilebis Setanas uWerd-
nen mxars da kavkasiis social-demokratebs arCevnebSi monawileobisken
mouwodebdnen, maSin rodesac danarCen ruseTSi arCevnebis boikotirebis
propagandas eweodnen, isini amiT adgilze Seqmnil mdgomareobas aRi-
arebdnen mxolod.81qarTveli social-demokratebis warmatebam pirve-
li dumis arCevnebSi mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba is, rom leninma taqtika
Secvala da mogvianebiT, 1906 wlis seqtemberSi, meore dumis arCevnebSi
srulad monawileobaze gaakeTa gancxadeba.82 kavkasiurma magaliTma rus
menSevikebzec imoqmeda, Tumca martovi da aqselrodi, Jordanias uax-
loesi mokavSireebi umetes sakiTxebSi, yovelTvis arCevnebSi monawileo-
bis miRebis momxreebi iyvnen.83 1905 wels qarTvelma social-demokrateb-
ma aliansi gaafarToes da wvril burJuaziasTan _ Tbilisis, quTaisisa
da baTumis wvril movaWreebTan da TviTdasaqmebul xelosnebTan dai-
wyes TanamSromloba. wvrili burJuazia, romelic glexobasac moicavda,
JordaniasTvis burJuaziuli revoluciis warmatebis sawindari iyo ka-
vkasiaSi. 1905 wels Jordania paralelebs avlebda 1848 wlis safrange-
Tis muSaTa klasTan. qarTulis msgavsad, isic naxevrad proletarul
klass warmoadgenda patara `fabrikebSi~ dasaqmebuli xelosanTa didi
jgufebiT. es xelosnebi, Tumca `wvril burJuazias~ ki miekuTvnebod-
nen, xSir SemTxvevaSi ùfro ganviTarebulebi, mcodneebi da revolu-
ciuri suliskveTebis matarebelni iyvnen, vidre siRatakemde miyvanili
didi fabrika-qarxnebis muSebi. wvrili burJuaziis am elementebs da
proletariats saerTo interesebi hqondaT konservatiuli burJuaziis
winaaRmdeg. imisTvis, rom ruseTSi revolucias Tavisi miznebisTvis mi-
eRwia, proletariats naxevrad proletaruli `meSCanebisa~ da glexebis
daxmareba sWirdeboda.84 es saxalxo fronti revolucias konservatiuli
burJuaziis miznebs CamoaSorebda da, rogorc Jordania ambobda, wvrili
burJuaziis `socializacias~ (maTi mxardaWeris mopoveba socialuri re-
formebis gasatareblad) da proletariatis `respublikanizacias~ (maTi
mxardaWeris mopoveba demokratiuli reformebis gasatareblad) moi-
tanda.85 sruliad amierkavkasiis social-demokratiuli organizaciebis
meore konferenciaze 1905 wels qarTveli social-demokratebi daeTa-
nxmnen im mosazrebas, rom wvrili burJuazia demokratiuli revoluci-
is xelSewyobis mizniT burJuaziuli blokis winaaRmdeg unda yofiliyo

gamoyenebuli.86 amgvari aliansis Seqmna ar ewinaaRmdegeboda rusi menSe-
vikebis kurss, ubralod, menSevikebis kursi praqtikaSi ganaxorcieles.
1905 wels Tbilisis komitetma wvril movaWreTa biuro daaarsa,
romelsac zaqaria CiCua Caudga saTaveSi. biuro damoukidebeli organo
iyo, magram komitetis saerTo xelmZRvanleobiT muSaobda da vaWrebs da
TviTdasaqmebul xelosnebs uyrida Tavs gaficvebSi, boikotsa Tu demon-
straciebSi monawileobis misaRebad. 1905 wlisTvis qarTvelma social-
demokratebma saqarTvelos organizacia `progresuli~ klasebis blokad
gardaqmnes. oqtombris manifestis Semdeg de faqto arsebuli organiza-
ciis legalizaciam gaaZliera moTxovna, rom farTo masebze dafuZnebu-
li demokratiuli partia Seqmniliyo. dekembris nomerSi `sxivis~ redaq-
cia sixaruliT werda, rom mefis 17 oqtombris manifestma aralegaluri
organizacia erTbaSad legaluri gaxada da amiT moangria aralegaluri
arsebobis meqanizmebi. Zvel organizacias, romelic policiuri reJimis
pirobebSi ayvavda, mxolod im pirobebSi SeeZlo muSaoba. dro Seicvala
da Zveli organizacia zedmet bargad iqca, amitom partiisTvis momuSave
yoveli adamianis vali misi Tavidan moSoreba ariso.87 aseTi azrebi par-
tiis mitovebas ki ar niSnavda, aramed profesionali revolucionerebis
mcire jgufis mosvlas partiis xelmZRvanelobaSi. amieridan TiToeuli
wevri mTlianad unda yofiliyo CarTuli partiis saqmeSi, Tumca partiis
umaRles organoebs ufleba eqnebodaT dabal rgolebSi miRebuli gadawy-
vetilebebis Sesruleba gaurkvevlobis Tavidan asacileblad droebiT
SeeCerebinaT.88 magram qarTveli social-demokratebi mTeli 1905 wlis
manZilze agrZelebdnen ukanono gaficvebsa da boikots da mxars uWerdnen
martovis mowodebas revoluciuri TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb, roca ki
amis SesaZlebloba miecemodaT. martovma es winadadeba 1905 wlis april-
maisSi JenevaSi Catarebuli menSevikebis konferenciaze wamoayena.89 revo-
luciuri TviTmmarTveloba ki mTels imperiaSi yvelaze warmatebulad
guriaSi ganxorcielda.
qarTveli social-demokratebisTvis revoluciuri TviTmmarTvelo-
ba xazs usvamda revoluciis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas qvemodan
da periferiebidan. is iTvaliswinebda regionul pirobebs da taqtikas,
razec martovi albaT ar fiqrobda, roca am winadadebas ayenebda. qar-
Tuli social-demokratiis warmateba 1905 wels terors efuZneboda.
1903 wlidan dawyebuli qarTveli social-demokratebi klavdnen, bom-
bavdnen da sikvdiliT emuqrebodnen memamuleebsa da policiis TanamS-

romlebs. terori sakmaod qmediTi iaraRi iyo imisTvis, rom masze xeli
aeRoT. roca stokholmisa da londonis yrilobebze eqspropriaciebi da
partizanuli saqmianoba dagmes da specialuri SearaRebuli jgufebis
ganiaraReba moiTxoves, qarTvelebma es rezoluciebi ugulebelyves. 90 am
TvalsazrisiT isini didad ar gansxvavdebodnen sxva danarCeni rusuli
komitetebisgan. adgilobrivi social-demokratiuli organizaciebis
umravlesoba, romeli frTis warmomadgenelic unda yofiliyo, 1905
wlamde da merec atarebda teroristul aqtebs da centri uZluri iyo
amis winaSe. latvieli da litveli social-demokratebi da `bundi~ am
saqmes gansakuTrebiT efeqturad axorcielebdnen, xolo adgilobrivi
menSevikuri komitetebi bolSevikebze naklebad ar monawileobdnen ter-
oristul aqtebSi.91 1905 wlis saqarTveloSi terori yoveldRiuri mov-
lena gaxda. policiis monacemebis mixedviT (Tumca es cifrebi SesaZloa
Semcirebulic iyos), 1905 wlis Tebervlidan 1906 wlis maisamde Tbilisi-
sa da quTaisis guberniebSi 136 kaci mokles da 72 daWres politikuri mo-
tivaciiT Catarebuli teroristuli aqtebis dros (es cifri ar Seicavs
Zarcvisa da dabobmvis SemTxvevebs, roca aravin daSavebula). marTalia
yvela aqti social-demokratebs ar miewereba, am mxriv `daSnakcutunic~
Zalian aqtiurobda, magram social-demokratiuli komitetebis mona-
wileoba am saqmianobaSi Zalian didi iyo.
m. lemani igonebs, rom saqarTveloSi partiis dabali rangis wevrebs
Soris yovelTvis SeimCneoda eqscesebisken swrafva da mesakuTreebisa da
administraciis Cinovnikebis winaaRmdeg Zalis gamoyenebis mzadyofna.92
bolSeviki v. e. (baroni) bibineiSvili werda, rom pirveli revoluciis pe-
riodSi teroristulma saqmianobam giganturi masStabebi miiRo... TiTq-
mis yoveldRe xdeboda politikuri mkvleloba an Tavdasxma Zveli reJi-
mis warmomadgenlebzeo.93
Tbilisis komiteti bombebis damamzadebel sawarmoebs xelmZRvan-
elobda da bolSevikebTan erTad teroristuli jgufi hyavda Seqmnili.94
1905 wlis ivlisis Tvidan seqtembramde jgufi cxrajer daesxa Tavs ka-
zakebs. 1906 wlis aprilSi rsdmp-is gaerTianebul yrilobaze miRebuli
gadawyvetilebis miuxedavad, romelic terorizmisa da eqsproriaci-
ebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebda, qarTveli social-demokratebi mianc ga-
nagrZobdnen èqspropriaciis~ jgufis marTvas, jer bolSevikebTan er-
Tad, Semdeg ki damoukideblad. terori gansakuTrebul warmatebebs
aRwevda partizanuli brZolebisas dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Tumca aq so-

cial-demokratebis liderebs naklebi gavlena hqondaT. magram muSebis
sabrZolo ganwyoba TandaTan klebulobda, revoluciuri partizanebi
ki sul ufro metad emsgavsebodnen banditebs, da amiT SeSfoTebulma qa-
rTvelma social-demokratebma moaxerxes da 1907 wlis dasasrulisTvis
teroristuli saqmianoba SeaCeres.
1905 wels, kidev erT sakiTxze, romelzec azrTa sxvadasxvaoba iyo,
mosalodneli uTanxmoeba ar momxdara. qarTveli social-demokratebis
liderebi erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT orTodoqsi iskrelebi
iyvnen, gacilebiT metad orTodoqsebi, vidre latvielebi, litvelebi,
polonelebi da `bundi~, romlebic daJinebiT moiTxovdnen sakuTari da-
moukidebeli organizaciebis Seqmnas partiis farglebSi an mis gareT.
qarTveli social-demokratebi erovnul avtonomias kavkasiisTvis da-
mangrevel faqtorad miiCnevdnen. teritoriuli avtonomia dayofda
muSebs, biZgs miscemda eTnikur konfliqtebs. Camosuli xalxebis repre-
siebs da sxvadasxva regionebSi erT dominantur enas daamkvidrebda.
organizaciis yvela lideri, memarjvene irakli wereTlidan dawyebuli
da memarcxene mixa cxakaiaTi damTavrebuli, sajarod acxadebda, rom
ruseTis demokratiuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi Seqmnili regionuli
TviTmmarTvelobis ideis momxre iyo. magram, rogorc filipe maxaraZem
aRniSna, iseT regionSi, rogoric kavkasiaa, social-demokratebi ver
SeZlebdnen erovnuli xasiaTis moTxovnebis ignorirebas da maT es arc
gaukeTebiaTo.95 erovnuli avtonomiis ideis uaryofas, rac social-de-
mokratebs mniSvnelovnad ganasxvavebda socialist-federalistebis-
gan, ar Seunelebia maTi yuradReba erovnul-kulturuli problemebis
mimarT, arc qarTul social-demokratias daukargavs èrovnulobis~
xibli qarTveli xalxis TvalSi. social-demokratebis mier micemuli
piroba Tanasworobisa da demokratiis damkvidrebis Sesaxeb qarTve-
li xalxisTvis sakuTari cxovrebis baton-patronobas niSnavda da ara
rusebis, somxebis an Turqebis batonobas. regionuli parlamenti, rom-
lis Seqmnis ideas social-demokratebi uWerdnen mxars, saqarTvelos-
Tvis saWiro sakiTxebze daamuSavebda da miiRebda kanonebs qarTvelebis
mSobliur enaze. 1905 wlis qarTuli bolSevikuri memuaristika aRiarebs,
rom qarTveli social-demokratebi kargi internacionalistebi iyvnen,
magram am wlis dasasrulisTvis bolSevikTa eleqtorati ZiriTadad
rusuli gaxda, xolo social-demokratiuli organizacia _ qarTuli.
gazeT `proletariatis brZolis~ daxurvis Semdeg bolSevikebma rusul

enaze daiwyes `Кавказский рабочий листок”-is gamoSveba, romelic ZiriTa-
dad rus jariskacebze da muSebze iyo orientirebuli. bolSevikebi Za-
las ar iSurebdnen kavkasiis jariskacTa kavSiris Sesaqmnelad da amitom
maTi mimarTvebi mxolod rusul enaze ibeWdeboda. qarTveli social-de-
mokratebi ki, piriqiT, yvelafers qarTul enaze beWdavdnen. rogorc s. t.
arqomedisgan viciT, qarTveli social-demokratebi amtkicebdnen, rom
somxur aralegalur literaturaze fulis xarjvas gamarTleba ar hqon-
da da rom es saqme Tavad somexi muSebis mosagvarebeli iyo.961905 weli
mniSvnelovani periodi iyo qarTuli social-demokratiuli programis
CamoyalibebisTvis. qarTveli social-demokratebis taqtika aqselrodis
ideebTan ufro axlos iyo, vidre leninis ideebTan, Tumca menSevikebi da
bolSevikebi maSin xSirad icvlidnen taqtikasac da strategiasac. menSe-
vikebi terorizmiT iyvnen dakavebulebi, bolSevikebi ki dumis arCevnebis
kampaniaSi monawileobdnen. miuxedavad komitetebis xelSi Casagdebad
mimdinare brZolebisa saqarTveloSi bolSevikebisa da menSevikebis erT-
maneTisgan gansxvaveba praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyo. terori, legaluri
muSaoba, profkavSirebis saqmianoba, SeiaraRebuli winaaRmdegoba Tu ma-
siuri gaficvebi orive frTis sabrZolo arsenalSi Sedioda. gansxvaveba
mxolod ori kiTxvis garSemo arsebobda _ rodis da visTan erTad _ da
1905 wels arc es miiCneoda principul sakiTxad. noemberSi bolSevikebis
ramdenime darCenili komitetis Sexverda Catarda, sadac gakeTda ganx-
cadeba, rom `taqtikuri gansxvavebebi~ dabrkolebas ar warmoadgenda
partiis gaerTianebisTvis da gaisma mowodeba organizaciuli erTiano-
bisken. amas garda, konferenciam gadawyvita, rom saerTo politikuri
revoluciis dros menSevikebTan erTad saerTo lozungebis Camoyali-
beba SesaZlebeli iyo.97 samxreT ruseTis umciresobaTa organizaciebis
konferenciis, romelmac oficialurad aRiara partiis wevrobis le-
niniseuli ganmarteba, da tamperes (tamerforsi) 1905 wlis dekembris
partiis gamaerTianebeli konferenciis mowodebis Semdeg or frTas So-
ris TanamSromloba òficialuri~ gaxda saqarTveloSi.98 tamerforsSi
imis sanqcionireba moxda, rac praqtikulad ukve xorcieldeboda. 1906
wels fraqciebi formalurad gaerTiandnen da kavkasiis menSevikuri bi-
uros da kavkasiis kavSiris warmomadgenlebisgan Semdgari erToblivi
aRmasrulebeli komiteti Seqmnes. organizaciuli gaerTianeba 1906 wels
ganapiroba rigiTi wevrebis moTxovnam da carizmis winaaRmdeg brZola-
Si solidarobis aucileblobam. magram miuxedavad imisa, rom 1906 wels

isev grZeldeboda gaurkvevloba rsdmp-is xelmZRvanelebs Soris gansx-
vavebis bunebis Taobaze, organizaciuli gaerTianeba saqarTveloSi im
dros Sedga, roca axali da rTuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis wyalobiT
ideologiuri gansxvavebebi ufro TvalSisacemi xdeboda.
tragedia
1905 wels gaifica yvela, fsalmunis mkiTxvelidan meZavamde. gazaf-

xulze gaificnen rkinigzis muSebi, maRaziis gamyidvelebi, fotografe-
bi, stambis muSebi, ludis fabrika-qarxnebis muSebi da Sinamosamsaxuree-
bi. maTi moTxovnebi iyo 8-saaTiani samuSao dRe, erTTviani Svebuleba da
xelfasebis momateba. aprilSi sastumroebis momsaxure personalma 26
moTxovnisgan Semdgari sia warmoadgina, xolo tramvais memanqaneebma da
xazis muSebma subsidiebi moiTxoves binebis SesaZenad. mzareulebma da
mimtanebma ori dRiT daketes restornebi.99 ivnisSi social-demokratebis
moTxovniT saerTo gaficva gamocxadda. mowodebas gamoexmaurnen funi-
kulioris muSebi, yasbebi, TamamSevis qarvaslis maRaziaTa mepatroneebi,
meqanikosebi, eleqtroenergiis uwyebis TanamSromlebi da qalaqis ad-
ministraciis `TeTr-sayeloiani~ moxeleebi. rusma muSebma zewolas ver
gauZles da naxevari dRiT gaificnen, magram ori maTgani mainc mokles
gaficvaze uaris Tqmis gamo. qalaqis duma sagangebo sesiaze sanTlis Suqze
muSaobda. qalaqSi moqmedi yvela bazroba daiketa. social-demokratebis
sabrZolo SenaerTebma kazakebi dabombvis samizneebad SearCies da gana-
xorcieles kidec maTze xuTi Tavdasxma 24 da 25 ivniss. maxaraZe mogvi-
anebiT igonebda am periodze, rom terori da gaficvebi Cveulebrivi mov-
lena iyo da yvela grZnobda, rom raRac unda momxdariyo, rom areuloba,
mudmivi gaficvebi da teroristuli aqtebi dasrulebuliyoo.100 wyobi-
dan gamosulma voroncov-daSkovma saomari mdgomareoba gamoacxada qa-
laqSi da Tbilisis mazraSi. kavkasiis pirveli armiis sardali generali
iackeviCi Tbilisisa da Tbilisis mazris droebiT mTavarmarTeblad
dainiSna. gaficva saqarTvelos sxva danarCen qalaqebsac moedo, magram
male Sewyda, radgan damqiraveblebi daemuqrnen TanamSromlebs, rom
daxuravdnen sawarmoebs, Tanac gaficulebma armiidanac miiRes mkacri
gafrTxileba. policiam avWalaSi social-demokratebis bombebis dama-
mzadebeli sawarmoebi da laboratoria aRmoaCina. laboratoriaSi maT

nitroglicerinis 500 Sekvra da 24 daumTavrebeli bombi ipoves.
im wlis cxel zafxuls saqalaqo sabWo erevnis moedanze sazogadoe-
brivi TavSeyris centri gaxda. mas Semdeg, rac mefem buliginis dumis ar-
Cevis Sesaxeb winadadeba wamoayena, saqalaqo sabWo waleka asociaciebis,
kavSirebisa da profesiuli organizaciebis moTxovnebma da peticiebma
ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisa Tu politikuri uflebebis
Taobaze. qalaqis sabWo gazafxulis gaficvebis dros warmatebiT Sua-
mavlobda xelisuflebasa da gaficulebs Soris, magram am mozRvavebul
moTxovnebs veRar audioda. zafxulisTvis man sruliad dakarga ndoba.
social-demokratebma is cirkad aqcies, saTaTbiros aivnebze msxdomeb-
sac mouwodebdnen, rom estvinaT da sityva SeewyvetinebinaT gamomsv-
lelebisTvis.
25 agvistos Tbilisis sagubernio zemstvos arCevnebis gansaxilve-
lad saqalaqo saTaTbiros Ria sxdoma gamocxadda. sxdomas daaxloebiT
ori aTasi kaci eswreboda. noe xomerikma, arCil jafariZem da aramias
erzinkianma (somexi menSeviki) zaqaria CiCuasTan (wvril vaWarTa biuros
warmomadgeneli) erTad Semoitanes rezolucia, romelic moiTxovda
`zemstvo~ arCeuliyo sayovelTao, Tanaswori da Tavisufali kenWisyris
safuZvelze. sxdomaze viTareba imdenad daiZaba, rom saTaTbiros wevreb-
ma darbazi datoves. Sekreba 29 agvistosTvis gadaitanes. roca CiCuasa da
jafariZis meTaurobiT oTxasi muSa da xelosani 29-Si saTaTbiros sxdo-
mis darbazs miadga da darbazi daketili dauxvdaT, maT karebi Seangries
da mitingi daiwyes. darbazSi myofTa ricxvi aTas xuTas kacamde aRwevda,
generalma iackeviCma brZaneba rom gasca, daSliliyven. saTaTbiroSi
Sekrebili xalxi ar daemorCila brZanebas da iackeviCma kazakebi gaagza-
vna iq. kazakebi darbazSi sroliT Sevardnen... daiRupa samoc adamianze
meti, orasamde daiWra.101
am ugunurma qmedebam, romlis msgavsi mravali ram hqonda Cadenili
caristul administracias kavkasiaSi, kavkasiuri sazogadoeba mis wi-
naaRmdeg gaaerTiana.
samgloviaro procesia Tbilisis quCebSi miemarTeboda da mgloviare
xalxSi ulmobeli reJimis winaaRmdeg brZolis saerTo survils ganamt-
kicebda.
reaqcias social-demokratebis mxridan ar daugviania. gamocxadda
erTdRiani gaficva. Tbilisis bolSevikurma komitetma mosaxleobas
SeiaraRebisken mouwoda: sisxli sisxlis wil da sikvdili sikvdili wil!

SurisZieba! gaumarjos ajanyebas! amxanago muSebo, es Cveni lozungebia.
Cven arafers veliT avtokratiisgan tyviisa da maTraxis garda. arc sa-
xelmwifo dumisgan veliT rames. is mxolod samefo taxts gaaZlierebs.
gaumarjos SurisZiebas, gaumarjos ajanyebas!102 qarTvelma social-de-
mokratebma dagmes saTaTbiros wevrebi maT mier 29 agvistos gamoCenili
simxdalis gamo da qalaqis Tavs vermiSevs brali dasdes, rom is am am-
bis Tanamonawile iyo. Tbilisis organizaciam moiTxova sasamarTloSi
miecaT administraciis wevrebi da boikotisken mouwoda xalxs. sapro-
testo talRa agorda quTaisSi, soxumSi, baTumsa da gorSi. `kavkazis~
gverdebi savse iyo mkvlelobis, teroristuli aqtebis, Zarcva-glejis
ambebiT. qarTvelma social-demokratebma silva jiblaZis mier dagegmi-
li afeTqebebis seria Caatares. marto erT Rames, 25 seqtembrs, kazakebis
nawilSi 9 bombi afeTqda.
qalaqis saTaTbiros wevrebi TavianT udanaSaulobas amtkicebdnen da
sagangebo mdgomareobis gauqmeba da `29 agvistos sisxlisRvraSi yvela
damnaSavis umkacresi dasja~ moiTxoves. 31 agvistos gamarTul sxomaze,
romelic Ramis sam saaTamde gagrZelda da Zalze emociuri iyo, saTaT-
biros 43 wevrma uflebamosileba moixsna. maT Soris iyo vermiSevic. mis
adgilze Tavadi v. n. Cerqezovi airCies. qalaqis sabWo ufro radikaluri
gaxda ndobis aRdgenis imediT. misi darCenili wevrebis pirvel Sekrebaze
31 oqtombers, orTviani umoqmedobis Semdeg sabWom rezolucia miiRo,
romelSic sruliad ruseTis saxelmwifo dumis arCevnebis sayovelTao
xmis uflebiT Catarebas moiTxovda. liberalma Tavadma miqelaZem ga-
nacxada, rom xalxma uwmindesi uflebebi moipova da Cven yvelam unda da-
vificoT, rom davicavT am uflebebso. sabWom Tanxebi gamoyo 29 agvistos
daRupulTa ojaxebisTvis.103 magram rogorc ki damswre sazogadoebas
sityviT gamosvlis saSualeba mieca, rogorc yovelTvis, sabWos sxdoma
kalapotidan amovarda.
29 agvistos sxdomis Semdeg, qalaqis saTaTbirom dakarga centra-
luri adgili Tbilisis politikaSi. mis sxdomebze xSirad aRar dgeboda
qvorumi da ufro metad damswreebi aqtiurobdnen, romlebic ZiriTadad
moTxovnebs ayenebdnen an aivnidan gahyvirodnen. 3 noembris sxdomaze sa-
TaTbiros wevrebma saarCevno xmis ufleba moiTxoves qalaqis mTeli mo-
saxleobisTvis, magram social-demokratebma maT sicili daayares, aivni-
dan stvena atexes da yvirodnen, rom es farisevloba iyo da rom sabWo
sikvdilisTvis iyo ganwiruli. aivani boboqrobda. ismoda SeZaxilebi,

rom axali kanoni xalxis neba iyo. saTaTbirosadmi aseT mtrul ganwyo-
bas qarTvel aqtivistebs Soris safuZvlad misi somxuri Semadgenloba
edo.104
qarTvelebma TanamimdevrobiT waages arCevnebi Tbilisis saTaTbi-
roSi 1897, 1900 da 1903 wlebSi. saTaTbirom adre uari Tqva saarCevno
reformaze, romelic qarTvelebs ufro didi warmomadgenlobis yolis
saSualebas miscemda da winaaRmdegobas uwevda muSebis mier saxlebis
mSeneblobas naZaladevSi. es ubani ki social-demokratebis politi-
kuri baza iyo. gamarjvebiT gaxarebulma revolucionerebma saTaTbiros
boikotirebis miTiTeba gasces. saTaTbiros wevrebi axal iniciativebze
ganagrZobdnen muSaobas, erT-erTi, magaliTad, Tbilisis samoqalaqo mi-
liciis Seqmna iyo, magram maT ukve aRaravin usmenda.
oqtombris dReebi
sankt-peteburgidan erTi Cveulebrivi ambavi Camovida: 9 oqtombers

iq mbeWdavebisa da rkinigzis muSebis meTaurobiT gaficva daiwyo. magram
am gaficvas Sedegad sankt-peterburgis muSebis deputatTa sabWos Seqmna
mohyva. qarTvelma social-demokratebma iaraRs wamoavles xeli, Tumca
saqarTveloSi casus belli (sababi omis gamocxadebisTvis) polkovnik alf-
tanis mier gorsa da guriaSi Catarebuli sadamsjelo operaciebi ufro
iyo. social-demokratebma sagaficvo komiteti airCies. masSi TiTqmis
sul qarTveli social-demokratebi Seiyvanes: Jordania, jiblaZe, noe da
isidore ramiSvilebi da komitetis Tavmjdomare alioSa jafariZe. 14 oq-
tombers Tbilisis rkinigzis depoSi sastvenis xma gaisma. es signali iyo.
TiTqmis 600 muSa, ZiriTadad rusebi, depodan `marseliozas~ simReriT
gamovida. ramdenime saaTSi mTeli qalaqi gaCerda. meore dRes Sirinkinma
depeSa gagzavna sankt-peterburgSi, romelSic ityobineboda:
dRes tfilisSi gaficvis pirveli dRea. gaCerda da ar muSaobs savaWro

da sawarmoo dawesebulebebi, fabrikebi, sawarmoebi, rkinigzis maRa-
ziebi, tramvais vagonebi. matareblebi ar gadian tfilisidan...baTu-
mi-tfilisis telegrafis xazi ar muSaobs, ramdenime adgilas boZebi
105
amogdebulia. oficialuri moxsenebebis nakadi wamovida baTumi-
dan, quTaisidan da soxumidan gaficvebis gamo muSaoba Sewyvites

sasamarTloebma, bankebma da sakredito sazogadoebebma. am qaosSi
Camovida mefis 17 oqtombris manifestis ambavi, romelmac eqstazur
mdgomareobaSi Caagdo Tbilisi. golovinis prospeqtze sixarulis-
gan ise aRigzno xalxi, rom erTma mdidrulad Cacmulma mandilosanma
Tavisi wiTeli qvedakaba Tu bluza gaixada da saxeldaxelod droSa
gaakeTa.106 xalxi saxelmwifo Teatrisken gaeSura da orkestrs `marse-
lioza~ Seasrulebina. SvebulebaSi myofi jariskacebic SeuerTdnen
zeims. mozeimeebi xelSi wiTeli droSebiT didubisken da naZalade-
visken gaemarTnen. maT Tbilisis me-2 gimnaziis orkestri `marselioz-
iT~ miuRZodaT. `mogzauri~ ase aRwerda scenas: naZaladevis xididan
mitingis saocari suraTi iSleba. ormoc droSaze meti frialebs...
amayad da saucxood!... mitingi ukve daiwyo da gamomsvlelebi dRevan-
deli dRis mniSvnelobas rusul, qarTul da somxur enebze uxsnian
xalxs. xalxi mTeli gulisyuriT usmens oratorebs. oratorebi Ta-
vianT gamosvlas revoluciuri mowodebebiT amTavreben...gaumar-
jos proletariats da muSaTa partias...mTeli aremare imeorebs am
SeZaxils... 40 000 adamianis gabrazebuli xma mexis gavardnas hgavs.107
meore dRes, 19 oqtombers 50 000 adamiani mefisnacvlis sasaxlis win
Seikriba. maTi warmomadgenlebi sasaxleSi SeuSves. isini politikuri
patimrebis ganTavisuflebas da sagangebo mdgomareobis gauqmebas
iTxovdnen. voroncov-daSkovma am bolo moTxovnaze uari Tqva gafic-
vis dasrulebamde. meore dRes xalxi metexis cixisken gaeSura da iq
Seikriba. moTxovna igive iyo, politikuri patimrebis ganTavisufleba.
social-demokratebis proklamaciebi proletariatis mTavrobaze

pirvel gamarjvebas acxadebda, magram amave dros afrTxilebda gul-
Sematkivrebs, rom win kidev elodaT `demokratiuli saxelmwifosTvis~
brZola. xuTi dRe grZeldeboda qalaqSi demonstraciebi, wiTeli droSebis
friali, vrceldeboda proklamaciebi. voroncov-daSkovma mimarTva
gamosca: Tavisufleba ar niSnavs TviTnebobas da verc erTi mTavroba ver
Seegueba adamianze an kerZo sakuTrebaze Zaladobaso.108 magram mas aravin
usmenda. revoluciuri eiforia moulodnelad dasrulda 22 oqtombers.
rus patriotTa sazogadoebis wevrebma, umeteswilad axalgazrda rusma
axalwveulebma, rkinigzis muSebma da meezoveebma golovinze msvleloba
moawyves mefis suraTebiT xelSi. isini himns mRerodnen. pirvel
gimnaziasTan rom Caiares, gimnaziis moswavleebma qudebi ar moixades.

amiT Seuracxyofilma rusebma maTze Seteva ganaxorcieles. CxubSi
Svidi moswavle daiRupa. magram im dRes momxdarma Setakebebma kidev 41
kacis sicocxle Seiwira, 66 ki daSavda.109 gaficva gagrZelda. xolo 24
oqtombers, gardacvlilTa dakrZalvis dRes, `mogzauri~ werda: saRamos
xuT saaTze qalaqis yvela maRazia da savaWro punqti daiketa. tramvai
gaCerda, mZRolebi saxlSi wavidnen. qalaqs sicocxlis niSanwyali aRar
etyoboda. quCaSi aravin Canda. Tbilisi aCrdilTa qalaqs daemsgavsa.
policielebic ki ar Candnen TavianT postebze...quCis arc erTi naTura ar
anTebula.110 gaficva oficialurad meore dRes dasrulda. naZaladevis
macxovreblebma kazakebis Tavdasxmis SiSiT 900 kaciani miliciis danayofi
Seqmnes Tavdacvis mizniT, magram momdevno oTxi kviris ganmavlobaSi
guriam miipyro yuradReba. iq general-maiori alixanov-avarski ajan-
yebis CasaxSobad iyo gagzavnili. rogorc `mogzauri~ werda 6 noembers,
qveynis yvela mxareSi elvis siswarfiT gavrcelda xmebi, rom gurias
ganadgureba da mospoba da xalxs ayra emuqreboda.111 mefisnacvalTan
uamravi delegaciis Casvlis Semdeg, maT Soris iyvenen glexebi goris
mazridan da samegrelo-imereTis episkoposi giorgi, voroncov-daSkovma
gamoacxada, rom is yvela Rones ixmarda, guriis sakiTxi mSvidobianad da
sasurveli formiT rom moegvarebina.112 gurulebsa da kazakebs Soris
yvelaze mZime Setakebis Semdeg, romelic 31 oqtombers moxda, guriidan
jarebi gamoiwvies da iq kidev erTi komisia gagzavnes. zogierTi wyaro
gvatyobinebs, rom am Setakebis dros 14 kazaki iqna mokluli.
noembris bolos gurulebisTvis fulis mosagroveblad saxelmwifo
xazinis TeatrSi qarTul enaze daidga `sevelieli dalaqi.~ 1905 wlis gan-
mavlobaSi bevri qarTveli msaxiobi, aRtacebuli SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuf-
lebiT, revoluciis mxurvale mxardamWeri gaxda. maT TanagrZnoba ga-
moucxades muSebs da avangarduli nawarmoebebi dadges, magaliTad, ogust
strindbergis `mama~, Cexovis ìvanovi~ da maqsim gorkis `fskerze~.113
18 noembers somxebsa da `TaTrebs~ Soris ganjaSi ganaxlebuli konf-
liqtis Sesaxeb Camovida ambavi. TebervalSi, maisSi da ivnisSi, roca
baqoSi, naxiCevansa da SuSaSic igive moxda, saqarTveloSi mefisnacvalma,
Tbilisis saTaTbirom da eklesiam warmatebiT imuSaves da somxuri da
azerbaijanuli sazogadoebriobis warmomadgenlebi Seaxvedres erT-
maneTs, rom Tavidan aecilebinaT maTi dapirispireba TbilisSi. magram
noemberSi administracia Secdomas Secdomaze uSvebda da im zafxulis
sisxliani Setakebebis Semdeg qalaqis saTvistomoebs Soris daZabulo-

bac dapirispirebamde mivida. 21 noembers somxur bazarSi wvrilmanze Se-
laparakeba srolaSi gadaizarda. meore dRis SetakebaSi ki, Zvel qalaqSi,
13 adamiani daiRupa da 23 daiWra. 24 noembrisTvis cxadi gaxda, rom so-
lolakis maRlobze ganlagebuli `daSnakcutuni~ ricxobrivadac job-
nida `TaTrebs~, SeiaraRebulic ukeTesad iyo da maTze organizebulad
moqmedebda. Sebindebisas mixeilis saavadmyofoSi 25 mokluli TaTari
miiyvanes. qalaqSi xmebi dairxa, rom 200 SeiaraRebuli TaTari Tbilisis-
ken modioda. social-demokratebma, romlebsac eWvi ar eparebodaT, rom
mTeli es ambavi xelisuflebis provokacia iyo, eserebTan da `daSnakcu-
tunTan~ erTad Tavdacvis erTeulebi, anu `troikebi~ Seqmnes. maTSi qar-
Tvelebis, somxebis da TaTrebis warmomadgenlebi Sevidnen. sameulebi
dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris, neitralur zonaSi Cadgnen. social-
demokratebis gasakvirad, 24 oqtombris saRamos Tbilisis policiis Se-
fma, polkovnikma cisma maTTan Sexvedra moiTxova. voroncov-daSkovis
emisari social-demokratebs 2 000 SaSxanas Sehpirda xelisuflebas
wesrigis dacvaSi rom daxmarebodnen. am uCveulo Jests Tavisi logika
hqonda. social-demokratebis organizacia qalaqSi yvelaze Zlieri iyo
da oficialurad is Zaladobis winaaRmdeg gamodioda. konfliqtis Se-
sawyvetad jariskacebis gagzavnas SesaZloa uaresi Sedegi mohyoloda.
revolucionerebTan pirdapir molaparakebebze da maTTan TanamSrom-
lobaze uars imperiis arc erT kuTxeSi ambobdnen, sankt-peterburgSic
ki. voroncov-daSkovs msgavsi taqtika adre gamoyenebuli hqonda, roca
narodnaia voliasTan awarmoebda molaparakebas. rogorc Semdeg gairk-
va, xelisuf-lebam 500 SaSxana daariga mxolod da rogorc social-de-
mokratebi ambobdnen, maTgan naxevari ar vargoda.114 voroncov-daSkovs
Zalian gauWirda Tofebis dabruneba da sabolood kazakebis SenaerTi
gagzavna didubeSi maT amosaRebad. iaraRis dabrunebis Sesaxeb social-
demokratebis azri gaiyo Jordaniam gaafrTxila isini, rom noe ramiS-
vils dapatimreba ar ascdeboda, Tu iaraRs ar Caabarebdnen, radgan maTi
dabrunebis piroba mefisnacvals ramiSvilma misca mefisnacvals Tofebis
naxevari daubrunda, umetesad uvargisebi.
noemberSi da dekemberSi `Tavisuflebis dReebi~ dadga. bevri rusi
revolucioneri fiqrobda, rom gamarjvebis saaTma Camokra. menSevikuri
orientaciis gazeTi naCalo, romelsac trocki redaqtorobda, mxars
uWerda SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis da socialisturi revoluciis dawyebis
ideas. TbilisSi, iseve rogorc moskovSi da sankt-peterburgSic am dRee-

bSi bolSevikebi da menSevikebi erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdebodnen. isini
xSirad erTiandebodnen `federalur sabWoebSi~, qmnidnen SeiaraRebuli
miliciis jgufebs, iparavdnen iaraRs. `krondStatisa~ da sevastopolis
mezRvaurebma amboxi moawyves, qalaqebi ajanyebulTa xelSi gadavida da
glexebma miwebi miitaces. da Tumca noembris TveSi sankt-peterburgis
gaficva damarcxda da dekembris dasawyisSi sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba
daapatimres, moskovsa da sxva danarCen qalaqebSi situacias revolucio-
nerebi marTavdnen. sakuTari siZlieris grZnobiT Sepyrobil zogierT qa-
rTvel social-demokrats warmoedgina, rom revoluciuri TviTmmarT-
velobis Seqmnis Jami damdgariyo. saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqebidan
amaRelvebeli ambebi modioda. noembris bolos baTumis samxedro guber-
natori oficialur moxsnebaSi ityobineboda, rom baTumis mosaxleo-
ba aSkara janys awyobda mTavrobis winaaRmdeg.115 qalaqSi barikadebi
aRemarTaT, iaraRs iparavdnen da, rac mTavaria, iseTi strategiuli dan-
iSnulebis obieqtebi, rogoric fosta, rkinigzis sadguri da saqalaqo
sabWoa, revolucionerebs hqondaT dakavebuli. samTavrobo jarebTan
Setakebis Sedegad 30 adamiani daiRupa da daSavda. 30 noembers qalaqSi
saalyo wesebi SemoiRes. centris garda mTeli baTumi, gareubnebisa da
muSebis raionebis CaTvliT social-demokratebis xelSi gadavida.
`sxivi~ werda, rom foTis quCebSi wiTeli aseulebi patrulirebdnen,
sadgurs milicia icavda da sasamarTlo dawesebulebis boikoti iyo ga-
mocxadebuli.116
adgilobrivi gubernatori soxumidan ityobineboda, rom mosaxleo-
bam daSala policielTa razmebi da Tavad Seqmna miliciis danayofebi da
qalaqis mTavrobao. quTaisidan policiis Sefi werda, rom quTaissa da
quTaisis guberniis sxva qalaqebSi policiam da sxva samTavrobo uwyebeb-
ma muSaoba Sewyvites sikvdilis SiSiTo.117
noembridan dawyebuli muSebi naZaladevSi Tavdacvis razmebs qmnid-
nen. yvelaferi gakeTda Tbilisis komunisTvis.118 moskovis sayovelTao
gaficvisa da sankt-peterburgSi muSaTa deputatebis sabWoebis garek-
vis ambavma wamoWra kiTxva, ra unda gaekeTebina Tbiliss? orive frTis
erTobliv Sekrebaze 10 dekembers gadawyda, rom sayovelTao gaficva
gamoecxadebinaT 12 dekembrisTvis. krebam sagaficvo biuro airCia 10
wevris SemadgenlobiT. masSi social-demokratebi dominirebdnen, ma-
gram mogvianebiT biuro 25 wevramde gaizarda da kooptaciis wesiT 6
bolSeviki Seiyvanes, maT Soris cxakaia, stalini, da sxva danarCeni so-

cialisturi partiebis warmomadgenlebi, kerZod, `daSnakcutunis~,
(mogvianebiT gamovida biuros Semadgenlobidan), socialist-revolu-
cionerebis da socialist-federalistebis. Sekrebaze sabWos Seqmnis
sakiTxic dadga, magram amas azri aRar hqonda, radgan muSebi ukve so-
cial-demokratebis gverdiT idgnen. sabWoSi Sesvla ufro daucvelebs
gaxdida maT sadamsjelo operaciebisgan da, amas garda, dabneulobasac
gamoiwvevda partiebis mier mxardaWerisTvis gamarTuli brZolis dros.
magram sagaficvo biuro konfrontaciisken ixreboda da gaficvamde
erTi dRiT adre, 9 dekembris nomerSi `sxivma~ `gaxangrZlivebuli samo-
qalaqo~ omis Sesaxeb gaafrTxila mkiTxveli... sagaficvo biuro mtkiced
idga Tavis moTxovnebze: kazakebis gayvana, sagangebo mdgomareobis gau-
qmeba, saxalxo miliciis Seqmna, sruli politikuri Tavisufleba, Tavi-
sufali arCevnebis Catareba da damfuZnebeli krebis mowveva. biurom ga-
moacxada, rom gaficvis dros sasursaTo maRaziebisa da tramvais garda,
romelsac revolucionerTa delegaciebi gadahyavda, arc erTi maRazia
da sxva saxis sazogadoebrivi transporti ar imuSavebda.119 sagaficvo
biuros miTiTebebi sityvasityviT Sesrulda da 10 dekembers TbilisSi
yvelaferi Cakvda. magram mdgomareoba ukve Secvliliyo. noembris bolos
mefes samxareo gubernatorebisa da mmarTvelebisTvis ukve miniWebuli
hqonda `gaZlierebuli usafrTxoebisa~ da `sagangebo usafrTxoebis~
mdgomareobis SemoRebis ufleba. 14 dekembers Tbilisis raionSi da rki-
nigzaze saomari mdgomareoba gamocxadda. nervul aSlilobamde misulma
voroncov-daSkovma mTeli Tavisi uflebamosileba general-leitenant
malamasa da general f. f. griaznovs, kavkasiis samxedro Stabis ufross,
gadaabara. moskovis ambebiT gulmocemulma griaznovma (moskovSi revo-
lucionerebi damarxcdnen) akrZala mitingebisa da Sekrebebis Catareba,
brZaneba gasca gaxsniliyo maRaziebi da rkinigzis depo kazakebis alyaSi
moaqcia. jariskacebs miecaT miTiTeba esrolaT mcireodeni winaaRmde-
gobis gawevisTvisac ki. aikrZala quCebSi sirbili da nabdis tarebac,
romlis qveS iaraRis damalva SeiZleboda.
social-demokratebma momdevno nabiji ganixiles. sagaficvo biuros
wevrTa umravlesoba, maT Soris noe Jordania da noe ramiSvili, irwmune-
bodnen, rom didubeSi da naZaladevSi muSebs iaraRiT unda daecvaT Tavi.
danarCenebi ki, maT Soris zogierTi bolSeviki, mxars uWerdnen gaficvis
mSvidobiani gziT gagrZelebis ideas.120 social-demokratebs qalaqSi gan-
lagebul jariskacebis nawilebze umniSvnelo gavlena hqondaT. kavkasiis

msrolelTa polki didubeSi idga, kavkasiis mesangreTa meore batalio-
ni_naZaladevisgan odnav moSorebiT, rkinigzis deposTan. sxva danar-
Ceni SenaerTebi, magaliTad, megrelebisa da Tbilisis polkebi avlabris
sazRvarTan iyvnen ganlagebulni da pirdapir SeeZloT muSebis raionebSi
Semosvla ise, rom gamagrebul xidebze ar gadmosuliyvnen. sagaficvo
biurom noe Jordanias dauWira mxari da social-demokratebis milicia
im xidebis blokirebisTvis gagzavna, saidanac kazakebs SeeZloT ieriSis
ganxorcieleba marjvena sanapirodan. silva jiblaZis xelmZRvanelobiT
ajanyebulebma samxedro Stabbina naZaladevSi moawyves. naZladevs `Svei-
caria~ Seerqva de faqtod iq arsebuli politikuri TavisuflebisTvis.
magram revolucionerebs kazakebisTvis winaaRmdegobis gasawevad
arc sakmarisi samxedro momzadeba hqondaT da arc iaraRi. 18 dekembers
kazakebi naZaladevSi Sevidnen. mcirexniani ormxrivi srolebis dros 6
milicieli (social-demokratebi acxadebnen cxras) daiRupa, sami revo-
lucioneri daapatimres, maT Soris iyo kamo. uimedo mdgomareobaSi Ca-
vardnilma sagaficvo biurom muSebs mouwoda medgari winaaRmdegoba
gaewiaT mefis mTavrobisTvis. momdevno 10 dRis manZilze momxdari Se-
takebebis Sedegad daiRupa 60 ajanyebuli da 250-ze meti daiWra.121 naZa-
ladevi daeca. moskovSi revolucionerebi damarcxdnen. muSebma gaficvis
Sewyveta moiTxoves da sagaficvo biuro iZulebuli gaxda 29 dekembers
gaficva daemTavrebina. amis Semdeg kazakebs isRa darCenodaT, rom droe-
biT daniSnuli gubernatoris alixanov-avarskis xelmZRvanelobiT (man
malama Secvala, romelic umaqnisi gamodga) gaesufTavebina qalaqi aqa-iq
SemorCenili opoziciuri Zalebisgan. dekembris bolo dReebsa da ianvris
dasawyisSi TbilisSi 250 `revolucioneri~ iqna dapatimrebuli.122
daskvna
omi saqarTvelos social-demokratiasa da mTavrobas Soris 1905

wlis bolos ar damTavrebula. mitingebi, gaficvebi da SeiaraRebuli Se-
takebebi saqarTvelos regionebsa da sxva qalaqebSi TveobiT gagrZelda.
1906 wlis ianvarSi Tbilisis gaerTianebulma komitetma miiRo gadaw-
yvetileba, rom gaegrZelebina SeiaraRebuli dapirispireba da samzadisi
daewyo SeiaraRebuli ajanyebisTvis. Tumca aman didi aRSfoTeba gamoi-
wvia muSebs Soris. maT mtkice uari ganacxades damorCilebodnen komite-

tis gadawyvetilebas. dekembris movlenebi saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc
imperiis sxva kuTxeebSi, gardamtexi aRmoCnda da dRis wesrigSi social-
isturi strategiis gadasinjva daayena.
1906 wlis aprilSi, rsdmp-s gamaerTianebel yrilobaze stokholmSi
noe Jordaniam bolSevikebs Seutia maTi SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis axirebis
gamo miuxedavad imisa, rom 1905 wlis dekemberSi is Tavad idga SeiaraRe-
buli brZolis poziciaze. 1905 wlis movlenebis Jordaniaseulma anal-
izma, romelic adgilobriv presaSi `saWirboroto kiTxvebis~ saxeliT
daibeWda, niSani misca axal mimarTulebas qarTul social-demokra-
tiaSi. revolucia imitom damarcxda mwared, rom is burJauziis winaaR-
mdeg iyo mimarTuli. plexanovis `hegemoniis Teoria~ mcdaria; prole-
tariati uZluria revoluciis ganxorcielebisTvis, radgan am etapze is
`destruqciuli Zalaa~ da ara SemoqmedebiTi, romelsac unari Seswevs
axali wesrigis dasamyareblad. sasaciloa imaze fiqri, rom SeZleb bur-
Juaziuli reJimis damyarebas iseTi programiT, romelic burJuaziis in-
teresebs ewinaaRmdegeba. burJuaziul revolucias Tavad burJuazia unda
gauZRves.1231905 wlis tragedia, werda is, iyo is, rom burJuazia sakmaod
susti aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom proletariatis revoluciuri aRmavloba
ar daeSva, maT Soris xidi Catexili iyo. burJuazias rom moexerxebina da
proletariati gaeCerebina oqtombris manifestis Semdeg, mTavrobas ar
dasWirdeboda `wesrigis~ aRdgena. burJuaziis es sisuste gasagebs xdida,
Tu ratom uWerdnen mxars qarTveli social-demokratebi buliginis du-
mas, maT burJuaziis monapovris daufleba surdaT burJuaziasTan alian-
sis daSlamde. nebismieri Teoria, maT Soris trockis `permanentuli
revoluciis~ Teoriac, romelic amtkicebs, rom revoluciis gamarjveba
burJuaziis gareSec aris SesaZlebeli, utopiuria, acxadebda Jordania.
is Semdeg werda, rom verc burJuazia da verc proletariati erTmaneTis-
gan damoukideblad mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT ver SeZlebdnen reaqciu-
li Zalebis gatexvas.124 Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im politikur izolacias,
romelSic proletariati 1905 wlis Semdeg moxvda, mas taqtikis Secvla
mouwevs. revoluciuri amboxis SesaZlebloba aRar aris. dRes social-
demokratiis yvelaze didi taqtikuri sakiTxia, Tu rogor SeinarCunos
man burJuaziis opoziciuroba ise, rom muSaTa klasis damoukideblobas
safrTxe ar Seeqmnas. am miznis misaRwevad saukeTeso gza `klasobrivi
zrda, organizacia da damoukidebeli revoluciuri qmedebaa~. is ga-
nagrZobs_imisTvis, rom dRevandel rTul ekonomikur da politikur

brZolas gaarTvas Tavi, proletariats Rrma codna unda gaaCndes, Zli-
eri organizacia da klasobrivi solidarobis SegrZneba.125 Zveli heroika
muSaTa klasis gaZlierebiT unda Seicvalos, is unda gaZlierdes yvela
SesaZlebeli saSualebiT_profkavSirebis gziT, kooperativebis amoq-
medebiT Tu kulturuli dawesebulebebiT.
yvela social-demokrati ar eTanxmeboda Jordanias analizs. akaki
Cxenkels miaCnda, rom 1905 wlis mniSvneloba proletariatisa da burJua-
ziis aliansis droze adre gawyveta ki ar yofila, aramed erovnuli TviT-
Segnebis axlad dabadeba qarTvel mSromelebs Soris. socialist-fede-
ralistebze mwvave Tavdasxmis dros, romlebic social-demokratebs
ruseTisadmi maameblur damokidebulebaSi adanaSaulebdnen, Cxenkelma
ganacxada, yvela raionSi Tu grZnobda qarTveli xalxi, rom is qarTveli
eris guli da sulia? ara, mas es arasdros ugrZvnia. revolucia udide-
si dro iyo qarTvel xalxSi erovnulobis SegrZnebis gansaviTareblad.
qarTveli xalxi manmade ar arsebobda rogorc mTliani eri, exla ki erT
erad arsebobs. ganviTarebis axali dro dgeba_dro, roca mSromeli mase-
bi erovnuli solidarobis matareblebi gaxdebian.126 qarTuli social-
demokratiuli organizacia erovnuli erTobisTvis brZolas xelmZRvan-
elobda. is samsaxuri, rac social-demokratiulma partiam Tavis xalxs
gauwia, yvelaferze metia, rac ki odesme romelime partias gaukeTebia
Tavisi xalxisTviso, daaskvna akaki Cxenkelma.
qarTveli social-demokratebi axal fazaSi Sediodnen. Jordani-
as azriT, gardaqmna ùra-uras taqtikidan~ TviTSegnebis amaRlebamde
`fsiqologiur cvlilebas~ moiTxovs partiul aqtivistebSi. Semdegi aT-
wleulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar iqneba 1905 wlis mRelvareba. es aTwleu-
li gadamwyveti periodia xelisuflebaSi qarTveli social-demokratebis
mosvlis mosamzadeblad.
251
T a vi 8
ax ali m
mim
im a r Tu l e be
bebi
16 ianvars general-leitenanti f. f. griaznovi, romlis saxels naZa-

ladevis muSebis saprotesto gamosvlis sisxlSi CaxSoba ukavSirdeboda,
kavkasiis jarebis Stab-binidan gamovida. misma etlma sasaxlis moednidan
golovinis prospeqtisken aiRo gezi, kuTxeSi Seuxvia da swored am dros
isrola xelyumbara iqve Casafrebulma arsen jorjiaSvilma. arsen jor-
jiaSvili Tbilisis rkinigzis saxelosnos muSa da amavdroulad silva
jiblaZis social-demokratebis teroristuli jgufis wevri gaxldaT.
griaznovi sasikvdilod daiWra, jorjiaSvili ki gaqcevisas daapatimres.1
omi jer kidev ar damTavrebuliyo. `ganTiadi~ gamomwvevad acxadebda:
jojoxeTis Zalebi daumarcxeblebi da yovlismomrevebi ar arian, maTi
siZliere qviSazea agebulio.
general-maior alixanov-avarskis laSqrobis Semdeg ozurgeTi `na-
cartutad~ iqca.2 magram kaxeTsa da qarTlSi boikotebs da gaficvebs
mouxSires. Sirinkini 1906 wlis martisa da ivlisis Sua xanebSi voron-
cov-daSkovs angariSs angariSze ugzavnida da SeSfoTebiT atyobinebda
armiaSi ukmayofilo jariskacebis mRelvarebaze. im imediT, rom revo-
luciur vnebebs Caawynarebda, da Tanac adgilebic aRar yofnida cixeSi,
Sirinkinma iqidan gamoyara yvela patimari, visac ganaCeni jer ar hqonda
gamotanili. martis TveSi man mefisnacvlis moadgiles megrel grena-
diorTa 25-26 martis amboxze upataka, rac masobrivi dapatimrebebiT da
ori kacis daRupviT damTavrda; Semdeg baTumisa da Tbilisis garnizonis
jariskacebze, romlebic aqtiurad monawileobdnen revoluciur Sexve-
drebSi. ivnisis TveSi isev baTumSi, mixailovis cixe-simagreSi momxdar
buntze abarebda angariSs, amjerad sazRvao artileriis jariskacebi
gamovidnen.3 mokled, im zafxuls, TbilisSi, foTSi, WiaTurasa da Telav-
Si gabatonebuli wiTeli aseulis Semxedvare Sirinkini darwmunda, rom

social-demokratebi SemodgomisTvis seriozul ajanyebas amzadebdnen.
gaxSirda teroristuli aqtebic. Tbilisis guberniis oficialuri mona-
cemebiT, im registrirebul danaSaulTa ricxvi, romelic `teroristul~
elementebsac Seicavda, sagrZnoblad gaizarda da 1907 wels 331 SemTxve-
vas miaRwia 1905 wlis 194-Tan SedarebiT. xolo quTaisis guberniaSi 333
SemTxvevidan 619-mde gaizarda.4
revoluciis momlodine qarTveli social-demokratebi 1905 wels
gancdilma damarcxebam aiZula, rom brZolis axal meTodebze efiqraT.
maT bolSevikebTan ZiriTadad am meTodebTan dakavSirebiT hqondaT
uTanxmoebebi. 1906 wlis dasasrulisTvis revoluciurma ganwyobam
iklo. qarTvelebs axali strategia sWirdebodaT. 1905 wlis movlenebi
maT ekleqturi strategiis arCevas karnaxobda. Tumca 1906-1914 wlebis
qarTul presaSi gamarTulma davam, partiul konferenciebze Tu yri-
lobebze gamarTulma debatebma da adgilobriv komitetebSi dapirisp-
irebebma cxadi gaxada, rom qarTveli social-demokratebis politikuri
kursi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda rusi menSevikebisa da bolSevikebis
taqtikisgan. drois periodi1906 wlidan 1914 wlamde gadamwyveti iyo qa-
rTuli social-demokratiis organizaciuli ganviTarebisa da ideolo-
giuri TviTgamorkvevisTvis. rva wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare debatebma
dumis, erovnuli sakiTxis da terorizmis problemebze, agreTve koope-
rativebSi da profkavSirebSi miRebulma praqtikulma gamocdilebam qa-
rTvel social-demokratebs sakuTari xedva Camouyaliba revoluciis
Semdgomdroindeli wesrigis Sesaxeb. es rusi menSevikebis Tvalsazriss
hgavda: Semdegi revolucia burJuaziuli unda yofiliyo, TanamSrom-
loba burJuaziasTan _ aucilebeli da muSaTa klasi politikurad mzad
unda yofiliyo amisTvis. magram qarTuli aqcentebi gansxvavebuli iyo.
qarTvelebma sabolood aiRes xeli proletariatis hegemoniis ideaze is-
eve, rogorc zogma rusma menSevikma, kerZod, iuli martovma.
rusi amxanagebisgan gansxvavebiT qarTvelebi ufro metad mgrZno-
biareni iyvnen erovnuli da glexobis sakiTxebTan damokidebulebaSi.
rusuli menSevikuri moZraobis danawevrebam kidev erTxel daarwmuna
isini, rom Tavad unda miexedaT sakuTari problemebisTvis. roca
imdroindel qarTul social-demokratiul presas kiTxulobT, romelic
regularulad ibeWdeboda am wlebSi, aRtacebaSi moyavxarT mokamaTeebis
azrovnebis farTo Tvalsawiers, maT mzaobasa da saerTaSoriso so-
axali mimarTulebebi 253
cializmis ganviTarebis specifikis siRrmiseul codnas. qarTuli

Jurnal-gazeTebis statiebis avtorebma zedmiwevniT kargad icodnen
avstriel social-demokratebs Soris erovnuli sakiTxis garSemo
mimdinare polemikis detalebi, rogor muSaobdnen germaneli social-
demokratebi parlamentSi da ras fiqrobdnen bebeli, gauresi, guesde
da vanderveldi brZolis erT-erTi meTodis _ sayovelTao gaficvis
gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. avtorebi xSirad ewinaaRmdegebodnen qarTveli
social-demokratebisa da rsdmp-is oficialur xazs. magram rsdmp-is,
latviis da poloneTis organizaciebisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac azrTa
sxvadasxvaobas sul sxva Sedegebi mohqonda, qarTul organizaciaSi
amas ganxeTqileba ar moutania.5 qarTveli social-demokratebis inte-
leqtualuri da taqtikuri azrovnebis niWi ixveweboda sajaro debate-
bis dros, adgilobriv mmarTvelobiT organoebSi, profkavSirebSi da
moyvarulTa sazogadoebebSi gamosvlebisa Tu muSaobis dros. am gziT isini
popularobasac inarCunebdnen imdroindel qarTul sazogadoebaSi da,
aqedan gamomdinare, mocilec ar hyavdaT, maTTvis `xalxis partiis~ wodeba
rom CamoerTmia. magram 1914 wlisTvis, miuxedavad qarTveli social-
demokratebis mWidro organizaciuli, ideuri da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, na-
Tesauri kavSirebisa rsdmp-sTan, qarTuli social-demokratiuli mim-
dinareobis bevri lideri darwmunda, rom rusi menSevikebi zedmetad
ìdeologizirebulebi~, dabneulebi da gafantulni iyvnen imisTvis, rom
maTgan magaliTi aeRoT. amitom qarTvelebma evropisken gaixedes, sadac
Zlieri partiebi parlamentSi, profkavSirebsa da fabrika-qarxnebSi
ibrZodnen socializmis dasamkvidreblad. swored maTgan daiwyes gak-
veTilebis aReba. 1906-1914 wlebSi qarTulma social-demokratiam
avstriuli social-demokratiuli `bildungis~, anu kulturuli gan-
viTarebis, taqtika airCia. taqtika, romelic 1890-iani wlebis daselebis
tradiciul aqcents exmianeboda da revoluciis momdevno nabijze
qarTuli social-demokratiis xedvasac zustad miesadageboda.
pirveli duma
1906 wlis TebervalSi qarTvelma social-demokratebma axali `le-

galuri~ garemo gamoscades ruseTis pirveli sakanonmdeblo organos
saarCevno kampaniis dros. social-demokratebs arCevnebSi monawileo-
baze gadawyvetileba erTxmad ar miuRiaT. Tavdapirvelad, Tbilisisa da

quTaisis komitetebis gaerTianebul sxdomaze uari Tqves, magram cxare
debatebis Semdeg, `ganTiadma~ zeimiT gamoacxada, rom 9 marts Tbilisis
organizaciam 42 xmiT 8-is winaaRmdeg gadawyvita arCevnebSi monawil-
eoba mieRo. gazeTi werda, rom duma saukeTeso SesaZleblobebs aZlevda
partias, imisTvis, rom mas farTo agitacia-propaganda gaewia, muSebi da
glexebi daerazma partiis irgvliv da mosaxleobac gaeaqtiurebina. gaze-
Ti prognozsac akeTebda, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi duma `revoluciuri
xalxis asamblead~ iqcevao.6 social-demokratebi jer kidev `quCas~ ani-
Webdnen upiratesobas, plexanovic gaakritikes imis gamo, rom zedmetad
did imedebs amyarebda parlamentze, magram duma kidev erTi damtebiTi
iaraRi iyo socializmisTvis brZolaSi. noe Jordania arCevnebSi gamar-
jvebis uzrunvelsayofad Tanapartielebs `politikuri mzadyofnisken
da dauRalavi muSaobisken~ mouwodebda.7 adgilobrivi bolSevikebi ir-
wmunebodnen, rom arCevnebi yuradRebis gadatanas emsaxureboda da rom
duma realurad verasdros gaxdeboda proletariatis interesebis ga-
momxatveli da piriqiT, Seaferxebda revoluciuri moZraobis ganvi-
Tarebas. stalini, namdvili seminarieliviT, ambobda, rom arCevnebSi
monawileoba daasustebda xalxis revoluciur suls.8 magram komitetma
Jordanias sasargeb-lo gadawyvetileba miiRo. SeTanxmdnen, rom momdev-
no etapi burJuaziuli respublika iqneboda. liberalebTan aliansi ar
warmoadgenda revoluciis Ralats da legaluri social-demokratiuli
partiac saWiro iaraRi iqneboda revoluciis gamarjvebisTvis.
saarCevo upiratesoba social-demokratebis mxareze ar iyo. nikoloz
II saerTod ar apirebda kavkasiisTvis warmomadgenlobis micemas dumaSi.
voroncov-daSkovma mas specialurad aaxla delegacia ilia WavWavaZis da
niko nikolaZis xelmZRvanelobiT, rom aexsna misTvis, Tu ra mZime Sedege-
bi SeiZleboda mohyoloda kavkasiisTvis arCevnebSi monawileobaze uaris
Tqmas. swrafad SemuSavda saarCevno wesebi, romlebic daasustebdnen so-
cialistebs da maT gavlenas minimumamde daiyvandnen. mTlianobaSi kavka-
siisTvis 29 adgili gamoiyo, 8 adgili gamoiyo qarTuli regionebisTvis.9
arCevnebi arapirdapiri da mravalsafexuriani iyo; sami damoukidebeli
`saarCevno koleji~, kerZod, memamuleebis, glexebis da qalaqelebis,
irCevda dumis warmomadgenlebs. saqarTveloSi memamuleebs arapropor-
ciulad mcire, 37 amomrCevlis xma ergoT, glexebis 51 da qalaqelebis 102
xmasTan SedarebiT. ruseTisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac memamuleebs `desia-
tinas~ mixedviT eZleodaT xmebi (rac saqarTveloSi maT gavlenas Seamci-

rebda), qarTvel memamuleebs erTianad _ kuTvnili miwis raodenobis
da gadasaxadebis mixedviT gamouyves xmebi. rusi glexebisgan gansxavave-
biT ki, qarTvel glexebs dumaSi garantirebuli warmomadgenlis yolis
ufleba ar misces. saarCevno komisiebSi TiTqmis mxolod memamuleebi da
administraciis moxeleebi Sediodnen, mefisnacvalsac gayalbebis uam-
ravi saSualeba hqonda. mas SeeZlo saarCevno olqis sazRvrebis Secvla,
sxvadasxva saxis SezRudvebis daweseba, magaliTad, raRac mizeziT mu-
SaTa mTeli jgufebisTvis kenWisyris akrZalva da a. S. kavkasias muSebis
damoukidebeli `saarCevno koleji~ ar hqonda pirvel da meore dumaSi.10
`daSnakcutunis~ mier arCevnebisTvis boikotis gamocxadebis Semdeg
social-demokratebisTvis seriozul metoqeebs dumisken mimaval gza-
ze kadetebi da saqarTvelos demokratiuli, social-federalistebis
da radikaluri partiebis saarCevno bloki warmoadgenda. social-de-
mokratebma `hnCakis~ garda arc erT partiasTan ar isurves gaerTianeba.
isini moiTxovdnen dumis gardaqmnas revoluciur organod, aRmasrule-
beli xelisuflebis aRebas dumis warmomadgenlebis mier da uari Tqves
erovnul avtonomiaze regionuli TviTmmarTvelobis sasargeblod. sei-
mi unda yofiliyo kavkasiis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo, romelic
garkveuli uflebamosilebiT isargeblebda adgilobriv politikur da
ekonomikur sivrceSi.
qarTvelma social-demokratebma xmebis mosapoveb-lad saxalxo
fronti gaSales. 10 maiss Tbilisis wvril vaWarTa sabWom gamoacxada,
rom social-demokratebs uWerda mxars. maisSive, saarCevno kampaniis pi-
kis dros gazeTi `lampari~ werda: `social-demokratebis saqmianoba uSu-
alod im Cagruli elementebis mfarvelobisTvis aris gamiznuli, visT-
visac Cveni daxmareba socialuri ganviTarebis Seferxebas ar niSnavs.
social-demokratia maT imgvarad gauwevs daxmarebas, rom ekonomikuri
da socialuri ganviTareba ki ar daamuxruWos, aramed piriqiT, daaCqaros
ganviTarebis procesi~.11
social-demokratebma saarCevno komisia gaxsnes, romelmac Tbili-
sis yvela ubanSi qvekomisiebi daaarsa. partiis TiToeul wevrs 10 amom-
rCevlis Sekreba daevala. aqtivistebma Tbilisis quCebSi sakarnavalo
ganwyoba Seqmnes. gazeTi `Тифлисский листок~ arCevnebis dRes werda:
`garSemo axalgazrda ymawvil-qalebi trialeben, qalebi wiTeli melniT
daweril proklamaciebs arigeben. social-demokratiuli partiis xali-
siani agitatorebi energiulad gahyvirian: mieciT Tqveni xma muSebis par-

tias, amxanagebo, aiReT Tqveni biuletenebi~ da a. S.12
social-demokratebi sakmaod bevr dabrkolebas waawydnen. oficia-
luri pirebi xan angariSebis wardgenas iTxovdnen maTgan da xanac arCev-
nebis gadadebas, quTaisSi ki qimiuri xsnari Seasxes `sarCevno kolejis~
Senobas, amomrCevlebi rom ar SeeSvaT iq. opoziciam boikoti gamoacxada
da saarCevno yuTebs iparavda. magram, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, social-
demokratebma sruli gamarjveba moipoves. TbilisSi 10 sarCevno ubnidan
9-Si gaimarjves da maT yvelaze Zlier konkurent kadetebs mouges 8 078
xmiT 1 600 winaaRmdeg (amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenoba Zalian dabali iyo
qalaqSi, sadac daaxloebiT 150 000 saarCevno uflebis mqone piri cxov-
robda). opoziciis erTad aRebulma monapovarma social-demokratebis
xmebis naxevaric ver Seadgina. 80 saarCevno xmidan social-demokratebma
71 aiRes qalaqSi.13 baTumSi 2 477 xma miiRes, rusma kadetebma ki 414, quTais-
Si oTxive pirveli amomrCeveli maTi gaxda.14 social-demokratebma aiRes
agreTve glexobis umravlesobis xmebi. magaliTad, TelavSi orive glexis
adgili maT SexvdaT. maT gaimarjves iseT qalaqebSic, sadac memamulee-
bs hyavdaT didi eleqtorati, kerZod, duSeTSi da TelavSi.15 `saarCevno
kolejebSi~ gamarTul cxare brZolebSi social-demokratebma 5 adgili
daisakuTres TbilisSi, 1 Tbilisis guberniaSi da samive adgili quTai-
sis guberniaSi. social-demokratiuli partiis dasasusteblad baTumis
da soxumis saarCevno olqebi gaerTianebuli iyo, amitom iq socialist-
federalistebma gaimarjves, xolo danarCeni ori adgili Tbilisis gu-
berniaSi rusma kadetebma da erTma damoukidebelma memamulem miiRes.
saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli fraqciis Tavmjdomared air-
Cies noe Jordania ruseTis dumaSi. Tavis mogonebebSi is SvebiT aRniSnavs,
rom masze niWieri oratori _ isidore ramiSvilic moxvda dumaSi. (Jor-
dania xom enas ukidebda).16 fiord dani 1906 wels werda, rom social-de-
mokratebma yvelaze STambeWdavi gamarjveba kavkasiaSi moipoveso.17 duma-
Si qarTvel social-demokratTa 5 wevri Sevida: noe Jordania da yofili
Tbiliseli mRvdeli svimon wereTeli, eqimi ivane gomarTeli, adre RvTis
gmobisTvis nasamarTlevi, soflis pedagogi da erT-erTi daseli isidore
ramiSvili da iuristi sergo jafariZe. 2 ivniss rkinigzis sadgurze dumis
deputatebma amaRelvebeli sityvebi warmoTqves uZlur mdgomareobaSi Ca-
vardnili policielebis Tvalwin da Tbilisidan gaemgzavrnen.
sankt-peterburgSi rom Cavidnen, dumaSi ukve mesame kvira iyo, rac se-
sia mimdinareobda da ukve cxadi gaxda, rom arc oficiozi da arc depu-
tatebi erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobas ar apirebdnen. ministrTa sabWos
ukve moeswro da ganexila dumis daTxovnis winadadeba, romelmac Tavis
mxriv undoblobis votumi gamoucxada mTavrobas. i. l. goremkins, minis-
trTa sabWos axal Tavmjdomares seriozuli sakanonmdeblo programa ar
warmoudgenia. man dumis mier reformebis gasatareblad wamoyenebuli
winadadebebi uaryo, maT Soris erT-erTi iseTi seriozuli sakiTxic, ro-
melic miwis savaldebulo gadacemas exeboda.18 dumis daTxovnis dRisTvis,
9 ivliss, qarTvelebs iq sul sami kvira hqondaT gatarebuli.noe Jorda-
nia 18 wevriani social-demokratiuli fraqciis Tavmjdomared airCies.
social-demokratebma dumis tribuna kadetebisa da mTavrobis sawinaaR-
mdegod gamoiyenes. maT sruli upativcemuloba gamoxates axali sakanon-
mdeblo organos mimarT 16 ivniss gakeTebul oficialur gancxadebaSi
da TavianT yvela sityvaSi. isini moiTxovdnen mosaxleobis SeiaraRebas,
glexTa ajanyebis dawyebas da ararusi erebisTvis TviTgamorkvevis uf-
lebas. sergo jafariZem ganacxada, rom social-demokratebi mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi dauWerdnen mxars dumas, Tuki es ukanaskneli Zalauflebis
mopovebas Seecdeboda, xolo isidore ramiSvilma administraciis mTeli
Semadgenlobis sasamarTloSi micema moiTxova rusi moqalaqeebis sicocx-
lis, qonebis da Rirsebis winaaRmdeg Cadenili sisxlis samarTlis danaSau-
lisTvis.19 daundoblad iqna gakritikebuli kadetebis winadadebebi miwis
reformebTan da Sekrebebis TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT, magram maT
mier miwis gadanawilebis sakiTxSi gamoCenili moulodneli sijiutis Sem-
deg duma daiTxoves. noe Jordania da misi megobrebi fineTis qalaq viborgSi
gaiqcnen. aq Jordaniam monawileoba miiRo sxvadasxva partiebis warmomad-
genelTa eqvskaciani komisiis muSaobaSi, romelmac viborgis saprotesto
manifesti miiRo da sxva danarCen qarTvel social-demokratebTan erTad
xeli moawera mas. dapatimrebis SiSiT qarTvelebi gaifantnen. noe Jorda-
nia sankt-peterburgSi dabrunda da aralegalurad ganagrZo muSaoba.
dumis daSlam saqarTveloSi didi aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia, magram Seia-
raRebuli gamosvlebisken aravis mouwodebia. social-demokratebi mTav-
robis boikotirebis moTxovniT gamovidnen. amierkavkasiis social-de-
mokratiuli muSaTa organizaciis meoTxe yrilobam ki (konferencias
aRar uwodebnen) 1906 wlis seqtemberSi gadawyvita, rom sakanonmdeblo
asambleisTvis qmediTi brZola axali dumis saSualebiT iqneboda Sesa-
Zlebeli.20
axali brZolebi
qarTvelma social-demokratebma axal politikur situacias maleve

auRes alRo. 1906-1907 wlebSi maT sakmaod saxifaTo gardamavali periodi
daudgaT. konspi_raciuli muSaobidan legalurze gadasvla da mTav-
robis dasamxobad brZola policiuri reJimis qveyanaSi, isic sagangebo
mdgomareobis dros sruliad daucvels xdida maT. gaxSirda dapatimre-
bebi da qalaqidan gasaxlebebi. 1906 wels quTaisisa da Tbilisis guber-
niebidan administraciis moTxovniT 1.525 kaci gaasaxles. 1907 wels ki am
ricxvma 3. 704-s miaRwia.21 magram saarCevno kampaniis dawyebisa da gansa-
kuTrebiT profkavSirebis Sesaxeb 4 marts miRebuli axali kanonis Sem-
deg (kanonma muSebs neba darTo organizaciuli saqmianoba ewarmeobinaT)
situacia Seicvala da SesaZlebeli gaxda partiuli muSaoba. qarTuli so-
cial-demokratia daadga gzas, rasac aqselrodi `mosamzadebel skolas~
uwodebda _ gaSala muSaoba profesiul kavSirebSi, kooperativebSi, ad-
gilobriv mmarTvelobaSi, soflebsa da umuSevarTa sabWoebSi.
1905 wlis dekemberSi miRebuli tramvis Semdeg noe Jordania amt-
kicebda, rom SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis idea absurduli iyo, muSebs amo-
sunTqva sWirdebodaT. rogorc gazeTi `talRa~ werda, dadga dro, rom
partias monawileoba mieRo yvela socialur movlenaSi da yvela insti-
tutSi, sadac ki moaxerxebda xalxTan misvlas maTi interesebis dasaca-
vad.22 profesiul kavSirebSi muSaoba axali samoqmedo kursis umTvresi
nawili gaxda, ~profesiulma kavSirebma unda moamzadon muSaTa erTiani,
organizebuli armia, partiam Tavisi agitatorebi da propagandistebi
kavSirebSi unda dagzavnos, unda daaxmaros politikuri gazeTebic. es
orive mxarisTvis sasargebloa. profesiuli kavSirebi mxolod Tavisi vi-
wro interesebiT ar Semoifargleba da arc partia gamoekideba haerSi...
profkavSiruli brZolis gareSe SeuZlebelia politikurad Segnebuli
masobrivi organizaciis arseboba.~231906 wlis ivnisSi Seiqmna profka-
vSirebis centraluri komisia, romlis mizani iyo, `daxmareba gaewia da
gaZRoloda ukve moqmed kavSirebs da [meore] Seeqmna axali kavSirebi~.24
Tbilisis profkavSirebis gasaerTianeblad oqtomberSi Seiqmna òrga-
nizaciuli komisia,~ romelsac dekemberSi profkavSirebis centraluri
sabWos daarseba mohyva. 1907 wlisTvis TbilisSi sul cota 38 legaluri
da registrirebuli prfesiuli kavSiri arsebobda, sadac 30.000 wevri iyo
gaerTianebuli.25
partiaSi arsebuli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba profkavSirebTan dakav-

SirebiT ZiriTadad imas exeboda, Tu rogor unda exelmZRvanelaT maTi
muSaobisTvis _ Riad (social-demokratebis azri) Tu partiuli ujre-
debidan (bolSevikebis azri). realurad cotas Tu esmoda gansxvaveba da
amitom yvela social-demokrati monawileobda profkavSirebis muSao-
baSi. miuxedavad stokholmis kongresis sakmaod gaugebari miTiTebisa,
rom profkavSirebi politikurad neitralurebi unda yofiliyvnen, 1906
wlis noemberSi voroncov-daSkovma gasaidumloebuli angariSi miiRo,
romelic iuwyeboda, rom legalurad moqmed tfilisis profkavSirebs
revoluciuri miznebi amoZravebda da rom maT adgilobrivi social-de-
mokratiuli organizacia xelmZRvanelobda.26 Tu partias Tavisi gavle-
nis SenarCuneba undoda, sxvanairad rogor unda yofiliyo saqme Zneli
warmosadgenia, magram centralur sabWoSi atexili fraqciuli omis Sem-
deg muSebma ganacxades, rom profkavSirebisTvis arapartiuli statusi
miecaT.
social-demokratebi kooperativebis Seqmnas da maT muSaobasac
xels uwyobdnen da ara marto fasebis gasakontroleblad, aramed unda-
odT mSromelebi TviTmmarTvelobaSic rom garkveuliyvnen. germaniisa
da belgiis kooperativebi, romlebic aqtiurad iyvnen CarTulni qveynis
politikur cxovrebaSi 1890-iani wlebidan, naTeli dadastureba iyo maTi
saWiroebisa. qarTuli social-demokratiuli gazeTi `wyaro~ werda, rom
kooperatiuli moZraoba mxolod ramdenime kapikis dazogvas ki ar niS-
navs, ara, am moZraobaSi, iseve rogorc profesiul kavSirebSi da poli-
tikur organizaciebSi muSa eCveva TviTmmarTvelobas da gamocdilebas
iRebs. mas rwmena uCndeba koleqtiuri da saerTo saqmeebis keTebisa da
amgvarad emzadeba klasobrivi brZolisTviso.27 1910 wlisTvis saqarT-
veloSi mwarmoebelTa 21 da momxmarebelTa 19 kooperativi muSaobda,
Tumca male maTma ricxvma kleba iwyo.28 urTierTdaxmarebis sazogadoe-
bebis ricxvi ki asamde iyo. rogorc `ciskari~ werda, maTi saSualebiT mox-
deba masebis CarTva revoluciaSi da partiis xelmZRvanelobiT saboloo
mizanic miiRwevao.29 belgiis kooperativebisadmi miZRvnili statia `Cveni
sityva~ amtkicebda, rom yvela es organizacia Tu kavSiri ara marto xels
uwyobda muSaTa klasis gaerTianebas, aramed social-demokratebsac uz-
runvelyofda fuliTa da saWiro aRWurvilobiTo.30momavali aTi wlis
ganmavlobaSi, miuxedavad represiebisa, social-demokratebi aqtiurad
sargeblobdnen agitaciis yvelanairi saSualebebiT. maT arad Caagdes
1905 wlis agvistoSi kavkasiis organizaciebis meore konferenciaze miRe-

buli gadawyvetileba, romlis mixedviT burJuaziul presasTan urTier-
Tobaze uari unda eTqvaT. 1907 wels `wyaro~ amtkicebda, rom situacia
Seicvala. social-demokratebis xma xalxamde ver aRwevda mxolod maTi
aralegaluri presis saSualebiT, aralegaluri literatura mxolod
viwro partiul wreebamde aRwevso.31 sinamdvileSi, burJuaziuli presa
bevri social-demokratisTvis Semosavlis wyaros warmoadgenda. dgilo-
briv arCevnebSi monawileobaze social-demokratebis `laxvari~ werda,
rom social-demokratebis mier municipalur arCevnebSi monawileobis
miReba ar niSnavs, rom maT socialistur programas uRalates. piriqiT,
maTi monawileoba administraciis saqmianobaSi ekonomikurad da socia-
lurad gaaZlierebs proletariats, ise rom es ukanaskneli meti SemarTe-
biT... ibrZolebs saboloo miznisTvis~32 igive exeboda Sromis birJas,
muSebisa da damqiraveblebis komisiebs fabrika-qarxnebSi, saavadmyofos
dazRvevis programebs da muSebis saxelSekruleblo kontraqtebsac,
rac baqoSi gakeTda 1908 wels. qarTveli social-demokratebi `demokra-
tiul organoebSi~ da saqvelmoqmedo organizaciebSi muSaobdnen, maga-
liTad, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazogadoebaSi,
Tbilisis dauswrebeli swavlebis sazogadoebaSi da Tbilisis Jurnal-
istTa sazogadoebaSi. social-demokratTa adreuli xanis erT-erT did
warmatebad SeiZleba miviCnioT Tbilisis saxalxo universitetis sazoga-
doebis daarseba, romelsac liberali aristokrati vasil rcxilaZe
xelmZRvanelobda. arsebobis pirvelive weliwads, 1906-1907 wels sazoga-
doebaSi ormocdaaTi leqcia Catarda rusul da qarTul enebze. saSualo
daswrebam rvaas msmenels miaRwia. policiis monacemebis mixedviT maT
umravlesobas muSebi da klerkebi Seadgendnen. baTumis saxalxo univer-
sitets àdgilobrivi skolebis maswavleblebi~ xelmZRvanelobdnen. or-
moci leqtoridan cxra oxranis mkacri zedamxedvelobis qveS imyofeboda
revoluciuri saqmianobis gamo.33 1908 wels adgilobrivma xelisuflebam
zedamxedveloba gaamkacra, qarTul enaze leqciebis Catareba akrZala
da policias miTiTeba misca daexura universiteti, rogorc ki `politi-
kuri xasiaTis agitaciis da propagandis~ niSnebs SeamCnevda.341908 wlis
oqtomberSi policiis ganyofilebam gadawyvita, rom leqcia Temaze `go-
golis gmirebi da adamianis fsiqologia~ zedmetad maprovocirebeli
iyo da akrZala.35 saxalxo universitetebi samomavlod karg saSualebas
iZleoda muSebTan kontaqtebis dasamyareblad, magram 1908 wlis Semdeg
leqciebze daswrebam iklo. es nawilobriv Sida fraqciuli uTanxmoebebis

brali iyo. bolSevikebis mier kontrolirebadi dramatuli wre 1909 wels
gamoeyo saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoebas. es sayuradRebo sakiTxi
iyo, vinaidan Teatraluri warmodgenebi partiis Semosavlis erT-erTi
wyaro gaxldaT, Tanac propagandisTvisac mniSvnelovani platforma iyo.
roca 1910 wlis dapatimrebebis Semdeg bolSevikuri organizacia TiTq-
mis ganadgurda, dramatuli wre isev sazogadoebas SeuerTda.
miuxedavad imisa, rom social-demokratebi legalurad muSaobdnen,
mainc aprotestebdnen aseT muSaobas, radgan darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom
es maTi saboloo mizani ar iyo. gazeTi `talRa~ Seaxsenebda Tavis mkiTxve-
lebs: `legaluri moqmedeba mxolod momzadebaa aralegaluri moqmedebi-
sTvis.~36 imedgacruebul qarTvel social-demokratebs erTi suli hqon-
daT `nestiani sardafebidan~ amosuliyvnen, magram Jordania frTxilobda
da ambobda, rom profkavSirebis, klubebis da saxalxo universitetebis
dapirispireba rsdmp-sTan araswori iqneboda. legaluri da kulturul-
saganmanaTleblo saqmianoba axal pirobebTan adaptaciis saSualeba iyo.
magram qarTveli social-demokratebis mier legaluri saqmianobis aq-
centirebas, Tumca realurad is arc gansxvavdeboda adgilobrivi bol-
Sevikebis saqmianobisgan, maTi dadanaSauleba moyva `likvidatorobaSi~.
likvidacionizmi, romlis mizani miwisqveSa saqmianobis dasruleba iyo
(mTavari `likvidatori~, a. n. potresovi mas avadmyofuri warmodgenis
nayofs eZaxda), saqarTveloSi seriozuli ganxilvis sakiTxs arasdros
warmoadgenda.37 qarTveli bolSeviki istorikosi r. kalaZe werda:
`rogorc viciT da rusi istorikosebic aRiareben... e.w. `likvida-

cionizmis~ dros ruseTSi, qarTuli social-demokratia partiis
erTguli darCa. marTalia [qarTveli] menSevikebi legaluri saqmi-
anobisken ki ixrebodnen, magram `likvidatorobis~ momxreebi ar
iyvnen~.38
leninma Tavad aRniSna, rom `likvidaciis~ momxreebisa da qarTvelebis

mosazrebebi gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan, Tumca, albaT, lenins amiT
menSevikebs Soris ganxeTqilebis daTesva undoda. 1911 wlis zafxulSi,
lonJumoSi gamarTul partiis Sexvedraze leninma grigol urataZes
hkiTxa, ratom uWeren mxars qarTvelebi rus menSevikebso da daayola: `qa-
rTveli menSevikebi CvensaviT icaven aralegalur organizaciebs, xolo
Cvens menSevikebs maTi moSoreba undaT.~ urataZe erTaderTi menSeviki

iyo, romelic am Sekrebas eswreboda.39 praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT lega-
lur da aralegalur muSaobaze polemikas didi mniSvneloba ar hqonda,
magram es xazs usvamda revoluciis koncefciebs Soris gansxvavebebs. qa-
rTveli social-demokratebi uaryofdnen eduard bernstainis revizion-
izms, visTvisac `moZraoba yvelaferi iyo, mizani ki _ araferi~ da Jiul
guesdesaviT uars ambobdnen socialistTa monawileobaze burJuaziul
mTavrobebSi.
magram amave dros, maT swamdaT, rom revoluciis gamarjvebas po-
litikurad momzadebuli muSaTa klasi moipovebda burJuaziasTan ali-
ansSi. es rwmena arsebiTad ganasxvavebda qarTul sicial-demokratis
bolSevizmisagan. aliansis misaRwevad social-demokratebi mzad unda
yofiliyvnen `yvela sferoSi sabrZolvelad~ da gamoeyenebinaT `yvela
saxis iaraRi.~40 amas garda, inteligencias meore roli unda aeRo. amgvari
midgoma daselebis naazrevidan iRebda saTaves da saqarTvelos komite-
tis wesebsa da praqtikaSic aisaxeboda. qarTvelma social-demokratebma
dagmes `putCizmi~ da bolSevikuri `generaliteti~ da ganacxades, rom
gmirebis da xalxis, generlebis da jariskacebis dro wavidao da exla
gmirobis nacvlad mSvidi, uxmauro da Tavdaxrili muSaobis droa, masebs
rom Segneba avumaRloTo. es ki miwisqveSa sardafebidan veRar gakeTde-
boda.41 dabolos, partia pirdapir Tavisi rigiTi wevrebis winaSe unda
yofiliyo angariSvaldebuli, rac `saarCevno princips~ unda dafuZne-
boda. marTalia, rusi menSevikebi amgvar taqtikas eTanxmebodnen, magram
qarTvelebi amtkicebdnen, rom isini praqtikaSi ar atarebdnen mas da
eTanxmebodnen vladimir akimovs imaSi, rom menSevikebi uars ambobdnen
TavianTi komitetebi muSebisTvis gadaecaT.42 qarTvelTa warmodgenaSi
partia masebis, demokratiuli, pluralistuli organizacia unda yo-
filiyo, mravalklasianic ki, roca amis pirobebi Seiqmneboda.
partiuli organizacia
1905 wlis Semdegdroindel periodSi qarTveli social-demokratebis

yuradRebis centrSi partiuli muSaoba moeqca. qarTveli social-de-
mokratebi im umZimes da daZabul brZolas sakuTari wevrebis Sesanar-
Cuneblad nawilobriv rsdmp-is struqturas abralebdnen da 1906-1917
wlebis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme wamoayenes winadadeba reformebis

gasatareblad. maTi organizacia ekleqturi iyo. propagandistebis,
glexebisa da jariskacebis Cveulebrivi qvekomitetebis garda, Tbili-
sis organizacias ori ucnauri komitetic hqonda: erTi, romelSic daka-
vebulni iyvnen burJuaziasTan liazoniT da meore, im xalxisTvis, rom-
lebic maT TanaugrZnobdnen.43 nebismieri RonisZiebis gasatareblad,
romelic mTeli organizaciis monawileobas moiTxovda, saWiro iyo or-
ganizaciis yvela wevrs moewonebina is. Tbilisis komitetis mier miRe-
buli gadawyvetilebebi, rogorc dasavleT kavkasiis organizaciuli
centris, dauyovnebliv unda gadascemoda gansaxilvelad adgilobriv
komitetebs, Tuki miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi konspiraciuli xasiaTis
ar iyo. xuTas partiis wevrs ufleba hqonda nebismieri sakiTxi wamoeWra
Tbilisis organizaciis winaSe da maTze kenWi eyara yvela regionul orga-
nizacias. kooptacia akrZaluli iyo, TumcaRa SeiZleboda xalxis mowveva
komitetebSi saTaTbiro xmiT. Tbilisis organizaciis regionuli warmo-
madgenlebi nebismier dros SeiZleboda gaewviaT maT adgilobriv orga-
nizaciebs. yvela komiteti eqvemdebareboda xelaxal arCevnebs yovel
eqvs TveSi.44 yvelaze mniSvnelovani albaT iyo Tbilisis organizaciis
daJinebuli moTxovna muSebis warmomadgenlobis arsebobaze komiteteb-
Si da diferencirebuli moTxovnebi wevrobisTvis. wesebi iTvaliswineb-
da, rom muSebs unda mieRoT programa, gaecaT materialuri daxmareba da
`sisruleSi moeyvanaT partiuli gadawyvetilebebi~. is, vinc ar iyo muSa,
maTgan gansxavavebiT, partiul saqmianobaSi miiRebda monawileobas.45 im-
edovnebdnen, rom mocemuli piroba xels Seuwyobda muSebis aqtiurobis
gazrdas da organizaciis gafarToebas. saarCevno principTan erToblio-
baSi es wesebi iseTi organizaciis Seqmnis saSualebas iZleoda, sadac sul
ufro meti muSa gawevriandeboda, gadawyvetilebas rigiTi wevrebi mi-
iRebdnen da politikuri iniciativebi qveda donidan wamovidoda. magram
sistema problemasac qmnida xelmZRvanelobisTvis. magaliTad, 1905 wlis
ivlisSi xonis social-demokratiuli organizaciis wevrebma organizaci-
aSi muSebisa da inteligenciis Tanafardobis sakiTxi ase gadawyvites: in-
teligenciis mxolod ori warmomadgeneli Svid muSaze. inteligenciis
wevrebma organizacia datoves, xolo gaxarebulma xonelma muSebma ga-
nacxades, Cven saerTod inteligenciis winaaRmdegi ki ar varT, ubralod
uTqvenodac SegviZlia saqmis keTebao.46 1914 wels gazeTma àzrma~ dabeW-
da rva WiaTureli muSis saCivari (mogvianebiT maT `rviani~ SeerqvaT).
isini werdnen, rom maTi statiebi da werilebi saerTod ar ibeWdeboda da

rom gazeTi da misi redaqtorati inteligencias Cauvarda xelTo. `Seg-
nebul da mowinave muSebs...SesaZlebloba ar eZlevaT gazeTSi Tavisi wv-
lili Seitanon da is WeSmaritad muSaTa klasis gazeTad aqcion... Cveni
gazeTi mxolod maSin gaxdeba muSaTa organo, roca mis gamoSvebaSi re-
alurad da ideologiuradac muSebi miiReben monawileobas~.47 `rvianma~
moiTxova, rom saredaqcio kolegia muSaTa `srul kontrols~ daqvemde-
bareboda. gazeTis redaqtorebma muSebi sindikalizmSi daadanaSaules
da amtkicebdnen, rom Tu adamiani social-demokrati iyo, aRaraferi
mniSvneloba ar hqonda is muSa iqneboda Tu inteligenciis warmomad-
geneli. kolegia afrTxilebda yvela dainteresebul pirs, rom Tu `poli-
tikas~ daanebdnen Tavs, rogorc maTi azriT `rviani~ moiTxovda, gazeTi
`mxolod viwro, ganswavluli wreebis sakiTxavi gaxdeba... droa, qarTve-
li muSa ufro evropeli gaxdes da gazeTs ufro aqtiurad dauWiros mx-
ari~. mokled, diskusiebi 1915 wlamde gagrZelda. bolos, muSaTa jgufma
konferencia moiwvia da moiTxova muSebis mier kontolirebadi gazeTis
daarseba.48 1917 wels maTma xelmZRvanelma, ioseb metrevelma gamouSva
muSaTa damoukidebeli gazeTi, magram mas didi mxardaWera ar hqonia.
muSaTa am jgufs social-demokratebis hegemoniisTvis safrTxe
arasdros Seuqmnia, magram gamoamJRavna garkveuli disonansis arseboba
xelmZRvanelobasa da mis ZiriTad amomrCevlebs Soris.
qarTvelebi cdilobdnen rsdmp-is wevrebisTvis Tavisi ideebi moex-
viaT Tavs. stokholmis konferenciaze miRebuli rezolucia konferen-
ciebis ufro xSir mowyobas iTxovda adgilobriv doneze. qarTvelebis
mier organizaciuli reformebis gatarebis survili yvelaze cxadad
silibistro cincaZis statiaSi gamoCnda. misi statia saTauriT `rogor
vuxelmZRvaneloT partiis axlebur muSaobas~ 1909 wels menSevikebis
gazeT `golos social-demokrataSi~ gamoqveynda im dros, roca likvida-
cionizmze midioda debatebi. is werda: ` samuSao sulma partiis ujrede-
bidan muSaTa klubebSi, profkavSirebSi da kooperativebSi gadainacvla.
social-demokratebi valdebulebi iyvnen gayolodnen muSaTa klasis ma-
cocxlebel Zalebs. Tu yvelaferi amis mizani iseTi mowinave muSaTa fenis
Seqmnaa, romelic SeZlebs sxvadasxva formis partiuli muSaobis gaZRo-
las, rsdmp-is CaTvliT, maSin partiuli jgufebi unda Seiqmnas legalur
organizaciebSi, romlebsac klasobrivi miznebisTvis gamoiyeneben da
kavSiris SenarCunebasac SeZlebs aralegalur partiasTan.~ jiblaZem
xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom is uars ar ambobs aralegalur organizaciebze:

ès Cven ki ar vaxdenT partiis likvidacias, aramed isini, vinc Zveli or-
ganizaciis SenarCunebis saxeliT uaryofs social-demokratiul par-
tias da muSaTa moZraobis gzas. isini Cven social-demokratiul seqtad
gvaqceven, an ufro uaresi, saidumlo wred.~49 plexanovma, romelmac
1909 wlis maisSi datova `golos social-demokratas~ redaqcia likvi-
dacionizmis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, jiblaZis winadadebas `partiis
likvidaciis gegma~ uwoda.50 qarTuli social-demokratia likvidaciis
momxre ar iyo; qarTul organizaciaSi bevrs swamda, rom demokratiuli
centralizmi da aralegaluri muSaoba saukeTeso gza iyo partiis da-
sustebis SesaCereblad. magram qarTvelTa umravlesobas dasavluri so-
cial-demokratiuli partiis modeli xiblavda da am modelis Seqmnisken
miiswrafoda, igive mizani amoZravebdaT cnobil rus menSevikebsac _
aqselrods, martovs da dans.
jiblaZis iniciativa qarTuli social-demokratiis gadarCenis mcde-
loba iyo. oqtombris manifestis Semdeg organizacia walekes gawevri-
anebis msurvelebma, maTi raodenoba TxuTmetidan oci aTasamde iyo. im
wlis bolosTvis Tbilisis organizacia oTxi aTasamde wevrs iTvlida,
xuTi aTass guriis organizacia da aTass baTumis. magram 1908 wlisT-
vis Tbilisis organizaciis wevrebis raodenoba sami aTasamde Semcirda
da kidev erTi wlis Semdeg ori aTasamde.51 oxrankis erT-erTi dauTari-
Rebeli angariSi 1914 wels sixaruliT ityobineboda, rom baTumis so-
cial-demokratiul organizacias xelmZRvanelebi aRar hyavs, finansuri
SesaZleblobic amoewura da Sesabamisi bazac propagandisTvis da amis
gamo sruliad umoqmedo gaxdao. oxrankis sxva, amis msgavsi angariSebi-
dan vgebulobT, rom quTaisis organizacias 200 wevri SerCenia mxolod.52
profkavSirebsac daetyoT mxardaWeris dakleba. 1909 wels gazeTi `Cveni
xma~ Cioda, rom profkavSirebs sicocxlis niSnebi aRar etyobodaT, `1907
wlis maisis TvisTvis, social-demokratebis gaangariSebiT TbilisSi 28
profkavSiri moqmedebda, romelic 30 aTas wevrs aerTianebda, magram 1908
wlisTvis umravlesoba gauqmda da rac darCa, aralegalurad muSaobs~.53
Semcirda aseve saxalxo universitetebSi leqciebze damswreTa ricxvi.
1908-1909 wels sul 12 leqcia Catarda da msmenelis saSualo ricxvma 243
kaci Seadgina. am ricxvis Sedarebac ar SeiZleboda adreuli wlebis dasw-
rebis donesTan, romelic saSualod 800 kacs udrida. rogorc gazeTi
`saqme~ werda 1910 wlis oqtomberSi, `dRes muSakaci Tavs anebebs muSao-
bas da imis magivrad rom codna miiRos dros loTobiT klavs duqnebSi~.54
àzrSi~ gamoqveynebuli werilis avtori rkinigzis saxelosnoebis muSe-
bze werda, rom imis magivrad, Tavisufali dro ukeTesi momavlisTvis
mzadebas moaxmaron, quCaSi dganan da Woraobeno.55
organizaciis Cavardnam finansuri problemebic wamoWra. 1910 wels
oxrankis `Savi palatis~ departaments, romelic safosto korespoden-
cias kurirebda, xelSi Cauvarda werili, saidanac vigebT, rom social-
demokratebis gazeTis àxali azris~ tiraJi 9 aTasidan 2 aTasamde Cam-
ovarda da fuli aRar hqondaT redaqciis TanamSromlebisTvis xelfasebi
rom miecaT. 1914 wlisTvis social-demokratebis presis tiraJi 3.600
cals Seadgenda, magram ukeTes dros social-demokratebi 7 aTas calsac
uSvebdnen.56 Cavardnas ganicdida ruseTis social-demokratiuli or-
ganizaciebic. amis mizezi qveynis ekonomikuri situaciis gauareseba da
policiis mxridan gaZlierebuli represiebi iyo, rasac sazogadod xalx-
is politikiT gadaRlac erTvoda Tan. amas garda, social-demokratebis
liderebmac datoves qveyana da sazRvargareT gaiqcnen.
warmoeba daeca. muSaxels amcirebdnen. kavkasiaSic agorda daTxovnebis
talRa. 1906 wlis ianvarSi 2. 693 rkinigzis muSa da rkinigzis administra-
ciis mosamsaxure gaaTavisufles samuSaodan, aqedan 140 _ baTumis olq-
Si.571905-1908 wlebSi adelxanovis tyavis gadamamuSavebelma fabrikam
1. 500 kaci daiTxova. 1907-1910 wlebSi Tbilisis guberniaSi warmoebaSi
dasaqmebul muSaTa ricxvi 12. 037-dan 10.633-mde Semcirda.58 1905 wlis
dasasrulisTvis baTumis orma udidesma damqiravebelma _ rotSildma
da manTaSevma saerTod daxures TavianTi qarxnebi. 1903 wels navTobis
gadamzidi cisternebis damamzadebel qarxanaSi 3.300 muSa muSaobda, 1910
wlisTvis maTma mTlianma raodenobam 290 Seadgina. 1905 wlisTvis baTu-
mis 13 did qarxanaSi 4. 916 muSaxeli iyo dasaqmebuli, 1910 wlisTvis ki
14 qarxanaSi erTad 1.085. rotSildma da manTaSevma isev gaxsnes qarxnebi,
magram rogorc social-demokratiuli gazeTi `Cangi~ werda 1909 wels,
am pirobebSi baTumma dakarga Tavisi socialuri da politikuri mniSvne-
lobao.59 gurulebs saerTod aukrZales baTumis navTobgadammuSavebel
qarxnebSi muSaoba. marganecis mopoveba WiaTuraSi 1906 wlis 50.2 mln.
fuTidan 6.9 mln. fuTamde Semcirda da TavisTavad, ori aTasma kacmac
dakarga samuSao.
ruseTis axali premier-ministris, stolipinis gamoCenasTan erTad
adgilobrivi xelisufleba axali energiiT daimuxta da samoqmedod mo-
emzada. 1910-1911 wlamde mTeli kavkasia sxvadasxva formis sagangebo

reJims reJimze icvlida. axali wesebi adgilobriv oficiozs uflebas
aZlevda sami TviT daepatimrebina saeWvo piri bralis wauyeneblad, ga-
daesaxlebina, aekrZala sajaro Sekrebebi da samxedro tribunalSi mieca
eWvmitanilebi. aTasobiT adamiani gasaxlebul iqna mSobliuri adgilebi-
dan 1903-1909 wlebSi im mizniT, rom cixeebi ar gadaetvirTaT. 1907 wlis
martSi, Tbilisis guberniis 161 da quTaisis guberniis 184 politikuri
patimridan umravlesoba dakavebuli iyo droebiTi mmarTvelebis da Sin-
agan saqmeTa ministris brZanebebis safuZvelze da ara sasamarTlo gadaw-
yvetilebiT.60
1910-1911 wlis masiuri dapatimrebebis Semdeg qarTvelma social-
demokratebma organizaciis centri Tbilisidan quTaisSi gadaitanes im
imediT, rom quTaisSi sapolicio zedamxeveloba nakleb efeqturi iqne-
boda. oxranka acxadebda, rom Tbilisis organizacia TiTqmis uxilavi gax-
dao. magram social-demokratebi Sekrebebs ganagrZobdnen gamogonili,
Tbilisis vaWrobisa da warmoebis mosamsaxureTa klubis wevrebis saxiT.
aseT mdgomareobaSi Cavardnilma social-demokratebis bevrma liderma
Tavs uSvela da sazRvargareT gaemgzavra, maT Soris iyvnen noe Jorda-
nia, noe ramiSvili da vlasa mgelaZe. danarCenebi, magaliTad isidore
ramiSvili, miimalnen. nakleb iRblianma irakli wereTelma da severian
juRelma umetesi dro cixeSi an gadasaxlebaSi gaatares, magram bedma
yvelaze metad dumis wevrebs gauRima, karlo CxeiZes, evgeni gegeWkors da
silva jiblaZes. es ukanaskneli gadasaxlebamde saqarTvelos organiza-
ciis wamyvan figurad rCeboda. gadasaxlebidan imave 1910 wels gamoiqca
da peterburgSi aralegalurad muSaobda. Tumca aq situacia ruseTTan
SedarebiT, sadac martovis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `ruseTis menSevizmi
srul kolafsSi imyofeboda,~ ukeTesi iyo.61
qarTvel social-demoratTa gamosvlebs isev usmendnen, sulerTia
ras Seexeboda es gamosvlebi, ilia WavWavaZis mkvlelobas Tu egzarxos
nikonis. qarTvelebi dumaSic gamodiodnen da qarTuli social-demokra-
tiuli presac farTod aSuqebda inteligenciis mier haagis saerTaSor-
iso konferenciisadmi gagzavnili werilis ambavs, sadac qarTvelebi
moiTxovdnen ruseTTan 1783 wels dadebuli georgievskis traqtatis
pirobebis dacvas. presaSi qveyndeboda statiebi voroncov-daSkovis
kanonebze, rac droebiT valdebulebasa da xiznis statuss exeboda, aseve
iranisa da TurqeTis revoluciebzec. stumrebisTvis gankuTvnili aivni-
dan Tavridis sasaxleSi grigol urataZe usmenda meore dumis qarTvel

wevrs da saqarTveloSi gzavnida Tavis werilebs maT gamosvlebze. iq,
saxlSi social-demokratebi Zalian aqtiurobdnen, uwyvet nakadad uS-
vebdnen legalur Tu aralegalur gazeTebs da dauRalavad muSaobdnen
momxmarebelTa kooperativebSi Tu saavadmyofoebis sadazRvevo fond-
ebSi. qarTvelma social-demokratebma SeinarCunes organizaciuli ko-
herentuloba, iwvevdnen konferenciebs, gzavnidnen delegatebs rsdmp-is
yrilobebze sazRvargareT; kamaTobdnen socialist-federalistebTan,
xelSi Caigdes saqarTvelosTvis gankuTvnili adgilebis umravlesoba
dumaSi da Tavisi saqmianobis wyalobiT saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoebebSi
da samomxmareblo asociaciebSi safuZveli Cauyares samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebas. maTi Zala da gavlena am wlebSi quCaSi ki ar igrZnoboda, aramed
institutebSi da sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi. maT gaamyares kavSirebi
kavkasiel liberalebTan da Ria hqondaT oficiozTan saurTierTo arxe-
bi. amgvarma taqtikam Camoayaliba maT mier Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis
araZaladobrivi forma, romelsac 1917 wlis TebervalSi gamoiyenebdnen.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodSi Seiqmna alternatiuli samoqalaqo
qselebi, qarTveli social-demokratebis saqmianobis mniSvnelovani wili
rsdmp-sa da dumaze modioda.
rsdmp
Tavis wignSi `saqarTvelo: social-demokratiuli glexTa respub-

lika~ karl kaucki qarTvel social-demokratebze werda, rom isini
rusuli menSevizmis elitaruli jarebi iyvneno.62 is gulisxmobda qa-
rTvelebis uzarmazar ideologiur gavlenas rsdmp-ze da maT ricxvo-
briv upiratesobasac dumis social-demokratiuli fraqciebis Semadgen-
lobaSi da petrogradis revoluciur scenaze 1917 wels. TiTqmis yvela
cnobili social-demokrati, maT Soris plexanovi, aqselrodi, potreso-
vi da trocki sxvadasxva dros, rogorc saqarTvelos organizaciidan
wargzavnili delegatebi eswrebodnen rsdmp-is yrilobebs.63 guriis mov-
lenebis Semdeg Tanapartielebi qarTvelebs `glexebis~ specialistebad
miiCnevdnen.
gansxvavebiT `bundisgan~, latviis social-demokratiuli (wina wleb-
Si latviis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partia), ukrainis social-de-
mokratiuli kavSirisgan, poloneTisa da litvis social-demokratiuli

partiebisgan, romlebic rsdmp-is wevrebi 1906 wlidan iyvnen da sakmao
gavleniTac sargeblobdnen ruseTis menSevikur moZraobaSi, qarTvelma
social-demokratebma Tavisi damoukidebeli erovnuli organizaciu-
li struqturebi ar SeinarCunes. am gadawyvetilebis gamo isini `Tavi-
sianebad~ miiCneodnen partiaSi da gansakuTrebuli avtoriteti hqon-
daT erovnuli sakiTxis sferoSi. 1905 wlis Semdeg rusma menSevikebma,
kerZod piotr maslovma da s. semkovskim, Teoriulad Camoayalibes da
daxvewes glexobisa da erovnuli sakiTxebi, rogorc es leninma gaakeTa
bolSevikebisTvis, Tumca maslovi da semkovski gamonaklisebi iyvnen.64
am sakiTxebze gamarTuli debatebis dros qarTvelebs veravin jobda.
maT ar akldaT inovaciuri ideebi partiis organizaciul mowyobaze da
wvrili burJuaziis rolze revoluciaSi da ruseTis menSevizmis samo-
qmedo taqtikac maT Zlier zegavlenas ganicdida, rogorc, savaraudod,
maTi ideologiac am revoluciuri wlebis manZilze. 1905 wlis Semdeg
menSevizmis `memarjvene frTa~, romelsac a. n. potresovi, v. levicki da
sxvebi warmoadgendnen, ideologiurad miuaxlovda qarTvelebs, romle-
bic mouwodebdnen axali socialuri Zalebis, kerZod ki moxeleebis, sxva-
dasxva specialistebis da `demokratiuli inteligenciis~ CarTvisken
revoluciur saxalxo frontSi.65 martovi am dros kauckisTan kamaTobda
imis Sesaxeb, rom ruseTis „wvrili mewarmeebis klasTan` aliansis Seqmnis
gareSe revolucia ver gaimarjvebda~.66 venis 1912 wlis konferenciis Sem-
deg menSevikebis damokidebuleba erovnuli sakiTxisadmi ufro moqnili
gaxda `bundisa~ da gansakuTrebiT ki, qarTvelebis zegavleniT.
qarTuli organizacia rsdmp-sTan formalurad 1906 wlis ianvarSi
gaerTianda, rsdmp-is gaerTianebuli centraluri komitetis Seqmnidan
erT TveSi. gaerTianebam wertili dausva paraleluri komitetebis mTel
wyebas da bolSevikTa kavkasiis kavSiris `virtualur~ arsebobas. rsdmp-
is gamaerTianebeli (meoTxe) yrilobis delegatebis arCevnebze adgilo-
brivi bolSevikebi damarcxdnen. yrilobaze dasaswrebad stokholmSi
1906 wlis aprilSi 16 delegati Cavida saqarTvelodan; maTgan mxolod
erTi _ ioseb juRaSvili (stalini) iyo bolSeviki.67 yrilobas 112 xmis
uflebis mqone delegati eswreboda, aqedan daaxloebiT 62 menSevikebis
momxre iyo, xolo 46 _ bolSevikebis. 17 xmis uflebis mqone qarTvelma
social-demokratma (aqedan 10 Tbilisis organizacias warmoadgenda),
yrilobaze damswre menSevikTa 1/4-ze meti Seadgina da menSevikebs umrav-
lesoba moapovebina. rogorc wesi, mandatebis gadanawilebaze aurzauri

atyda. qarTvelebs adanaSaulebdnen, rom isini xelovnurad zrdidnen
Tavisi warmomadgenlebis ricxvs da amis dasamtkiceblad Tbilisis bol-
Sevikebis mier yrilobisTvis gagzavnili werilic waikiTxes. menSevikebma
ukan ar daixies da ganacxades, rom juRaSvils yalbi mandati hqonda bor-
Calos umetesad `TaTruli~ raionidan. rac unda paradoqsulad JRerdes,
juRaSvili samandato komitetis wevri iyo.
yriloba menSevikebis triumfiT damTavrda. qarTvelebma kidev erT-
xel daamtkices, rom pragmatuli politikosebi iyvnen. isini mxars uWerd-
nen SeairaRebul gamosvlas, mxolod saTanado politikuri momzadebis
Semdeg da dumis arCevnebSi monawileobasac, kadetebis samxileblad. Jor-
dania albaT bolSevizmis winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis gamo airCies rsdmp-is
centralur komitetSi.
kavkasielebi erTmaneTs erovnuli sakiTxis gamo daetaknen. Saumiani,
romelic am droisTvis leninis erTguli gamxdariyo, winaaRmegi wavida,
rom erovnuli sakiTxi calke sakiTxad SeetanaT yrilobis dRis wesrigSi.
man brali dasdo qarTvelovs (n. g. WiWinaZe), rom mas erovnuli avtonomi-
is Semotana undoda kavkasiaSi. sabolood, kompromisuli gadawyvetile-
ba miiRes da erovnuli sakiTxi polonelebis moTxovnas miabes riggareSe
damfuZnebeli yrilobis mowvevaze. kamaTi mware gamovida, Tumca Canda,
rom es sakiTxi bevr rus menSeviks naklebad ainteresebda. qarTvelebis
òrTodoqsoba~ maSin gamomJRavnda, roca èrovnuli sakiTxi~ `bundTan~
dakavSirebiT wamoiWra. isini erTxmad wavidnen `bundis~ damoukidebel
erovnul organizaciad miRebis winaaRmdeg rsdmp-Si. `bundma~ gancxade-
biT mimarTa yrilobas rsdmp-Si xelaxla gaerTianebaze. miuxedavad imi-
sa, rom `bundma~ Searbila Tavdapirveli moTxovnebi organizaciuli av-
tonomiis Taobaze, Jordaniam gamoacxada, rom Tu is daiSveboda rsdmp-Si
òrganizaciuli principebis safuZvelze~ maSin kavkasiis organizacia
daiSleboda, radgan iq organizaciuli mowyobisas erovnuli principiT
ar xelmZRvanelobdnen.68 bolSevikebma ki xma misces `bundis~ gaerTiane-
bas, radgan maTi garkveuli kursis mxardamWeri dainaxes masSi. ase rom
`bundi~ isev Sevida rsdmp-Si. poloneTisa da litvis social-demokrate-
bi da latviis social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiac Seiyvanes rsdmp-Si
organizaciul avtonomiebad. qarTveli social-demokratebi xvdebod-
nen, Tu ra safrTxe SeiZleboda mohyoloda erovnul niadagze konfliqts
saxlSi da amitom imis mtkiceba daiwyes, rom partiaSi erovnuli feder-
alizmis daSveba Zirs gamouTxrida rsdmp-is, rogorc zeerovnuli orga-

nizaciis siZlieres da legitimurobas. qarTvelebs glexobis sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiTac mihyavdaT diskusia. maslovma, Tavis gamosvlaSi guriis
da baltiis qveynebis movlenebi gamoiyena municipalizaciis programis
dasacavad. is menSevikTa èqsperti~ iyo glexebis sakiTxSi da im dros
wigns werda ruseTis agrarul sakiTxebze. maslovma lenins Seutia mis
mier wamoyenebuli iniciativis gamo, romelic miwebis nacionalizacias
exeboda. qarTvelebma maslovs dauWires mxari. isidore ramiSvilma da
Jordaniam leninis winadadebas miwebis nacionalizaciis Sesaxeb `ma-
vne~ utopiuri fantazia uwodes, romelic glexobas daaSorebda maT da
saWiroze met Zalauflebas miscemda burJuaziul centralur mTavrobas.
amiT maT plexanovs daukres kveri. Jordania amtkicebda, rom absurduli
iqneboda imaze fiqri, rom glexebi, romlebic miwisTvis ibrZodnen, mTav-
robas gadascemdnen miwas. magram erTmaneTSi qarTvelebi eWvs gamoTqvam-
dnen menSevikebis alternatiuli winadadebis,_municipalizaciis gamoc.
bevr maTgans es gza ukeTesi egona vidre miwebis piradad glxebisTvis
gadacema, Tumca darwmunebulebi ar iyvnen ramdenad moiwonebdnen am
azrs guriaSi. ioseb juRaSvilma xmamaRla Tqva is, rasac qarTveli del-
egatebis umravlesoba fiqrobda,_nacionalizacia da municipalizacia
SeuZlebels gaxdida `revoluciuri glexobisa da proletariatis erTo-
baso.~69 miwebis privatizacia yvelaze realuri gadawyvetileba iyo.
`mimdinare momentis~ gamo Jordaniam gamanadgurebeli ieriSi miitana
leninze. bolSevikur taqtikas man `politikuri absentizmi~ uwoda, isini
cxovrebis ulmobel kanonebs exeTqebian da sul kudSi amoyofen xolme
Tavso.70 amis dasadastureblad Jordaniam moitana magaliTebi, roca
bolSevikebma ramdenjerme Seicvales azri imis Sesaxeb, mieRoT Tu ara
monawileoba `zemstvos,~ profkavSirebis da dumis arCevnebSi. mgelaZe
ukmayofilod aRniSnavda, rom bolSevikebs hgoniaT, proletarebs yur-
Si swvdebian da saiTkenac surT, iqiT waiyvaneno.71 bolSevikebis argu-
mentebi rom moismina SeiaraRebul gamosvlaze, bikenti (Wola) lomTaTi-
Zem daaskvna, Cven ver movaxerxebT saerTo xazis povnas da an Cven unda
gaviricxoT partiidan, an bolSevikebio. Wola lomTaTiZeze gurulebi
fiqrobdnen, rom `marcxniv iyo~. 72 is marTali aRmoCnda, Tumca am yrilo-
baze gamarjvebiT gaxarebulma menSevikma delegatebma es ver dainaxes.
bolo da òficialuri~ ganxeTqileba maT Soris 1912 wels moxda praRaSi
bolSevikTa konferenciis Catarebis Semdeg. Tumca, qarTveli social-
demokratebisTvis sakmarisad naTeli iyo, rom bolSevikTa liderebi ar

iziarebdnen maT azrs revoluciaze, kerZod, rom is unda dayrdnoboda
klasobriv zrdasa da wvril burJuaziasTan Seqmnil alianss. am etapze,
qarTvelebi TiTqmis mTlianad menSeviki amxanagebis mxareze iyvnen, rom-
lebsac ukve uari eTqvaT dumis boikotze.
mSvidi stokholmidan qarTveli social-demokratebi mSfoTvare
saqarTveloSi dabrundnen. seqtemberSi amierkavkasiis social-demok-
ratiuli organizaciebis meoTxe yriloba Seikriba, rom ganexilaT ga-
maerTianebel yrilobaze gasatani sakiTxebi. amierkavkasiis yrilobam
daadastura dumaSi monawileobis aucilebloba da aRiara, rom boiko-
tis gamocxadeba jarSi saSemodgomo gawvevaze da gadasaxadebze uaris
Tqma `revoluciuri gamosvlis~ mosamzadebeli samuSao iyo. yrilobis
delegatebma moiTxoves kavkasiis seimis Seqmna, romelic uflebamosili
iqneboda ganexila da moegvarebina `kulturul-ekonomikuri~ sakiTxebi
regionis masStabiT da romelsac daemorCileboda glexebis sabWoebi
da sruliad ruseTis muSaTa yriloba, es aqselrodis winadadeba iyo.
ugulvebelyo ra, gamaerTianebeli yrilobis rezolucia teroristuli
aqtebis Sewyvetaze, transkavkasiurma yrilobam ganacxada, rom parti-
zanTa jgufebi kontrols aRar eqvemdebarebodnen da samagierod muSebi-
sa da glexebis SeiaraRebuli jgufebi unda Seqmniliyo. 73
qarTvelma social-demokratebma yrilobis Semdeg axali dumis saa-
rCevno kampaniisTvis daiwyes mzadeba. amavdroulad, londonSi rsdmp-is
mexuTe yrilobaze gasagzavni 38 delegatic SearCies, maT Soris 28 _ xmis
uflebiT (ori maTgani bolSeviki iyo). stalini eswreboda yrilobas, ma-
gram xmis ufleba ar misces. yrilobas 303 xmis uflebis mqone delegati
eswreboda, bolSevikebs 89 xmis imedi hqondaT, menSevikebs_88-is, danar-
Cenebi ara-rusuli organizaciebis,_latviis, poloneTis (latviisa da
poloneTis social-demokratiebi) da `bundis~ warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.
qarTulma organizaciebma 38 delegatiT menSevikebis delegaciis 1/3-ze
74
meti Seadgina. qarTvelebs sul ufro metad emCneodaT, rom TavianTi
menSeviki kolegebisadmi ndobas kargavdenen. bolSevikebs yrilobaze
xSirad mxars uWerdnen poloneli da litveli (45 delegati) da latviis
social-demokratebi. (26 delegati). bolSevikebma umravlesoba moipves
maT mier gatanil TiTqmis yvela rezoluciaze, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom
iZulebulebi iyvnen bevr kompromiszec wasuliyvnen.75 am rezoluciebiT
dagmobil iqna burJuaziul partiebTan aliansSi Sesvla, SeizRuda so-
cial-demokratebis propagandistuli saqmianoba da uari ganacxades mu-

SaTa kongresze. qarTvelebma mandatebTan dakavSirebuli ayalmayalis
Semdeg_borCalom bolSekebs ori zemeti xmis uflebis mandati misca_
mTeli mondomebiT da daJinebiT gaagrZeles antibolSevikuri Setevebi.
dumis deputatebze kamaTis garda, qarTvelebma aRar miiRes monawileoba
dumaze msjelobaSi da partizanebisa da profkavSirebis saqmianobebis
ganxilvis drosac Cumad iyvnen.
25 wlis axalgazrda, momxibvlelma irakli wereTelma, romelic di-
dad ar exateboda gulze sankt-peterburgis sazogadoebas, radgan so-
cial-demokratebis fraqciis xelmZRvaneli iyo, qarTvelTa siCume
aanazRaura. man mSvenivrad daicva sxva fraqciebTan konstruqciuli
TanamSromlobis kursi dumaSi, maT Soris kadetebTanac.
sul es iyo, rasac qarTvelebma miaRwies londonSi xangrZlivi mog-
zaurobis Sedegad,_wereTlis sadebiuto gamosvla yrilobaze da
Jordaniasa da noe ramiSvilis arCeva centraluri komitetis Semadgen-
lobaSi. erovnuli sakiTxic uyuradRebod datoves delegatebma da
qarTvelma social-demokratebma isev waages brZola erovnuli orga-
nizaciebis rsdmp-Si gaerTianebis winaaRmdeg. 1903 wels somexi muSebis
specifikuri interesebis dasacavad daarsebuli somex social-demokrat
muSaTa organizaciac (specifistebi) miiRes principSi, noe Jordanias
da kidev 12 mxardamWeris gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, rom Tu kavSiri
`specifistebTan~ mainc Sedgeboda transkakvasiis social-demokrate-
bis Tanxmobis gareSe, isini uars ityodnen masTan TanamSromlobaze.76
rogorc aRmoCnda, rsdmp-Si gaerTianebuli somexi social-demokratebis
umravlesobam uari Tqva `specifistebTan~ gaerTianebaze, xolo maT, vinc
gaerTianda, piroba dades, rom ar dabeWdavdnen organizaciis saxeliT
gakeTebul arcerT gancxadebas.
yrilobiT gamowveulma imdgacruebam qarTvel delegatebs sakuTari
damoukideblobis grZnoba ganumtkica. boris nikolaevskis sityvebiT
rom vTqvaT, 1907 wlis Semdeg `Jordania seriozulad waeCxuba martovs
da dans, Tanac ara erTxel~ da wereTels da jorjaZes daelaparaka menSe-
vikuri xelmZRvanelobis Secvlis aucileblobazeo.77 saqarTvelos so-
cial-demokratiuli presa rus menSevikebs akritikebda „inteligentSCi-
nis~ gamo da werda, rom rusebs abstraqtuli lozungebis miRma arafris
danaxva ar SeuZliaTo. erT-erTi gazeTi ki ambobda, rom menSevikebi iseT
literaturas, rezoluciebs da lozungebs xmaroben, rom mxolod in-
teligencias da mowinave muSebs esmiT, xolo farTo masebisTvis sruli-

ad gaugebari rCebao.78 vnebebi boboqrobda londonSic, menSevikTa dax-
urul sxdomaze. noe ramiSvilma, romelic ukan arasdros ixevda cxare
debatebis dros, menSevikTa liderebis òrganizaciul oportunizmze~
miitana Seteva. man TxovniT mimarTa plexanovs, romelsac `revoluciuri
menSevizmis~ politika aerCia da kritikis qarcecxlSi atarebda menSe-
vikebis centralur komitets likvidatoruli eresisTvis. boris niko-
laevski ase aRwers im reaqcias, romelic noe ramiSvilis sityvas mohyva,
~sityva bombis afeTqebas hgavda. wereTeli igonebda, rom sanam noe sity-
vas daamTavrebda, martovi movida CemTano, saxe sibrazisgan moqceoda da
mkiTxa, es ras niSnavs, qarTvelebs menSevikebisgan gamoyofa gindaTo?~
79
miuxedavad imisa, rom arCil jorjaZes mcdeloba ar dauklia mopae-
qreebis dasaSoSmineblad, noe ramiSvilis sityva mainc àntimenSevikur,
qarTulad amokrul panCurs~ hgavda. aqselrodma ise gaigo momxdari,
rom qarTvelebs partiis xelmZRvanelobis simZimis CamoSoreba da saku-
Tari, saqarTvelos problemebis mixedva surdaT.80 konfliqts leninis
ucnauri SemoTavazeba mohyva, kerZod yrilobis Sesvenebaze man Jordania
gverdze gaiyvana da uTxra, rom qarTveli social-demokratebi saerTos
verasdros gamoZebnian rus menSevikebTan, radgan rusebi oportuniste-
bi ariano, Tqven SegiZliaT damoukideblebi gaxdeT da rac mogesurve-
baT, is akeToT saqarTveloSi, Cven ar CavereviTo, magram samagierod
Tqvenc unda SewyvitoT Cvens saqmeebSi Carevao. 81 leninis am winadadebaSi
igrZnoboda qarTveli social-demokratebis Zala da gavlena da isic Tu
ramdenad ver itanda martovs lenini. Jordania Sehpirda qarTvelebTan
wamovayenebo am ideaso, magram etyoba mere dafiqrda da araferi mou-
moqmedebia. da mainc ramiSvilis sityva simboluri gamoxatuleba iyo im
ufskrulisa rac nelnela Cndeboda saqarTvelos social-demokratiasa
da rusul menSevizms Soris.
qarTvelebi yrilobis Semdegac ganagrZnobdnen debatebSi monawil-
eobas rusuli menSevizmis CarCoebSi, magram revoluciuri saqmianobis
dacemam, dapatimrebebma, gadasaxlebam da rusuli menSevizmis patar-pa-
tara jgufebad daSlam daasusta kontaqtebi centrTan. 1907 wels Jor-
daniam cota xani fineTSi dahyo. mere evropaSi imogzaura da iq muSao-
bda centraluri komitetisTvis, xandaxan saqarTveloSic Camodioda.
erT-erTi aseTi vizitis dros, 1908 wels, daapatimres viborgis manifes-
tze xelis moweris gamo da sami TviT cixeSi gauSves. 1909 wels isev daap-
atimres, magram qarTuli koniakis mwarmoebelma, sarajiSvilma giraoTi

gadaarCina samwlian patimrobas. Jordaniam dro moigo da isev wavida
saqarTvelodan. 82
qarTvelebs uimedoba ipyrobdaT, rusi menSevikebi gaerTianebas rom
ver axerxebdnen. mogvianebiT Jordaniam rus menSevikur xelmZRvanelobas
uxerxemlo inteligencia uwoda, romelic revoluciur saqmeebs uf-
rTxoda da mudam imis mtkicebaSi iyo, rom saparlamento gza jobda
yvelafris mosagvareblad.83 es usamarTloba iyo Jordanias mxridan.
is marTali iyo, roca menSevik liderebze ambobda moWarbebuli in-
teleqtualizmi, individualizmi da egoizmi awuxebTo (rac rusi re-
volucionerebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo), magram martovTan, danTan da
aqselrodTan erTad is mudam imis mcdelobaSi iyo, rom gaeerTianebina
partia da evropis gzaze daeyenebina rusuli social-demokratiuli
moZraoba. is daeswro centraluri komitetis `gamaerTianebel plenums,~
romelic parizSi 1910 wlis ianvarSi Catarda. plenumi bevr daTmobaze
wavida bolSevikebTan, romlebsac ukiduresad uWirdaT im periodSi.
Sida konfliqtebiT dasustebul bolSevikebs reputaciac Seryeuli
hqondaT eqspropriaciebSi monawileobis gamo.84 Jordaniam uaryo ple-
xanovis mowodeba, rasac martovic xSirad moiTxovda, gaericxaT bol-
Sevikebi rsdmp-is rigebidan. 1911 wels man mxari dauWira `bundis~ re-
gionuli organizaciisa da latviis social-demokratiis winadadebas
kidev erTxel CaetarebinaT konferencia gaerTianebis mizniT. Jordanias
imedebi gauqra, rogorc yvela menSeviks, magram germaneli social-
demokratebis da sxva evropeli socialistebis zegavleniT, moqmedebis
zomieri kursi airCia. mas ufro Semrigebluri, damTmobi xasiaTi hqonda
vidre martovs an plexanovs.
1911 wels qarTvelebma, latvielebma da polonelebma Seqmnes saor-
ganizacio komiteti, romelmac moamzada da Caatara `gamaerTianebeli
konferencia~ venaSi 1912 wlis agvistoSi. konferencias trocki Tavmj-
domareobda. bertram volfem mas aseTi Sefaseba misca: `xmebis guguni da
kredoebis jungli.~ Sexvedras eswreboda TiTqmis yvela, im droisTvis ar-
sebuli social-demokratiuli organizaciis warmomadgeneli, maT Soris
bolSevikebisgan gamoyofili `vpiriodic.~ 85 konferencia garkveulwilad
bolSevikebis me-6 (praRis) sruliad ruseTis rsdmp-is praRaSi Catarebuli
konferenciis sapasuxod gaimarTa, sadac bolSevikebma rsdmp-is rigebidan
menSevikebi da erovnuli organizaciebi garicxes.86 venis konferenciis 18
delegatidan (15 ar Camovida) 12 sami èrovnuli~ social-demokratiuli

organizaciebidan iyo, kerZod, `bundidan~, litvidan da amierkavkasiis
regionuli komitetidan. delegatebis simcire ruseTidan maTi arasaxar-
bielo mdgomareobis mimaniSnebeli iyo. oTxi stumari poloneTis social-
isturi partiis, `levicas~ wevri iyo da erTic litvis social-demokra-
tiuli partiis wevri. isini konferenciis ararusi delegatebis xmebs
Zalas matebdnen. delegatebis TiTqmis 60%-s ara-rusuli erovnuli or-
ganizaciebis warmomadgenlebi Seadgendnen.87 am droisTvis qarTvelebs,
latvielebs da `bunds~ yvelaze Zlieri iatakqveSa komitetebi hqondaT da
ricxobrivadac gacilebiT Warbobdnen sxvebs partiul konferenciebze,
centralur organoSi da centraluri komitetis sazRvargareTis biuro-
Si (biuros Semadgenloba, SeiZleba iTqvas, orive fraqcias warmoadgenda).
Cveulebriv, centralur organoebSi ararusi wevrebis yofna menSevikebis
sasargeblod xrida saswors, Tumca bolSevikebsac hqondaT maTi imedi,
roca saqme iseT sakiTxebs exeboda, rogoric, magaliTad, teroristuli
aqtis mowyoba da eqspropriacia iyo.
venaSi, sami mandati amierkavkasiis regionul komitets da erTi man-
dati kavkasiel delegats hqonda baqos organizaciidan. grigol urataZ-
es, vlasa mgelaZes, p. aqselrods da g. azatiancs (egorovi) oTxi amier-
kavkasiis mandati hqondaT. konferenciaze Seqmnes me-4 dumis saarCevno
kampaniis saorganizacio komiteti. axali gazeTic daaarses _ `luCi~,
romelic menSevikebis unda yofiliyo. agvistos blokma, rogorc konfer-
encias ewoda, mxari dauWira rsdmp-is gardaqmnas masebis legalur par-
tiad. marTalia, rezolucia erovnul-kulturuli avtonomiis sasarge-
blod konferenciaze oficialurad ar miuRiaT, magram IV dumis saarCevno
platformaSi es sakiTxi, rogorc arasdros, ise iyo aqcentirebuli.
agvistos blokis mier SemuSavebuli platformis Tormeti muxlidan sa-
mi erovnul sakiTxs exeboda. programis avtorebi III dumis mier miRebuli
miwis kanonis gadasinjvasac apirebdnen. es qarTvelebisTvis gankuTvni-
li erTgvari pasuxi iyo, isini xom mudam miwis reformisTvis ibrZodnen
dumaSi, miwaze damokidebuli urTierTobebisTvis wertili rom daesvaT
saqarTveloSi. avtorebi mimarTavdnen kancelariaSi Tu administraciul
organoebSi dasaqmebul pirebs, maRaziebis gamyidvelebs da glexebs, rom
mxarSi dadgomodnen rsdmp-s.88 magram `likvidacionizmTan~ dakavSire-
biT momxdarma ganxeTqilebam agvistos bloki daSala. latviis social-
demokratiam, romelic ori fraqciis Serigebis erT-erTi didi mosurne
iyo, moiwona Tavisi organizaciis centraluri komitetis gancxadeba,

miuxedavad rigiTi wevrebis didi winaaRmdegobisa, bolSevikebTan gaer-
Tianebaze 1914 wels (Tumca gaerTianeba 1917 wlamde ar momxdara). 89 Jor-
daniam trockis da iuri larins dauWira mxari `luCis~ likvidacionizmis
winaaRmdeg, magram 1914 wlamde bolSevik `SemrigeblebTan~ da trockis
àrafraqcielebTan~ erTad, Zala ar dauSurebia imisTvis rom or fraq-
cias Soris xidi gaedo. Jordaniam trockis gazeTSi, `borbaSi~ dabeWda
Tavisi werili, romelSic mosazrebas gamoTqvamda, rom ori fraqciis
saukeTeso elementebisgan sinTezi SeeqmnaT. is werda, rom orive fraq-
cia proletaruli brZolis gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs emsaxureba da
erTmaneTs avsebs... erTi maTgani rom yofiliyo mxolod muSaTa klasis
interesebis gamomxatveli, maSin sayrdenis gareSe darCeboda da sruli-
ad zedmeti Seiqnebodao. 90
saqarTveloSi ki am dros grZeldeboda dapatimrebebi, sasamarTloe-
bi. 1908 wlis dekemberSi gardaicvala arCil jafariZe. 1909 wlis ianvarSi
sankt-peterburgis sasamarTloSi noe Jordania icavda Tavs; 1909 wlis
maisSi isidore ramiSvili sami wliT gadaasaxles astraxanSi; 1909 wlis iv-
lisSi àralegali~ severian juReli daapatimres. is erTi Tvis Semdeg gar-
daicvala cixeSi; 1911 wlis noemberSi Cxenkeli gadaasaxles rostovSi.
1908 wlis Semdeg qarTveli social-demokratebi energias ZiriTadad
adgilobrivi partiebis kritikaSi xarjavdnen, gansakuTrebiT social-
ist-federalistebs ar indobdnen.91
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos bolSevikuri organizacia patara
iyo da organizaciuladac ar iyo gamarTuli, misi wevrebi xSirad èqs~ dan-
aSaulis Tanamonawileebi iyvnen (Zarcvas politikuri motivebiT èqspro-
priacias~ uwodebdnen). erT-erTma aseTma SemTxvevam, romelic TbilisSi,
erevnis moedanze moxda 1907 wlis ivnisSi, bolSevikebis xazinas 250 000
maneTi moutana saerTaSoriso skandalTan erTad.92 1909 wels bolSe-
vikebma cota xniT moipoves umravlesoba Tbilisis komitetSi, ZiriTadad
qalaqis araqarTul raionebSi da mcire dasaxlebul punqtebSi moulod-
neli gamarjvebebis xarjze da raRac garkveuli drois manZilze sakuTar
gazeTs, `tfilisis proletariats~ da Jurnals, `mogzaurs~ uSvebdnen. 93
social-demokratebsa da bolSevikebs Soris warmoqmnili uTanxmoebebi
xSirad muSti-krivSi gadadioda. Tbiliseli social-demokratebi maT
Tavisi stambis gamoyenebis uflebas ar aZlevdnen. interfraqciuli ka-
maTi iaraRi iyo socialist-federalistebisTvis, romlebic warmatebiT
saqmianobdnen sruliad legalur wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebel sazoga-

doebaSi. politikur scenaze axali saxeebi gamoCndnen, magaliTad budu
mdivani, myvirala ferebSi gamowyobili bon vivant, erT dros msaxiobi da
SesaniSnavi oratori. is mogvianebiT revkomis Tavmjdomare gaxda, kote
jafariZe,_ bolSevikebis partizanuli jgufebis xelmZRvaneli da 1921
wlis Semdeg saqarTvelos Cekas ufrosi mcire xniT. sergo orjonikiZe,
romelic 1905 wlidan moyolebuli aqtiurobda, magram 1907 wels ukve ga-
dasaxlebaSi iyo. gadasaxlebis Semdeg 1909 wels iaraRi da bolSevikuri
literatura Semohqonda iranis gavliT. 1911-1912 w.w. _ is ruseTis saor-
ganizacio komisiaSi muSaobda, romelmac sruliad ruseTis rsdmp-is me-6
(praRis) konferenciisTvis delegatebi SearCia. Tavad orjonikiZis kon-
ferenciaze dasaswrebi mandati yalbi iyo. 1909 wels TbilisSi ki Catarda
bolSevikebis konferencia, magram qarTvel bolSevikebs xelmZRvanelo-
ba ar hyavdaT. ùfrosebidan~ stalini baqoSi gadavida. erevnis moedanze
Catarebuli gaxmaurebuli eqspropriaciis Semdeg, (is am èqsis~ monawile
iyo) iSviaTad Tu Cndeboda TbilisSi. 1907 wlis noemberSi mas meuRle,
ekaterine svaniZe daeRupa da amis Semdeg bevri araferi akavebda saqar-
TveloSi. 1907 wels stalini baqoSi daapatimres da 1917 wlamde umetesad
gadasaxlebaSi imyofeboda, xandaxan sazRvargareTac cxovrobda. cxakaia
da maxaraZec 1908 wlis mere iSviaTad iyvnen xolme saqarTveloSi. Saumia-
ni TbilisSi daibada da gaizarda, magram ZiriTadad baqoSi muSaobda.94
1908 wels Saumiani cxakaias werda, rom muSebi Zalian mtrulad gveqcevi-
ano, dRiTi dRe uaresdeba maTi Cvendami damokidebuleba da saukeTeso
megobrebic ki gvtovebeno.95 bolSevikebs saqarTveloSi ilia WavWavaZis
mkvlelobaSi adanaSaulebdnen da maT arapopularobas nawilobriv esec
ganapirobebda.
1910 wlis gazafxulis daWerebma kidev ufro daamZimes bolSevike-
bis mdgomareoba. 1911 wlisTvis isini 100-mde aqtivists Tu iTvlidnen
TbilisSi. praRis 1912 wlis konferenciaze suren spandarianma bneli
suraTi daxata: tfilisSi bolo ramdenime welia erTi pamfletic ki
ar dabeWdila, aralegaluri muSaoba mkvdaria, gazeTs xelmomweri ar
96
hyavs, organizaciaze an mis saqmianobaze xma ar ismis.~ 1907 wlidan
1917 wlamde qarTvel bolSevikebs sul orad ori gazeTi hqondaT da-
beWdili.97 raJden kalaZe ambobda, rom 1905 wlis Semdeg TbilisSi men-
Sevikuri presa batonobda mTeli 15 wlis manZilze da bolSevikebis
gazeTi Tu gamodioda maSin, zRvaSi wveTi iyoo.98 1911 wels qarTvelma
social-demokratebma quTaisSi gadainacvles. amis Semdeg bolSevikebi

da menSevikebi mWidrod TanamSromlobdnen da erTobliv Sexvedrebsac
atarebdnen. quTaisis komitetis SemadgenlobaSi 1912 wels yvela erTad
muSaobda _ bolSevikebi, plexanovis momxreebi da menSevikebi. 1913 wels
noe Jordania Tavis Zvel mowinaaRmdegesTan, filipe maxaraZesTan erTad
socialistebis gazeTSi, `rodnikSi~ muSaobda baqoSi da orive erTad
eweoda aralegaluri da legaluri saqmianobis Serwymis propagandas.99
Tavis gamosvlaSi 1912 wels baqos bolSevikTa organizaciaSi stalinmac
ki mouwoda `likvidacionistebTan~ Serigebisa da carizmis winaaRmdeg
arsebul yvela ZalasTan TanamSromlobisken.100 sxva danarCeni social-
demokratebis msgavsad, saqarTveloSi momuSave qarTvel social-
demokratebsac mobezrdaT, rogorc roza luqsemburgi ambobda,
sazRvargareT `moCxubari mamlebi~ da maTi gauTavebeli saqmis gar-
Ceva `likvidacionizmTan~, òtzovizmTan~ da `vpiriodizmTan~ dakav-
SirebiT.101
saxelmwifo duma
qarTveli social-demokratebi pirvel dumas Teatrad aRiqvamdnen.

kanonis dawera iq aravis ucdia. Tumca misi daSlis Semdeg (1906 wlis iv-
lisi) igrZnoboda, rom revoluciis pirveli moqmedeba dasasruls uax-
lovdeboda. kronStadtis, sveborgisa da revalis ajanyebebi damarcx-
da, sayovelTao gaficvisken mowodebasac 1906 wlis ivlisSi xalxi
gulgrilad Sexvda. stolipinis axalma administraciam savele samxedro
tribunalebi aamoqmeda agvistoSi da aralegalur presasTan gaaZliera
brZola.102
social-demokratebma Sewyvites dumis boikoti da qarTvelebs ime-
di gauCndaT, rom momdevno duma gaxdeboda demokratiuli revoluciis
iaraRi. 1907 wlis gazafxulze avstrieli social-demokratebi saparla-
mento arCevnebSi iRebdnen monawileobas. maT warmatebiT Secvales ma-
namade arsebuli saarCevno sistema, romelic garkveul cenzs iTxovda.
ratom ar SeiZleba rsdmp-m maT mibaZos? `laxvari~ mouwodebda poli-
tikosebs meore duma `kanonis Sesaqmnelad~ gamoeyenebinaT. aqselrodi
da martovic igives imeorebdnen, magram ramdenad unda damTbariyo maTi
urTierTobebi burJuazias da mTavrobasTan, ra saxis aliansebi unda
Camoyalibebuliyo arCevnebis periodSi da mere dumaSi imisTvis, rom

progresuli kanonebi mieRoT? rusi menSevikebis organizaciebis warmo-
madgenelTa umravlesoba darwmunebuli iyo, rom burJuazia opoziciaSi
edga mTavrobas da amitom memarcxene blokTan, maT Soris kadetebTan
alianss reaqcioneri kandidatebis dasamarcxeblad dasaSvebad miiCnevda.
Tbilisis komitetma Tavis Sexvedraze 1907 wlis ianvarSi uari ganacxada
sxva partiebTan erTad saerTo programiT gamosuliyo, magram komitetma
taqtikuri TvalsazrisiT moiwona saarCevno aliansebis Seqmna kadeteb-
Tanac ki, arCevnebis pirvel etapze. am gziT `revoluciurad ganwyobili
opoziciuri~ deputatebis umravlesobis mopovebas varaudobda. Tumca,
es taqtika muSebis eleqtoratTan ar gaamarTlebda. saqarTveloSi so-
cial-demokratiuli moZraoba sakmaod Zlieri iyo da amitom saarCevno
aliansebi ar sWirdebodaT, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT erTs, somex so-
cial-demokratTa muSebis patara partias.
urataZe Tavis mogonebebSi aRwers, Tu ra saqmiani viTareba sufevda
qalaqSi meore dumis arCevnebis dros: `Sexvedrebi TiTqmis yovel saRa-
mos... yvela sityviT gamodioda, uamravi mimarTva da gamosvla ibeWdebo-
da, mokled, saqme duRda da gamoduRda.~103 magram saqmianis garda, viTa-
reba sakmaod mZimec iyo, radgan policia mkacr zomebs atarebda da Tanac
yovel wuTs SeeZlo saarCevno Sexvedris akrZalva. daWerisa da patim-
robis SiSiT social-demokratebs Tavisi kandidatebi bolo wuTamde ar
dausaxelebiaT.104 ZiriTad opozicur Zalebs warmoadgendnen socialist-
federalistebi, progresulebi (centristuli jgufis memarcxene frTa)
da daSnakcutuni. es ukanaskneli yvelaze seriozuli Zala iyo TbilisSi,
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom 26 saarCevno xma aiRes social-demokratebis
53-Tan SedarebiT.105 somxebis warmatebam xeli ver SeuSala social-de-
mokratebs, rom Wkvianuri garigebis Sedegad qarTuli raionebisTvis ga-
moyofili yvela rva adgili mieRo, _ sam-sami quTaisisa da Tbilisis gu-
berniebidan da erTic baTumis olqidan.
meore dumis deputatebi gaxdnen: kostantine kandelaki, baTumis
komitetis mTavari aqtivisti, guruli; severian juReli, esec guruli
da erT-erTi adreuli daseli, arCil jafariZe, quTaiseli, advokatis
TanaSemwe da partiis didi xnis wevri; arSak zurabovi, somexi deputati,
romelic rsdmp-is meore yrilobis delegatic iyo da axalgazrda irakli
wereTeli, yofili politikuri patimari.106 qarTveli bolSevikebi sakma-
od sustebi iyvnen imisTvis, rom damoukideblad CaetarebinaT saarCev-
no kampania. social-demokratebma TavianT siaSi ar Seiyvanes maTi kandi-

datebi, budu mdivani da stefane Saumiani.
irakli wereTeli, anu kaki, rogorc mas eZaxdnen, airCies dumis social-
demokratebis, _ erT-erTi didi fraqciis Tavmjdomared. cimbiris
gadasaxlebaSi `ra vakeToT~ rom waikiTxa, mas Semdeg wereTeli uryevi
antilenineli gaxda. dumis tribunidan warmoTqmul pirvel sityvaSi man
ilaparaka imaze, Tu rogor xedavdnen daselebi partias, es unda yofiliyo
savaWro-industriuli da soflis proletariatis, wvrili da saSualo
burJuaziis da mravali milioni glexis erToba.107 stolipinma vrceli
sakanonmdeblo programa warmoadgina, magram meore duma pirveliviT
araproduqtiuli aRmoCnda. Tumca, wereTlis xelmZRvanelobiT da
menSevikebis mier marTuli centraluri komitetis miTiTebebiT social-
demokratiuli fraqciis samoqmedo taqtika Seicvala. fraqcia, sadac
menSevikebi Warbobdnen, Tavxedurad iqceoda. misi wevrebi, brwinvale
oratorebi wereTeli, jafariZe, zurabovi da aleqsinski (es ukanaskneli
bolSeviki iyo) ulmoblad gmobdnen mTavrobas. jafariZem ganacxada, rom
dumas mxolod revoluciis gasaZliereblad Tu gamoiyenebdnen, 108 xolo
zurabovma iseTi Seuracxyofa miayena mefis samxedro Zalebs, rom misi si-
tyvebiT gamowveulma krizisma saqme kinaRam dumis daSlamde miiyvana.109
magram amave dros fraqcia aqtiurad monawileobda dumis saqmianobaSi,
TanamSromlobda sxva partiebTan sainformacio biuroSi, mxari dauWira
kadetebis arCevas dumis prezidiumSi, Seqmna sakuTari sakanonmdeblo
komisiebi, fraqciis wevrebis gamosvlebic Searbila, dumis daSla rom
ar daeCqarebina, monawileobda dumis mudmivi komisiebis muSaobaSi, ro-
ca cvlilebebi Semodioda da ayenebda Tavis winadadebebs, magaliTad,
umuSevarTa problemebis Semswavleli komisiis Seqmnaze. social-demok-
ratebi amomrCevlebsac aqcevdnen yuradRebas, pasuxobdnen maT werilebs
da dadiodnen maTTan Sexvedrebze. isini parlamentarebi gaxdnen. rsdmp-
is me-5 yrilobaze wardgenil angariSSi wereTeli dumas aRwerda, rogorc
social-demokratebis saagitacio tribunas da saorganizacio centrs,
magram Seaxsenebda yrilobis delegatebs, rom `dumaSi Cvens muSaobas
mxolod maSin eqneba azri, Tu yvela partiasTan erTad vimuSavebT.~110
dumis social-demokratiul fraqcias mkveTrad damaxasiaTebeli
kavkasiuri saxe hqonda. TiTqmis yvela aqtiur orators, wereTels, zu-
rabovs, gerasime maxaraZes, ramiSvils kavkasiuri aqcenti hqondaT. we-
reTelma fraqcia socialist-revolucionrebTan da `trudovikebTan~
TanamSromlobisken waiyvana. nikolaevski Tavis mogonebebSi aseT azrs

gamoTqvams, rom dumaSi qarTveli menSevikebi ar iziarebdnen social-
ist-revolucionrebis mimarT uaryofiT ganwyobas, es ganwyoba ki mniS-
vnelovan gavlenas axdenda menSevizmis samecniero-politikuri birTvis
zogierTi warmomadgenlis taqtikaze.111 wereTlisa da jafariZis mier
dumaSi glexebis partiasTan TanamSromlobis ideis mxardaWeras da amis
lobirebas bevri rusi menSeviki bolSevikebis marcxena blokis taqti-
kad aRiqvamda, romelic kadetebis garicxvas isaxavda miznad. wereTeli
glexebs bunebriv mokavSireebad miiCnevda, rogorc qarTvelTa umravle-
soba. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelebi dumaSi aSkarad gamoirCeodnen da
mWermetyvelebis feierverksac atarebdnen, `qarTvelebis gavlenianoba~
ar unda gavazviadoT. fraqciis kursi, taqtika, sityvebic ki, gansaz-
Rvruli iyo stokholmis yrilobaze da centralur komitetSi miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebiT.
fraqciis naxevradkonstruqciul politikas qarTuli presa mwvane
gzas aZlevda. `laxvari~ afrTxilebda Tanamemamuleebs, rom mTavrobis-
Tvis iseTi wvrilmani mizezi ar miecaT dumis dasaSlelad, rasac `xalxi
ver gaigebda~. gazeTi acxadebda, rom `principi da doqtrina brZolisT-
vis mxolod iaraRia~ da ara TviTmizani.112 gazeTi mxars dauWerda dumi-
dan gamosvlas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca mosaxleoba mzad iqneboda
àralegaluroba kanonad eqcia~. fraqciam scada am rCevis gaTvaliswine-
ba, magram dumis muSaobiT imedgacruebulma stolipinma imdeni qna, rom
sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRZra social-demokratiuli fraqciis winaaR-
mdeg. dapatimrebebs didi dro ar dasWirvebia. qarTvelebidan wereTels,
jafariZes da Wola lomTaTiZes 5-5 wliT katorRuli samuSao miusajes,
gerasime maxaraZes_4 wliT; kandelaki da kaciaSvili gaanTavisufles,
juReli policias gaeqca da zurabovmac moaxerxa sankt-peterburgidan
gasvla.113 muSebisgan aranairi reaqcia ar mohyolia 1907 wlis 22 noembers
dawyebul sasamarTlo process.
stolipinis 1907 wels Semotanilma saarCevno kanonma, rasac we-
reTelma `samTavrobo gadatrialeba~ uwoda, radikalurad Secvala du-
mis Semadgenloba. kanonma glexebis xma gaanaxevra (43% dan 22%-mde),
muSebis_Seamcira 28%-mde da ararusul mosazRvre regionebSi_ori
mesamediT. kavkasiaSi deputatTa raodenoba 29-dan 10-mde Semcirda, rusi
erovnebis warmomadgenlebs Tavisi kuria miuCines, qalaqebs (social-de-
mokratTa bastionebi) CamoarTves sakuTari warmomadgenlobis ufleba da
qarTuli teritoriebisTvis gankuTvnili 8 adgilidan 3 adgili datoves.

Tbilisis guberniis 29 saarCevno xma msxvil miwaTmflobelebs gadaecaT,
12_glexebs da 14_qalaqis macxovreblebs.114 qalaqis kuria orad gaiyo
msxvil mesakuTreTa da muSebs Soris, magram kanonis debulebebi muSebi-
sTvis SeuZlebels xdida sakmarisi xmebis Segrovebas saarCevno kole-
giaSi warmomadgenlobis mosapoveblad. qarTvelebi arc dafiqrebulan,
ise daiwyes arCevnebSi monawileobis propaganda. dasavleT saqarTvelos
social-demokratiuli organizaciebis konferenciaze, romelic 10-12
agvistos Catarda, delegatebma mouwodes social-demokratebs, rom àr
mietovebinaT brZolis veli~ gaWirvebis dros.
sazogadoebrivi gulgrilobis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebeli iyo
mxolod da mxolod arCevnebSi aqtiuri da energiuli monawileobiT.
social-demokratebma gaimarjves qalaqebSi da `progresistebTan~ (am
partiis wevrebis umravlesobas somxebi warmoadgendnen) daZabuli mo-
laparakebebis Semdeg 43 wlis karlo CxeiZe gaiyvanes Tbilisis guberniis
kandidatad. karlo CxeiZes `Cveni partiis saukeTeso orators~ eZaxda
erT-erTi qarTuli gazeTi. yofili daseli, xarkovis veterinariis in-
stitutes yofili studenti da baTumis organizaciis lideri 1917 wels
115
petrogradis sabWos Tavmjdomare gaxda. quTaisis guberniaSi gaimar-
jva 25 wlis gonierma da daxvewilma mWermetyvelma, moskovis univer-
sitetis kursdamTavrebulma evgeni gegeWkorma.116 1912 wlis oqtomberSi
gamarTuli meoTxe dumis arCevnebSi qarTveli social-demokratebis
mTavari metoqeebi progresistebi da socialist-federalistebi iyvnen.
socialist-federalistebs guriis garda didi mxardaWera hqondaT
dasavleT saqarTvelos metwil raionSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom arCevnebi
usistemod mimdinareobda da rogorc erT-erTi rusuli gazeTi, `zaka-
vkazie~ werda, kolegiis amomrCevlebic masiurad ar gamocxaddnen, kar-
lo CxeiZem, daSnakcutunis mxardaWeris wyalobiT, SeinarCuna Tavisi ad-
gili 26 xmiT. socialist-federalistebis kandidatma Tavadma luarsab
andronikaSvilma 21 xma miiRo.117 noe Jordaniam daarwmuna somxebi, rom
luarsab andronikaSvili qarTveli nacionalisti iyo. Tbilisis guber-
natori bevrs ecada, rom karlo CxeiZis xmebi baTilad gamoecxadebina,
magram ver moaxerxa, samagierod evgeni gegeWkori moxsnes siebidan ar-
CevnebSi monawileobis pirobebis darRvevisTvis. misi adgili social-
ist-federalistebis kandidatma varlam gelovanma daikava. CxeiZis
garda kidev ori social-demokrati Sevida meoTxe dumaSi, eseni iyvnen:
38 wlis akaki Cxenkeli, romelic laipcigsa da JenevaSi swavlobda iuris-

prudencias da 27 wlis maTe skobelevi, romelic kerenskis droebiT
mTavrobaSi Sromis ministri gaxda.118 akaki Cxenkeli Cumad Camoiyvanes
gadasaxlebidan, qalaq rostovidan, raTa baTumis, yarsis da soxumis
olqebSi mieRo monawileoba; social-demokratebma kavkasiisTvis gamo-
yofili 10 adgilidan 3 aiRes. brZola mimdinareobda memarcxeneebsa da
zomier liberalebs Soris; memarjvene partiebi TiTqmis ar Candnen. so-
cial-demokratebis fraqciis Semadgenloba mesame dumaSi Semcirda 19
deputatamde. maT Soris xuTi bolSeviki iyo. meoTxe dumaSi ki 14 depu-
tatidan 7 menSeviki da 6 bolSeviki iyo. poloneTis socialisturi par-
tiis wevri e. i. iagielo menSevikebs uWerda mxars.119 karlo CxeiZe orive
dumaSi social-demokratebis fraqciis Tavmjdomare iyo. menSevikebi
da bolSevikebi erTad muSaobdnen 1913 wels momxdar ganxeTqilebamde.
qarTvelebis gamosvlebi dumaSi regularulad ibeWdeboda rusul pre-
saSi. isini popularobiT sargeblobdnen evropis socialistur wreebSi,
karlo CxeiZe am droisTvis rsdmp-is erT-erTi warmomadgeneli iyo saer-
TaSoriso socialistur biuroSi. qarTvelebi ruseTis imperiis cnobili
sazogado moRvaweebi da erovnuli gmirebi gaxdnen samSobloSi. miuxeda-
vad ricxobrivi simcirisa mesame da meoTxe mowvevis dumaSi, isini xSirad
ikavebdenen dumis tribunas da rusuli kolonializmis da guriaSi mimdi-
nare represiebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebdnen, aprotestebdnen rusifika-
ciis process adgilobriv skolebSi, gmobdnen mTavrobis mier eTnikuri
konfliqtebis provokaciebis mcdelobasa da diskriminaciul kurss sa-
jaro samsaxurSi. xandaxan zedmetic mosdiodaT. magaliTad, karlo Cx-
eiZes 15 sxdomaSi monawileobis ufleba CamoarTves mesame dumaSi relig-
iuri grZnobebis SeuracxyofisTvis, xolo meoTxe dumaSi mis winaaRmdeg
sisxlis samarTlis saqme aRiZra imis gamo, rom man ganacxada, respublika
jobia monarqiaso.120 social-demokratebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen inter-
pelaciis proceduras, sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom mesame dumis pirveli
oTxi sesiis ganmavlobaSi gegeWkorma da CxeiZem 44 SekiTxva dausves mTav-
robis wevrebs. amas garda, isini ramdenime sakanonmdeblo iniciativis av-
torebic iyvnen.121 sesiebs Soris sazafxulo dasvenebis dros deputatebi
saqarTveloSi Camodiodenen, rogorc wesi, `kudze dasmuli~ oxrankis
agentebis TanxlebiT da amomrCevlebs xvdebodnen, ismendenen saCivrebs,
Suamdgomlobdnen gamgeblebTan, daxmarebas uwevdnen gvalviT gamowveu-
li samaSvelo saqmianobis organizebas da esarClebodnen gaficvebis
monawileebs.122 ase rom, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi fraqcia dumaSi susti
iyo, qarTveli deputatebi kanonmdeblebi da xalxis namdvili warmomad-
genlebi gaxdnen. akaki Cxenkelma ki gansakuTrebulad erTguli mxardam-
Werebi SeiZina Tavis amomrCevlebSi. filipe maxaraZe mogvianebiT igoneb-
da, rom aWarlebi mxolod akaki Cxenkels cnobdneno. roca rame uWirdaT
an daxmareba WirdebodaT, aWarlebi menSevikebs da maT komitets ki ar
mimarTavdnen da Jordanias, aramed akaki Cxenkelso.123
1908 wlis sruliad ruseTis mexuTe yrilobaze rusma menSevikebma moi-
wones social-demokratebis mier dumaSi Semotanili kanonproeqtebi so-
cialur sakiTxebze, xolo agvistos blokma gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
dauTmo da urCia deputatebs social-demokratebis kidev erTi kanonpro-
eqtisTvis daeWiraT mxari, kerZod, asociaciis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb.
qarTuli presa gadaWriT emxroboda `praqtikuli saqmianobis~ gaaq-
tiurebas. `wyarom~ erT-erT Tavis nomerSi ganacxada, rom deputatebma
unda Sewyviton pompezuri, arafrismomcemi saubrebi dumis tribunida-
no.124 mesame dumaSi muSaobis dros social-demokratebs erTi upirateso-
ba hqondaT, maTze rsdmp-is centraluri komiteti iseTive kontrols ver
axorcielebda, rogorc adre da amitom ori kanonproeqti waradgines.125
kanonproeqtebi miznad isaxavda glexebis damokidebulebaSi yofnis yve-
la formis aRmofxvras kavkasiaSi. magram orive Cavarda. kanonproeqti
xiznis Sesaxeb xelaxla Semovida da sakomiteto etaps miaRwia meoTxe du-
maSi. bolSeviki deputatebi, romlebic oficialurad ewinaRmdegebod-
nen `pozitiur sakanonmdeblo muSaobas,~ bolos da bolos daTanxmdnen
muSebis moTxovnas da mxari dauWires kanonproeqts, romelic 8-saaTian
samuSao dRes awesebda.
qarTveli social-demokratebi orive mowvevis dumas brals sdebdnen,
rom `xalxisTvis ar muSaobdnen~, magram `fasdaudebel mniSvnelobas~
ki aniWebdnen maT politikuri Segnebis amaRlebisTvis.126 qarTvel so-
cial-demokratTa mier dumisTvis da saerTod dumis muSaobisTvis mxar-
daWera axal viTarebasTan maT misadagebas niSnavda, magram daselebis
aradoqtrinaluri, pro-evropuli muSaTa demokratiuli partiis Seqmnis
Tavdapirvel miswrafebasac gamoxatavda. qarTvel social-demokratTa
naxevrad legaluri saqmianoba 1907-1914 wlebSi, marTalia, SezRudu-
li iyo, magram saqarTvelos evropul qveynad qcevis da, rogorc amas
qarTvelebi aRiqvamdnen, ruseTis iakobinisturi tradiciisgan Camo-
Sorebis mcdelobas warmoadgenda.
erovnuli sakiTxi
qarTuli social-demokratiis mniSvnelovani Tavisebureba misi doq-

trinisadmi ekleqturi damokidebuleba iyo. es cxadad Canda erovnul
sakiTxze mimdinare debatebis dros. 1890-iani wlebidan moyolebuli
erovnul sakiTxTan da kolonizaciis problemasTan dakavSirebuli Teme-
bi xleCda saerTaSoriso socializms.
germaniaSi kauckis, roza luqsemburgs da georg fon volmars, safra-
ngeTSi gustav herves da Jan Joresis, avstria-ungreTSi karl renersa da
oto bauers Soris mimdinare polemika qarTveli social-demokratebis
wisqvilze asxamda wyals. qarTveli daselebi dasawyisidanve didi
gulisyuriT adevnebdnen Tvals irlandiisa da italiis erovnul-gama-
Ta visuflebel moZraobas da TavianTi Tergdaleuli winamorbede bis
msgavsad, Jordania, Cxenkeli da arCil jafariZe evropaSi gaemgzavrnen,
pirvelwyarodan rom gascnobodnen dasavlur Teoriebs nacionalizmis
Sesaxeb. rusuli revoluciuri azri cariel dafasaviT iyo nacionalizmisa
da socializmis urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb inovaciuri ide-
ebisTvis. plexanovi, martovi da aqselrodi, leninisgan gansxvavebiT,
saerTod ver xedavdnen am problemas. 1917 wlis maisSi Catarebul sruliad
ruseTis menSevikebis da rsdmp-is gaerTianebuli organizaciebis Sek-
rebaze da imave wlis agvistoSi mowveul gamaerTianebel yrilobaze
erovnuli sakiTxi saerTod ar iqna ganxiluli, magram menSevikebma bolos
mainc Riad dauWires mxari erovnuli TviTgamorkvevisa da nacionaluri
kulturuli avtonomiis Seqmnis uflebas.127 sruliad ruseTis bol-
Sevikebis (rsdmp (b)) meSvide konferenciaze Seqmnili viTareba abso-
luturad gansxvavebul viTarebaSi warimarTa da bolSevikebma uceb
miiRes erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis mxardamWeri rezolucia. bolSevike-
bis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani naSromi erovnul sakiTxze, garda leninis
oTxi mTavari naSromisa am Temaze, romlebic man 1913-dan 1914-w-mde
dawera, stalins ekuTvnoda. werili saTauriT _ marqsizmi da erovnuli
sakiTxi _ exmaureboda avstrieli marqsistebis mowodebas nacionaluri
kulturuli avtonomiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.128 debatebSi latvieli bol-
Seviki peters stuka da kavkasieli bolSevikebi filipe maxaraZe da
stefan Saumianic CaerTvnen. maxaraZes TiTqmis igive kritikuli Se-
niSvnebi hqonda avstriuli marqsizmis Sesaxeb, rac stalins. is gmobda
nacionaluri kulturuli avtonomiis Seqmnis ideas da amtkicebda,
rom avstrieli marqsistebi erovnuli teritoriuli avtonomiis momx-

reebi iyvnen. misi azriT, avstrieli marqsistebi idealistebi iyvnen,
romlebsac klasebs Soris TanamSromlobis swamdaT.129 1917 wels filipe
maxaraZe bolSevikebis memarcxene frTisken, roza luqsemburgisken ix-
reboda, romelic uaryofda erovnul uflebebs da ara bolSevikebis
oficialuri kursisken, romelic TviTgamorkvevis uflebis upirobo
miniWebas iTvaliswinebda. is gaemijna qarTveli social-demokratebis
nelTbil mowodebas saqarTvelos interpartiuli sabWos Seqmnisa da
erovnuli yrilobis mowvevis Sesaxeb. Saumianmac, Tavis cnobil naSromSi
`nacionalur-kulturuli avtonomiis Sesaxeb~ (1913) igive pozicia daika-
va. is iwonebda decentralizaciis ideas, mxars uWerda TviTmmarTvelo-
bis gafarToebas da enebis Tanasworuflebianobas da TviTgamorkvevis
momxrec iyo, magram uaryofda federalizmis da nacionalur-kulturuli
Tu teritoriuli avtonomiis aucileblobas. misi azriT, ar arsebobda
mosaxleobis ekonomikuri da socialuri gaWirvebis èrovnuli~ mogva-
reba. Tumca 1917 wels Saumianma radikalurad Seicvala pozicia da
amierkavkasiaSi erovnuli teritoriuli erTeulebis Seqmnis moTxovniT
gamodioda, romlebsac sakuTari seimi da samarTlebrivi iurisdiqcia
eqnebodaT.130 qarTvelebi, `bundis~ warmomadgenlebTan, polonelebTan da
zogjer latvielebTan erTadac, erovnuli umciresobebis problemebis
èqspertebi~ iyvnen rsdmp-Si. ararusi partiis wevrebis umravlesoba
menSevikur frTas emxroboda, Tumca polonelebi da latvielebi rig
sakiTxebSi bolSevikebs uWerdnen mxars. menSevikebis mxardaWera metwi-
lad im faqtiT aixsneboda, rom menSevikebis politikuri kursi ufro di-
di pluralizmisken da rsdmp-is decentralizaciisken ixreboda. magram,
unda iTqvas, rom rusi menSevikebi, maTda samwuxarod, uniWo moswavleebi
gamodgnen da internacionalizmis abstraqtul Teorias misdevdnen,
romelsac aranairi niadagi ar gaaCnda gansaviTareblad ararusuli te-
ritoriebis pirobebSi da am teritoriebze mosaxle xalxebis istoriul
cnobierebaSi. erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mimdinare diskusiebis
dros rsdmp-Si qarTvelebi yvelaze metad aqtiurobdnen. rogorc filipe
maxaraZem aRniSna, erovnul sakiTxs qarTul presaSi centraluri adgili
ekava da TiTqmis yvela social-demokrati, iqneboda is menSeviki, muSa Tu
inteligenciis warmomadgeneli, Tavs movaled miiCnevda sazogadoebisTvis
Tavisi Sexeduleba gaecnoo.131 erovnul sakiTxze rsdmp-is gacilebiT
umniSvnelo wevrebic werdnen. magaliTad, omis dros, s. i. semkovskim
broSura gamosca da menSevikebis mTavari momxsenebelic gaxda am sakiTx-

ze. misi naSromi originalobiT ar gamoirCeoda. is amtkicebda, rom
ruseTis imperiis xalxebi sul ufro metad uaxlovdebodnen erTmaneTs
da rom erovnuli revoluciuri partiebi revoluciis zegavleniT nel-
nela universalur klasobriv pozicias ikavebdnen. man TiTqmis arc axsena
nacionaluri kulturuli avtonomiis ideasTan dakavSirebuli debatebi
da sakmaod zomieri gancxadeba gaakeTa erovnuli umciresobebisaTvis
gafarToebuli avtonomiisa da TviTmmarTvelobis miniWebis Sesaxeb.132
bolSevikebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic Seecadnen gadaesinjaT Ta-
vianTi politika erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT da axali formuli-
reba mieRoT poroninSi Catarebuli centraluri komitetis krebaze, men-
Sevikebs didi aqtiuroba da interesi ar gamouCeniaT. menSevikebis
gulgrilobam ararusTa problemebisadmi qarTvel social-demokrateb-
Si imedgacrueba gamoiwvia da daaCqara maTi CamoSoreba rusuli menSe-
vizmisgan. erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT arsebul mosazrebas qarTul
social-demokratiaSi mravalgvari elferi dahkravda. 1903 wlis rsdmp-
is meore yrilobis Semdeg qarTvelma social-demokratebma uaryves
erovnuli avtonomiis idea, magram evropaSi mimdinare debatebis gavle-
niT, 1907 welsa da 1917 wels Soris isini daubrundnen TavianTi Teor-
iebis inovaciur Zirebs. qarTvel, polonel da latviel social-demok-
ratebs Soris gamarTulma polemikam axali xedva Camoayaliba, romelmac
sadavo gaxada rusuli menSevizmis pozicia. es ukanaskneli eyrdnoboda
samxareo TviTmmarTvelobis nacionaluri politikis naklebad mimzidv-
el saxeobas `regionebisTvis, romlebic gamoirCeva cxovrebis gansa-
kuTrebuli wesebiT~, magaliTad, venis agvistos konferenciam kavkasie-
li delegatebis daJinebuli moTxovniT, marTalia TavSekavebiT, magram
mainc aRiara, rom erovnul-kulturuli avtonomiis idea ar iyo menSe-
vikebis programasTan sruliad SeuTavsebadi.133 poziciis amgvar Secv-
laze yvela rus menSeviks Tanxmoba ar ganucxadebia, magram akaki Cxen-
kelma gadawyvita, rom es sakmarisi dasturi iyo imisTvis, rom gza
erovnuli avtonomiisken social-demokratebis oficialur kursad ga-
mocxadebuliyo meoTxe dumaSi.134 erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT qa-
rTvel social-demokratTa Soris oTxi pozicia ikveTeboda: marcxniv
iyvnen irakli wereTeli da karlo CxeiZe, romlebsac erovnuli avtono-
mia nacionalizmis uxeiro SeniRbvad miaCndaT. karlo CxeiZem mesame du-
mas ganucxada, rom social-demokratebi erovnul sakiTxs saerTo sa-
xelmwifoebriv sakiTxad aRiqvamdnen.135 wereTlisa da CxeiZis azriT

(orive maTgani mniSvnelovani figura gaxda petrogradSi 1917 wlis revo-
luciis dros), erovnuli sakiTxis mogvareba mxolod demokratiuli sa-
xelmwifos struqturis meSveobiT da decentralizebuli ruseTis so-
cialisturi respublikis farglebSi iyo SesaZlebeli. dumis tribunidan
CxeiZem uaryo erovnuli avtonomiis idea `farTo adgilobrivi TviTm-
marTvelobis~ sasargeblod, sadac kanoni uzrunvelyofda `nacional-
kulturuli moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas~ da mcire erebis mier mSobli-
uri enis gamoyenebis uflebas. wereTeli amtkicebda, rom erovnuli
avtonomia saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi mcire erebis Cagvras da kavkasiel
xalxebs Soris eTnikuri konflqtebis institucionalizacias moitan-
da.136 rac unda paradoqsulad JRerdes, am mosazrebebis wyalobiT CxeiZe
da wereTeli roza luqsemburgis Tanamoazreebi gaxdenen. roza luqsem-
burgi leninisgan marcxniv idga am sakiTxSi. misi azriT erovnuli moT-
xovnebi ZiriTadad, kulturuli moTxovnebi iyo. igi kavkasiisTvis `far-
To adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas~ moiazrebda im sakananmdeblo
berketebis CaTvliT, romlebic mSobliuri enis gamoyenebis uflebas mis-
cemda mcire erebs skolebSi, sasamarTloebsa da saxelmwifo samsaxurSi.
isic amtkicebda, rom erovnuli avtonomia eTnikur konfliqtamde mi-
iyvanda saqmes da rom erovnuli sakiTxi demokratiuli ruseTis Semad-
genlobaSi unda mogvarebuliyo.137 vladimer darCiaSvili da ivane goma-
rTeli marjvniv idgnen. qarTveli social-demokratebis rsdmp-is
morCilebiT ganawyenebulma darCiaSvilma Tavisi gazeTebi, jer àlio-
ni~ daaarsa 1908 wlis maisSi, romlis mxolod ori nomeri gamovida da
mogvianebiT, imave wels, `Cveni kvalis~ 24 nomeri daibeWda. àlionis~
Tayvanismcemlebi saqarTvelosTvis erovnul avtonomias iTxovdnen ka-
vkasiis kantonebis sistemaSi, Tumca yvela danarCen sakiTxTan dakavSire-
biT orTodoqsebi iyvnen. darCiaSvilis pozicia socialist-federali-
stebisas uaxlovdeboda.138 zomieri memarjvene akaki Cxenkeli iyo, xolo
zomieri memarcxene_noe Jordania. Cxenkelsa da Jordanias Soris mim-
dinare polemika Rrmad gaazrebuli iyo da evropeli socialistebis de-
batebis tonalobaSi mimdinareobda. èrovnuli sakiTxiT~ dasaTaurebu-
li statiebis seria 1908 wels gamovida. masSi Cxenkeli eWvqveS ayenebda
rsdmp-is ramodenime mosazrebas marqsizmisa da nacionalizmis urTierT-
damokidebulebis Sesaxeb.139 pirvel rigSi, marqsistebs saxelmwifo unda
gamoeyoT erisgan. igives ambobda avstrieli karl reneric, romlis naS-
romis Staat und Nation-is Zlier zegavlenas ganicdida akaki Cxenkeli. ze-
nacionaluri saxelmwifosa da erovnuli kulturisadmi erTguleba erT-
maneTs ar gamoricxavda, SeiZleboda orive yofiliyo kaci: qarTvelic da
social-demokratic. meore, centralizmi ar unda gamxdariyo dogma, es
or sirTules wamoWrida. pirveli Seusabamo modelebis imitacia iyo da
amis magaliTi qarTveli social-demokratebis mier rsdmp-is miwis poli-
tikis (municipalizacia) gaziareba gaxldaT. es is Secdoma iyo, romelic
guriis glexTa moZraobam gamoaswora mogvianebiT. meore problema md-
gomareobda gaukontrolirebad centralizmSi, romelic `mSromeli
xalxebis da mcire erebis Cagvras~ moitanda. socializmis warmatebis
sawindari saqarTveloSi centridan wamosuli miTiTebebi ki ar iyo, ar-
amed is, rom qarTulma social-demokratiam SeZlo emuSava decentrali-
zebul CarCoebSi.140 mesame punqti gansakuTrebiT mZime mosanelebeli iyo
rusi menSevikebisTvis. Cxenkelma ganacxada, rom qarTuli social-de-
mokratia erovnuli partia iyo. am poziciaze idga `bundic,~ romlis mo-
wodebebi ar gaiziara da uari Tqva rsdmp-is meore yrilobam. Cxenkelis
azriT, qarTuli social-demokratia umravlesobis jgufur TviTSegne-
bas gamoxatavda. rogorc is ambobda, saqarTvelos koloniur konteqst-
Si, social-demokratia iyo da aris erovnuli partia...es qarTveli xalx-
is miswrafebebis gamoxatva ariso.141 es azri ar ewinaaRmdegeboda
socialistur internacionalizms, radgan erovnuli ganviTareba auci-
lebel etaps warmoadgenda socializmisken mimaval gzaze. Tumca, is arw-
munebda Tavis ufro metad orTodoqs mkiTxvelebs, qarTul burJuazias,
romelsac ruseTTan gaerTianebam axlaxan sargebloba moutana, rom
erovnuli brZola ruseTis saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg ufro didi politi-
kuri brZolis nawili iyo. meoTxe _ Cxenkeli imowmebda avstriel so-
cial-demokratebs, romlebmac aCvenes, rom erovnuli kulturuli uf-
lebebis dacva saukeTeso iaraRi iyo did mravaleTnikur saxelmwifoSi
afeTqebuli antaganozmis samarTavad. oto baueris msgavsad, isic aRi-
arebda im SesaZleblobas, rom kapitalizmisa da socializmis pirobebSi
erovnul kulturebs gaqroba ki ar emuqrebodaT, aramed ganviTareba.
bauerma amas araswori saxeli misca: ìstoriis uqoneli erebis gamoRvi-
Zeba~.142 Cxenkelma kulturul avtonomiaze dafuZnebuli decentralize-
buli instituciuri struqturis Seqmnis idea wamoayena kavkasiisTvis.
centri sakanonmdeblo kompetencias SeinarCunebda TiTqmis yvela Ziri-
Tad sferoSi _ samoqalaqo, sisxlis da Sromis samarTalSi, profesiul
kavSirebTan Tu biujetTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebSi, magram kulturis

sferoSi èrebs~ eqnebodaT prioriteti. is werda, rom amierkavkasiis
xalxebs unda hqonodaT sruli kulturuli avtonomia `TviTgamorkve-
vis~ Sesabamisad...da rom kulturuli avtonomia TiToeuli erisTvis is
erTaderTi meqanizmi iyo, romliTac Zalauflebas anxorcielebda, anu
ikmayofilebda Tavisuflebis da swavla-ganaTlebis, religiur da kul-
turul moTxov nilebebs.143 rac Seexeba administraciul mowyobas, akaki
Cxenkelis Sexeduleba aseTi iyo: Zalauflebis teritoriuli dayofa
unda momxdariyo kavkasiur seimsa da saqarTvelos parlaments Soris,
xolo saqarTvelos teritoriaze regionebs, olqebsa da TviTmmarTv-
elobis erTeulebs Soris. is ar iziarebda renneris mosazrebas _ zena-
cionaluri kulturuli erTeulis an korporaciis Seqmnas TiToeuli
erisTvis, Tumca aRiarebda `kulturis~ da klasis Tanasworobas. gansa-
kuTrebuli yuradReba mieqceoda nacionalur-kulturuli avtonomiis
formirebas saqarTvelos TviTmmarTvelobis teritoriebze, xolo sax-
elmwifo doneze kulturis politikis gatareba saqarTvelos parlamen-
tis prerogativad rCeboda. marTalia, is moiazrebda kavkasiis seims, ro-
gorc administraciul erTeuls da Sida kavkasiuri TanamSromlobisken
gadadgmul nabijs, magram am etapze, rogorc is fiqrobda, seimis Seqmna
gaamwvavebda resursebis gamo warmoqmnil uTanxmoebebs jer kidev poli-
tikurad moumwifebel xalxebs Soris. Cxenkeli mkafiod ver ayalibebda,
Tu rogor moergeboda es sistema somxebs, magram mianiSnebda, rom maTac
eqnebodaT teritoriul mowyobaze dafuZnebuli kulturis sakiTxebze
momuSave parlamenti. amgvarad, qarTuli social-demokratiis amocana
kavkasiuri muSaTa klasis da qarTveli xalxis adgilobrivi da kulturu-
li interesebis dacvaSi mdgomareobda. akaki Cxenkeli Seaxsenebda Tavis
mkiTxvelebs, rom qarTuli social-demokratia `qarTveli mSromeli
xalxis Svili~ iyo da mas saerTaSoriso da erovnuli misiis Sesruleba
evaleboda.144
noe Jordanias 1907-1914 wlebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebi erovnuli
sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romlebic ZiriTadad socialist-federalistebis da
bolSevikebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli, rsdmp-is wevrebis publika-
ciebs Soris siRrmiTa da daxvewilobiT gamoirCeoda. 1912 wels Jordani-
am dabeWda èrovnuli kiTxva CvenSi,~ romelSic igrZnoboda, rom avtori
daSorda im pozicias, romelzec 1908 wels idga (`qarTveli xalxi da na-
cionalizmi~) da marjvniv gadaixara. magram miuxedavad amisa, erovnuli
sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil yvela publikaciaSi noe Jordania maxvils svamda

erovnuli kulturis ganviTarebaze da Tavisi Tavdapirveli mosazre-
bebis erTguli rCeboda bolomde, rac mSvenivrad aqvs Camoyalibebuli
1894 wels gamoqveynebul werilSi èkonomikuri warmateba da erovneba.~
1912 wlis werilSi is umetesad stalins exmaureboda. stalinis mosaz-
rebebi am Temaze mogvianebiT daibeWda statiaSi `marqsizmi da erovnu-
li sakiTxi~. magram avtori Cxenkelsac da socialist-federalistebsac
sayvedurobda. Tavisi mTavari argumentis Camoyalibebisas Jordania
avstriis social-demokratiuli Teorias eyrdnoboda erovnuli kultu-
ris centralur mdgomareobaze saxelmwifo teritoriasTan mimarTebaSi.
Jordania amtkicebda, rom ori erovnuli principi arsebobda, `terito-
riuli da kulturuli,~ da rom kapitalizma ukve gaanadgura `teritori-
uli principi,~ xolo Tanamedrove nacionalizmi Tavisi SinaarsiT kul-
turul nacionalizmad iqca.
teritoriuli principi Zvel urTierTobebze, izolacionizmze da

istoriul Zalauflebaze Sendeba da Cveni teritorialistebi Zveli
saqarTvelos warmomadgenlebi ariano. rac Seexeba kulturul prin-
cips, is Tanamedrove urTierTobebze, urbanizaciaze da kapitalis-
tur ganviTarebaze Sendebao. am principis gamtareblebi saqarTvelos
axali warmomadgenlebi, axali cxovrebis winamZRolebi ariano.145
bunebrivia, axal warmomadgenlebSi noe Jordania proletariats

gulisxmobda, klass, romelsac misi sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, yvelaze na-
klebad teritoriuli erTianoba da yvelaze metad kulturuli ganviTa-
reba ainteresebda. irlandieli nacionalistis, jeims konolis msgavsad,
(unda iTqvas, rom Jordanias bevri saerTi hqonda am ukanasknelTan), is
propagandas uwevda im ideas, rom qarTul muSaTa klass gansakuTrebu-
li revoluciuri misia hqonda dakisrebuli. muSebi socializmisa da
erovnuli kulturis nazavisgan `proletarul nacionalizms~ Seqmnid-
nen, Tumca es fraza noe Jordanias arasdros gamouyenebia. konolis ms-
gavsad (agreTve oto baueris da `bundis~ warmomadgenlis, vladimir
medemis msgavsad) Jordanias swamda, rom Sromas da erovnul Tavisufle-
bas erTi da igive motivacia gaaCnda.146 klasobrivi brZolis konteqsti
teritoria iyo, xolo erovnuli kultura misi bunebrivi damateba. pro-
letariats sWirdeboda, rom daubrkoleblad ganviTarebadi erovnuli
kultura avtonomiuri da damoukidebeli yofiliyo. kultura, klasis
msgavsad, gandevnilobisgan gaTavisuflebis iaraRi iyo. es mosazreba ar

niSnavda teritoriuli avtonomiis dacvas, romelic burJuaziis mmarTv-
elobas moitanda. teritoriuli avtonomiis sakiTxi erovnul problemas
mxolod iq moagvarebda, sadac mosaxleobis udidesi nawili erT jgufs
miekuTvneba da sadac ekonomikuri erTianoba arsebobs. es ar gamodge-
boda kavkasiis konteqstSi, sadac yvela xalxi erTmaneTze iyo gadaxlar-
Tuli da yvela erTad ki ruseTze iyo mibmuli ekonomikurad. kavkasiaSi
erovnuli teritoriuli avtonomiebis danergva Seaferxebda ekonomi-
kur ganviTarebas da Sedegad mcire erebis Cagvras da maT asimiliacias
moitanda. stalinisa da socialist-federalistebis mier aqcentis dasma
teritoriaze_stalini am droisTvis icavda erovnuli teritoriuli av-
tonomiis formas_moZvelebuli iyo da saSiSic erovnuli umciresobebi-
sTvis. teritoriuli avtonomiis Seqmna saqarTveloSi xelisuflebaSi
moiyvanda mmarTvel klasebs, romlebic somxebis, ebraelebis, TaTrebis,
osebis da lekebis,_ùcxoelebis~_ devnas daiwyebdnen. xolo isini amis
sapasuxod, qarTvelebis devnas da Seviwroebas daiwyebdnen ganjaSi, ere-
vanSi, baqoSi da sxva nebismier kuTxeSi da daiwyeboda erovnuli SuRli
da konfliqtebi.147
politikuri da ekonomikuri Tavisufleba TavisTavad sakmarisi ar iyo
imisTvis, rom erovnuli konfliqti CaexSo kavkasiaSi, rogorc stalini da
sxva bolSevikebi fiqrobdnen. Jordaniam reneris ` pirovnebis principis~
msgavsi idea wamoayena, kerZod Seqmniliyo avtonomiuri kulturuli er-
Teulebi, romlebic kontrols gauwevdnen TiToeuli eTnikuri jgufis
kulturis ganviTarebis saqmes. Tu isini erTmaneTis mowinaaRmdegeebi
ar iqnebodnen ekonomikaSi da politikur sakiTxebSi, erovnuli SuRlic
Semcirdeboda. amasTan, ufro farTo politikuri da ekonomikuri ufle-
bamosilebis mqone teritoriuli erTeulebic iarsebebda, romelTa saz-
Rvrebi ar iqneboda eTnikuri niSniT gansazRvruli. isini kavkasiis sei-
mis SemadgenlobaSi gaerTiandebodnen, romelic kavkasieli xalxebis
bunebrivi urTierTkavSirebis ganmaxorcielebeli iqneboda. kavkasiis
seimi sruliad ruseTis sakanonmdeblo sivrcis farglebSi imoqmedebda
da misi kompetencia mxolod kavkasiis saqmeebze gavrceldeboda. magram
seimi decentralizebuli unda yofiliyo, anu adgilobriv teritoriul
erTeulebze unda yofiliyo damokidebuli da ara centrze. Jordaniam
gaakritika akaki Cxenkeli im mosazrebis gamo, rom sruliad kavkasiis or-
gano ver imuSavebda; es azri, rogorc Jordania amtkicebda, kidev ufro
daarwmunebda xelisuflebas, rom kavkasielebi mzad ar iyvnen TviTmmarT-

velobisTvis. Cxenkelis darad, Jordaniac abstraqtuli iyo am sakiTxis
irgvliv. erovnuli sakiTxebis gamoyofa ekonomikuri da politikuri
sakiTxebidan ufro rTuli iyo, vidre Jordania fiqrobda. SesaZlebeli
iyo Tu ara kulturuli nacionalizmi apolitikuri yofiliyo da rogor
gadawydeboda sabiujeto resursebis sakiTxi kulturuli erTeulebi-
sTvis? daasrulebda Tu ara maTi arseboba erovnul uTanasworobas da
uTanasworobas simdidrisa da resursebis gadanawilebis saqmeSi? ufro
metad xom ar gaaZlierebda es erTeulebi erovnuli gansakuTrebulobis
SegrZnebas? magram miuxedavad uamravi kiTxvisa, rasac misi werili war-
moSobda da daukonkretebeli azrebisa, (renerma da bauerma ufro did
kvlevebSi scades am sakiTxis gaanalizeba) unda iTqvas, rom noe Jorda-
nia rsdmp mcire jgufidan erT-erTi imaTgani iyo, vinc inovaciuri idee-
bis Semotana scada erovnul problematikasTan dakavSirebiT. Jorda-
nia oficialurad uaryofda federalizms orivegan, saxelmwifoSic da
partiaSic, magram is, rasac is sTavazobda mkiTxvelebs da Tanapartie-
lebs, bevri kuTxiT waagavda federalur sistemas. noe Jordania gacile-
biT yuradRebiT ekideboda mcire erebis, osebis, lekebis da berZnebis
sakiTxebs da, savaraudod, gacilebiT mets zrunavda lingvistur da
kulturul Tanasworobaze, vidre avstrieli marqsistebi, romlebmac
miuxedavad brunis yrilobis gadawyvetilebisa ar eRiarebinaT saxelm-
wifo enis cneba, mainc gadawyvites, rom qveynis lingua franca germanuli ena
iqneboda. qarTvelebi ufro meti TanagrZnobiT ekidebodnen mcire erebis
moTxovnebs. avstriel social-demokratTa pro-germanuli liderebis
naSromebis arsi Zalian axlos iyo im rus social-demokratTa naazrevTan,
romlebsac miaCndaT, rom socialistur revolucias dominanturi civi-
lizacia Caudgeboda saTaveSi. Jordanias 1908-1914 wlebis publikacie-
bi gviCvenebs, rom erovnuli sakiTxi ar gadawydeboda ase martivad, de-
mokratiuli brZolis konteqstSi,148 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Jordania
avstrieli marqsistebis gavlenas ganicdida sami mizeziT. pirveli, ma-
Tac swamdaT, rom nacionalizmisa da socializmis SeTavseba SesaZlebeli
iyo da meore, isinic socialistur models xedavdnen mravalerovnuli
saxelmwifos eTnikuri problemebis mogvarebis saSualebad. da mesame,
nacionalur-kulturuli avtonomia saqarTvelosTvis erovnuli TviT-
gamorkvevis uzrunvelyofis gza iyo ruseTis sazRvrebSive, ise, rom ira-
nisa da otomanis imperiis winaSe saqarTvelo daucveli ar darCeniliyo.

amis SiSi social-demokratebsac da Tergdaleulebsac erTnairad hqon-
daT. 1917 wels, saqarTvelos pirvel erovnul yrilobaze noe Jordaniam
ganacxada, rom Cveni TviTgamorkvevis saqme dRes isevea, rogorc asi wlis
winaT. am mxriv, Cveni winaprebisgan Sors ar wavsulvarT, dResac igives
vfiqrobT da dResac igives viTxovT. Cven ruseTis farglebSi darCena gv-
surs, magram Cven aucileblad unda mivaRwioT TviTmmarTvelobas.149
daskvna
1907-1914 wlebSi qarTuli social-demokratia rusuli menSevizmis-

Tvis sasicocxlo aucileblobis ZarRvs warmoadgenda, rogorc ricxo-
brivad, ise inteleqtualurad. drois am monakveTSi, man, rogorc niko-
laevskim aRniSna, daiwyo rusuli menSevizmis ganTavisufleba glexebis
fobiisgan,_fobiisgan, an iqneb, sityva gulgriloba jobdes, ramac men-
eSevikebi ruseTSi glexebis mxardaWeris gareSe datova.150 qarTvelebma
guriaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis gamocdilebiT daanaxes maT Tu risi
SemZle iyo glexobisa da proletariatis erTianoba (latviurma gamoc-
dilebam ki daadastura am aliansis didi SesaZleblobebi). qarTvelebma
miiyvanes menSevikuri moZraoba dumamde da iq, sakanonmdeblo doneze
rusul menSevizms warmoadgendnen. amave dros, rusuli menSevizmis day-
ofis Sedegad, qarTuli social-demokratia Zlier da damoukidebel
organizaciad iqca. iyenebda ra inteleqtualur tradiciebs, poulobda
adgilobriv viTarebasTan da pirobebTan morgebis gzebs da samSobloSi
erovnul da amave dros socialistur partiad iyo gamocxadebuli. zom-
ieri partiuli disciplinis wyalobiT qarTulma social-demokratiulma
partiam Tavidan aicila seriozuli ganxeTqilebebi. mis liderebs rsd-
mp-is oficialur umaRles wreebSi aqtiurobisa da dumaSi muSaobis dam-
saxurebiT imdenad ganumtkicdaT rwmena sakuTar TavSi, rom centrTan
konsultaciebis gareSe iRebdnen politikur gadawyvetilebebs. maT dax-
vewili manevrirebiT Camoitoves ukan bolSevikebi da sxva opoziciuri
partiebi da sakuTari monopolia daamyares politikuri warmomadgenlo-
bis scenaze. maTi erTaderTi memarcxene opoziciuri Zala, socialist-
federalistebi 1910 wlis dapatimrebebis Semdeg sagrZnoblad dasustda
da liderebis gareSe darCa.
saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli organizacia naxevrad lega-

luri gaxda. saarCevno kampaniebSi, sazogadoebriv organizaciebSi da
momxmarebelTa kooperativebSi dauRalavi muSaobiT qarTvelma so-
cial-demokratebma safuZveli Cauyares samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSene-
blobas. qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraoba sworebas dasavlur
social-demokratiul partiebze iRebda da sakuTari mxardamWeri nax-
evradlegaluri sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis mTeli qselic Seqmna. is
erTgulebda rsdmp-s, magram omisa da revoluciis samma daZabulma welma
organizaciuli kavSirebic moSala da partiis xelmZRvanelobisadmi pa-
tiviscemac gaaqro.
297
T a vi 9
om
mii d a re
r e v ol
o l u c ia
miuxedvad omis saSinelebisa da Tanmdevi ubedurebebisa _ mokluli

mamebi da Svilebi, maTxovrebad qceuli somexi ltolvilebi da daWrili
jariskacebi, fasebis zrda da marcvleulisa da Sinauri cxovelebis kon-
fiskacia _ ruseTis omi TurqeTis winaaRmdeg samxedro TvalsazrisiT
gamarjveba iyo. somxebi da qarTvelebi gverdigverd ibrZodnen moxalise-
Ta razmebSi regularul jarebTan erTad muslimani mtris SesaCereblad.
omiT gamowveuli imedgacruebis xana 1916-1917 wlebis mkacri zamTris
Semdeg dadga, roca aTiaTasobiT jariskaci SimSilisa da avadmyofo-
bisgan gardaicvala. magram stiqiuri gaficvebi da ajanyebebi, ramac
petrogradis mTavrobis dacema da rusi muSebis radikalizacia moitana,
TbilisSi ar momxdara. kavkasiaSi revolucia garedan movida, depeSiT.
ruseTSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma Zlieri zegavlena moaxdina kav-
kasiaSi revoluciis mimdinareobaze. magram ZalaTa balansi aq sul sxvag-
vari iyo. 1917 wlisTvis muSebi Zlier Zalas warmoadgendnen TbilisSi,
magram patar-patara qarxnebSi gabneulebs arc erTiani komitetebis
Seqmnis unari hqondaT da arc marTvis sadaveebis xelSi aReba SeeZloT.
droebiTma mTavrobam TbilisSi Tavisi warmomadgenlobiTi organo
Seqmna, amierkavkasiis sagangebo komiteti (òzakomi~), magram mas didi
yuradRebiT aravin ekideboda. marTalia, Tbilisis muSaTa komitetma
Tanxmoba gasca, rom pirobiTad dauWerda mxars droebiT mTavrobas,
òrxelisuflebianoba~ TbilisSi ar arsebobda, radgan adgilobriv
burJuazias aranairi gavlena ar hqonda. saqarTveloSi pirveli savaWro
palata baTumSi daarsda 1910 wels, aqa-iq mesakuTreTa asociaciebic
arsebobda, magaliTad, marganecis mwarmoebelTa asociacia da vaWrobisa
da warmoebis kavSiri, magram maT xelisuflebis demokratiuli or-
ganoebis dafinansebis unari namdvilad ar SeswevdaT. arc Tbilisel

mdidar somxebs gaaCndaT rusi mewarmeebis aleqsandr konovalovis an
mixail tereSCenkos gavlena da SesaZleblobebi, maT rom daxmarebodnen.
aleqsandr konovalovma da mixail tereSCenkom droebiT mTavrobas
gadamwyvet dros _ 1917 wlis TebervalSi _ gauwies daxmareba. kadetebis
statusis da avtoritetis partia, romelic biznesis interesebis
warmodgenas SeZlebda, saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda.1 Zalauflebas sa-
qarTveloSi droebiT gaerTianebuli muSaTa da jariskacTa sabWoebi,
revoluciuri partiebi, qalaqis aRmasrulebeli komitetebi, erovnuli
sabWoebi da nacionalisturi partiebi flobdnen. magram droebiTi
mTavroba Tbilisidan Sors imyofeboda da petrogradSi xelisuflebis
dacemasTan erTad es gaerTianebebic moirRva da daiSala.
kavkasiaSi klasobriv politikas mravaleTnikuri, regionuli da ko-
loniuri konteqstebi arTulebda. klasobrivi da erovnuli politika
erTmaneTs iyo gadaxlarTuli: qalaqis dumaSi `burJuazias~ ZiriTadad
somexi erovnebis pirebi warmoadgendnen, kargad organizebuli muSebis
umravlesobas _ qarTvelebi, xolo Tbilisis garnizonis jariskacebs
_ rusi glexebi. am eTnikur-socialurma dayofam kavkasiaSi mimdin-
are revoluciis dinamikaze sakmaod seriozuli gavlena moaxdina. par-
tiuli gadawyvetileba nebismier kursTan dakavSirebiT yovel partias
erovnuli kuTxiTac unda aewon-daewona da klasobriviTac. rus jaris-
kac glexebsa da qarTvel muSebs Soris eWvisa da undoblobis ufskruli
arsebobda, rac SeuZlebels xdida am ori jgufis erTmaneTTan urTier-
Tobas. koloniuri konteqsti noyieri niadagi iyo rogorc erovnul, ise
socialur niadagze momxdari ZvrebisTvis. erT niadagze warmoqmnil kon-
fliqts SeiZleboda meorezec warmoeSva uTanxmoeba. Sida konfliqtebs
emateboda osmaleTisgan _ qarTvelebisa da somxebis saerTo mtrisgan,
muslimanTa potenciuri mokavSirisgan _ mosalodneli safrTxe. fron-
tze ganviTarebul movlenebs nacionalisturi grZnobebis afeTqeba See-
Zlo. paradoqsia, magram mosalodneli erovnuli SuRliT SeSfoTebulma
adgilobrivma politikurma partiebma Searbiles politika da arc is so-
cialuri polarizacia igrZnoboda amierkavkasiaSi, rac aprilidan daw-
yebuli ruseTis dedaqalaqSi destabilizaciis wyaro gaxda.
1917 wlis TebervalSi amierkavkasiaSi xelisuflebaSi social-de-
mokratebi movidnen. maTi menSeviki amxanagebis msgavsad isinic arasax-
arbielo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen; muSebis radikalizmi mosaToki iyo,
omi da revolucia 299
dezertirebisTvis disciplina unda eswavlebinaT da mosaxleobisTvis

miwisa da Sromis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli reformebis dagvianebis
mizezebi unda aexsnaT. magram gansxvavebiT rusi menSevikebisgan, romleb-
sac gasaqans ar aZlevda gavleniani bolSevikuri organizacia, maT bol-
Sevikebi ar sdevnidnen. adgilobrivi partiebi umetesad erTmaneTTan
TanamSromlobdnen eTnikuri konfliqtebis Tavidan asacileblad, ramac
praqtikulad CaSala 1905 wlis revolucia. magram daZabuloba kavkasiis
eTnikur jgufebs Soris cxadad SeimCneoda da omis dros gamwvavda kidec.
TurqeTidan mosalodneli Semosevis safrTxem qarTvelebisa da somxebi-
sTvis erovnuli gadarCenis sakiTxi wamoWra. kompromisebs, romlebzec so-
cial-demokratebi midiodnen, da aliansebs, romlebsac qmnidnen 1917 wlis
Tebervlidan oqtombramde, zafxulSi kavkasiis frontis xazis moSlasTan
erTad Sedegi aRar mohqonda da amasobaSi petrogradic xelisuflebis ga-
reSe darCa. kavkasiis regionSi mimdinare revolucia eTnikuri sakiTxebis
gamo centralur ruseTTan SedarebiT ufro marjvniv gadaixara. klaso-
brivi interesebis dacva am etapze naklebad problemuri gaxda.2
omi
1914 wlis aprilSi nikoloz meorisadmi gagzavnil werilSi voroncov-

daSkovi werda, rom regionSi xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna socialuri da
politikuri cxovrebis ganviTarebisTvis, `bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi
revoluciuri organoebis aqtiurobis dacema SeimCneva, rac adgilo-
brivi Jandarmeriisa da administraciis intensiuri muSaobis Sedegia. es
nawilobriv imis damsaxurebaa, rom revoluciuri organoebi an gauqmda,
an gavlena dakarga aqtivistebis gasamarTlebis da administraciuli
wesiT dasjis gamo.~ 3
social-demokratebisTvis imedismomcemi niSnebi arsad Canda. baqo-
Si navTobmompovebeli sawarmoebis muSebi gaificnen 1913 wels, saqarT-
veloSi orTviani dava mimdinareobda WiaTuris maRaroelebsa da tyibu-
lis qvanaxSiris mompovebel muSebs Soris imave wlis zafxulSi. TbilisSi
social-demokratebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen tramvais mZRolebisa da
ludsaxarSis muSebis mier mowyobil gaficvaSi. magram voroncov-daS-
kovs TviTkmayofilebis ufleba hqonda. qarTuli social-demokratiuli
gazeTebi muSebis apaTias uCiodnen. gazeTi àzri~, romlis tiraJi 1913
wlisTvis 400-mde Semcirda, ukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda muSebis uyu-

radRebobis gamo: moiareT fabrika-qarxnebi pirobebis gasarkvevad da
Tqven naxavT, rom arc erTi fabrika-qarxana gazeTs pirdapir ar iRebs;
mepatroneebis gveSiniao, muSebi amboben; ra unda uwodo muSas, romelic
mepatronis SiSiT Tavisi interesebis damcveli gazeTis yidvas ver be-
davso.4 muSaTa imgvari radikalizacia, rac ruseTis qalaqebSi 1913-1914
wlebSi aSkara iyo da romelmac ganamtkica kidec bolSevikebisadmi sim-
paTiebi omamdel periodSi, saqarTveloSi ar igrZnoboda.5 partiuli
cxovrebis ritmi, rogorc arasdros, iseTi dabali iyo. baTumis sami
ujredi, romelsac daaxloebiT 60 wevri hyavda, TiTqmis umoqmedod iyo;
foTisa da soxumis policia ityobineboda, rom qalaqs araferi etyo-
boda.6 TbilisSi social-demokratebis legaluri saqmianoba ZiriTadad
dasustebul profkavSirebsa da kooperativebTan muSaobiT Semoifar-
gleboda. qalaqSi gazeTebis gavrcelebac garTulebuli iyo. marTalia,
quTaisis organizacia imxanad yvelaze Zlieri iyo, magram mas finansuri
siZneleebi hqonda.
didi kataklizmis dro 1914 wels dadga. socialisturi internacio-
nali daingra. saerTaSoriso konfliqtebze reagirebisas azrTa sxva-
dasxvaoba da uTanxmoeba socialistur wreebSi yovelTvis mJRavndebo-
da, magram misi aseTi swrafi dezintegracia mainc didi dartyma aRmoCnda
socialistebisTvis. evropeli socialistebis umravlesobisgan gansx-
vavebiT dumis bolSevikuri da menSevikuri fraqciebi uars ambobdnen
omis xarjebis dafinansebaze. magram omis gagrZelebasTan erTad rusi
social-demokratebis azric gaiyo. martovi da trocki gaemijnen ìmpe-
rialistur oms~, magram ver SeTanxmdnen, Tu rogor unda gaecocxlebi-
naT socialisturi internacionalizmi; fiodor dani da irakli wereTe-
li cimbirel cimervaldistebs (emigrantTa jgufi, romelic SveicariaSi
gamarTul konferenciebze miRebul omis sawinaaRmdego kurss uWerda
mxars) Caudgnen saTaveSi; aqselrodi internacionalizmsa da pirobiT
oboroncul politikas Soris meryeobda; a. n. potresovma da giorgi
plexanovma Tavdacvis sxvadasxva variantebi SeimuSaves.7 social-de-
mokratebis omisadmi damokidebulebis dasadgenad bevri kiTxva arse-
bobda, magaliTad, iyo Tu ara omi revoluciis dasawyisi da romeli sam-
xedro aliansi iyo ufro `progresuli~? iyo Tu ara omi imperialisturi
da SeiZleboda Tu ara Zaladobis gamarTleba? TurqeTidan mosalodneli
SemosevisTvis mzadeba, somxebsa da azerbaijanlebs Soris eTnikuri kon-
fliqtis Tavidan acileba da erovnuli gadarCena umTavresi sazrunavi

gaxda kavkasieli xalxebisTvis.
Sav zRvaze 1914 wlis 27 oqtombers ruseTis gemebze Turqebis Tav-
dasxmam kavkasia frontis xazad aqcia.8 kavkasiis armiis 100 000 fexo-
sani, 15 000 kavaleristi da 150 000 adgilobrivi rezervisti, romelTa
umravlesoba Tbilisis guberniaSi idga, frontis xazs icavda. frontis
xazi 720 kilometrze iyo gaWimuli da omis mimdinareobasTan erTad nel-
nela izrdeboda. kavkasiis armia daupirispirda 135 000 kacian Turqe-
Tis armias, qurTebis araregularul fexosanTa jgufebs da sasazRvro
Zalebis 15 batalions. mefis armiis jariskacebs, romlebic SeuCvevlebi
iyvnen mTian raionebSi brZolas, susti xelmZRvaneloba hyavdaT da kve-
bac cudi hqondaT. anatoliis maRlobis yinvaSi jariskacebs Tovlis si-
brmave awuxebdaT, sxeulis nawilebi eyinebodaT, xolo zafxulis mwvel
periodSi malaria, tifi da dizinteria ereodaT. magram omis pirvel
xanebSi gancdili ramdenime damarcxebis miuxedavad (ardaganis dace-
mis CaTvliT) kavkasiis armiam gamocdili general-leitentis, nikolai
iudeniCis sardlobiT osmaleTis armia kavkasiaSi ar SemouSva.9 Tbili-
sis Semdeg enver faSa centraluri aziis dapyrobas fiqrobda. es misi
panTuranuli ocnebis umTavresi nawili iyo. magram 1914 wels sarakamiS-
Si TurqeTis mesame armiis (romelsac Tavad uiRblo enver faSa meTau-
robda) gadamwyveti ieriSis mogeriebis Semdeg caristuli armia mtris
teritoriaze gadavida. 1916 wlisTvis is ukve 250 km-iT iyo aRmosavleT
TurqeTSi SeWrili da Savi zRvis gayolebaze gamarjvebebiT miikvlevda
gzas. aRebuli iqna erzerumi, trapezundi, baiburTi da biTlisi. 1917
wlis gazafxulze TurqeTis armia umZimes mdgomareobaSi Cavarda, mas
ukve naxevari samxedro Zala aRar hyavda. erzerumis dapyrobis Semdeg
ruseTis armias aRaraferi eRobeboda centraluri TurqeTisken. 1917
wlis gazafxulze iudeniCi mzad iyo, xarfuxze da sivasze mietana ieri-
Si.10 magram frontze warmatebebma zurgSi ubedureba moitana. Tbiliss
300 000-ze meti somexi ltolvili moawyda vanis 1915 wlis evakuaciis da
TurqeTis Sida provinciebSi somexTa genocidis Semdeg. amas garda, ro-
gorc qarTvelebi SiSobdnen, TurqeTis agenturis waqezebiT aWarlebma
proTurquli SeiaraRebuli jgufebi Seqmnes baTumis olqSi. magram ro-
gorc ki 1915 wels mosalodneli ajanyebis Sesaxeb xmebi dairxa, caristu-
li batalionebi sastikad gauswordnen soflad macxovrebel aWarlebs
da 9 mebrZoli samarTalSi misces samSoblos Ralatis braldebiT. ruse-
Tis xelisuflebam gamoacxada Tavisi ganzraxvis _ aWaraSi somxebisa da

rusebis Casaxlebis _ Sesaxeb.11
bosforis srutis Caketvis Semdeg kavkasiis ekonomikam swrafad da-
iwyo Cavardna. 1915 wlisTvis foTisa da baTumis sabaJoebis ufrosebs
kavkasiis statistikis komitetisTvis sapatako aRaraferi hqondaT.12
WiaTuris maRaroebSi muSaoba praqtikulad Sewyda. saqarTvelos teri-
toriaze 1914-1917 wlebSi fabrika-qarxnebis muSebis raodenoba TiTqmis
ganaxevrda, isini an soflebSi brundebodnen, an jarSi midiodnen. fase-
bi 300-400%-iT gaizarda, xolo jamagiri, miuxedavad zrdisa (zogierT
fabrikaSi muSebs xelfasi 7-jer gaezardaT), mainc ver eweoda fasebs.
13
Tbilisis saqalaqo policiis ufrosi SeSfoTebiT atyobinebda Tavis
ufrosobas, rom 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi 1916 wlis Tebervlamde puris fasma
33%-iT, xorcis fasma _ 78%-iT, kartofilisam _33%-iT da kombostosa
da sanTlisam _ 100%-iT moimata; Tu amas binebze, fexsacmelze, sacv-
lebsa da pirveli moTxovnilebis sagnebze gazrdil fasebs davumatebT,
naTeli gaxdeba, rom cxovrebis fasma saSinel dones miaRwiao.14 soflad
ki 1916 wels moyvanili marcvleulis raodenobam imis naxevari Seadgi-
na, rac 1909-1913 wlebSi saSualod modioda, da Sinauri cxovelebis ra-
odenobac 29%-T daeca 1914-1916 wlebis SimSilobisa da konfiskaciebis
gamo.15 1915 wlis SemodgomisTvis Tbilisis puris maragi amoiwura da xe-
lisuflebam sabaraTo sistema SemoiRo. 1916 wlis cudi mosavlis gamo
gurias da samegrelos SimSiloba emuqreboda. aprilSi Tbilisis maRaz-
iebidan puri gaqra, ivlisSi ki aqac da sxva qalaqebSic sakvebTan dakav-
SirebiT areuloba moxda.
erovnuli da religiuri erTgulebis SegrZneba omTan erTad Zli-
erdeboda. daSnakcutunis Zlierma partiam da socialisturma `hnCakma~
mxari dauWires oms, romelsac `didi somxeTis~ Sesaxeb maTi ocnebebis as-
ruleba SeeZlo.16 zemoxsenebuli partiebis daxmarebiT 1912 wels Seiqmna
somxeTis erovnuli biuro, romlis mizani iyo, xeli Seewyo TurqeTSi re-
formebis gatarebisTvis. voroncov-daSkovis SegulianebiT da daxmare-
biT biurom 1914 wels somexi moxaliseebis 4 sajariso SenaerTi Sekriba.
maT saTaveSi Caudgnen xelisuflebis mier Sewyalebuli revolucionre-
bi _ andraniki (ozariani) da dro (drastamat kanaiani). isini mWidrod
TanamSromlobdnen somxeTis erovnul biurosTan arsebul specialur
komitetTan.17 qarTuli sazogadoeba didi eWviT uyurebda somexTa saqmi-
anobas da SiSobda, rom teritoriuli daTmoba maT xarjze moxdeboda.
Tumca, somxebis msgavsad, qarTvelebic omis momxreebi iyvnen da mox-

aliseTa ori SenaerTi maTac Seqmnes.18 kavkasiur filanTropiul orga-
nizaciebs (maT Soris muslimanur organizaciebsac) neba darTes, omiT
dazaralebuli TavianTi erovnebis da erTmorwmune xalxisTvis fuli
SeegrovebinaT. muslimanebi ar uTanagrZnobdnen oms erTmorwmunee-
bTan. maT saidumlo molaparakebebi gamarTes kidec TurqeTis mTavro-
basTan CrdiloeT iranSi ajanyebis mosawyobad, magram aqedan araferi
gamovida. kavkasiel muslimanebs sakuTar moxaliseTa SenaerTi hyavdaT
saxelwodebiT `daundobeli divizia~, Tumca maT umravlesobas Crdilo-
kavkasielebi da centraluri aziidan Camosulebi Seadgendnen, da ara ad-
gilobrivi azerbaijanlebi.
omis ganmavlobaSi saidumlo policia ityobineboda, erTi mxriv, qa-
rTvelebsa da somxebs Soris da, meore mxriv, qarTvelebsa da muslimanebs
Soris arsebul undoblobaze.19 somxebs qarTvelebisa da muslimanebis
kavSiris eSinodaT.
omTan dakavSirebiT qarTuli revoluciuri partiebic gaiyvnen.
socialist-federalistebis umravlesobam Tavidan kapitulanturi
pozicia daikava da imedovnebda, rom imperiis dacema saqarTvelos av-
tonomias moitanda Sedegad. adgilobrivma bolSevikebmac leninis ka-
pitulanturi xazi miiRes. amave dros, isini mouwodebdnen, rom aqtiuri
monawileoba ar mieRoT samxedro komitetebSi da legalurad muSaobas
ganagrZobdnen. qarTveli social-demokratebic, yoveli meore evropu-
li socialisturi organizaciis msgavsad, dayofilebi iyvnen. noe Jor-
dania 1914 wlis agvistoSi montrodan saxlSi italiis gavliT Camovida.
misi usafrTxo mgzavroba gemiT odesamde italiis socialisturi gaze-
Tis axalgazrda readaqtorma _ benito musolinim uzrunvelyo. qarTul
social-demokratiul presaSi dabneuloba igrZnoboda. agvistosa da
seqtembris gazeTebis nomrebSi ar Canda redaqtoris svetebi, sadac so-
cial-demokratebis pozicia iqneboda Camoyalibebuli omTan dakavSire-
biT. àxali azris~ seqtemberis nomeri carieli furclebiT gamovida,
magram ramdenime statiaSi mainc moxerxda imis aRniSvna, rom omi imperi-
alisturi iyo.20 imave TveSi berlinidan axaldabrunebuli akaki Cxenke-
lis neitraluri (mxardamWeric ki) statiac daibeWda germaneli social-
demokratebis poziciaze, romlebic oms amarTlebdnen. meore gverdze
ki emil vanderveldi Tavis werilSi dumis rusuli social-demokrati-
uli fraqciisaTvis daxmarebas iTxovda germanelebis winaaRmdeg.21 erTi
kviris Semdeg gamoqveynda plexanovis statia, romelSic is ruseTsa da

antantas TanaugrZnobda. 1914 wlis agvisto-noemberSi qarTvelma so-
cial-demokratebma sami Sexvedra Caatares Tavisi poziciis dasadgenad.
noe Jordania TbilisSi agvistos bolos Camovida da antanta daicva, noe
ramiSvilma da noe xomerikma, rogorc zomierma internacionalistebma,
mouwodes neitralurobisken da mSvidobisken, yovelgvari aneqsiisa Tu
kompensaciis gareSe. agvistos miwuruls bakurianSi Catarebul meore
Sexvedraze miiRes gadawyvetileba ùmkacresi neitralitetis~ dacvis
Sesaxeb, Tumca qarTveli social-demokratebis patara jgufi mogvi-
anebiT dekemberSi gazeT `Sadrevnis~ irgvliv Seikriba da ganacxada,
rom omi saqarTvelos teritoriuli avtonomiis mopovebis saSualebas
iZleoda. noe Jordaniam àxal azrSi~ gamoaqveyna Tavisi Tezisi saTau-
riT òmi da zavi~. redaqtorebi sajarod gaemijnen avtoris Sexedulebas.
Jordanias mTavari argumenti, romelic meore socialisturi interna-
cionalis rezolucias exmaureboda, is iyo, rom Tavdacva da interna-
cionalizmi SeTavsebadi iyo da rom socialistebs SeeZloT mTavrobaSi
Sesvla droebiTi taqtikuri mosazrebiT: `socialistebi ... laparako-
ben mxolod dacvaze... erTaderTi arsebiTi faqti dResdReobiT is aris,
rom germaniam safrangeTi da belgia daipyro; roca es moxda, roca ger-
manelma samxedroebma germaniis sazRvrebi gadakveTes [,] ...guestde ... da
vanderveldi mTavrobaSi Sevidnen... [da] mTeli eri fexze dadga Tavis
dasacavad... aq proletariatis interesebi emTxveva yvela sxva klasis in-
teresebs, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ar davoben, sruli Tanxmobaa~.22 es
pozicia mTlianad Seesabameboda Jordanias mier mis adrindel naSromSi
_ èkonomikuri warmateba da erovnuloba~ _ gamoTqmul mosazrebas. ma-
Sin is amtkicebda, rom Tumca ~mdidari da Raribi~ erTmaneTis mtrebi ari-
an, isini mainc èrTad ibrZoleben~ TviTgamorkvevis uflebisTviso. oci
wlis Semdegac es mosazreba ucvleli darCa. marqsis varaudis sawinaaRm-
degod, romlis mixedviTac erovnuli kulturebi burJuaziul eraSi da-
knindebodnen (Tumca marqsic mxars uWerda erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel
moZraobas) Jordaniam ganacxada, rom me-20 saukunis istoriuli tenden-
cia erebis Tavisufali ganviTareba iyo: àxlandeli ZiriTadi ganviTare-
ba sazogadoebaSi eris renesansia da eris sakuTari saxelmwifos Seqmna ...
da es imdenad Zlieri moZraobaa, rom veranairi Zala mas win ver aRudgeba;
23
is yvelanair dabrkolebas daangrevs da gaanadgurebs.~ es ganviTareba
erovnuli katastrofebis, omis, TviTgamorkvevaze pretenziebis èkliani
gzaa~, magram, didi `geologiuri katastrofebis~ msgavsad, es gardauva-

lia. Jordania werda: `Tanamedrove sazogadoebam erovnuli saxe unda
miiRos da sanam es moxdeba, erovnul katastrofaTa cikli gagrZeldeba.
yvelaferi, rac ki xels uwyobs da aCqarebs am process, misaRebi da sa-
survelia ... da yvelaferi, rac abrkolebs da xels uSlis mas, negatiuri
da arasasurvelia~.24 Jordania nacionalizms ar icavda, rogorc engelsi
Tavis bolo naSromSi, is amtkicebda, rom internacionalizmi TiToeuli
eris Tavisufal arsebobaze Sendeboda da rom proletariati mxolod
erTian demokratiul erovnul saxelmwifoSi SeZlebda ayvavebas; rom
safrangeTi Tavis dasacavad ebrZoda germanias da Tavisi ekonomikuri
da kulturuli mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad; rom muSaTa klasis ganvi-
Tareba erovnul burJuaziasTan erTad erovnuli ekonomikuri ganviTa-
rebis marqsistuli kanonebiT iqneba gansazRvruli da is ar unda Sewydes
da rom germania militaristuli da proteqcionizmis momxre saxelmwifo
iyo da ekonomikuri kanonebis ganviTarebas abrkolebda, rac xels Seu-
wyobda erovnuli saxelmwifoebis Seqmnas. am mxriv, rogorc Jordania
amtkicebda, internacionalis socialist liderebs muSaTa klasisTvis
ar uRalatiaT. socialisturi partiebi ver ugulebelyofdnen TavianT
samSoblos an TavianTi xalxebis interesebs. internacionali Tavisufal
erebs daefuZneboda da socializmi xom Tavisufali xalxebisTvis brZo-
lasac exeboda, rogorc sxvas yvelafers.25 Jordaniam Tavisi mosazreba
sagazeTo statiaSi ganmarta. statia saTauriT `marqsizmi da radikaliz-
mi~ nawili iyo `pirobiT~ oboroncul politikaze dabeWdili werilebis
seriisa, romelic a. n. potresovis saxeliT gamoqveynda 1915 wels saerTo
dasaxelebiT `sakuTari Tavis dacva~ (`Самозащита~).26 Jordania, romelic
ànis~ saxeliT beWdavda werilebs, eTanxmeboda potresovis mosazre-
bas, rom muSaTa klass èrovnuli saxelmwifos sazRvrebs SigniT unda
mieRwia samoqalaqo TviTSegnebis amaRlebisTvis~, sanam internacio-
nalisti gaxdeboda, da rom ucxo qveynis Tavdasxma zianis momtani iyo
muSaTa klasis gamarjvebisTvis, romelic mas ukve moepovebina politi-
kuri Segnebis gaRrmavebis gzaze.27 Jordania amtkicebda, rom saWiro iyo
ganviTarebis marqsistuli kanonebis dacva. evropis muSaTa klasisTvis,
ambobda is, gamarjvebisa Tu damarcxebis sakiTxi proletaruli moZrao-
bis gaZlierebisa Tu dasustebis sakiTxia, vinaidan ekonomikuri safuZv-
lis samxedro ganadgureba, im safuZvlisa, romelzec mocemuli qveyana
ganviTarda istoriulad da Zlierebas miaRwia, anadgurebs klasobrivi
brZolis safuZvlebs da amuxruWebs mTlianad sazogadoebis ekonomi-

kur ganviTarebaso.28 rogorc internacionalis-ti, Jordania icavda
mravalerovnuli rusuli saxelmwifos mTlianobas, Tumca, potresovis
msgavsad, isic moeloda, rom omi gardaqmnida ruseTis saxelmwifos. am
etapze Jordania uars ambobda damoukideblobis ideaze, radgan saqarT-
velos burJuazia susti iyo da misi interesebi ruseTis ekonomikaze iyo
mibmuli. magram miseulma xedvam erisa, rogorc bunebrivi kulturuli
erTeulisa, da erovnuli saxelmwifos progresuli bunebis rwmenam is
logikurad miiyvana qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis dacvamde im dros,
roca ruseTis burJuazia dabrkolebad iqca saqarTvelos ganviTarebisT-
vis. òmsa da zavSi~ is amtkicebda, rom `rac ufro naklebaTaa erebi erTi
meoreSi areuli da erTi meorisgan Sewuxebuli da damorCilebuli, miT
meti asparezi aqvs internacionals, miT ufro normaluraT mimdinareobs
socialuri brZola~.29 es is argumenti iyo, romlis gamoyeneba SesaZlebe-
li iqneboda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamarTlebisTvis im SemTx-
vevaSi, Tu ruseTis agresia gagrZeldeboda. am statiis Semdeg kolegebma
Jordanias aukrZales oficialur qarTul social-demokratiul presaSi
Tavisi werilebis gamoqveyneba. àxali azris~ redaqtorebi ar eTanxme-
bodnen Jordanias pozicias burJuaziul mmarTvelobaSi monawileobis
miRebaze. Tumca sabolood mas neba darTes, daearsebina axali gazeTi im
pirobiT, rom is partiis kurss mihyveboda yvela sakiTxSi, omis garda.
Jordanias gazeTi àxali kvali~, romelic quTaisSi ibeWdeboda, TiT-
qosda gamoZaxili iyo mesame dasis adreuli ideebisa. miuxedavad imisa,
rom gazeTze kontrolis SenarCunebinis mizniT noe ramiSvils saredaq-
cio kolegiaSi sando internacionalistebi Sehyavda, magaliTad, evgeni
gegeWkori, gazeTi mainc damoukidebel xazs atarebda. Svidi nomris ga-
mosvlis Semdeg (uklebliv yvela nomris mTavari sakiTxi omis Tavdacvi-
Ti mxare iyo) kavkasiis regionulma komitetma moiTxova, rom gazeTs
saerTo saredaqcio kolegia hyoloda. Jordaniam amaze uari Tqva. imave
wels konstantine andronikaSvilma, òboronculi~ poziciis momxrem da
plexanovis mier gamoqveynebuli werilebis seriis _ òmis~ _ avtor-
ma, lev deiCma da sxvebma ganacxades, rom qarTvel muSaTa ori mesamedi
Jordanias mosazrebas iziarebda. aravis sjeroda saqarTveloSi, rom
ruseTis demokratia `germaniisa da TurqeTis jarebis mier gaTavisufl-
deboda~.30 Jordanias mxardaWera Sesustda da 1915 wlis oqtomberSi so-
cial-demokratebi kavkasiis konferenciaze Seikribnen dasavleT saqarT-
veloSi, axal senakSi. 15 delegati warmoadgenda 1000 wevrs, romelTagan

500 guruli iyo. miuxedavad Tbilisel da baqoel delegatTa winaaRmde-
gobisa, konferenciam mxari dauWira samxedro industriul komiteteb-
Si monawileobas. Jordania amtkicebda, rom yvela SesaZlebloba unda
gamoyenebuliyo Sromis interesebis win wamosawevad da zomier burJua-
ziaze zegavlenis mosaxdenad. misi winadadeba imis Taobaze, rom dumis
social-demokratTa fraqcias xma mieca omis dadebiTad SefasebisTvis,
uaryofili iqna, magram, ruseTis `praqtikulebis~ msgavsad, konferen-
ciam zomieri xazi gaatara: damfuZnebeli krebis mowveva dumis meSveo-
biT, `pasuxismgebeli saministros~ Seqmna da araviTari sabotaJi ruseTis
mier omis warmoebas. Sekrebam moiwona aqselrodis mowodeba sruliad
ruseTis muSaTa yrilobis mowvevasTan dakavSirebiT. misi rezolucia
omis Sesaxeb toniT `neitraluri~ iyo da gmobda orive mebrZol mxares,
ar iwonebda dezertirobas da omSi wasvlis Tavidan aridebas da uaryof-
da damoukidebeli zavis dadebis ideas, romelic `mcire xalxebis Cagvra-
sa da demokratiis CaxSobas moitanda.~31 raJden arseniZe amtkicebs, rom
konferenciaze imsjeles damoukideblobis SesaZleblobaze, magram wi-
nadadeba imis Sesaxeb, rom Zalaufleba TurqeTis Semosevis SemTxvevaSi
social-demokratebs aeRoT xelSi, uaryofili iqna.32
damoukidebloba
miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli social-demokratiuli organizacia

sajarod uaryofda damoukideblobis ideas, misi liderebi gasaidumloe-
buli, mravalpartiuli komitetebis muSaobaSi iRebdnen monawileobas.
komitetebSi alternatiuli mosazrebebi ganixileboda. 1913 wels qarTv-
el emigrantTa jgufma `qarTuli erovnuli damoukideblobis komiteti~
daaarsa JenevaSi. is molaparakebebs awarmoebda germaniasTan da TurqeT-
Tan saqarTvelos damoukideblobaze. komitetma Seqmna qarTuli legio-
ni, romelic TurqeTis frontze ibrZoda da germanul wyalqveSa gemebze
iaraRi Semohqonda kontrabandiT.33 `qarTuli erovnuli damoukide-
blobis komiteti~ saidumlo interpartiul organizaciasTan, saqarT-
velos erovnul komitetTan TanamSromlobda saqarTveloSi. komiteti
orjer Seikriba: 1915 da 1916 wels. social-demokratebis warmomadgen-
lebad noe Jordania da evgeni gegeWkori iyvnen miwveulni.
1916 wels ruseTs damarcxeba emuqreboda da mis mier jarebis gayva-

na saqarTvelodan nebismier dros iyo SesaZlebeli. 1917 wlis ianvarSi
guriis sofel lanCxuTSi mowveuli iqna qarTuli social-demokratiuli
organizaciis konferencia. mas saqarTvelos damoukidebloba unda ganex-
ila. uTanxmoeba mxolod im sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT warmoiSva, Tu visT-
vis unda SeetyobinebinaT gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb. noe ramiSvili da noe
xomeriki amtkicebdnen, rom partias es unda scodnoda, mosamzadebeli
samuSao rom daewyo. noe Jordaniam, romelsac xelisuflebisa da araqa-
rTveli mosaxleobis reaqciis eSinoda, konferenciis monawileebi daar-
wmuna, rom gadawyvetileba saidumlod unda SeenaxaT. am etapze araferi
mianiSnebda, rom revolucia karze iyo momdgari. qarTveli social-de-
mokratebi isev legaluri organizaciebis, kooperativebis kavSirisa Tu
saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoebis muSaobiT iyvnen dakavebulni.
revolucia
`27 Tebervals, Ramis 12 saaTze petrogradSi mTavrobaZe gardaicv-

ala~.34 es gogita faRavasa da karlo CxeiZis mier petrogradidan gamog-
zavnili daSifruli depeSa iyo. axal ambavs carizmis dacemis Sesaxeb
undoblobiT Sexvdnen. martis pirveli ori dRis ganmavlobaSi qarTuli
social-demokratiuli gazeTi `Tanamedrove azri~ uars ambobda informa-
ciis dabeWdvaze. lanCxuTidan noe Jordania gamoiZaxes. Tbilisis komite-
ti mas dabneuli daxvda. komitetma gadawyvita: `davelodoT da vnaxoT~,
magram depeSis namdviloba didi mTavris mefisnacval nikoloz nikolae-
viCis (1915 wlis agvistodan is xandazmul voroncov-daSkovs cvlida) mier
noe Jordaniasa da noe ramiSvilisTvis gamogzavnilma mosawvevma baraTma
daamtkica. didi mTavari iTxovda, rom isini mas sasaxleSi swveodnen, sa-
dac Tbilisis meri aleqsandre xatisiani (xatisovi) da kancelariisa da
Tavadaznaurobis warmomadgenlebic iyvnen mipatiJebulni. maTi saubari
TbilisSi wesrigisa da frontze disciplinis dacvas exeboda. ramden-
ime dReSi didi mTavari Tbilisis rkinigzis sadguridan gaemgzavra da
Tan gaiyola caristuli xelisuflebis narCenebi. sadguramde is kazakma
mcvelma miacila wiTeli droSis qneviTa da `marseliozis~ simReriT.
3 marts bolSevikebis mcire jgufma filipe maxaraZis meTaurobiT
Sekreba moiwvia muSaTa sabWos dasafuZneblad. noe Jordaniam es ambavi
gaigo, maxaraZe gadaayena da muSebi daiTanxma, rom 4 marts Sekrebili-

yvnen da ufro warmomadgenlobiTi sabWo aerCiaT. es pirveli Seura-
cxyofa iyo Tbilisis erTi muWa bolSevikebisTvis, maT win kidev bevri
damcireba elodaT.35 Seiqmna saarCevno komisiebi da 46 arCeuli warmo-
madgeneli golovinis prospeqtze mdebare `narodni domSi~ Seikriba. maT
Tavi gamoacxades muSaTa deputatebis Tbilisis sabWod. sul ramdenime
dReSi sabWom brZaneba gasca, daepatimrebinaT caristuli xelisuflebis
maRali rangis Cinovnikebi, Seqmna sxvadasxva komisiebi (samxedro, moma-
ragebis, finansuri, sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis), ganaiaraRa poli-
cia, darazma muSebi sapatrulod, gaakeTa gancxadeba arbitraJis Seqmnis
Sesaxeb, romelic muSebs Soris warmoqmnil uTanxmoebas Tu davas moag-
varebda, da akrZala spirtiani sasmelebis gayidva.36 sabWom 15 kaciani aR-
masrulebeli komiteti airCia. 5 adgili social-demokratebisTvis iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli. aqedan sami adgili `menSevikebma~ daikaves, maT Soris,
noe Jordaniam da silva jiblaZem da ori _ bolSevikebma: s. xanoianma da
29 wlis valiko juRelma. valiko juRelma mogvianebiT uRalata bol-
Sevikebs da qarTuli erovnuli gvardiis meTauri gaxda. komitetis Tav-
mjdomared noe Jordania airCies. oriod dReSi Tbilisis muSaTa depu-
tatebis sabWo yofili mefisnacvlis mdidrul sasaxleSi mokalaTda,
sadac òzakomi~ da Tbilisis saqalaqo aRmasrulebeli komitetic gan-
lagebuliyo.
kavkasiis saarCevno olqebma arCevnebisTvis mzadeba daiwyes. Tbili-
sis 120 000 kaciani garnizoni, romelsac generali viaCeslav rodzevi-
Ci xelmZRvanelobda, yvelaze metad ganuWvreteli Zala iyo qalaqSi.
5 marts naZaladevis TeatrSi Seikriba jariskac delegatTa pirveli
organizebuli jgufi.37 mxolod ramdenime samoqalaqo pirs misces das-
wrebis ufleba, maT Soris noe Jordaniasa da valiko juRels. Jordaniam
maT xeli aaRebina oficrebis dapatimrebaze. meore dRes Catarda Tbili-
sis garnizonis pirveli saerTo kreba, romelsac 500 delegati daeswro.
krebam Tavi Tbilisis jariskacTa sabWod gamoacxada da 25 kacisgan Sem-
dgari aRmasrulebeli komiteti airCia. komitetSi ZiriTadad social-
ist-revolucionerebi Sevidnen. Tavmjdomared rusi simon vereSCaki
airCies.´Tavidan oficrebi Tavs ikavebdnen, magram mogvianebiT 10 war-
momadgeneli miavlines komitetSi. jariskacTa sabWo kavkasiis armiis
centraluri organo gaxda 23 aprils kavkasiis armiis pirveli yrilo-
bis mowvevamde.
qalaqis saTaTbirom, romelsac saTaveSi somexi meri da `daSnakcu-

tunis~ wevri, aleqsandre xatisovi edga, Tavi revoluciur organod ga-
moacxada da ramdenime winadadeba wamoayena, kerZod, politikuri amnis-
tiis gamocxadeba, Tavisufali arCevnebis Catareba da policiis Tbilisis
municipalitetisTvis daqvemdebareba. 9 marts droebiTma mTavrobam
òzakomi~ Seqmna da saxelmwifo dumis warmomadgenlebisgan Semdgar
xuTkacian komitets, romelSic arc erTi social-demokrati ar Sedioda,
ufleba misca, droebiTi mTavrobis saxeliT emoqmeda sruli wesrigis
38
dasamyareblad. misi wevrebi 18 martamde ar Camosulan. bevri Civili-
sa da wuwunis Semdeg qarTvelma social-demokratebma akaki CxenkeliT
Secvales socialist-federalisti kita abaSiZe. Cxenkeli òzakomis~
gamwevi Zala gaxda. rsdmp-is menSevikuri frTis centraluri komitetisa
da petrogradis sabWis wevri da misi `komisari~ TurqeTis frontze, akaki
Cxenkeli, droebiTi mTavrobisa da muSaTa organizaciebis damakavSire-
beli mniSvnelovani piri gaxda. somxebmac da azerbaijanelma Turqebmac
yrilobebi moiwvies da sabWoebi da biuroebi Seqmnes. socialist-fed-
eralistebma saqarTvelos politikuri avtonomiis Seqmnisken mouwodes
da aprilSi saqarTvelos interpartiuli komiteti daaarses, romelic
SemodgomisTvis erovnul sabWod gardaiqmna.39
sabWoTa xelisufleba
5 marts `Tanamedrove azri~ ase aRwerda naZaladevSi, Teatris moe-

danze gamarTul scenas: dilis 11 saaTze kavkasieli muSebis siamaye, Wa-
RaraTmiani, keTilSobili silibistro jiblaZe gamoCnda tribunaze. am
axal ambebs misi gulwrfeli saxidan sruliad moeSorebina tanjva-wamebis
niSani da SaravandediT mosili idga tribunasTan. am moxuci kacis erTi
mzera da erTaderTi RvTiuri sityva àRsrulda~ sakmarisi aRmoCnda iq
Sekrebili zRva xalxisaTvis, rom taSiscemas equxa da sixarulis crem-
lebi wamosuliyo.40
mitings Manchester Guardian-is specialuri korespondenti, morgan
prais filipsi eswreboda. man aRwera is mRelvareba, rac cxenze amxedre-
buli mefis oficris gamoCenas mohyva. es ukanaskneli garnizonidan mo-
dioda da moednis SuagulSi saxeldaxelod agebuli platformisken mie-
marTeboda. oficerma qudi moixada da Tqva, me movedi, rom Cemi polkis
saxeliT gTxovoT mitingze daswrebis nebarTva da usityvod SevTavazo

droebiT mTavrobas Cveni samsaxurio. is xalxis SeZaxilebis fonze avida
platformaze da mxurvaled miesalma àxali dRis ganTiads.~ 41
Ancien régime aRar arsebobda. social-demokratebs pasuxi unda gae-
caT kiTxvebze: ra reJimiT unda SeecvalaT is? daeWiraT Tu ara mxari
omisTvis? rogor unda mohqceodnen caristuli reJimis Cinovnikebs? vin
uzrunvelyofda momaragebas? unda damdgariyvnen Tu ara muSebis gver-
diT da moeTxovaT maTTvis jamagiris gazrda? sabWoebis sxvadasxva komis-
iebis meSveobiT iqneboda es Tu momaragebis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis an
Sromis da qalaqebisa da soflebis saarbitraJo komitetebis meSveobiT,
social-demokratebma yoveldRiuri problemebis mogvareba da wesrigis
damyareba daiwyes. magram qarTveli social-demokratebi, maTi petro-
gradeli TanamoZmeebis msgavsad, politikuri dilemis winaSe aRmoCnd-
nen. es burJuaziuli revolucia gaxldaT, burJuaziul mTavrobaSi ki
miuRebeli iyo proletariatis monawileoba. magram rogor unda aevloT
gverdi amisTvis? muSebi imis gakeTebas moiTxovdnen, razec sxva veravin
aiRebda pasuxismgeblobas, xolo Tu social-demokratebi aiRebdnen sam-
Tavrobo funqciebs, isini imedgacruebas gamoiwvevdnen muSebs Soris
da, SesaZloa, `kontrrevoluciac~ mieRoT. kavkasias kidev is problemac
emateboda, rom TiToeuli erovnuli burJuazia Tavisi nacionaluri
politikis gatarebas cdilobda da amiT rusi samxedroebis gaucxoebas
da maTgan daSorebas uwyobda xels. daSnakcutuni somexi vaWrebis Zl-
ieri mxardaWeriT sargeblobda, xolo qarTveli socialist-federali-
stebi da erovnul-demokratebi rus jariskacebs gvridnen SiSs saqarT-
velos avtonomiis moTxovniT.42 am kiTxvebze pasuxebis Ziebisas qarTvel
social-demokratebs ideologia, saWiroeba da SiSic amoZravebdaT. isini
mSvidobas moiTxovdnen, magram TurqeTis gamarjvebis SiSiT oms uWerd-
nen mxars; isini ar cnobdnen mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobas, magram mmarT-
velobaSi wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen; Tanadgomas ucxadebdnen muSebs da
jamagiris gazrdas iTxovdnen maTTvis, magram TavSekavebiskenac mouwo-
debdnen revoluciuri monapovris SesanarCuneblad. isini erTgulebas
iCendnen droebiTi mTavrobis mier damyarebuli susti xelisuflebisad-
mi, rac kavkasiis danarCen eTnikur jgufebs afiqrebinebda, rom isini ar
apirebdnen gamoyofas. maT ar surdaT, rogorc valiko juRelma aRniSna
maisSi, formalurad aeRoT xelSi Zalaufleba, romelic faqtobrivad
ukve xelSi hqondaT.43 maT mtkice uari ganacxades menSevikebis mier miRe-
bul gadawyvetilebaze, formalurad gaerTianebuliyvnen koaliciaSi.

Tu adre Jordania iziarebda evropeli socialistebis mosazrebas, rom
maT monawileoba unda mieRoT saxelmwifos saqmeebSi omis mwarmoebel
erovnul mTavrobasTan erTad, misi imJamindeli argumentebi eyrdnobo-
da verSemdgari koaliciebis gamocdilebas. man xazi gausva im gamouval
mdgomareobas, raSic socialist ministrebs Caagdeba amgvari koalicia.
isini iZulebulni gaxdebodnen, saxelmwifosa da klasobriv interesebs
Soris xSirad gaekeTebinaT arCevani. magram menSevikebi petrogradSi pa-
suxismgeblobis gansxvavebuli masStabebis winaSe aRmoCndnen. wereTels
miaCnda, rom saxelmwifo krizisis SuacecxlSi koaliciis Seqmna erTad-
erTi gza iyo progresuli burJuaziis gadasarCenad da burJuaziul min-
istrebze kontrolis dasaweseblad.
18 marts, amierkavkasiis muSaTa sabWoebis warmomadgenelTa pirvel
yrilobaze, romelic, ZiriTadad, 17 qarTul sabWos aerTianebda, noe
Jordaniam Tavisi analizi warmoadgina: 1917 wlis revoluciis sami mTa-
vari Zala iyo proletariati, progresuli burJuazia (warmodgenili
saqalaqo dumaSi) da jariskacebi. da Tumca proletariatma wamyvani
roli iTamaSa, man hegemoniisTvis ki ar unda ibrZolos, rogorc es 1905
wels gaakeTa, aramed sxva progresul klasebTan unda gaerTiandes de-
mokratiuli respublikis Sesaqmnelad. 1905 wels qarTuli social-de-
mokratiis erTiani frontis erTgulma mebrZolebma _ glexobam da wvr-
ilma burJuaziam _ am axal sqemaSi dakarges TavianTi didi mniSvneloba,
magram mas Semdeg, rac burJuaziam zafxulisa da Semodgomis periodSi
Tavi Seircxvina, isini isev revoluciur normebSi moeqcnen.
noe Jordaniam zomieri rekomendaciebi miawoda maT, kerZod, saar-
bitraJo komitetebis Seqmna soflebsa da qalaqebSi; muSebis mxridan
TavSekavebis gamoCena; damfuZnebeli krebis mowveva miwisa da erovnuli
sakiTxebis mosagvareblad. miuxedavad evgeni gegeWkorisa da valiko
juRelis mowodebebisa, miwebi dauyovnebliv daerigebinaT, im dRes xan-
dazmulma da am droisTvis sruliad WaRara noe Jordaniam gaimarjva.
man yriloba aiZula, rom mimdinare politikur miznad demokratiuli
respublikis mSenebloba gamoecxadebina. yrilobaze mxari dauWires
muSebisa da erovnuli sakiTxebis dauyovnebliv gadaWras burJuaziuli
struqturebis farglebSi.44 yrilobam aseve gadawyvita, mxari daeWira
burJuaziuli mTavrobisTvis, ramdenadac is burJuaziuli respublikis
interesebs emsaxureboda. TanamSromlobis, samoqalaqo mSvidobisa da
proletariatis mier Zalauflebaze nebayoflobiTi uaris Jordaniaseu-

li xedvis Sesabamisad daarsda qalaqis aRmasrulebeli komiteti, sadac
revoluciuri Zalebi gaerTiandnen _ qalaqis duma, Tbilisis muSaTa sab-
Wo, Tbilisis jariskacTa sabWo, msxvili partiebi da sxva socialisturi
organizaciebi, sul 59 warmomadgeneli. komitetis xelmZRvanel organod
airCa 12 kaciani biuro, romelSic sami komisari _ Jordania, xatisiani da
d. popovi Sevidnen. komitetma adgilobrivi xelisuflebis uzenaes or-
ganod gamoacxada Tavi. amierkavkasiis sxva qalaqebmac mihbaZes Tbiliss
da TavianTi aRmasrulebeli komitetebi Seqmnes. qarTveli social-de-
mokratebi ukeTes poziciaSi iyvnen Zalauflebis aRebisTvis, vidre maTi
menSeviki amxanagebi petrogradSi. qarTvelma social-demokratebma Sein-
arCunes TavianTi organizacia reaqciuli wlebis manZilze, glexebsa da
muSebs Soris Zlieri socialuri dasayrdeni hqondaT da TiTqmis aranair
winaaRmdegobas ar Sexvedrian burJuaziisgan, romelsac faqtobrivad
instituciuri Zalauflebis wyaro ar gaaCnda. maT arc miliukovebi da
kornilovebi hyavdaT misaxedi. magram 1905 wlis dekembris warumatebel-
ma ajanyebam revoluciis gamarjvebis naadrevad zeimis Secdoma cxadyo.
Zalauflebis monopolizaciis nebismieri mcdeloba arsebiTad qarTuli
organizaciis mxridan danarCeni eTnikuri jgufebis mier mosalodneli
separatizmis safrTxed SeiZleboda aRqmuliyo. omis Sewyvetis Taobaze
nebismier windauxedav gadawyvetilebas qaosis gamowveva SeeZlo omis
zurgsa da TbilisSi ganlagebul TurqeTis jarebSi. fabrika-qarxnebis
mepatroneebs, Tu Zalian gauWirdebodaT, SeeZloT daeTxovaT muSebi,
daexuraT sawarmoebi da saerTod aRar ganexorcielebinaT investici-
ebi. petrogradis xelisuflebasTan dapirispireba Seferxebebs gamoi-
wvevda purisa da samxedro momaragebis sakiTxebSi. am situaciaSi qar-
Tvel social-demokratebs SeeZloT zegavlena moexdinaT demokratiul
revoluciaze, magram arc Cqara unda emoqmedaT da arc Sors SeetopaT.
isini yvelaze metad armiis gamo iyvnen SeSfoTebulni. 1917 wlis pirvel
TveebSi jariskacebi petrogradis garnizonis patriotul suliskveTe-
bas iziarebdnen. magram samwliani xocva-Jletis Semdeg maTi enTuziazmi
gamqraliyo. 45
petrogradis sabWos mier gamocemuli № 1 brZanebis Sem-
deg Tbilisis jariskacTa deputatebis sabWom moiTxova, rom oficerTa
korpusze ufro meti kontrolis mizniT komitetebSi erTnairad yofi-
liyvnen warmodgenili oficrebi da rigiTi jariskacebi. amave dros sab-
Wom konfliqtis Semswavleli komisiac Seqmna am or mxares Soris uTanx-
moebis Tavidan asacileblad. Tbilisis jariskacTa sabWos mier pirvelad

gamoqveynebul brZanebebSi sabWo afrTxilebda jariskacebs, rom dezer-
tiroba kanonis mTeli simkacriT daisjeboda da axsenebda maT, rom ru-
seTis damarcxeba samSobloSi erovnuli Tavisuflebis dasamarebis [sic]
safrTxes qmnida.46
aprilSi Tbilisis jariskacTa da Tbilisis muSaTa sabWoebis krebebi
erTad mimdinareobda aRmasrulebeli komitetis wevrebis monawileobiT,
riTac social-demokratiuli _ socialist-revolucionerebis blokis
konsolidacia xdeboda. bloki mTeli gazafxulis manZilze frontisa da
saSinao saqmeebis scenaze politikur kontrols axorcielebda. kavkasiis
samxedro Stabbinis yvela brZaneba jer Tbilisis jariskacTa warmomad-
genlebis aRmasrulebeli komitetis xelSi gadioda. Tumca eTnikuri gan-
sxvavebisa (jariskacebi umetesad rusul enaze molaparakeebi iyvnen) da
social-demokratTa da socialist-revolucionerTa gavlenis gamo `maT~
sabWoebze organizaciulad gaerTianebis didi survili ar SeimCneoda.
social-demokratebs da socialist-revolucionerebs Soris didi
gansxvavebebi arsebobda miwis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, magram orive sabWo
òboroncul~ poziciaze idga da mxars uWerda droebiT mTavrobasa da
fabrika-qarxnebSi disciplinis damyarebas. realur saSiSroebas armiis
politizirebis da misi Tavdacvisunarianobis Sesustebis safrTxe war-
moadgenda, rac SeiZleboda organizaciul gaerTianebas moetana Sedegad.
kavkasiis samxareo armiis pirveli yriloba 23 aprils Sedga. miuxe-
davad frontis xazze situaciis gauaresebisa, yrilobam bolSevikebis
sisuste aCvena, magram gamoamJRavna social-demokratebisa da social-
ist-revolucionerebis myife, daZabulobiTa da erTmaneTis metoqeobiT
gaTvaluli blokic. Tbilisis muSaTa warmomadgenlebis sabWos aRmas-
rulebeli komitetis krebaze 14 aprils a. lomTaTiZem daJinebiT moiTxo-
va, rom social-demokratebs [sakuTar] xelSi aeRoT yrilobis xelmZR-
vaneloba. viqtor xomeriksa da valiko juRels, social-demokratebis
rCeul oratorebs, miTiTeba miecaT, moemzadebinaT 1200 delegati samx-
edroebis yrilobisaTvis. erTTvian yrilobas generali iudeniCi didi
mRelvarebiT adevnebda Tvals. minskSi imave Tves gamarTuli dasavleT
frontis yrilobis msgavsad, aqac rigiTi jariskacebisgan anarqiuli
moTxovnebi ismoda. erTkviriani debatebis Semdeg jariskacebs politika
moeriaT da isini revoluciur vnebaTaRelvaSi CaerTvnen.
yrilobas gegeWkori Tavmjdomareobda, prezidiumSi cxra social-
demokrati da Svidi socialist-revolucioneri ijda. amis gamo yvela
mniSvnelovani moxseneba social-demokratebisa da socialist-revolu-

cionerebis blokis xelSi aRmoCnda: akaki Cxenkeli omze akeTebda moxsene-
bas, noe ramiSvili _ Sromaze, d. donskoi (s-r) droebiT mTavrobaze, d.
popovi _ mimdinare movlenebze. yriloba SeTanxmda revoluciuri ruse-
Tis energiul dacvaze mSvidobis damyarebamde, yovelgvari aneqsaciebisa
da kontribuciebis gareSe. Cxenkelma daarwmuna kongresi, rom vilhelmis
mTavrobasTan damoukideblad dadebul zavs inglisisa da safrangeTis
ganadgureba mohyveboda, Semdeg ki maTic.47 armiaSi aikrZala politikuri
partiebi da erovnuli organizaciebi, Tumca dauSves respublikuri
partiebis ideebis propagandisa da agitaciis sruli Tavisufleba. mi-
wis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT socialist-revolucionerebma gaimarjves.
rezoluciiT daadgines, rom ruseTis saxelmwifoSi sakuTreba miwaze
samudamod unda gauqmebuliyo da miwasTan dakavSirebuli urTierTo-
bebi unda dayrdnoboda rusul obSCinas. amave dros, yrilobam moiTxova,
rom glexebs Tavi SeekavebinaT miwebis misakuTrebisgan, sanam damfuZne-
beli kreba ar gascemda oficialur uflebas.48 droebiT mTavrobas, maT
Soris axal socialist wevrebsac, pirobiTi mxardaWera gamoucxades.
sabolood 150 warmomadgeneli kavkasiis samxareo armiis sabWoSi air-
Cies, romlis prezidiumi 26 wevrs iTvlida. adgilebTan dakavSirebuli
uTanxmoebis gamo social-demokratebi da socialist-revolucionerebi
kinaRam gaixliCnen, magram bolos da bolos socialist-revolucioneri
d. donskoi airCies Tavmjdomared. popovi da gegeWkori mas prezidiumSi
SeuerTdnen.
sanam jariskacebi kamaTobdnen, glexebi regionebSi sabWoebs qmnidnen.
martSi Seqmnili amierkavkasiis muSaTa warmomadgenlebis samxareo sabWo
glexebis sabWos SeuerTda da kavkasiis muSaTa da glexTa warmomadgen-
lebis samxareo sabWod iqca. misi delegatebi pirvel yrilobaze 21 maiss
Seikribnen. 261 delegatidan 144 glexi iyo, umetesad qarTveli. 117 muSa
delegatidan 69 saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxidan iyo. xuTi glexi del-
egatis garda yvela glexi Tbilisis, quTaisis da soxumis olqebidan iyo.49
prezidiumSi 6 social-demokrati da sami socialist-revolucioneri
Sevida, prezidiumis Tavmjdomared ki noe Jordania airCies. yrilobaze
miRebuli rezoluciebi qarTuli social-demokratiis wesrigis aRdgenis
survils asaxavda da mis mcdelobas, darCeniliyo burJuaziuli revolu-
ciis parametrebSi. ministrTa kabinetis aprilSi ganviTarebuli krizisi
da premier-ministr lvovis mier axali koaliciuri kabinetis Seqmnis wi-
nadadeba debatebis mTavari sakiTxi gaxda. Jordaniam dagmo petrogra-

dis sabWos gadawyvetileba, mxari daeWiraT axlad Seqmnil koaliciur
mTavrobaSi social-demokratebis monawileobis ideisTvis da gadaw-
yvetilebas `didi Secdoma~ uwoda. man ganacxada, social-demokratebi
mTavrobaSi qvemodan wamosuli moTxovniT ki ar movidnen, aramed zevidan
imoqmedes maTze, imis SiSiT, rom burJuazias uari ar eTqva xelisufleba-
Si monawileobazeo. Jordaniam Tqva, burJuazias surs, pasuxismgebloba
mTlianad demokratias daakisros da amiT Cveni diskreditireba moaxdi-
noso.50 gansakuTrebul situaciaSi SeiZleboda socialistebis monawil-
eoba mTavrobaSi, magram am droisaTvis burJuazia sakmaod Zlieri iyo
imisTvis, rom revolucia Tavad ganegrZoo. is gafrTxilebas iZleoda,
socialisti ministrebi ususur portfelebs daTanxmdnen da axla dile-
mis winaSe aRmoCndnen: rogorc proletariatis warmomadgenelebs, maT ar
SeuZliaT uari Tqvan masebis mier wamoyenebuli socialuri moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebaze... magram maTi ganxorcielebisas [ministrebi] burJua-
zias kontrrevoluciis banakisken ubiZgebeno. Jordaniam glexobas or-
ganizebisken mouwoda revoluciis konsolidaciis da reaqciis Tavidan
acilebis mizniT.51 Jordanias gafrTxilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT yrilo-
bam uari Tqva, sakuTar Tavze aeRo pasuxismgebloba mTavrobis qmedebe-
bze da uaryo mowodebebi muSebis mier Zalauflebis aRebaze. magram is
mainc droebiTi mTavrobis mxardamWerad rCeboda. arCevani ar iyo.
kavkasiis samxareo armiis pirveli yrilobisgan gansxvavebiT, romel-
mac xma misca miwis `socializacias~, muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis
sabWoebis samxareo yrilobam municipalizacias dauWira mxari. tyis, sa-
Zovrebisa da saxnav-saTesi miwebis marTva gadaecemoda adgilobriv mi-
wis sakiTxTa komitetebs, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs da saarbitraJo
komisiebs. erT-erTma glexma deputatma gailaSqra socializaciis nebi-
smieri formiT mcdelobis winaaRmdeg, misi azriT, es glexisTvis mi-
wis konfiskacias niSnavda. man Tqva, rom glexi sisxlisRvris gareSe ar
daTmobda sakuTari ofliT morwyul miwas. es yrilobisTvis micemuli
gafrTxileba iyo. 52 noe ramiSvilma muSaTa sakiTxze gaakeTa moxseneba da
moiTxova maTTvis rvasaaTiani samuSao dRis daweseba, minimaluri xelfa-
sis dadgena, jamagiris dauyovnebliv momateba da samedicino da umuSev-
robis sadazRvevo sistemis amoqmedeba. man uari Tqva mowodebaze muSebis
kontrolTan dakavSirebiT da es yvavebisTvis qvemexis daSenas Seadara.
arc sabWos da arc muSebs fabrika-qarxnebis gakontrolebis meqanizmebi
ar gaaCndaT da nebismieri mcdeloba am mimarTulebiT maT masiur dax-

urvas da muSebis gaTavisuflebas moitanda Tan, rasac, bunebrivia, `Za-
lebis gafantva da decentralizacia mohyveboda sabWoSi~. 53 rezoluciam
daadastura rvasaaTiani samuSao dRis moTxovna, risTvisac menSevikebma
ibrZoles petrogradSi, magram, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom qveyana omis
mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda, rezolucia nebas rTavda, sabrZolo teqni-
kis warmoebaSi dakavebul muSebs zedmeti saaTebi emuSavaT. davebs da ja-
magiris gazrdis sakiTxebs gadawyvetda saarbitraJo komisiebi, romelTa
SemadgenlobaSi Tanabrad iyvnen warmodgenilni muSebi da fabrika-qa-
rxnebis mepatroneebi.
noe Jordaniam moxseneba erovnul sakiTxze gaakeTa. man xazi gaus-
va kulturuli TviTgamorkvevis upirates mniSvnelobas politikur-
Tan SedarebiT. man ganacxada, rom erovnuli idea kulturuli ideaa.
misi azriT, mravalerovnuli mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis saukeTeso gza
iqneboda erovnuli sakiTxis CamoSoreba saxelmwifos kompetenciisgan
da misi gadacema TviTmmarTveli erovnul-kulturuli institutebi-
sTvis. erovnul-teritoriuli avtonomia imave Sedegebs moitanda, ra-
sac saxelmwifoebrioba, anu burJuaziis kontrols da umciresobaTa
Cagvras. rezolucia Jordanias ideebs asaxavda: man uaryo federalizmi
_ `burJuaziuli idea~, da mouwoda regionuli TviTmmarTvelobisken,
romelic daeyrdnoboda sami mTavari jgufis teritoriebs. maT far-
To uflebamosilebebi eqnebodaT kulturis sakiTxebSi, kerZod, gana-
Tlebis, adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebis, magaliTad, vaWrobisa da
marTlmsajulebis sferoebSi. Sereuli teritoriebisTvis Seiqmneboda
teritoriuli mTavroba, romlis uflebamosilebaSi Sevidoda saerTo
ekonomikuri kursis gansazRvra, xolo TviTmmarTveli kulturuli in-
stitutebi warmarTavdnen TiToeuli erovnuli umciresobis adgilo-
briv sakiTxebs. rezoluciis mizani iyo umravlesobisTvis umciresobis
kontrolis SesaZleblobis CamorTmeva. 54
social-demokratebi umravlesobas warmoadgendnen muSaTa da glex-
Ta deputatebis kavkasiis samxareo centris (romelsac axali saxeli daer-
qva) axal prezidiumSi. noe Jordania prezidiumis Tavmjdomare gaxldaT,
xolo misi moadgile _ socialist-revolucioneri iliko qavTaraZe.
26 maiss armiis samxareo sabWo da muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis ka-
vkasiis samxareo centri gaerTiandnen. airCies axali prezidiumi, romlis
SemadgenlobaSi 26 wevri Sevida TiTqmis yvela socialuri jgufidan (25
muSa da 25 glexi muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis kavkasiis samxareo cen-

tridan da 25 jariskaci armiis samxareo sabWodan). noe Jordania kidev
erTxel iqna arCeuli prezidiumis Tavmjdomared, xolo moadgileebad
mas evgeni gegeWkori da socialist-revolucioneri donskoi hyavda. iv-
nisis dasasruls glexTa deputatebis sabWos kavkasiis samxareo centrma
damoukideblad Caatara Tavisi yriloba, magram isic sxvebs SeuerTda da
ivlisis dasawyisisTvis erTiani da axali muSaTa, jariskacTa da glexTa
deputatebis sabWoebis kavkasiis samxareo aRmasrulebeli komiteti mu-
Saobas Seudga social-demokratebisa da socialist-revolucionerebis
erTiani xelmZRvanelobiT. am gaerTianebis miuxedavad, Zalaufleba mainc
jariskacebisa da muSebis sxvadasxva seqtorebis xelSi rCeboda kavka-
siis samxareo centrisa da Tbilisis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis
sabWos farglebSi. im zafxuls omiT gamowveulma daZabulobam da axlad
aRorZinebulma bolSevikebis kavkasiurma organizaciam (am ukanasknels
biZgi misca rsdmp (b)-is bolSevikebis meSvide (aprilis) sruliad ruse-
Tis konferenciam) sabWoSi safrTxe Seuqmnes didi mondomebiT miRweul
wesrigs. qaosurma mdgomareobam petrogradsa da TbilisSi 1917 wlis
Tebervlis Semdeg, `reaqciuli~ oficrebis Secvlam da momaragebisa da
transportis sferoebSi srulma Cavardnam kavkasiis armia katastrofis
piras miiyvana, miuxedavad misi 1915-1916 wlebis samxedro warmatebebisa.
1916-1917 wlebis mkacrma zamTarma kavkasiis fronti gare samyaros mosw-
yvita. jariskacebs sakvebad sakuTari cxenebis gamoyeneba uxdebodaT da
suravandic daeriaT. marto 1917 wlis 1-dan 18 aprilamde periodSi ka-
vkasiis armiaSi 30 000-mde jariskaci daiRupa tifisa da suravandisgan.
55
zafxulis dasawyisisTvis disciplina saerTod moiSala da TbilisSi
dezertirTa jgufebi gamoCnda. isini soflebsac moednen sakvebis sa-
Sovrad. SeSfoTebulma òzakomma` specialuri sabWo Seqmna, romelic
dezertirebs exmareboda saxlSi dabrunebaSi. sabWom akrZala, agreTve,
iaraRis unebarTvod tareba. bolSevikebma Ria Sekrebebi Caatares aleq-
sandres baRSi. Tbilisis sabWos gazeTi, `Известия Тифлисского совета
рабочих и солдатских депутатов~, ase aRwerda 1917 wlis 4 ivniss Catare-
bul krebas: monawileTa umravlesobas jariskacebi warmoadgendnen.
oratorebi, romlebic Tavs bolSevikebs uwodebdnen, kerenskis Rala-
tze miuTiTebdnen... [da] miwisa da bankebis saCqarod miTvisebis saWiroe-
baze saubrobdnen. am sityvebis msmenelebi kargi TvaliT ar uyurebdnen
menSevik oratorebs. 56 10 ivniss muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis Tbilisis
sabWos jariskacTa seqtoris aRmasrulebeli komitetis damatebiTma ar-

Cevnebma aCvena, rom bolSevikebis lozungebi efeqturi gamodga. bolSe-
vikebma 14 adgili moipoves, maSin, roca socialist-revolucionerebma
_ 12 da menSevikebma _ 8. 13 ivniss noe Jordaniam gaafrTxila komiteti,
rom Tbilisis garnizonis nawilebSi anarqiuli mdgomareoba SeimCneoda
da mouwoda, samxedroebi `meamboxe elementebisgan` gaewmindaT.57 prob-
lemebs yvelaze metad arsenalis, gvardiis, artileriis, yarsis polkis
jariskacebi da mesangreebi qmnidnen. ramdenime nawili, romelzec eWvi
hqondaT, rom bolSevikebs TanaugrZnobdnen, frontis xazze gagzavnes.
dasavleTis frontze ganxorcielebuli ivnisis uiRblo Seteva imave
TveSi dagmo social-demokratebis gazeTma èrTobam~ da rsdmp-is amier-
kavkasiis meeqvse samxareo yrilobam. magram cxare debatebis Semdeg da noe
Jordanias daJinebuli moTxovniT Tbilisis muSaTa da jariskacTa sab-
Wos aRmasrulebel komitets 23 ivniss mxardaWera mainc gamoacxadebines.
rezoluciam daaskvna, rom xsenebuli Seteva msoflio omis erT-erTi im
epizodTagani iyo, romelic arafriT cvlida maT miznebs.58 sabrZolo
moqmedebebma jariskacebis saprotesto moZraoba gaaZliera mTels ka-
vkasiaSi, isini quTaisisa da baTumis garnizonebSic Relavdnen. 25 ivniss
Tbilisis garnizonis jariskacebi gamoeyvnen oficialur mitings da
risxviT dagmes Tbilisis sabWo dasavleTis Setevis mxardaWeris gamo.
maT bolSevikebis daxmarebiT miiRes rezoluciebi omis damTavrebisa da
Zalauflebis sabWosTvis gadacemis Sesaxeb. qarTvel social-demokrat-
Ta xma CaxSobili iqna. am sakiTxma gasakuTrebuli mniSvneloba SeiZina.
`Известия Тифлисского совета рабочих и солдатских депутатов~ werda, 25 ivni-
sis mitingma cxadad gviCvena, rogori kontrrevoluciuri Zalebi arsebo-
ben armiaSi da rogor ewevian ZirgamomTxrel saqmianobas eqstremistuli
lozungebis safarqveS; gaxleCa arasando elementebma gamoiwvies... ruse-
Tis Soreuli regionebidan Camosuli glexi jariskacebis darwmuneba ad-
viliao. 59 mitingis Semdeg jariskacebi SturmiT Sevardnen mefisnacvlis
yofil sasaxleSi da linCis wesiT gasamarTlebiT daemuqrnen Tbilisis
sabWos aRmasrulebeli komitetis wverebs, romlebic iq Sexvedras ata-
rebdnen. yvelaferi naTeli iyo. armia unda ganeitralebuliyo.
momdevno dRes Jordaniam mosalodneli didi revoluciuri kri-
zisis Sesaxeb gaakeTa gancxadeba da dagmo bolSevikebis lozungebs
amofarebuli Savbneli Zalebi. man muSebs mouwoda, samoqalaqo omisT-
vis daewyoT momzadeba. Tbilisis sabWo moiTxovda sando samxedro
nawilis Seqmnas da politikur maqsimalizmTan brZolas. Tbilisis gar-

nizonis ufrosis pesimisturi angariSi iuwyeboda, rom jariskacebi ar
ibrZolebdnen da rom erTaderTi sando samxedro danayofi ìunkerTa
skolaSi` eguleboda. is albaT kadetTa samxedro saswavlebels gulisx-
mobda. sabWos gankargulebaSi SeiaraRebuli gurulebis jgufi iyo, mag-
ram muSebis SeiaraRebis idea maT didad ar siamovnebdaT. qarTvel so-
cial-demokratTa iRblad, bolSevikebi sakmarisad ver akontrolebdnen
jariskacebs, maT (bolSevikebs) arc saWiro vaJkacoba hyofnidaT da cen-
tridan wamosuli signalebic gaurkveveli iyo maTTvis. petrogradis
ivlisis movlenebis Semdeg dabneulma adgilobrivma bolSevikebma xeli
moaweres deklaracias, romelic gmobda Tbilisis sabWos nebarTvis gar-
eSe Catarebul yvela saxis demonstracias. kavkasiis armiis samxareo sab-
Wom 10 ivliss miiRo rezolucia, romelic Tbilisis garnizonis aRmas-
rulebeli komitetis nebarTviT jariskacebs uflebas aZlevda, mitingebi
moewyoT, magram samxedro xasiaTis mitingebs krZalavda. gaica brZaneba
dezertirebisa da omis sawinaaRmdego propagandistebis dapatimrebis
Sesaxeb. aikrZala bolSevikebis gazeTis, `Кавказский рабочий~-is frontis
xazze gavrceleba. sabWos Zalaufleba ar Seryeula, magram jariskacTa
sul ufro mzardi agresiuloba da daZabuloba social-demokratebisa da
socialist-revolucionerebis qarTul blokSi SemaSfoTebeli gaxda.
metoqeebi/kandidatebi
Tbilisis sabWos aRmasrulebeli komiteti da Tbilisis garnizo-

nis aRmasrulebeli komiteti, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi umravleso-
bas qarTveli social-demokratebi warmoadgendnen, da kavkasiis armiis
samxareo sabWo, romelSic socialist-revolucionerebi Warbobdnen,
Zalauflebis realuri mflobelebi iyvnen saqarTveloSi. Tumca sxva
pretendentebic arsebobdnen. maSin, roca òzakomi~, Tbilisis saqalaqo
duma da qalaqis aRmasrulebeli komitetebi TavianT mniSvnelobas kar-
gavdnen, sxvebi, kerZod ki erovnuli sabWoebi da partiuli komitetebi,
mas iZendnen. òzakoms~ Tavidan Zala ar hqonda. zurab avaliSvilma, qa-
rTvelma erovnul-demokratma, Semdegnairad aRwera misi Semadgenloba
(masSi kavkasiis umTavresi erovnuli jgufis warmomadgenlebi Sediod-
nen): `qarTveli, somexi da TaTari xalxebis kavSiri rusuli xelmZRva-
nelobiT.~ amgvari simboluroba komitetis albaT erTaderTi dadebiTi

mxare iyo.60 òzakoms~ arasdros daudgenia Tavisi mkafio roli da qaRal-
dis grovebSi aburduli peticiebisa da Txovnebis WaobSi Caeflo.61 misma
mcdelobam, warmoedgina amierkavkasiis yvela xalxi, dabneuloba gamoiw-
via. rogorc imdroindeli ambebis erT-erTi mowme ambobda, roca xalxi
òzakomSi~ modioda, mxolod Tavis, èrovnul~ warmomadgenelTan Sexve-
dras lamobda. sakmarisi iyo misaReb dReebSi dakvirvebodiT, Tu vin idga
vis karebTan, magaliTad, xarmalovs karebTan rusebi elodebodnen, papa-
janovs _ somxebi, jafarovs _ TaTrebi da abaSiZes _ qarTvelebio. aR-
moCnda, rom saerTo interesebi komisris erovnebaze iyo damokidebuli...
politikuri xazi saerTod ar arsebobdao.62 òzakomis`Ä mier 18 aprils
miRebuli, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis organizaciis Sesaxeb kanonis
mixedviT mmarTveloba unda ganxorcielebuliyo arCeuli aRmasrulebe-
li komitetebis, samxareo komitetebisa da komisrebis mier. `kavkasiis mo-
qalaqeebisadmi mimarTvaSi~ òzakomma~ ganacxada, rom is aRmsareblobis
Tavisuflebas ganamtkicebda, sasamarTlo reformebs gaatarebda da de-
mokratiul adgilobriv sabWoebs Seqmnida.63 òzakomma~ Seqmna komisiebi
da komitetebi, magram drois umetesobas miwis misakuTrebis winaaRmdeg
gacemul brZanebasTan dakavSirebuli Txovnebis ganxilvas andomebda an
dezertirebisa da gadasaxadebis argadamxdelebis problemebs swavlob-
da. magram òzakoms~ arc Tavisi eleqtorati hyavda da arc aRmasrulebe-
li Zalaufleba gaaCnda, amitom misi gadawyvetilebebi ZalaSi arc Sedio-
da. sabWoebis keTil nebaze damokidebuli òzakomis~ ususurobas kidev
ufro aRrmavebda is faqti, rom droebiT mTavrobas dadgenili ar hqonda
misi kompetenciis ganmsazRvreli mkafio samarTlebrivi normebi.64 amas
emateboda kavkasiis saqmeTa komisris Tanamdeboba da misi uflebamosile-
ba. òzakomi~ konfliqtur mdgomareobaSi iyo adgilobriv sabWoebTan
da centrTanac, romelic samxareo avtonomiis gaZlierebas ufrTxoda.
petrogradi sayvedurobda òzakoms,~ rom is mandatis sazRvrebs gascda.
Cxenkeli, romelic kadeti xarmalovis Semdeg komitetis Tavmjdomare
gaxda ivnisSi, xSirad Cioda òzakomis~ uZlurebaze, rom mas ar SeeZlo
kanonebis miReba da arc vinmes daniSvna an Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufle-
ba centris Tanxmobis gareSe. miuxedavad imisa, rom wereTeli droebiTi
mTavrobis wevri iyo, mTavroba TiTqmis ar aqcevda yuradRebas erovnu-
li sakiTxis dinamikas kavkasiaSi, albaT mas Rrmad swamda, rom qarTveli
social-demokratebis gonierebis wyalobiT aq wesrigi SenarCundeboda.
droebiTi mTavroba, misi menSeviki mxardamWerebis CaTvliT, varaudob-

da, rom erovnuli miswrafebebi demokratizaciis gziT dakmayofilde-
boda. rogorc wereTeli igonebda, droebiTi mTavroba erovnuli umci-
resobebis moTxovnebis dakmayofilebas cdilobda, Sida mmarTvelobis
saqmeebis xelSi aRebas demokratiuli zomebis gatarebiT lamobda da im-
edovnebda, rom mmarTveli organoebi ufro dauaxlovdebodnen xalxs.65
droebiTma mTavrobam 2 aprils sakmaod maRalfardovani gancxadeba
gaakeTa Tanaswori uflebebisa da mSobliuri enis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ga-
naTlebasa da biznesSi, magram amave dros is erovnuli avtonomiis gaz-
rdis moTxovnebs uaryofda.66 Tebervalsa da ivliss Soris periodSi
droebiTi mTavroba ukrainisa da fineTis avtonomiasTan dakavSirebul
konfliqtebSi ise gaixlarTa, rom fineTSi samoqalaqo omis gaCaRebas
Seuwyo xeli, ukrainis krizisic gaaRrmava da sabolood sakuTari Za-
lauflebis damxobac daaCqara.67 droebiTma mTavrobam alRo ver auRo
yofili imperiis koloniebSi ganviTarebul revoluciur dinamikas,
amis gamoxatuleba iyo swored kavkasiis administraciis ugulebelyo-
fa. is sulelur dekretebs gamoscemda, magaliTisTvis Rvinis gayidvis
akrZalvac ikmarebda. Rvino xom Semosavlis mTavari wyaro iyo kavkasie-
li glexebisTvis, amitom bunebrivia, brZaneba ZalaSi ver Sevidoda. rusi
menSevikebi da sruliad ruseTis sabWoebis yriloba erTnairad ver xe-
davdnen ararusuli regionebis problemebs.
regionebSi adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis sxva formebic arsebobda,
magaliTad, saqalaqo da samxareo aRmasrulebeli komitetebis sistema
(sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis aRmasrulebeli komiteti), romelSic
ufro mniSvnelovani politikuri da socialuri Zalebis warmomadgen-
lebi Sediodnen, kerZod, adgilobrivi mTavrobisa da partiebis wevrebi.
maT xSirad nakleb yuradRebas aqcevdnen, magram oficialurad mainc
irCevdnen soflis doneze, Semdeg ki amomrCevlebis sistemis gziT gu-
berniis doneze aRmasrulebeli komitetebis wevrebis arCeva xdeboda.
guberniis aRmasrulebel komitets òzakomis~ mier daniSnuli srulu-
flebiani piri zedamxedvelobda, magram komitetebi adgilobriv munici-
palur Cinovnikebs akontrolebdnen da mniSvnelovan administraciul
funqciebsac axorcielebdnen provinciebSi. es komitetebi samoqalaqo,
erovnul da regionul doneebze TanamSromlobis simbolo iyo, anu, ris
miRwevasac social-demokratebi Tavdauzogavad cdilobdnen. qalaqebSi
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis aRmasrulebeli komitetebis wevrebs

niSnavdnen.
martSi guberniis aRmasrulebeli komitetebis amierkavkasiis yri-
loba Sedga. mis prezidiumSi kavkasiis umsxvilesi erovnuli jgufebis
warmomadgenlebi isxdnen: noe Jordania, popovi, xatisiani da ali mardan
bei TofCibaSevi (TofCibaSi).
saqalaqo saTaTbiroebi wamyvan rols asrulebdnen aRmasrulebel
komitetebSi. social-demokratebi fiqrobdnen, rom `progresuli bur-
Juaziis~ adgili saTaTbiroebSi unda yofiliyo da is revoluciasac unda
gasZRoloda.68 1905 wlisgan gansxvavebiT 1917 wels Tbilisis duma um-
niSvnelo Zalas warmoadgenda. is Tbilisis sabWos eqvemdebareboda. mis
aivnebze aRar isxdnen xmauriani mayureblebi, mis darbazSi aRar imarTe-
boda masobrivi mitingebi da arc jariskacebi darajobdnen karebs. ivli-
sis bolos somexi vaWrebisa da qarTveli aristokratebis mier gamagrebu-
li `burJuaziis~ es cixesimagrec daeca. 23 ivlisis arCevnebSi, romelmac
Zveli, `kuriis~ sistema gaauqma, 120 adgilidan social-demokratebma 50
aiRes, daSnakcutunma ki _ 24.69 socialist-revolucionerebis 20-ma da
bolSevikebis 7-ma adgilma socialistebs Tbilisis dumaSi umravlesoba
miaRebina. qalaqis merad yofili social-demokrati, niko eliava airCies.
adgilobrivi burJuazia karga xnis CamoSorebuli iyo burJuaziul rev-
olucias. axla visTan unda eTanamSromlaT social-demokratebs? somx-
uri saxalxo partia, romelic somex vaWrebsa da mewarmeebs aerTianeb-
da, qarTuli erovnul-demokratiuli partia, kadetebi da Turqebis
federalisturi saxalxo partia (Türk Ademi-merkeziyet Halk Firkasi) ukve
izolirebulni iyvnen adgilobrivi revoluciuri politikis wyalobiT.
zafxulisTvis kavkasiis burJuaziis liderebi, rogorc aseTi, saqalaqo
saTaTbiroebSi aRar isxdnen. maT erovnul sabWoebSi, komitetebSi da
politikur partiebSi gadainacvles.
Tebervlis revolucia erovnuli Tavisuflebisa da klasobrivi eman-
sipaciis miRwevis saSualebas iZleoda. aprilSi kavkasielma muslimaneb-
ma sruliad kavkasiis muslimanTa yriloba Caatares, romelzec gakeTda
mowodeba, demokratiuli ruseTis farglebSi Seqmniliyo sakanonmdeblo
uflebamosilebis mqone administraciuli centri, romelic teritori-
ul-federaluri principiT iqneboda organizebuli. 1917 wlis Sua xanebi-
sTvis kavkasiis ori umsxvilesi muslimanuri partia, musavati (erToba)
da Turquli federalisturi saxalxo partia, gaerTiandnen da terito-
riuli avtonomiis kursi aiRes federaluri saxelmwifos sazRvrebSi.

baqoSi daarsda muslimanTa sazogadoebrivi asociaciebis sabWo, xolo
ganjaSi _ ganjis erovnuli sabWo. noemberSi ganjis erovnulma sabWom
muslimanTa SeiaraRebuli jgufebis Seqmna daiwyo. aprilSi daSnakcu-
tunis xelmZRvanelobiT somxebma Caatares pirveli yriloba, erevnis
soflelTa yriloba, romelzec gaisma mowodeba ruseTis demokratiuli
federaluri saxelmwifos Seqmnaze kulturuli uflebebiT somxebisT-
vis. maisSi somxurma partiaTSorisma sabWom dasavleT somxebis pirve-
li yriloba moiwvia. 1917 wlis zafxulSi somxuri politikis centrSi
somxebis erovnuli biuro (1912), partiaTSorisi sabWo da daSnakcutuni
moeqcnen. seqtembris bolos mowveul aRmosavleT somxebis yrilobaze
warmodgenili iyo TiTqmis yvela somxuri partia da organizacia. daS-
nakcutuns yrilobis 200 delegatidan 113 delegati hyavda. yrilobaze
35 wevriani erovnuli asamblea da ufro mcire Semadgenlobis, 15 wevri-
ani, erovnuli sabWo airCies. erovnuli sabWo araoficialuri mTavroba
gaxda, romelic koordinacias uwevda adgilobrivi somxuri sabWoebis
muSaobas kavkasiaSi, xolo erovnulma asambleam somxuri politikuri
cxovrebis gakontroleba aiRo Tavze.
erovnuli damoukideblobisTvis arc muslimanTa da arc somexTa li-
derebi ar ibrZodnen, magram maTi programebi erovnul administraciebs
mainc iTvaliswinebda. saqarTvelos teritoriaze macxovrebeli sxva
mcire eTnikuri jgufebi, magaliTad, afxazebi da osebi, msgavs preten-
ziebs ayenebdnen. samxreT osebma 1917 wlis ivnisSi mowveul yrilobaze
erovnuli teritoriuli TviTmmarTveloba moiTxoves. samwuxarod, mx-
olod qarTvelma social-demokratebma icodnen yvelaze kargad, rom es
sazRvrebTan da uflebamosilebasTan dakavSirebul konfliqtamde mi-
iyvanda saqmes.70
qarTvelebis erovnuli aRorZineba mxolod kulturis sakiTxebs Se-
exeboda. qarTulma eklesiam aRidgina avtokefalia 12 marts da qarTveli
inteleqtualebi dasavleTidan Sin gamoeSurnen axlad gaTavisuflebu-
li qarTuli kulturis saZirkvlis. umal Seiqmna qarTuli universite-
tis daarsebis sazogadoeba (Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti 1918
wlis ianvarSi gaixsna), romelmac 1917 wlis maisSi gaxsna konservatoria,
xolo cota xnis Semdeg _ kavkasiis arqeologiisa da istoriis insti-
tuti. daarsda mweralTa kavSiri da saqarTvelos msaxiobTa studia da
quCebis saxelebis gamocvlis saxaliso procesic daiwyo.
aprilSi socialist-federalistebisa da axladCamoyalibebuli

erovnul-demokratiuli partiebis iniciativiT saqarTvelos umsxviles-
ma politikurma partiebma, maT Soris social-demokratebma, ori inter-
partiuli Sekreba Caatares da sainformacio biuro daaarses. Sekrebaze
ganixiles saqarTvelos sazRvrebi da teritoriuli statusis sakiTxi.
am etapze qarTveli social-demokratebi uars ambobdnen saqarTvelos
erovnul sabWosTan TanamSromlobaze. isini SiSobdnen, rom es mtrulad
ganawyobda maT mimarT samxedroebsa da socialist-revolucionerebs.
magram petrogradi uZluri aRmoCnda imisTvis, rom revoluciuri situa-
ciis stabilizebisTvis mieRwia da 3 agvistos social-demokratebi, akaki
Cxenkelis xelmZRvanelobiT, romelic yvelaze metad erTgulebda da-
moukidebeli erovnuli institutebis Seqmnis ideas, biuros mesame sxdo-
mas daeswrnen. 21-Si SeTanxmdnen, rom biurosTvis saxeli SeecvalaT da
èrovnuli interpartiuli sabWo~ daerqmiaT. akaki Cxenkeli da noe Jor-
dania mis aRmasrulebel komitetSi airCies.71
qarTveli social-demokratebi amtkicebdnen, rom rogorc sabWos
monawileebs, maT qarTveli nacionalistebis gakontroleba SeeZloT.
maT miuTiTes imis Sesaxeb, rom erovnuli interpartiuli sabWo ruse-
Tis demokratiul respublikas TanaugrZnobda da erovnul sakiTxze
saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba damfuZnebel krebas misces.
qarTvel social-demokratebs gauWirdaT nacionalist Tanamemamulee-
bTan TanamSromloba da oqtomberSi sabWodan gamovidnen, magram mcire
xniT, radgan oqtombris revoluciam isini sabWoSi ukan daabruna. noem-
berSi social-demokratebi aqtiurad muSaobdnen saqarTvelos erovnu-
li yrilobis mosawvevad. yriloba mdidruli ornamentebiT morTul aR-
mosavluri stilis saxelmwifo xazinis TeatrSi (amJamad faliaSvilis
sax. operisa da baletis Teatri) 19 noembers Catarda. mas saqarTvelos
yvela msxvili partiis da sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, profkavSire-
bidan dawyebuli da aristokratTa sazogadoebebiTa da eklesiiT dam-
Tavrebuli, 329 delegati daeswro.72 20 noembers yrilobisadmi mimar-
Tul sityvaSi noe Jordaniam daadastura Tavisi erTguleba unitaruli
rusuli saxelmwifosadmi, sadac kavkasiuri seimi imuSavebda da adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis erovnuli organoebi kavkasiis didi eTnikuri
jgufebis problemebs moagvarebdnen. misi prioriteti didi rusuli sax-
elmwifos SenarCuneba iyo. man ganacxada: cxadia, rom Cven imave safuZ-
velze vdgavarT, sadac uwin videqiT, anu ruseTTan kavSirSio.73 magram
is qarTvelebisTvis mets moiTxovda da ufro mkafiod. mas undoda, rom

saqarTvelos erovnul sabWos SesZleboda sakuTari kanonebis, qarTuli
armiisa da miliciis, erovnuli administraciis Seqmna. mas saqarTvelos
sasamarTlo da saganmanaTleblo sistemebis nacionalizacia undoda.
man Tqva: Cven ori sakiTxi gvaqvs gadasaWreli da erTianoba gvWirdeba...
pirveli sakiTxia Cveni erovnuli arsebobis garantia, meore ki im safuZ-
vlis Seqmnaa, romelzec Tavisuflad SevZlebT Cveni xalxis kulturul
ganviTarebas; erovnuli yriloba am safuZvelSi Cadebuli pirveli agu-
riao. 74 erovnuli da internacionaluri brZolis gaerTianeba iyo swored
is, razec qarTveli social-demokratebi didi xania fiqrobdnen. ivnisis
Sekrebaze Cxenkels naTqvami hqonda Tavisi msmenelebisTvis, social-
izmisTvis brZola amave dros erovnuli gaTavisuflebisTvis brZolaao.
Jordanias moxsenebam gaaRviva mravalerovnuli ruseTisadmi erTgule-
ba.75 misTvis alternativa saqarTvelos aRmosavleTisadmi daqvemdebare-
bas niSnavda.76 magram ruseTi omis adreul etapze iyo da saqarTvelos
TiTqmis aRar hqonda centrTan kontaqti. misi `saerTo safuZvlis~ for-
mulireba daSoreboda klasobriv formulirebas, magram es realisturi
pasuxi iyo saqarTvelos izolaciisa da usafrTxoebis sakiTxTan dakav-
SirebiT.
saqarTvelos erovnulma yrilobam ver moipova gavlena somxebsa da
muslimanebs Soris da Tbilisis muSaTa da jariskacTa deputetebis aR-
masrulebeli komiteti umTavres politikur Zalad darCa amierkavkasiis
komisariatis Seqmnamde, anu 1917 wlis noembramde. qarTveli social-de-
mokratebi realurad axorcielebdnen kontrols saqarTvelos erovnuli
kongresis arCeul erovnul sabWoze da mis aRmasrulebel komitetze.77
magram vin visTan TanamSromelTa? gasrisa Tu ara qarTulma social-de-
mokratiam yrilobis memarjveneTa winaaRmdegoba, Tu is koaliciaSi Se-
vida burJuaziasTan? qarTveli social-demokratebi erovnul sabWoSi
umravlesobas warmoadgendnen, magram es kursi proletariatis hegemo-
niis win wamowevas uwyobda xels. am strategiis winaaRmdeg Jordanias
gafrTxileba hqonda micemuli. erovnuli sabWoebi Zirs uTxrida kavka-
siuri mravaleTnikuri da internacionaluri politikuri sistemis so-
cial-demokratiuli Sexedulebebisamebr ganviTarebas. erovnuli sab-
Woebi samoqalaqo mSvidobis SenarCunebis pragmatul meqanizmi gaxldaT
da Tanac revoluciac burJuaziuli dasasrulisken mihyavdaT, magram
isini xazs usvamdnen erovnuli sakiTxis gadawyvetas. dilema imaSi mdgo-
mareobda, rom marqsizmi aRar iyo kavkasiaSi moqmedebis saukeTeso winamZ-

Roli. sxvadasxva sabWoebi revoluciis pirvel TveebSi inarCunebdnen
erTian klasobriv fronts, magram petrogradis qaosi, kavkasiuri armiis
daSla da somexTa da muslimanTa civi uari klasTa erTianobisken mowo-
debebze imaze miuTiTebda, rom dro dadga, saqarTvelos sakuTari revo-
luciuri saWiroebebisTvis mieqcia yuradReba.
partiuli cxovreba
saqarTvelos partia yovelTvis erovnuli iyo formiT da socialis-

turi SinaarsiT. erovnuli interesebis aRiarebas qarTul organizaci-
aSi radikaluri socializmis uaryofa ar mohyolia. magram 1917 wels
partiis ideologiur maxvils orma faqtorma Seucvala adgili. pirveli,
partia xelisuflebaSi aRmoCnda. is wamyvan rols asrulebda adgilo-
briv administraciaSi. social-demokratebi CarTuli iyvnen mTavrobis
yoveldRiuri problemebis mogvarebaSi. maT Tanamdebobis pirebis gaTa-
visuflebac uwevdaT da xorblis maragze zrunvac. isini wyvetdnen miwas-
Tan dakavSirebul davebs da gaficvebis sakiTxs, biujetebs adgendnen da
dezertirobis winaaRmdeg zomebs iRebdnen, sjidnen spekuliantebs da ga-
dasaxadis urC gadamxdelebs. partiis institucionalizaciam biZgi misca
partiaSi masiur gawevrianebas, gansakuTrebiT ki erTenovan qarTul mo-
saxleobaSi regionebSi da soflad. rogorc arasdros manamde, qarTve-
li partiuli cxovrebis aqtiuri monawile gaxda. rsdmp-is tradiciebiT
gaJRenTili liderebi, noe Jordania, noe ramiSvili da silva jiblaZe,
winaaRmdegobas uwevdnen internacionalisturi idealebis Sesustebas,
magram, rogorc Cans, `saqarTvelos problemebiT~ daintereseba da SeS-
foTeba ufro didi iyo. robert mihelsis parafrazireba rom movaxdi-
noT, nacionalizaciis rkinis kanonma imoqmeda da partia sul ufro qar-
Tuli gaxda Tavisi wevrebiTac da stiliTac.78
meore faqtori gaxldaT saqarTvelos fizikuri da kulturuli ga-
darCena. qarTvel social-demokratebs Rrmad swamdaT, rom yvela ers
hqonda TviTgamorkvevis ufleba da rom amis misaRwevad socializmi
saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgenda. socializmi maTTvis iseve exeboda
kulturas, rogorc klass. socializmi xels uwyobda erovnuli kul-
turis ganviTarebas da dacvas. 1917 wels TurqeTis Semosevis safrTxem
saqarTvelos erovnuli kulturis gadarCena saSur saqmed aqcia. magram

qarTuli social-demokratiis mier kulturuli gadarCenis xazgasma su-
lac ar niSnavda kapitulacias nacionalizmis winaSe, es iyo kulturuli
ganviTarebis mniSvnelobis aRiareba demokratiuli socializmisTvis.
qarTuli social-demokratiuli organizaciis zrunva erovnuli gadar-
CenisTvis ar iyo imaze metad nacionalisturi, vidre rusi menSevikebis
mxridan erovnuli umciresobebis sruli ignorireba. qarTuli organiza-
ciis mxridan radikaluri socializmis erTguleba aSkarad Canda rsdmp-
is amierkavkasiis me-6 samxareo yrilobaze. ivnisSi mowveul yrilobaze
231 mandati warmoadgenda 60 000 wevrs. ori udidesi delegacia guriidan
da Tbilisidan iyo.79 organizacias, romelic umetesad qarTvel wevrebs
aerTianebda, mainc mravaleTnikuris pretenzia hqonda, Tumca mxolod
erTma araqarTvelma gaakeTa moxseneba erT-erT mTavar sakiTxze _ miwa-
ze. èrToba~ amierkavkasiis organizaciis oficialuri gazeTi gaxda. yri-
lobis rezoluciebi zomieri iyo da maTSi droebiTi mTavrobisadmi erT-
guleba igrZnoboda. akaki Cxenkelma, momxsenebelma omis sakiTxze, mxari
dauWira revoluciis òboroncul~ politikas. man mouwoda yrilobas,
Catarebuliyo saerTaSoriso konferencia da yovelgvari aneqsiebis ga-
reSe gaformebuliyo zavi. qarTveli social-demokratebi skeptikurad
iyvnen ganwyobilni droebiTi mTavrobis mier dagegmili Setevis mimarT.
maT kargad uwyodnen kavkasiis frontze Seqmnili viTarebis Sesaxeb: ja-
riskacebi masiurad avadmyofobdnen da brZolis unari aRar SeswevdaT.
aseulobiT dezertiri, usaxlkaro da mSieri jariskaci Tbilisis quCebSi
daxetialobda. 80 aqtiuri saomari moqmedebebi kavkasiis frontze dagegmi-
li ar iyo, magram aRmosavleT frontze damarcxebas SesaZloa TurqeTis
kavkasiaSi SemoWra mohyoloda. miuxedavad daSvebuli Secdomebisa, yri-
lobam mxardaWera gamoucxada Setevis ganxorcielebis azrs.
glexebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT yrilobaze erTsulovneba SeimC-
neoda _ municipalizacia CamorTmeuli miwebisTvis kompensaciis gace-
mis gareSe. moxdeboda saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis miwebis nacionalizacia,
xolo saarbitraJo komitetebi davebs moagvarebdnen. miwis yidva-gayidva
an misakuTreba ar moxdeboda damfuZnebeli krebis Catarebamde. yrilobam
`legaluroba~ daicva da moTminebisken mouwoda yvelas. socializaciis
kurss dapirispirebuli qarTveli glexebi mzad iyvnen, daecadaT. isini
ijarisa da sxva gadasaxadebs ar ixdidnen, miuxedavad imisa, rom òza-
komma~ araerTxel gaakeTa gancxadeba, rom `kanonis mTeli simkacriT~
gamoyeneba moxdeboda. glexebi xSirad iTvisebdnen miwebs yovelgvari

garTulebis gareSe. qarTulma organizaciam zafxulSi propagandistebi
dagzavna soflad, tyis ukanono moWras rom ar hqonoda adgili, magram
zafxulSi saerTo mdgomareoba met-naklebad mSvidi iyo. qarTveli glexi
erTgulad TanamSromlobda qarTul social-demokratiasTan.
noe ramiSvilma, Jordanias de faqto moadgilem 1917 wels, romelic
frangma feministma odet koinma daaxasiaTa, rogorc `fanatikurad aqti-
uri~, Sromis sakiTxze gaakeTa moxseneba. man moiTxova rvasaaTiani dRis
SemoReba, socialuri dazRveva umuSevari qalebisa da bavSvebisaTvis da
profkavSirebis uflebamosilebis gazrda samsaxurSi ayvanisa da samuSa-
odan gaTavisuflebis sakiTxebis gasakontroleblad.81 es moTxovnebi
Seitanes yrilobis rezoluciaSi, magram ramiSvilis moxsenebam gamoaaS-
karava is dilemebi, romelTa winaSe social-demokratebi aRmoCndnen.
man rCeva misca yrilobas, `brZnulad da frTxilad~ emoqmedaT, moeTxo-
vaT rvasaaTiani samuSao dRe, magram ara saomari teqnikis sawarmoebis
muSebisTvis, moeTxovaT muSebis uflebebis dacva, magram ara muSebis
gakontrolebis gauqmeba (es warmoebas Seamcirebda), moiTxova aseve
gaficvis ufleba, magram rogorc ukiduresi saSualeba. axla qarTveli
social-demokratebi pasuxismgebelni iyvnen dasavleT kavkasiis eko-
nomikur ganviTarebaze, rac warmoebaze iyo damokidebuli. nebismieri
saxis Seferxeba sakvebis momaragebaSi Tbilisis yoveldRiurad mzardi
mosaxleobisTvis (is maSin 300 000 aTasze mets iTvlida) an naxevarmilio-
niani jarisTvis revolucias safrTxes uqmnida. CrdiloeTidan xorbali
ver aRwevda, xolo glexebs TavianTi maragis qaRaldis fulSi gacvlis
didi survili ar etyobodaT. social-demokratebi yvelanairad uwy-
obdnen xels profkavSirebisa da fabrika-qarxnebis komitetebis Seqmnas.
1917 wlis maisSi TbilisSi 12 000 kaci profesiuli kavSiris wevri iyo. maT
xelmZRvanelobda arCeuli centraluri sabWo da samdivno. agvistosT-
vis profkavSirebis wevrTa raodenobam 25 000-s miaRwia, isini 31 kavSirSi
iyvnen gaerTianebulni.82 amave dros social-demokratebi muSebs mepa-
troneebTan TanamSromlobisken mouwodebdnen usiamovno moulodnelo-
bebisgan Tavis dasacavad da warmoebis tempis SesanarCuneblad. aprilSi
gaficvebis Sewyvetis mizniT saqmeSi CaerTvnen centraluri saarbitra-
Jo sasamarTlo, romelic muSebisa da mepatroneebis warmomadgenelTa
Tanabari raodenobisgan Sedgeboda, da Tbilisis sabWosTan arsebuli
muSebis komisia. maisSi silva jiblaZem amayad gamoacxada, rom muSebis
komisiam 60 dava gadawyvita da maTgan 95% _ muSebis sasargeblod. ma-

gram saarbitraJo sasamarTloSi gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba iyo. misma
Tavmjdomarem Tbilisis sabWos aRmasrulebel komitets moaxsena, rom
sasamarTlos wevrebi TiTqmis ar eswrebodnen sasamarTlo mosmenebs.83
zogjer social-demokratebi gaficvis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen. ivnisSi
noe Jordania daTanxmda, rom wylis sistemis muSebis gaficvis lideri
daepatimrebinaT. im zafxuls TbilisSi rva gaficva moewyo, es piki iyo im
periodisTvis. miuxedavad qarTveli social-demokratebis xazgasmuli
moTxovnisa warmoebis uwyvetobaze, arsad Cans, rom qarTvel muSebsa
da maT liderebs Soris ganxeTqileba momxdariyo, rogorc es petro-
gradSi moxda. bevri qarTveli muSa TanaugrZnobda ùkan_samsaxurSi~
kurss. maT umuSevrobis perspeqtiva aSinebdaT. inflaciac sakmaod didi
problema iyo: 1917 wlis ianvaridan 1918 wlis ianvramde fasebma 401%-
iT imata, xelfasebi ki saSualod 282%-T gaizarda.84 warmoeba daeca
sammagi mizeziT: omi, revolucia da kvalificiuri rusi muSebis gasvla
qveynidan. agvistoSi social-demokratebma Seqmnes komisiebi, romlebic
finansur da momaragebis sakiTxebze imuSavebdnen. maTi rekomendaciiT
amave TveSi purze da Saqarze baraTebi Semovida. amas garda, gamoiTqva
mosazreba, rom momxdariyo orive produqtis monopolizeba fasebze spe-
kulaciis Tavidan asacileblad, magram 1918 wlamde araferi gakeTebula.
qarTvel liderebs gamocdilebac akldaT da arc resursebi hqondaT,
sakvebis momaragebaSi Seqmnil kriziss rom gamklavebodnen an kavkasiis
bankebis kreditunarianobisa da navTobis warmoebis dacemas momzade-
buli daxvedrodnen. da miuxedavad Semosavlebis klebisa da saxelfaso
davalianebis zrdisa, saqarTveloSi polarizacias adgili ar hqonia, ro-
gorc es ruseTSi moxda muSebsa da mepatroneebs Soris zafxulis Tvee-
bSi. saqarTveloSi gansxvavebuli situacia iyo. aq ZiriTadad patara fab-
rika-qarxnebi muSaobda, romelTa mepatroneebs sakuTari interesebis
damcveli Zlieri organizacia ar hqondaT, Tanac qarTveli social-de-
mokratebi yovelTvis warmatebiT axerxebdnen ekonomikuri xasiaTis
sirTuleebis centrisTvis dabralebas. ase rom umuSevrobis SiSma da
TavianTi liderebisadmi erTgulebam qarTveli muSebi disciplinire-
buli gaxada. yrilobam gamoaaSkarava uTanxmoeba koaliciis Taobaze. so-
cial-demokratebi amas ewinaaRmdegebodnen. Jordanias sul ufro metad
epareboda eWvi burJuaziis revoluciurobaSi da ambobda, rom mTavro-
baSi monawileoba social-demokratiis komprometirebas gamoiwvevda.
es bolSevikebis wisqvilze daasxamda wyals da gaxleCda revoluciur

opozicias. yrilobis sxva monawileebi, magaliTad, vlasa mgelaZe, arw-
munebdnen damswreebs, monawileoba mieRoT qveynis marTvaSi, sanam bur-
Juazia ar datovebda revolucias, masSi monawileoba kadeti ministrebis
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas gazrdiso. yrilobis saboloo rezoluciiT
gadawyda, mxari daeWiraT droebiTi mTavrobisaTvis, magram aRsaniSna-
via, rom rezoluciaSi burJuazia aRar miaTvales sam revoluciur Zalas.
zafxulis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki kornilovis gadatrialebis
mcdelobis Semdeg, Jordaniam daaskvna, rom burJuazia, romelic gzas
uRobavda iseT `demokratiul Zalebs,~ rogoric progresuli inteligen-
cia da wvrili burJuazia iyo, kontrrevoluciis banakSi aRmoCnda.
erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT yrilobaze TiTqmis sruli Tanx-
moba sufevda. Jordania ewinaaRmdegeboda erovnuli avtonomiis ideas.
mas somexi da rusi delegatebic uWerdnen mxars. isini teritoriul av-
tonomias rusuli saxelmwifos ngrevisken gadadgmul nabijad aRiqvam-
dnen. Jordaniam kavkasiis kavSiris Seqmnis winadadeba wamoayena. regio-
nuli TviTmmarTveloba Sereul teritoriul da erovnul- kulturul
administraciul erTeulebs daeyrdnoboda. saboloo rezolucia cen-
trsa da regionebs Soris xelisuflebis gayofas iTvaliswinebda, ise,
rom TviTmmarTvel erovnul safuZvelze Seqmnil teritoriul erTeu-
lebs kanonebis miRebis uflebamosileba eqnebodaT da Tavis sasamarTlo
da saganmanaTleblo sistemasac Seqmnidnen. yrilobamde ramdenime dRiT
adre noe Jordaniam ganacxada: proletariatis erovnuli interesebi Zl-
ieri qveynis aSenebis saWiroebidan ki ar moedineba, aramed kulturuli
ganviTarebis aucileblobidan. amgvarad, social-demokratiuli par-
tia Sesaferisi kulturuli pirobebis Seqmnas miuZRvnis Tavs da ara
saxelmwifos aSenebaso.85 am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Jordania yovelT-
vis Tanamimdevruli iyo 1918 wlamde. 1917 wlamde daweril naSromebSi
nacionalizmis Sesaxeb _ èrovnuli kiTxva CvenSi~ (1913) da èrovnuli
kiTxva amierkavkasiaSi~ (dawerilia Tebervlis revoluciis dawyebamde)
Jordania xazs usvamda orives mniSvnelobas, socialuri revoluciis da
erovnuli ganTavisuflebisas. ekonomikuri progresis kvaldakval da
erTiani kavkasiis ekonomikuri sivrcis SeqmnasTan erTad, rasac kavka-
siis xalxebis kulturuli TviTgamorkvevac daemateboda, gaqreboda
erovnuli konfliqtebis saTave. Jordania ansxvavebda erovnul kul-
turul avtonomias federalizmisgan. is amtkicebda, rom federalizmi
erovnul umciresobebze burJuaziis gabatonebas moitanda.86 Jordania

garkveul winaaRmdegobas awydeboda qarTveli social-demokratebis-
gan, gansakuTrebiT ki àlionelebisgan~ (erovnuli avtonomiis momxree-
bi), magram misi umTavresi sazrunavi kavkasiaSi mravalerovani harmoniis
damyareba iyo. ara erTi kavkasiuri partiisgan ismoda sajaro mowode-
bebi ruseTisgan gamoyofis Sesaxeb 1917 wlis oqtombramde. moTxovnebma
politikuri avtonomiis Sesaxeb socialist-revolucionerebic aaRel-
va, xolo sabWoebma, romelTa saTaveSi social-demokratebi idgnen, so-
cial-federalistebi gaafrTxiles, rom Tu am sakiTxs wamoWridnen, maT
garicxavdnen. erovnuli sakiTxi dRis wesrigidan moixsna aprilSi. gen-
eral CivaZis mier qarTvel mebrZolTa kavSiris Seqmnis pirvelive mcd-
elobac social-demokratebma umal CaSales.87 magram amierkavkasiis yri-
lobis damTavrebidan 6 Tve ar iyo gasuli, rom Jordania qarTuli armiis
Seqmnis aucileblobas amtkicebda, xolo kidev 6 Tvis Semdeg man qveyana
damoukideblobamde miiyvana.
mokavSireebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi
1917 wlisTvis qarTuli social-demokratia kavkasiis yvelaze qmedi-

Ti da gamocdili Zala iyo. magram mas mainc sWirdeboda mekavSireebi. 1917
wlis ganmavlobaSi mekavSireebad umetesad eserebi hyavdaT. isini wamyvan
rols asrulebdnen jaris gakontrolebisa da bolSevikuri zegavlenis
Sekavebis saqmeSi. bolSevikebis mier jaris nawilebSi miRweulma warmate-
bam, rac zafxulis TveebSi aRiniSna, kidev ufro ganamtkica social-de-
mokratebisa da eserebis solidaroba, magram maTi bloki mainc metad myi-
fe iyo. mas Zirs uTxrida jariskacTa ganwyobis cvalebadoba.
am or jgufs erTmaneTisgan miwis reformasTan dakavSirebuli
uTanxmoeba aSorebda. amas garda, social-demokratebis mier adgilobriv
sabWoebze ganxorcielebuli kontrolis gamo gaRizianebuli eserebi
xSirad imuqrebodnen, rom boikots gamoucxadebdnen sabWoebis muSaobas.
rogorc social-demokratebs, ise eserebs am revoluciuri blokis
SenarCuneba metad mniSvnelovnad miaCndaT, magram sabolood social-
demokratebis Tavmjdomare Jordaniasa da eserebis lider donskois
Soris TanamSromloba ar aRmoCnda sakmarisi imisTvis, rom Tavidan
aecilebinaT kavSiris rRveva. jariskacebi sul ufro radikalurad
iyvnen ganwyobilni da Sinisaken miiltvodnen. aman gamoaaSkarava, rom

eserebs kavkasiaSi organizacia ar gaaCndaT. aq iyo qarTvel eserTa
mcire jgufi, romelmac aprilis TveSi konferencia Caatara, magram es
jgufi naklebad qmediTi iyo. eserebis Zala adgilobriv mxardaWeras
ar efuZneboda. is TbilisSi Cayenebul 120,000-aTasian garnizonze iyo
damokidebuli. ararus jariskacebsa da qarTvel muSebsa da glexobas
Soris praqtikulad kavSiri ar arsebobda. muSaTa da glexTa umravlesoba
rusulad ver laparakobda. rusi eserebi eWviT ekidebodnen qarTveli
social-demokratebis erovnul grZnobebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom
social-demokratebi separatizmis momxreebi ar iyvnen. qarTveli
social-demokratebis mxridan koaliciuri organizaciis Seqmnaze uaris
Tqma Ralatad aRiqmeboda. qarTveli social-demokratebis monawileoba
qarTul partiaTaSorisi komitetis muSaobaSi, maT mier kavkasiuri
erTobis xazgasma da erovnuli qarTuli SenaerTebis sakiTxis ganxilva
_ yovelive es eserebis undoblobas badebda. Tavis mxriv social-
demokratebi eserebs miiCnevdnen aramdgrad organizaciad, romelsac
ar gaaCnda unari, gaekontrolebina radikalizaciis gzaze damdgari
jariskacebi. Semodgomis dasawyisisTvis, am or partias Soris aliansi
darRvevis piramde mivida. social-demokratebis mcdelobas, adgilobrivi
Zalebis kavkasiis revoluciur komitetSi gasaerTianeblad eserebi
ganixilavdnen, rogorc gamoyofis mcdelobas. amitom isini komitetis
daSlas moiTxovdnen. sabolood garkveul kompromiss miaRwies, magram
oqtombris revoluciis Semdeg, roca jariskacebma daiwyes frontis
mitoveba, es azrs kargavda. maSin, roca eserebTan SeTanxmeba irRveoda,
rsdmp-is menSevikur frTasTanac Sesustda urTierToba. ori qarTvelis
_ kaki wereTlisa da karlo CxeiZis peterburgis rus menSevikTa
xelmZRvanelobaSi yofna saqmes ar cvlida. aprilSi momxdari koaliciis
krizisis Semdeg qarTvelebma gadawyvites, aRar gaegzavnaT delegatebi 7
maisis sruliad-ruseTis rsdmp (menSevikur) konferenciaze, maT undodaT
Catarebuliyo orive fraqciis gaerTianebuli konferencia. qarTvelebis
ardaswrebis Sedegad konferencias moaklda delegatebis erTi mexuTedi.88
wereTlis mier SeTavazebulma koaliciis ideam da revoluciuri „obo-
roncizmis` politikam triumfi ganicada. magram konferencia mainc
omTan dakavSirebuli xmauriani ganxeTqilebis niSniT dasrulda, rac
xazs usvamda emigrant liderebs anu menSevik internacionalistebs
martovsa da aqselrods _ da provinciel praqtikosebs Soris arsebul
daZabulobas.89 konferenciam miiRo rezolucia, romelic mxars uWerda

bolSevikebTan erTobas, magram rac Seexeba erovnul sakiTxs _ sadac is
mouwodebda regionebisTvis (olqebisTvis) avtonomiis, xolo erovnuli
umciresobebisTvis `kulturuli ganviTarebis garantiis~ miniWebas,
metad zereled iyo moxazuli. igi yuradRebas amaxvilebda wvril
burJuaziasa da nacionalizms Soris tradiciul kavSirze, magram sa-
boloo jamSi ar iqna seriozulad ganxiluli.
debatebi am sakiTxze gadaido agvistoSi dagegmil menSevikebis Sekre-
bamde. im zafxulis ganmavlobaSi, menSevikebma dakarges petrogradisa da
moskovis muSebis mxardaWera.
kerenskis mTavrobam da omis mier gamZafrebulma krizisma CaSala
progresuli SromiTi kanonmdeblobis miReba, sagadasaxado reforma
da ekonomikis dagemva. muSaTa ukmayofilebis miuxedavad, wereTlis me-
TurobiT rusma menSevikebma gaagrZeles koaliciisken mimarTuli poli-
tika da mouwodebdnen meti TavSekavebisken. omisa da koaliciis sakiTxe-
bze ganxeTqilebebi gaamZafra samxedro Setevis warumateblobam ivnisSi
da ìvlisis dReebis~ cudis momaswavebelma ambebma. mTavrobaSi monaw-
ileobasTan dakavSirebulma movaleobebma rusi menSevikebis yuradReba
gadaitanes petrogradis gareT, partiis konsolidaciis sakiTxisgan. qa-
rTvel social-demokratebs, nawilobriv mogzaurobis sirTulis gamo,
im zafxulis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis ar hqondaT urTierToba ruseTis or-
ganizaciasTan, Tumca qarTvelebis garkveuli raodenoba daeswro ivnis-
Si gamarTul pirvel sruliad ruseTis sabWoebis konferencias. xuTi qa-
rTveli arCeul iqna mis centralur aRmasrulebel komitetSi, maT Soris
Cxenkeli, gegeWkori da a. lomTaTiZe.
19 agvistos moewyo rsdmp gamaerTianebeli (faqtobrivad, menSevi-
kuri) yriloba. masze unda ganxiluliyo Sida ganxeTqilebebi da bolSe-
vizmis gaZlierebs sakiTxi. bolSevikebma uzarmazar warmatebebs miaRwies
profkavSirebSi da saqarxno komitetebSi. saqalaqo arCevnebSi, romelic
yrilobis msvlelobis dros tardeboda, maT xmebis 30% moipoves.90 amier-
kavkasiis organizaciebma 36 delegati gaagzavnes, Tumca maTi mandatebis
nawili gadaeca rus wevrebs, raki bevr kavkasiels iq gamgzavreba ar See-
Zlo. iq damswre qarTvelebs xma TiTqmis arc amouRiaT. rogorc Cxen-
keli, ise CxeiZe, demonstraciulad dumdnen, mxolod valiko juRelma
gaakeTa mcire SeniSvna koaliciis winaaRmdeg. TiTqmis yvela qarTvelma
xma misca wereTlis mier SeTavazebul rezolucias mimdinare momentis
Taobaze, romelic, marTalia met simtkices iCenda kabinetSi monawileo-

basTan dakavSirebiT, ar moiTxovda socialistebis iqidan gamosvlas.91
wereTlisadmi amgvari mxardaWera SesaZloa yofiliyo Sedegi martovis
alternatiuli variantisa, romelic Seicavda samSvidobo winadadebebs,
ramac qarTvelebi SeaSfoTa _ samxedro moqmedebis nebismier Sesusteba
xom TurqeTis jaris TbilisSi Sesvlas niSnavda!
erovnul sakiTxze semkovskis rezolucia eTanxmeboda qarTvelTa
warmodgenebs (samxareo TviTmmarTveloba da umciresobebisTvis kul-
turuli avtonomia). man `TviTgamorkvevis sruli uflebac~ ki moiTxova.
rezolucia miiCnevda, rom omis gamo Seyovnda erebs Soris mzardi urT-
ierTdamokidebulebis globaluri gezi da gmobda `separatist-feder-
alistur~ midrekilebebs ararusebs Soris. TumcaRa, rezolucia arcki
ganxilula.92 menSevikebs Soris yrilobiT gamowveuli reaqcia ZiriTa-
dad uaryofiTi iyo. `novaia Jizn~ _ gorkis mier gamocemuli memarcxene
gazeTi, Semdegnairad aRwerda yrilobas: sityvebi Sesabamisi daskvnebis
gareSe da keTili survilebi, romlebsac. . . veraferi ver aqcevs sinamd-
viled~. 93 yrilobam aCvena qarTvel liderebs, rom rusuli menSevizmi arc
politikuri qmedebis nimuSad gamodgeboda da arc sando mekavSire iyo.
26 agvistos anu yrilobis daxurvis dRes, generalma kornilovma
amboxeba wamoiwyo. es ukanaskneli maleve miCumda, magram konfliqti ki
gaamZafra menSevikebs Soris. Jordania, romelic aprilidan dawyebuli
koaliciis winaaRmdeg gamodioda, axla imas moiTxovda, rom sociali-
stebs xelSi aeRoT Zalaufleba. magram rusi menSevikebis liderebisgan
gansxvavebiT, igi msxvili burJuaziis monawileobas gamoricxavda (mar-
tovi, martinovi da zogi sxvac iziarebdnen Jordanias azrs). Jordania
moiTxovda demokratiul elementebTan axali aliansis Seqmnas _ rac
tradiciulad gaigivebuli iyo wvril burJuaziasTan. es JordaniasT-
vis Zveli Tema iyo. is amgari erTiani frontis Seqmnisken mouwodebda
1890-iani wlebidan dawyebuli. Jordaniam ganacxada, rom organizebuli
burJuazia gadainacvlebda `kontrrevoluciis banakSi~. 3 seqtembers,
Tbilisis sabWos sxdomaze man ganacxada:
revoluciur wlebSi arsebobs Zlieri Zalauflebis ori tipi–

wminda saxis revoluciuri da wminda saxis kontrrevoluciuri. maT
Soris ki araferi arsebobs. mTavroba unda Sedges socialisturi da
demokratiuli partiebis warmomadgenlebisgan, centraluri aRmas-
rulebeli komiteti amas mxars uWers; magram droebiTi mTavroba or-

Wofobs... arada yovelgvari Seyovneba saSiSia. 94
petrogradelma menSevikebma Semoitanes winadadeba gamarTuliyo

konferencia, romelzec mowveuli iqneboda yvela progresuli orienta-
ciis partia, maT Soris kadetebi. amave dros, menSevikebis centralurma
komitetma – rsdmp(m) gaavrcela proklamaciebi, romlebSic mxardaWeras
ucxadebda im droisTvis ukve saxelgatexil droebiT mTavrobas. 95
daaxloebiT 12 seqtembers Jordania Camovida peterburgSi isidore
ramiSvilis, Salva eliavas, arSak zurabovisa da grigol urataZis Tanx-
lebiT, raTa daswreboda sruliad ruseTis demokratiul konferencias.
mas irakli wereTeli daxvda da isini pirdapir menSevikuri centraluri
komitetis Sexvedraze gaemarTnen.
menSevikuri fraqciis konferenciaze Jordania iyo erT-erTi im oTx
mTavar oratorTagani, romelsac sruliad ruseTis demokratiuli kon-
ferencia unda moemzadebina (danarCenebi iyvnen martinovi, potresovi
da wereTeli). man mowodeba gaakeTa, rom Seqmniliyo axali demokratiuli
mTavroba minus organizebuli burJuazia, magram bolSevikebis CaTvliT,
aseve `zemstvas~ da qalaqis sabWoebis progresuli warmomadgenlebis
monawileobiT. 96
sruliad ruseTis demokratiulma konferenciam didi imedgacrueba
gamoiwvia. Jordania mwared ixsenebda: verasodes daviviwyeb Cems pirvel
STabeWdilebas. konferencia warmoadgenda sruliad dabneuli adamia-
nebis Tavyrilobas. maT ar uwyodnen, Tu ra unda ekeTebinaT an saiT wasu-
liyvnen. propagandistebi, visac Sevxvedrivar . . . partiul yrilobebze
da romlebsac arasodes gaaCndaT mtkice pozicia rTul situaciaSi da
ar icodnen, rogor unda moqceuliyvnen, yvela aq iyo Seyrili~.97 mogvi-
anebiT man menSevikur xelmZRvanelobas `demokratiul kretinizmSi~ das-
do brali da `cxvrebis fara~ uwoda.98 konferenciam veranairi daskvna ver
gamoitana koaliciisa da demokratiuli mTavrobis sakiTxze, magram mis
dasasruls Seiqmna `winare-parlamenti~, romlis mizani iyo gaeerTiane-
bina daqsaqsuli Zalebi, vidre damfuZnebeli kreba iqneboda mowveuli.
imedgacruebul qarTvelTagan arcerTi, vinc ki aqtiurobda kavkasiur
organizaciaSi, ar SeerTebia oficialur menSevikur sias.99 rusi menSe-
vikebi ZiriTadad dakavebulebi iyvnen ganxeTqilebebiT da erTmaneTis
SeuracxyofiT, xolo Jordania TbilisSi dabrunda imaSi darwmunebuli,
rom centri imedismomcemi aRar iyo da erTaderTi gamosavlad adgilo-

brivi xelisuflebis gaZliereba rCeboda.100 seqtembris bolos, amierka-
vkasiis rsdmp me-7 yrilobaze man ganacxada, rom menSevikebi ar kargaven
kavSirs proletariatTan. man petrogradis menSevikebi Seadara yofil
likvidatorebs, vinc kerZo interesebs zogad [politikur] interesebze
maRla ayenebda. petrogradeli menSevikebi mxolod imaze fiqroben, rom
Seqmnan saministroebi da daniSnon ministrebi, xolo zogadi klasobrivi
brZola miiviwyeso.101
akaki Cxenkeli da k. gogua, menSevikebis rsdmp (o) centraluri ko-
mitetis wevrebi, petrogradSi rCebodnen, magram qarTuli social-de-
mokratiis organizaciuli kavSiri rus menSevikebTan umoqmedo rCebo-
da. Jordanias imedgacruebas bevri rusi menSevikic iziarebda. rogorc
aqselrodi, ise martovi gulgatexilebi iyvnen partiaSi arsebuli mdgo-
mareobis gamo, partiisa, romelmac aranairi Tanamimdevruli Zalisxmeva
ar gamoavlina omis Sesawyvetad da komprometirebuli iyo droebiT mTav-
robasTan TanamSromlobiT.102
martovi gaafTrebiT ibrZoda, rom gamoeyvana menSevikebi mTavrobi-
dan, magram am brZolaSi damarcxda, nawilobriv imis gamo, rom yuradReba
Sidapartiul politikaze hqonda gamaxvilebuli da ara radikalizebuli
muSebisa da glexebis moTxovnebze.103
kavkasiaSi erT-erTi mwvave problema iyo bolSevikebis gavlena armi-
aze. kavkasieli bolSevikebi Tebervlis revolucias moumzadeblebi
daxvdnen. 1916 wels momxdar dapatimrebaTa wyebam organizacia daanaw-
evra, ise rom 1917 wlis TebervalSi, maxaraZis TqmiT, bolSevikuri orga-
nizacia aRar arsebobda TbilisSi, provinciaze rom araferi vTqvaT. Cveni
Zalebi daqsaqsuli da gabneuli iyo, ... TbilisSi Catarebul bolSevikebis
pirvel Sexvedraze sul 20-40 adamianiRa daeswro. Cven ar gagvaCnda kon-
taqti arc centralur komitetTan, arc petrogradTan an moskovTan, da
warmodgenac ar gvqonda, Tu ra xdeboda iqo.104
Seiqmna sainiciativo jgufi, romelSic sxvebTan erTad Tavi moiyares
veteranma bolSevikebma filipe maxaraZem, raJden kalaZem, amaiak naza-
retianma da kote cincaZem. magram am momentisTvis calke organizaciis
Camoyalibebis survili ar arsebobda. oraxelaSvili ixsenebda, rom me-
fis Camogdebis Semdeg, erTianobis instinqti metad Zlieri iyoo.105 ra-
Jden kalaZe werda _ adgilobrivi bolSevikebi ise iyvnen dazafrulebi
qarTveli social-demokratebis warmatebis gamo, rom bolSevikebis be-
ladebi ver bedavdnen gamoyofas. 106 12 marts gamarTul Tbilisis social-

demokratiuli organizaciis mitingis dros bolSevikebma mxari dauWires
erTobisken mowodebas da 26 marts SeuerTdnen Tbilisis komitets. axali
komitetis wesdeba krZalavda calkeuli organizaciebis arsebobas, bol-
Sevikurma fraqciam `calkeuli organizaciebi~ ise ganmarta, rogorc
èrTi organizaciis SigniT sxvadasxva ideologiuri mimarTulebis Ta-
naarseboba~. 107 bolSevikebs neba daerTo SeenarCunebinaT kavkazski rab-
oCi. ori dRis Semdeg maxaraZe werda, es pirveli nabiji erTobisken ka-
vkasiis SuagulSi gadaidga. Cven darwmunebulebi varT, rom am magaliTs
mibaZaven sxva qalaqebSi da regionebSi, da aris safuZveli vifiqroT, rom
axlo momavalSi Cven gavxdebiT wevrebi gaerTianebuli social-demokra-
tiuli muSaTa partiisao.108 erTobisaken amgvari ltolva aRiniSneboda
sxva kavkasiur organizaciebSic. baqos bolSevikebs, stepan Saumianisa da
prokofi (alioSa) jafariZis winamZRolobiT, ar gaumarTavT arc erTi
calke safraqcio mitingi aprilSi Catarebul sruliad ruseTis bolSe-
vikur rsdmp me-7 konferenciamde. ra Tqma unda, azrTa dapirispirebac
xdeboda. 19 aprils kavkasiuri frontisTvis gankuTvnili bolSevikur
gazeT pravdis 40,000 egzemplari CamorTmeul iqna Tbilisis sabWos mier.
Jordaniam am dros mxari dauWira bolSevikebis protests da sabolood
gazeTebi darigda. bolSevikebs eCqarebodaT miwisa da Sromis reforma,
da kavkazski raboCis xSirad adanaSaulebdnen, rom is adgilobrivi so-
cial-demokratebis gadawyvetilebebs Tavs esxmoda.
maisis dadgomamde kavkasieli bolSevikebi erTgulebas inarCunebdnen
erTiani kavkasiuri samxareo organizaciis mimarT. urTierTobebi Seicv-
ala aprilSi Catarebuli sruliad rsdmp me-7 ruseTis bolSevikuri kon-
ferenciis Semdeg. maxaraZe iq erTaderTi delegati iyo (sakonsultacio
xmiT) Tbilisis komitetidan. sxva or delegatTan erTad, ekaterinod-
aridan da gelenjikidan, igi warmoadgenda kavkasiis bolSevikur jgufs,
romelic aprilSi daaxloebiT xuTasi adamianisgan Sedgeboda.109 konfer-
enciaze maxaraZe Sexvda mixa cxakaias, romelic saqarTveloSi 1907 wldan
ar yofila da imxanad ukve leninis erTguli mimdevari iyo. mas Semdeg
maxaraZem da cxakaiam srulad gaiazres leninis aprilis Tezisebis arsi,
miiRes miTiTeba, rom dabrunebuliyvnen kavkasiaSi da menSevikebs gamo-
yofodnen.
isini TbilisSi 11 maiss Camovidnen. cxakaia gamovida rkinigzis sad-
gurTan Segrovili mcirericxovani jgufis winaSe da toni misca mitings.
man gaafrTxila msmenelebi, Semrigebluri socialisturi tendenciebi

katastrofis sawindariao.110 adgilobrivma bolSevikebma oTxi mitingi
Caatares, sadac ganixiles aprilis konferenciis Sedegebi da 6 ivniss,
miuxedavad rigiTi wevrebis winaaRmdegobisa, adgilobriv social-de-
mokratebTan TanamSromlobis Sewyveta gamoacxades. kavkazski raboCi
brals debda menSevikebs sami codvis gamo _ es iyo: droebiTi mTavro-
bis mxardaWera; omis gagrZelebis mxardaWera da sabWoebis Zalauflebis
uaryofa. bolSevikebis gadawyvetilebam Tbilisis muSebSi aRSfoTeba
gamoiwvia. zogierTma wamyvanma bolSevikma, magaliTad, n. eliavam da
avTandil wulaZem, protestis niSnad datoves bolSevikuri fraqcia. re-
gionebSi ki bolSevikebis umravlesobam ubralod uari ganacxada brZane-
bebis Sesrulebaze. mcirericxovnobis gamo, amas gansakuTrebuli mniS-
vneloba ar qonda. miuxedavad amisa, bolSevikebis winamZRolebma ukan
ar daixies, Seqmnes calke fraqciebi sabWoebSic da dumaSic da qarTule-
novani gazeTis _ brZolis _ gamocema daiwyes. es gadawyvetileba adgi-
lobrivi bolSevikebisTvis marcxs moaswavebda, radgan muSebis dapiris-
pireba gazarda.
1917 wlis ganmavlobaSi bolSevikebma saqarTveloSi verafriT ver
moipoves muSebis mxardaWera. maTi samxedro marcxze orientacia, partiis
gaxleCa da bolSevikebis centralur komitetze damokidebuleba metad
uaryofiT damokidebulebas iwvevda. bolSevikebs aravin aRiqvamda adgi-
lobriv politikur Zalad. g. CxeiZe ixsenebda, rogor miaZaxebdnen xolme
muSebi bolSevikebi Rirsebi arian navTi gadaasxan da dawvano.111 bolSe-
vikebs arc sakmarisi resursebi gaaCndaT imisTvis, rom erTobis msgavsi
gazeTi gamoeSvaT. ivnisSi, revoluciidan oTxi Tvis Semdeg, brZolam ga-
mosvla daiwyo. bolSevikuri literatura ZiriTadad rusulad gamodi-
oda da jarze iyo gamiznuli. raJden kalaZe ixsenebda, rom 1917 wels qa-
rTveli bolSevikebi TiTqmis yvelgan da yvelaferSi erT saerTo enas _
rusuls xmarobdneno.112 TavianTi petrogradeli rusi kolegebisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, maT ver moipoves mniSvnelovani mxardaWera verc profesiul
kavSirebSi da verc dumaSi. bolSevikur kavSirs gamococxleba emCneoda,
roca saqme hqonda rus muSebTan – ase iyo eleqtrikosebis, mbeWdavebisa
da farmacevtebis SemTxvevaSi, magram es arafers cvlida. ivlisSi Cata-
rebul saqalaqo dumis arCevnebSi maT moagroves 5 083 xma, maSin roca
menSevikebma _ 38 893. Svidma arCeulma bolSevikma deputatma dumis pre-
zidiums boikoti gamoucxada.
rusuli enis xmareba xelis SemSleli iyo Tbilisis muSebs Soris

propagandis TvalsazrisiT, magram jarTan mimarTebaSi es upirateso-
bas iZleoda. bolSevikebis lozungi `mSvidoba nebismier fasad~ iwvevda
somexi da qarTveli muSebis ganridebas, magram zafxulis bolosTvis ja-
riskacebs Soris am lozungma mniSvnelovani mxardaWera moipova.
seqtemberSi jariskacTa mitingebi gaxSirda; isini aTasobiT grovde-
bodnen aleqsandres baRSi da iTxovdnen Zalaufleba sabWoebs gadasce-
moda. bolSevikebs gaaCndaT Zlieri mxardaWera arsenalSi, kavkasiis
sarkinigzo polksa da yarsis polkSi. frontidan mosuli cnobebi SeS-
foTebas iwvevda. oqtombrisTvis jaris xelmZRvaneloba acxadebda, rom
maT sWirdeboda piradi Semadgenlobis 100,000 jariskaciT Sevseba, rom
jariskacebis 80% avitaminozis gamo dauZlurebuli iyo... 113 generali m.a.
prJevalski, romelmac ivnisSi iudeniCi Secvala mxedarTmTavris Tanam-
debobaze, iuwyeboda, rom zurgSi myofi jaris nawilebi bolSevikebis
gavlenis qveS imyofebodnen, da rom zamTrisTvis saWiro iyo qalaqgareT
maTi gabneulad ganlageba. qveynis SigniT samoqalaqo areulobis muqa-
ris pirobebSi, rodesac centrs ar SeeZlo mxardaWeris aRmoCena, saWiro
iyo gabedulad moqmedeba.
bolo ramdenime kvira
kornilovis putCma da sruliad ruseTis demokratiuli konferen-

ciis warumateblobam aiZula kavkasielebi adgilobrivi xelisuflebis
mowyobaze daewyoT fiqri. amgvari gadawyvetileba ar iyo advili, radgan
iwvevda qarTuli separatizmis eWvs eserebSi, somxur partiebsa da samx-
edro xelmZRvanelobaSi. magram ekonomikuri mdgomareoba gauaresebas
agrZelebda, jariskacebi ki sul ufro `bolSevizirebulni~ xdebodnen.
social-demokratebs uwevdaT imaze fiqri, rogor SeenarCunebinaT ka-
vkasiaSi miRweuli warmatebebi. 1917 wlis bolo oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi
aRiniSna adgilobrivi xelisuflebis institucionalizaciis sami mcde-
loba. pirveli amgvari mcdeloba iyo kornilovis movlenebis Semdeg, 13
agvistos droebiTi kavkasiuri revoluciuri komitetis (revkomis) er-
Toblivad Seqmna _ muSaTa, jariskacTa, da glexTa deputatebis samxa-
reo centris, Tbilisis sabWos, rsdmp amierkavkasiis samxareo organiza-
ciisa da Tbilisis saqalaqo dumis mier. revkomma pretenzia ganacxada
regionSi uzenaes xelisuflebaze petrogradSi wesrigis aRdgenamde.

imedgacruebuli Jordania iTxovda centrSi paraleluri revoluciuri
organizaciis Seqmnas. igi acxadebda: `xelisufleba mTlianad unda gada-
vides demokratiuli da socialisturi partiebis xelSi~, xolo `yvela
kontrrevoluciuri qmedeba~ sikvdiliT unda isjebodes.114 komitetSi
Sedis samxareo sabWos deputatebi da partiul wrmomadgeneli _ so-
cial-demokratebis, bolSevikebis, `daSnakcutunis~, da eserebis rige-
bidan. evgeni gegeWkori arCeul iqna revkomis Tavmjdomared. komiteti
imuqreboda, rom ganwmendda yvela `kontrrevoluciur elements~ admin-
istraciis rigebidan da erTpirovnulad gadaaxalisa òzakomi~, garicxa
misi rigebidan muslimuri, somxuri da qarTuli Temebidan Semosuli
burJuaziis warmomadgenlebi. amgvarma radikalurma gadawyvetilebebma,
rac, faqtobrivad, samxareo masStabis gadatrialebas niSnavda, _ aiZula
droebiTi mTavroba revkomis daSla moeTxova. CrdiloeT kavkasiis war-
momadgenlebi acxadebdnen, rom revkoms ar gaaCnda iurisdiqcia maTs re-
gionSi da roca Cxenkelma wamoayena winadadeba Seqmniliyo xelisuflebis
adgilobrivi organo, ruseTis menSevikTa centralurma komitetma mxari
dauWira droebiT mTavrobas.
muSaTa, jariskacTa da glexTa deputatebis samxareo centris eserma
deputatebma kornilovis damarcxebis Semdeg moiTxoves revkomis daSla.
gegeWkorma Tavis mxriv gamoacxada, rom revkomi saWiroa ànarqiasTan da
kontrrevoluciasTan~ sabrZolvelad.115
22 oqtombers samxareo centrma da Tbilisis sabWom kompromiss mi-
aRwies. Seiqmna axali ozakomi, romelmac uzrunvelyo socialiste-
bis dominireba (sami social-demokrati da ori eseri) da TiTo adgili
somxebisa da mahmadianebisTvis, partiis miuxedavad. imave dros, raki
revkomma ver moipova kavkasiuri partiebis farTo mxardaWera, kvlav ax-
ali organo Seiqmna. mas daerqva sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis komiteti
da man gaafarTova Tavisi warmomadgenlobiToba, Seiyvana ra Tavis Semad-
genlobaSi warmomadgenlebi òzakomidan~, samxedroebidan, samxareo sab-
Woebidan da yvela partiidan, maT Soris muslimuri da somxuri Temebis
„burJuaziis.~ warmomadgenlebic.116 gegeWkorma SeinarCuna Tavmjdoma-
reoba. sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis komiteti _ es iyo revoluciuri
da erovnuli Zalebis arc Tu martivi wonasworoba. man iarseba erT Tveze
nakleb xans da male, oqtombris Semdeg, mas Caenacvla amierkavkasiis
komisariati, adgilobrivi xelisublebis mesame inkarnacia am bolo sami

Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
petrogradSi 25 oqtobris ajanyebamde ramdenime kviris ganmavloba-
Si or mniSvnelovan partiul konferencia Catarda. 2 oqtombers moewyo
kavkasiis pirveli samxareo bolSevikuri yriloba. kavkasiis bolSevike-
bi kvlavindeburad sustebi iyvnen (mxolod 26 gadamwyveti xmis mqone
damswre delegati warmoadgenda 8 436 wevrs), magram mas Zalas matebda
warmateba jariskacebs Soris.
Tuki zafxulis dasawyisSi bolSevizmi iyo `samxedro wesrigis winaaR-
mdeg mebrZoli umTavresi Zala~, SemodgomisTvis is gaxda social-de-
mokratiuli wesrigis winaaRmdeg mebrZoli umTavresi Zala.117 kavkasiis
samedicino sazogadoebis SenobaSi mowyobili yriloba gaxsna filipe max-
araZem. bolSevikur prezidiumSi mjdomi aTi wevridan mxolod sami iyo qa-
rTveli – maxaraZe, sergo qavTaraZe da kote cincaZe. mcireodeni gadaxra
Tu SeiniSneboda, rac exeboda bolSevikur midgomas miwis reformasTan
(nacionalizaciasTan) an omTan (myisve misi Sewyveta) dakavSirebiT. miRe-
buli rezoluciebi moiTxovda gamosvlas `mkvdari kontrrevoluciuri
organodan~ anu `pre-parlamentidan~ da kavkasiel menSevikebTan _ wvr-
ilburJuaziuli demokratebis defensistur partiasTan~ _ TanamSrom-
lobis Sewyvetas.118 damfuZvnebel krebaSSi Sesasvlelad arCeul iqna 36
kandidati, miuxedavad didi winaaRmdegobisa TviT monawileobis mimarT,
da Seiqmna axali regionuli organizacia _ kavkasiuri samxareo komite-
ti (kavkrevkomi).
yvelaze cxare azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia erovnulma sakiTxma.
Saumianma formalurad mxari dauWira tradiciul bolSevikur midgomas
anu samxareo TviTmmarTvelobisa da erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis ufle-
bis mxardaWeras, magram delegatebis gakvirveba gamoiwvia iman, rom, Ses-
Tavaza `samxareo teritoriuli avtonomiebis `konkretuli gegma~? rac
Seesabameboda amierkavkasiaSi sami mTavari eris arsebobas.119 man ganacxa-
da, rom amgvari midgoma mowonebul iqna poroninSi 1913 wlis seqtember-
Si Catarebul bolSevikebis centraluri komitetis Sexvedraze TviT-
marTvelobis arsebuli gegmisgan gansxvavebiT es programa mosaxleobis
erovnul jgufebs namdvil sakanonmdeblo uflebebs mianiWebda. magram
Saumianis winadadebas win aRudga kavkasiel bolSevikTa umravlesoba
maxaraZisa da axlagazrda anastas miqoianis CaTvliT da ver gadaarw-
muna Tavisi kavkasieli amxanagebi. yvelaze meti, ris daTmobasac isini
Tanxmdebiodnen, iyo avtonomiuri kavkasia Tavisi seimiT, magram calke

erovnuli avtonomiuri teritoriebis gareSe. ganaTleba (enis CaTvliT)
unda yofiliyo seimis kontrolqveS da ara erovnuli kulturuli orga-
nizaciebis gamgeblobaSi.120
kavkasiis mxarisa da frontisTvis Seiqmna samxedro organoebis samxa-
reo biuro. g. korganovma, vinc waradgina moxseneba jarSi situaciis Sesa-
xeb, moiTxova Catarebuliyo axali arCevnebi jariskacebis deputatTa
samxareo sabWos meore yrilobisTvis, imis imediT, rom amgvar nabijs mo-
hyveboda bolSevikebis gavlenis zrda. Semdgomi Tvis ganmavlobaSi sru-
liad ruseTis sabWoebis meore yrilobis delegatebisa da jariskacebis
deputatTa samxareo sabWos wevrebis arCevnebi bolSevikebis mTavar saz-
runavad iqca.
qarTvelma social-demokratebma seqtembris bolos moiwvies amier-
kavkasiis rsdmp meSvide yriloba, romelic oqtomberSi daiwyo. 104 dele-
gati warmoadgenda 31 organzacias.121 yrilobis winaSe warmoTqmul Tavis
moxsenebaSi Jordaniam gamoxata rogorc Tavisi imedgacrueba bolSeviz-
mis `spontanuri zrdis~ gamo, rac menSevikebis mcdari politikiT iyo
gamowveuli, ise mware sinanuli, rom menSevikebma ar gamoiyenbes SesaZ-
lebloba demokratiuli konferenciis msvleloba gaeerTianebinaT de-
mokratiuli Zalebi. man ilaparaka menSevikebisa da eserebis `gakotrebis~
Sesaxeb, likvidatorobisadmi maTi midrekilebisa da muSaTa klasTan ka-
vSiris gawyvetaze pasuxsgeblobis Sesaxeb. amierkavkasiel social-de-
mokratTa mier ivnisSi wamoyenebuli arcerTi moTxovna, revuliciis ga-
saRrmaveblad mowodebuli, _ damfuZvnebeli krebis imTaviTve mowveva
da mSvidobisTvis aqtiuri brZola _, aramcTu Sesrulebuli, wamoyene-
bulic ki ar iyo. sruliad ruseTis demokratiul konferenciaze menSe-
vikebma, erCivnaT ra kavSiri daemyarebinaT burJuaziasTan, miatoves pro-
letariati. axla ki isini àn unda dabrunebuliyvnen muSebTan, an mTlianad
unda Serwymodnen eserebs, vinc aseve koaliciis momxreebi iyvnen, da See-
wyvitaT revolucionerebad yofna~. aq ori gamosavali arsebobda, pirve-
li _ progresuli wvrili burJuazia socializmisken SemoebrunebinaT,
da meore _ `Sinaarsobrivad ganeaxlebinaT~ menSevikuri centraluri
komiteti.122 yrilobis rezoluciam uaryo rogorc burJuaziasTan ko-
alicia, ise sabWoebisTvis Zalauflebis lozungi, arCia ra erToblivi
demokratiuli mTavroba _ sabWoebTan koaliciaSi. yrilobam aseve ur-
Cia erToba bolSevikebTan, oRond roca bolSevikebi ùars ityodnen maq-
simalizmze~. rezolucia mouwodebda am ori fraqciis gamaerTianebeli

komisiis Seqmnas. aseve mowonebuli iyo somex specifistebTan gaerTiane-
ba. erovnul sakiTxze rezolucia imeorebda Jordanias adreul Teziss:
kavkasiis seimi erovnuli teritoriuli erTeulebis koordinirebas
moaxdenda, xolo erovnebebs, romelTac ar gaaCndaT mkafiod Camoyali-
bebuli teritoriuli sazRvrebi, miecemodaT erovnul-kulturuli av-
tonomia. es rezolucia arcTu Zalian gansxvavdeboda meore rezoluci-
isgan, romelic wamoayena Saumianma qalaqis meore boloSi. arCeuli iqna
rsdmp axali samxareo centraluri komiteti, da Tumci masSi Sediodnen
somexi warmomadgenlebic, is Zireulad qarTuli iyo.123 yrilobis `das-
ruleba aRiniSna SeZaxiliT _ gaumarjos Cven belads noe Jordanias.~124
bolSevikebis mier 25 oqtombers petrogradSi Zalauflebis xelSi
Cagdebis ambavma Tbiliss imave dRes miaRwia. Tbilisis muSaTa da ja-
riskacebis deputatebis sabWos aRmasrulebeli komiteti imave saRamos
Seikriba da emociuri debatebi gvian Ramemde gagrZelda. social-de-
mokratebi winaswarmetyvelebdnen, rom gadatrialebas mohyveboda ùkve
miRweuli Tavisuflebis ngreva~. saboloo rezolucia acxadebda, rom:
`revoluciis interesebi gvkarnaxoben amboxeba mSvidobiani gziT iyos
CaxSobili, yvela revoluciuri da demokratiuli Zalis SeTanxmebis
safuZvelze, da unda Seiqmnas demokratiuli xelisufleba organizebu-
li burJuaziis monawileobis gareSe.~125
kavkasielma bolSevikebma, raki jer ar iyvnen darwmunebuli, ras
moaswavebda es yovelive, Tavi Seikaves.aseve moiqcnen eserebic, vinc
ufro Zalismier zomebis momxre iyo. es ambavi jordanias ar gahkvirve-
bia. raki bolSevikurma xelmZRvanelobam ukve ganacxada Tavisi gegmebi
da Jordaniam uwyoda, rom sruliad ruseTis sabWoebis meore yriloba
karg SesaZleblobas aZlevda maT xelSi CaegdoT Zalaufleba. amave dros,
rus menSevikTa umravlesobis msgavsad, qarTvel social-demokratebsac
egonaT, rom Zalauflebis aReba droebiTi movlena iyo. valiko juRelma,
romelmac oqtomberSi sabolood gawyvita kavSiri bolSevikebTan, uaryo
eserebis mowodeba _ CaexSoT amboxeba.
mis gamosvlaSi gaiJRera gafrTxilebam _ `bolSevikebis samxedro
ZaliT damarcxeba dRes niSnavs xval menSevikebisa da eserebis aseTsave
damarcxebas.~126 sami dRis dagvianebiT Jordaniam auwya Tbilisis qalaq-
is dumas, rom bolSevikebis amboxebas ar ewera gadarCena, `raki amgvari
saidumlo SeTqmulebis safuZvelze Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba ewinaaR-
mdegeba revoluciuri ganviTarebis bunebriv gzas.~127 evgeni gegeWkori

daeTanxma, _ `mimdinare revolucia socialisturi ar aris, igi burJu-
aziul-demokratiulia~ da ùwyveti socialisturi revulucia~ jer na-
adrevia.128
miuxedavad istoriis kanonebisadmi gamoTqmuli rwmenisa, qarTvel-
ma social-demokratebma swrafi reagireba moaxdines movlenebze. 2 no-
embers, roca mTvrali jariskacebi mravlad iyvnen gamosuli Tbilisis
quCebSi da haerSi iaraRs isrodnen, Jordaniam gaafrTxila Tbilisis mu-
SaTa da jariskacTa deputatebis sabWoebis gaerTianebul sxdoma, rom
petrogradis movlenebi gamoiwvevda garnizonis nawilebSi wesrigis moS-
las, rasac bolSeviki agitatorebic waaqezebdnen.
amgvari uwesrigobebis mosalodnelia da SesaZlo garTulebebis gaT-
valiswinebiT, Jordaniam rezoluciis teqsti gamoitana gansaxilvelad:
`Tbilisi quCebSi yvela SeiaraRebuli demonstracia ganixileba, rogorc
dezorganizebuli elementebis amboxeba organizebulebis winaaRmdeg.~129
qarTvelma social-demokratebma, vinc gvian seqtemberSi ukve Seqmnes
muSaTa milicia, 4 noembers moiTxoves, rom arsenals maTTvis iaraRi
miewodebina. arsenalma amaze uari ganacxada. Semdgomi sami kviiris gan-
mavlobaSi revoluciis bedi kavkasiaSi bewvze ekida.
petrogradis movlenebma kavkasieli bolSevikebi dilemis winaSe daa-
yena. maT ar gaaCndaT mxardaWera muSebsa Tu erovnul partiebs Soris da
sabWoebSic umciresobas warmoadgendnen. TbilisSi maTi partiis wevrTa
ricxvi sami aTass ar aRemateboda. lozungs _ `mTeli Zalaufleba sabWoe-
bs~ _ azri dakarguli hqonda, radganac sabWoebi ukve isedac flobdnen
Zalauflebas. bolSevikurma gadatrialebam mxolod gaaerTiana Zalebi
saqarTveloSi. Tumca kavkasiel bolSevikebs gaaCndaT garkveuli mxar-
daWera qalaqebSi, rogorc es damfuZvnebeli krebis arCevnebma aCvena,
maTi gavlenis umTavres wyaros Tbilisis garnizoni warmoadgenda.130
magram garnizonis mxardaWera droebiTi iyo da ar iyo sando. am etapze
kavkrevkomisTvis TviTmkvlelobis tolfasi iqneboda, rom ecada Za-
lauflebis xelSi aReba, miuxedavad arsebuli mxardaWerisa yarsis, ax-
alcixisa da sarikamiSis garnizonebSi. rogorRa unda SeenarCunebinaT
es Zalaufleba, roca jariskacebi Sin dabrundebodnen? adgilobriv
bolSevikebs imedi hqondaT, rom petrogradSi moxdeboda Zalauflebis
ùmtkivneulo da mSvidobiani~ gadasvla sabWoebis xelSi, da es gadasvla,
Tuki Seerwymeboda dekemberSi kavkasiuri armiis samxareo sabWos arCev-

nebSi warmatebas, Sinve moarTmevda maT Zalauflebas.
noemberma gadawyvita qarTuli social-demokratiisa da kavkasiaSi
revoluciis bedi. rac TbilsSi moxda, gavlenas axdenda mTel mxareSi
brZolis Sedegebze. petrogradSi miRweuli warmatebis kvaldakval, kav-
kasieli bolSevikebi cdilobdnen moexdinaT jariskacebs Soris TavianTi
maxardaWeris konsolidacia.
oqtombridan moyolebuli kavkazski raboCi beWdavda jariskacTa
rezoluciebs, romlebic aprotestebdnen droebiTi mTavrobis politi-
kas, omis mimdinareobas, da frontze bolSevikuri literaturis akrZal-
vas. bolSevikebis waqezebiT, garnizonis ocdaTeqvsmetma qvedanayofma 28
oqtombers airCia `delegatTa komisia~ aqamde da moiTxova axali arCev-
nebi kavkasiuri armiis amxareo sabWoSi da aseve Tbilisi muSaTa da jaris-
kacTa deputatebis sabWos samxedro seqciaSi. es warmoadgenda seriozul
gamowvevas social-demokratTa da eserTa blokisTvis. Tbilisis sab-
Wos aRmasrulebeli komitetis jariskacTa seqciam mouwoda garnizons
damorCileboda sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis komitets. delegatTa
komisia `scildeba aRiarebul revoluciur organoebis ares da Cveni
samuSaos dezorganizacias iwvevs~ da mowodeba gulisxmobda am komisi-
is daSlas.131 bolSevikebi uaryofdnen Zalauflebis xelSi aRebis raime
mcdelobas da aseve afrTxilebdnen, rom gauwevdnen `gadamwyvet winaaR-
mdegobas~ delegatTa komisiis Zalismieri daSlis mcdelobas. Tbilisis
sabWom bolSevikebs sami dRe misca, raTa an daeSalaT delegatTa komisia,
an daetovebinaT aRmasrulebeli komiteti. bolSevikebma daaswres da
masobrivad gadadgnen am komitetidan, vidre maTi garicxva moxvdeboda.
arsebuli Cixidan gamosasvlelad Tbilisis sabWom brZana Catarebu-
liyo axali arCevnebi rogorc TviTon am sabWosi, ise kavkasiuri armiis
samxareo sabWosi. bolSevikebi amas umal daTanxmdnen. 11 noembers kav-
kraikomma gamosca Tavisi rezolucia.
`vaRiarebT ra revoluciur disciplinas da Tanaxmad Cveni survili-
sa am sasicocxlo momentSi gavaZlieroT sabWoebi . . . Cven gaviwvevT Cvens
wevrebs delegatTa komisiidan da winadadebiT gamovdivarT, rom bol-
Sevikuri fraqcia dabrundes sabWos aRmasrulebel komitetSi da sxva
komisiebSi~.132
bolSevikebis am kompromiss imave dRes mohyva yvela sabWoTa, sam-
xedro, partiuli da profkavSirebis warmomadgenlebis, Tbilisis mTe-
li politikuri sazogadoebriobis Sexvedra, raSic oTxasi delegate

monawileobda. eswrebodnen rogorc kavkasiuri armiis meTauri general
prJevalski, ise britaneli, frangi da amerikeli diplomatebi.
bolSevikebs warmoadgendnen maxaraZe, cxakaia da a.m. nazareTiani.
gegeWkorma gaxsna Sexvedra Tavisi moxsenebiT ekonomikuri mdgomareo-
bis Sesaxeb. finansuri katastrofa garduvalia, _ ganacxada man,_ raki
arc fuli iyo, da arc sakvebi, xolo adgilobrivi xelisufleba areulo-
bas moecva. eserebis mxridan donskoim daxata samoqalaqo omis, SimSilis,
frontis darRvevisa da ucxouri samxedro Semotevisa sevdiani sura-
Ti. Jordaniamac apokalifturi suraTi daxata: àn sakuTar fexze unda
davdgeT,~ _ ganacxada man, _ àn daviRupoT anarqiis CanCqerSi~. man ga-
nagrZo: `Cven unda SevqmnaT politikuri Zala, romelic gaitvans kavkasi-
as am katastrofuli mdgomareobidan . . . Cven unda organizeba gaukeToT
samxareo xelisuflebas, rom gagviZRves, vidre ganmtkicdeba damfuZvne-
beli kreba da an sxva avtoritetuli centraluri xelisufleba.~133
Jordaniam SesTavaza damswreT Seqmniliyo droebiTi kavkasiuri par-
lamenti. miRebul iqna rezolucia, amjerad eserebis mxardaWeriT, kavka-
siuri administraciis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, sadac `yvela centraluri, social-
uri, oficialuri, da erovnuli mniSvnelobis revoluciur-demokratiuli
Zalebis warmomadgenlebi~ Sevidodnen. misi avroriteti daeyrdnoboda ka-
vkasiur da adgilobriv sabWoebs da aseve adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis
organoebs. 15 noembers, ministrebis portfelebze gamarTuli molapara-
kebebis Semdgom, Seiqmna amierkavkasiis komisariati.
komisariats mieca uzenaesi Zalaufleba da man Secvala rogorc sa-
zogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis komiteti, ise ozakomi, romlebic amiT war-
sulis sxva moCvenebebs SeuerTdnen. amierkavkasiis komisariatma Camowe-
ra Tavisi amocanebi Semdegnairad: `finansebis regulireba, jarisa da
mosaxleobis SimSilisgan dacva, produqtebis mowodebis uzrunvelyofa.
. . samSvidobo xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdgom demobilizaciis warmarT-
va. . . mSromelTa interesebis dacva. . . zemstvaTa gadaudebeli SemoReba,
aseve sasamarTloebisa da administraciis reforma, miwaTsargeblobis
demokratiuli komitetebis gadaudebeli organizeba. . . [da] miwis kon-
fiskaciis dekretis momzadeba uaxloes momavalSi~134
amierkavkasiis am pirveli suverenuli mTavrobis arseboba unda Sewy-
vetiliyo damfuZvnebeli krebis mier Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis miRebis
Sedegad. magram damfuZvnebelma krebam aranairi gadawyvetileba ar mi-
iRo da komisariatma ganagrZo Tavisi arseboba kidev xuTi Tvis ganmav-

lobaSi, vidre mas Ziri ar gamouTxara 1918 wlis maisis samxedro Semote-
vam. es iyo pirveli da ukanaskneli mcdeloba Seqmniliyo damoukidebeli
amierkavkasiis Tanamegobroba.
amierkavkasiis komisariats, susts da daqsaqsuls, ar Seswevda Zala
win gadaRobeboda bolSevikebis Zalauflebisken ltolvas. magram es
miRweul iqna qarTveli social-demokratebis gabeduli da damoukide-
beli moqmedebis Sedegad. mas Semdeg, rac arsenalma uari ganacxada dae-
nawilebina iaraRi, qarTvelma social-demokratebma Seqmnes saidumlo
komisia _ Jordanias, silva jiblaZis, noe ramiSvilisa da valiko ju-
Relis xelmZRvanelobiT da dagegmes arsenalis xelSi Cagdeba. es iseTi
qmedeba iyo, romelsac albaT ufro bolSevikebisgan moelodnen. Jorda-
niam mZime Soki ganicada, roca dainaxa, ras warmoadgenda sam aseulamde
cudad SeiaraRebuli jariskaci, visac unda Caetarebina es operacia.
isini waagavdnen `[yaCaRebis] namdvil bandas, TiTqos raRac zRapris
mixedviT Cacmuls da SeiaraRebuls. me Cems Tavs vuTxari _ eseni xom erT
patara SenaerTsac ver daamarcxeben, aramcTu mTel garnizons.135 miuxe-
davad amisa, 29 noembris operacia mouladnelad iolad ganxorcielda.
vidre garnizons eZina, arsenali erTi gasrolis gareSe iqna aRebuli. es
gamanadgurebeli dartyma iyo, bolSevikebis didi marcxi. juRelma aR-
wera es movlena, rogorc `didwilad gadamwyveti revoluciis msvlelo-
bisTvis . . . kavkasiaSi~136
maxaraZem aRiara, rom es iyo `mware danarcxeba~. lenini umal mixvda
am movlenis mniSvnelobas. kote cincaZe igonebda, rogor moaxsena man
lenins kavkasiuri situaciis Sesaxeb 1917 wlis dekemberSi: `rodesac me
Sevexe arsenalis sakiTxs da aRvniSne, rom is xelSi Caigdes menSevikebma,
man me gamaCera da erTxelac mkiTxa: arsenali menSevikebis xelSia? me min-
doda momeyvana amis mizezebi da amexsna. . . magram man kvlav gamaCera da
xelaxla mkiTxa: maS arsenali menSevikebma Caigdes xelSi?~ leninma Seu-
fasa mdgomareoba cincaZes _ awi qarTveli social-demokratebi Tavi-
anTi Tavis patronebi arian.137
daskvna
bolSevikuri muqaris sabolood gaqarwyleba aRiniSneba1917 wlis de-

kemberSi, roca bolSevikebma, marTalia Caigdes xelSi kavkasiuri armiis
meore saolqo sabWo, magram WkuaSi waages ufro moqnil qarTvel social-
demokratebTan da mouwiaT baqoSi gadabargeba.138 es iyo Cveuli sura-
Ti 1917 wlis ganmavlobaSi, vinaidan qarTveli social-demokratebis
xelmZRvaneloba taqtikurad ufro gamarTulad moqmedebda da, rogorc
wesi, jobnida bolSevikebs. social-demokratebi inarCunebdnen masebis
mxardaWeras 1905 wlidan moyolebuli Zneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rasac
xels uwyobda maTi sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis qseli, gamocemebi da
pragmatuli, farTo monawileobaze dafuZnebuli midgoma. 1917 wlisTvi
isini warmoadgendnen yvelaze gamocdil, organizebul, erTian da ukeT
marTvad partias kavkasiaSi. marTalia, maTi avtoriteti ver aRwevda ka-
vkasiis yvela kuTxes, magram isini mainc dominirebdnen Zalauflebis
mqone sistemebSi, sadac sxva kavkasiel liderebs uWirdaT droulad gav-
lenis mopoveba. 1917 wels social-demokratebis politikam, miuxedavad
maTi naklebi popularobisa musavatsa da daSnakcutunis wevrebs Soris,
iyo gadamwyveti faqtori, ris Sedegadac moxerxda 1905 wlis erovnebaTa-
Soriso Setakebebis Tavidan acileba. es udavod didi warmateba iyo. rus
menSevikebisgan gansxvavebiT, vinc 1917 wlis zafxulSi dakarga muSebisa
da jariskacebis mxardaWera, qarTvelma social-demokratebma SeinarCu-
nes Zlieri politikuri baza.
qarTvelebs Soris gavrcelebuli erovnuli ganTavisuflebisad-
mi ltolva daexmara qarTvel social-demokratebs SeenarCunebinaT
Zalaufleba. maT SeeZloT centrisTvis gadaebralebinaT muSaTa ga-
uaresebuli mdgomareoba, agreTve aq maT ar mouwia iseT brwyinvale
oportunistTan dapirispireba, rogoric iyo lenini. saxifaToT radika-
lizebuli jariskacebi dabrundnen ruseTSi da Sin. da mainc, qarTveli
social-demokratebis, 1917 wlis triumfi aseve Sedegi iyo maTi xelmZR-
vanelobis politikuri moqnilobisa da saWiro gadawyvetilebis miRebis
unarisa. qarTveli social-demokratebis mier daufaravi nacionaliz-
mis mimarT dapirispireba, mzadyofna, romelime doqtrina mietovebinaT
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, maT Soris arsebuli disciplina da oponentebis
manipulirebis unari _ yovelive es iyo is Tvisebebi, ramac wvlili Sei-
tana 1917 wlis warmatebaSi. saboloo jamSi, amas emateboda piradad Jor-
danias avtoriteti da xelmZRvanelobis niWi.
vladimir voitinski, gamoCenili menSeviki, romelic irakli were-
TelTan erTad 1918 wels peterburgidan gamoiqca da xifaTiT savse
mogzurobis Sedegad TbilisSi CamoaRwia, xolo aq `borbas~ (qarTveli
social-demokratebis rusulenovan gazeTis) redaqtorobda 1918-1919
wlebSi, aRniSnavda:
saqarTveloSi igi (Jordania) ufro maRali Canda, misi xmac ufro
mWa xe iyo, da odnavi enis borZiki mis sityvebs wonas matebda. mis dide-
bul, WaRaraSeferili TmiTa da sruli wver-ulvaSiT damSvenebul Tavs
TiTqosda tomis mociqulis nimbo amSvenebda. igi ueWvo beladi iyo Ta-
visi mcirericxovani erisa, garemoculi siyvaruliTa da aRtacebiT,
xolo qarTveli eris SesaSuri erTianoba didwilad swored misi gavle-
nis Sedegi iyo.139
Jordanias zogjer Ralatobda politikuri gamWriaxoba, magram mis
mier warmoebuli politika, sadac Sezavebuli iyo radikalizmi da kom-
promisi da misi unari, daerwmunebina qarTuli organizaciis danarCeni
wevrebi gahyolodnen mas – yovelive es gaxldaT gadamwyveti faqtori,
romelic warmarTavda qarTul social-demokratias 1917 wlis qariS-
xalebis xanaSi.
351
Ta vi 1100
da s k vvn
na
pavle aqselrodi 1920 wels s. d. SCupaks werda: sul Tavidanve saqar-

TveloSi hqonda menSevizms fesvebi Rrmad gadgmuli. ar geCveneba, rom
dResac iq grZnobs Tavs ufro myarad, vidre Cvens partiaSio? 1 qarTuli
social-demokratiis es Tviseba sakvirveli ram iyo bevri sxva politiko-
sisaTvis, maT Soris grigori aleqsinski, leon trocki da karl kaucki
bevrs fiqrobdnen amaze. rogor ipova social-demokratiam aseTi myari
dasayrdeni Soreul saqarTveloSi? rogor gaxda is imperiis yvelaze
warmatebuli erovnuli revoluciuri moZraoba? rogor da ratom gax-
da is kadrebis, ideebisa da liderebis marTlac rom sasicocxlo wyaro
ruseTis mSromelTa social-demokratiuli partiisTvis (rsdmp) da gan-
sakuTrebiT ki menSevizmisTvis? ar aris saWiro qarTuli social-de-
mokratiis gavlenis gazviadebuli Sefaseba ruseTis revoluciis movle-
nebSi an misi gansakuTrebulobis xazgasma, magram mis mier menSevizmisTvis
gaweuli daxmarebis, mxardaWerisa da dumaSi, sabWoebsa da droebiT mTav-
robaSi qarTveli social-demokratebis monawileobis gareSe movlenebi
ruseTSi sruliad sxvagvarad warimarTeboda.
qarTulma social-demokratiam me-20 saukunis socializmTan daka-
vSirebuli eqsperimentis Sedegebis udidesi nawili ganWvrita. misi STa-
gonebis wyaro evropuli socialisturi partiebi gaxldaT, magram Ta-
vadac axdenda gavlenas maTze da saerTaSoriso debatebSi, romlebic
erovnul glexobisa da omis sakiTxze mimdinareobda, Tavisi wvlili Se-
hqonda. is erT-erT pirvel socialistur erovnul-ganmanTavisuflebel
brZolas warmoadgenda, sadac masebze dayrdnobili klasebis koalicia
imperiuli batonobis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda. amiT eWvqveS daayena warmo-
ebasa da sawarmoo urTierTobebze dayrdnobili socializmis evro-
centruli mosazreba. qarTuli social-demokratiis liderebi kargad
gaugebdnen mesame samyaros socialisturi proeqtebis avtorebs, magali-
Tad, amilqar kabralsa da iulius niereres. qarTuli social-demokratia
socializmis gaerTianebas lamobda evropul RirebulebebTan, plura-
lizmTan, adamianis uflebebTan da kerZo sakuTrebasTan. is `mesame gzas~
eZebda, jer kidev am terminis gamogonebamde.
es wigni mogviTxrobs qarTuli social-demokratiis mniSvnelobaze

socializmis saerTaSoriso istoriaSi da cdilobs qarTuli social-
demokratiis kulturuli, inteleqtualuri da socialur-ekonomikuri
wyaroebi da misi warmatebis mizezebi axsnas. im revoluciuri socialis-
turi moZraobebis msgavsad, romlebsac kapitalistur samyaroSi uwevT
muSaoba, qarTuli social-demokratiac arsebiTi dilemebisa da winaaR-
mdegobrivi amocanebis winaSe dadga. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, sami maT-
gani Cans aSkarad: pirveli, qarTulma social-demokratiam erovnul-gan-
manTavisuflebeli brZolisa da socialisturi demokratiis damyarebis
ideis propaganda imperiul, policiur saxelmwifoSi daiwyo. sakvirveli
ar iyo, rom terorizmi, boikotis sxva ufro mSvidobian formebTan er-
Tad, qarTuli social-demokratiis SeiaraRebis nawili gaxda. meore,
sxva danarCeni evropuli socialisturi partiebis msgavsad, qarTuli
social-demokratiuli organizacia socializmisa da erovnulobis Se-
erTebas cdilobda. am mcdelobas memarcxeneebisgan (maT Soris bevri
rusi menSevikisgan) SovinizmSi dadanaSauleba mohyva, xolo memarjve-
neebma (socialist-revolucionerebi) maT kulturisadmi nihilizmi
daabrales. mesame, qarTuli social-demokratiuli moZraoba prole-
tariatis klasobrivi brZolis warmarTvas winarekapitalistur sazoga-
doebaSi cdilobda, sadac mosaxleobis umravlesoba glexebi iyvnen. aman
arsebiTi mRelvareba gamoiwvia adgilobrivi partiis socialur arsTan
da revoluciur taqtikasTan dakavSirebiT, iseve, rogorc sxva danar-
Ceni socialuri da ekonomikuri jgufebidan mekavSireebis SerCevis
sakiTxis irgvliv. winaaRmdegobebisa da Seusabamisobis gamo qarTuli
social-demokratia iZulebuli xdeboda praqtikaSi gaeTvaliswinebina
realoba, inovaciebi Seetana taqtikaSi da axleburad moexdina Teoriis
interpretacia.
TergdaleulTa pragmatizmiT SeiaraRebulma so ci al-demokrateb-
ma uari Tqves rsdmp orWoful damokidebulebaze dumaSi muSaobis Ta-
obaze da aqtiurad CaerTvnen sakanonmdeblo saqmianobaSi, profkav-
Sirebis, kooperativebis, saqalaqo saTaTbiroebisa da saqvelmoqmedo
sazogadoebebis muSaobaSi. maT dainaxes proletariatis revoluciuri
potenciali da sakuTari organizaciis kari farTod gaaRes yvelas-
Tvis, dawyebuli rkinigzis Semadgenlobis gamcileblebidan da Tevz-
iT movaWreebidan da damTavrebuli profesorebiTa da administraciis
daskvna 353
moxeleebiT. roca qmediTi iyo, isini arc teroristul aqtze ambobdnen

uars da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, somex burJuaziasTan qmnidnen alianss
(arCevnebSi gasamarjv eblad).
rsdmp-Si maTi Teoriuli inovaciebi `xalxis partiis~ ideis propagan-
das (zogierTi ararusuli partiac miiswrafoda amisken), erovnul-kul-
turuli avtonomiis cnebis gaSla-ganzogadebas moicavda yvelaze me-
tad ki, mosazrebis ganviTarebas, rom socializmi saxelmwifos armqone
xalxebis ganadgurebas da àraistoriuli~ erebis gaqrobas ki ar moitan-
da Sedegad, aramed maT gadarCenasa da aRorZinebas Seuwyobda xels. marq-
sistuli doqtrinis amgvari interpretacia gansxvavdeboda maTi rusi da
evropeli kolegebis interpretaciisgan. qarTuli social-demokratiis
warmatebaSi mniSvnelovani faqtorebi pragmatizmi da adaptaciis unari
gaxldaT. magram aranaklebi mniSvnelobis kidev ori faqtoric arsebobda:
politikuri da ekonomikuri garemo da xelmZRvaneloba. Tavis wignSi, La
Démocratie Georgienne, vladimir voitinski amtkicebda, rom saqarTveloSi
adgilobrivi cxovrebis xasiaTma didi roli iTamaSa erTaderTi, xalxebis
gamaerTianebeli partiis konsolidaciis saqmeSi... [es iyo] mTeli qveynis
2
saxeliT laparakisa da moqmedebis unari. àdgilobrivi cxovrebis xa-
siaTi~ moicavda mcirericxovan qarTul inteligencias da gaRaribebul
muSaTa klass, romlebic fabrika-qarxnebis somexi mepatroneebisa da
rusi Cinovnikebis anu ucxo mmarTvelobis qveS imyofebodnen. axalgaz-
rduli qarTuli elita, msgavsad afrikisa da aziis elitis bevri warmo-
madgenlisa, romlebsac igive winaaRmdegobebi xvdebodaT, socializmSi
xedavdnen ucxo mmarTvelobis damarcxebis saukeTeso gzas. qarTvelebi-
sTvis socializmi erovnuli konsolidaciis, modernizaciisa da ekonomi-
kuri zrdis xelSemwyobi reJimi gaxldaT. is gaaerTianebda qarTvelebs
da evropelebad aqcevda maT; aayvavebda qveyanas, uzrunvelyofda mis
usafrTxoebasa da mosaxleobis ekonomikur Tanasworobas. socializmi
qmnida, erTi mxriv, gaumaZRar saxelmwifoTa Soris omebis dasrulebis
da, meore mxriv, Sida eTnikuri konfliqtebis aRmofxvris pirobas da
amas sasicocxlo mniSvneloba hqonda qarTvelebisTvis. saqarTvelos,
romlisTvisac imperiis Zaladoba da SidaeTnikuri uTanxmoebebi ucxo
ar iyo, axali, nacionalizmis alternatiuli ideologia sWirdeboda. so-
cializmi erTianobas moitanda, magram nacionalizmisgan gansxvavebiT,
Zaladobisa da sisxlisRvris gareSe. socializmi aRiqmeboda, rogorc
erTaderTi pasuxi saqarTvelos CamorCenelobis, misi (rogorc mcire sax-
elmwifos) politikuri da kulturuli daucvelobis, koloniuri Cagvri-

sa da mravaleTnikurobis gamowvevaze. saqarTveloSi socializmiT moxi-
bvlis mizezebis aRwera mxolod arasrul suraTs mogvcemda. socializmi
universaluri movlena ki ara, erovnuli movlenaa. qarTuli socializmi
ruseTisas ar hgavda, is arc bolSevikuri iyo da arc menSevikuri. parado-
qsia, magram qarTuli socializmi, saqarTvelos politikuri istoriisa
da geografiuli mdebareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ufro demokratiuli da
nakleb danawilebuli iyo elituri polemikisa da kinklaobis wyalobiT,
vidre ruseTSi. gansxvavebebi nawilobriv SeiZleba aixsnas sami faqto-
riT. pirveli _ socialuri manZili winamZRolebsa (umTavresad Raribi
Tavadaznaurobis STamomavlebi) da xalxs Soris arsebiTad didi ar iyo,
rogorc ruseTSi. qarTveli social-demokrati liderebis umravlesoba,
noe Jordanias msgavsad, soflad daibada, sadac wvrili aristokratia da
glexebi erTmaneTis mezoblad cxovrobdnen. isini adgilobriv seminar-
iebSi swavlobdnen da ara segrerirebul gimnaziebSi. es ZiriTadi social-
uri Tanasworoba (egalitarianizmi) aisaxeboda adgilobriv partiul
cxovrebaSi. Sida arCevnebi aRiqmeboda aucilebel saorganizacio prin-
cipad. amgvari midgoma cxadyofs, ratom daarwmuna iolad noe Jordaniam
Tavisi partiis wevrebi 1905 wels, rom centralizebuli da ierarqiuli
bolSevikebis organizacia ucxo iyo adgilobrivi tradiciebisTvis.
meore, saqarTvelos muSaTa klasi mravaleTnikuri iyo. muSebi da xe-
losnebi umTavresad wvril-wvril sawarmoebsa da saxelosnoebSi iyvnen
dasaqmebulni. aseTi heterogenuli interesebisa da moTxovnebis wi-
naSe aRmoCenil qarTvel social-demokrat liderebs farTo ideolo-
giuri saxuravis Seqmna mouwia, imisTvis, rom saqarTvelos `mSromeli
xalxis~ mTeli nakrebi moeqcia mis qveS. adgilobrivi `mSromelTa kla-
sis~ struqturis xasiaTma, romelsac ruseTis qalaqeli muSebisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli àgrerirebuli identoba~ akldaT, yovlismomcveli
`xalxis partiis~ ideamde miiyvana social-demokratebi.
mesame, qarTvelma social-demokratebma Tergdaleulebisgan Zlieri
praqtikuli eTosi miiRes memkvidreobad, ramac bunebrivad CarTo isini
aqtiur saqvelmoqmedo, kulturul da samoqalaqo saqmianobaSi. demokra-
tiuli Cvevebisa da amavdroulad socialisturi ideebis agitatorebs,
qarTvel social-demokratebs dRes Cven albaT `samoqalaqo sazogade-
obis aqtivistebs~ vuwodebdiT.
daskvna 355
da bolos, xelmZRvanelobaze. qarTulma social-demokratiam bev-

ri TvalsaCino socialisti lideri Seqmna, magaliTad, akaki Cxenkeli,
karlo CxeiZe, irakli wereTeli, silva jiblaZe, evgeni gegeWkori, noe
ramiSvili, noe xomeriki da noe Jordania. isini rsdmp-is xelmZRvaneli
organoebis Semadgenlobis wevrebi iyvnen, dumis gaerTianebul, social-
demokratiul fraqcias Tavmjdomareobdnen 1906-1913 wlebSi, warmoad-
gendnen rsdmp-s meore internacionalis yrilobaze, Tavmjdomareobdnen
sruliad ruseTis sabWoebis aRmasrulebel komitetebs an komitetebis
wevrebi iyvnen da droebiT mTavrobaSic Sediodnen.. qarTveli inteleq-
tualebis umravlesobis msgavsad, qarTveli social-demokrati lidere-
bi gamokveTilad proevropulebi iyvnen. isini centraluri da dasavleT
evropidan wamosuli ideebisa da gamocdilebis zegavlenas ganicdidnen.
noe Jordania saqarTveloSi 1905 wlis dasawyisSi dabrunda. is ori
weliwadi muSaobda da kamaTobda socializmis WeSmarit varskvlavebT-
an. mis adreul naSromebSi gamoTqmuli rwmena imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarT-
velos gza evropis gza iyo, uryevi aRmoCnda. noe Jordanias dauRalavi
agitacia-propaganda saparlamento monawileobaze, legalur muSaobaze,
glexobis CarTvaze revoluciur brZolaSi, pluralizmsa da partiis
SigniT decentralizaciaze, mxolod taqtikuri sakiTxebi ki ar iyo mis-
Tvis, aramed kursi, politika, romelic emyareboda swored im rwmenas,
rom saqarTvelos momavali demokratiul evropasTan erTad arsebobda.
noe Jordanias ideebi da politikuri stili mTavari faqtori aRmoCnda
qarTuli social-demokratiis mimarTulebis gansazRvraSi rsdmp-Si
1903 wels momxdari ganxeTqilebis Semdeg. samSobloSi mas Rrma pativis-
cemiT eqceodnen. is iyo didi Teoretikosic da social-demokratiuli
moZraobis Seucvleli lideric. mas Tamamad SeeZlo ekamaTa Tavis Tanas-
worebTan _ karl kauckisTan, eduard bernstainTan, giorgi plexanovsa
da vladimer leninTan.
qarTuli social-demokratia rusuli menSevizmis erT-erTi burji
gaxldaT. magram rogorc menSevizmis mkvlevarebi amboben, menSevizmi
ideebisa da nairgvari politikis Wrel gobelens hgavda. qarTuli so-
cial-demokratiuli moZraoba mxars uWerda rusuli menSevizmis Ziri-
Tad cnebebs, socializmisken gadadgmul progresul nabijebs. 1905 wlis
revoluciis Semdeg, marTalia, qarTuli social-demokratiuli orga-
nizacia formalurad rsdmp-is SemadgenlobaSi iyo, is TviTmmarTveli
organo gaxda, romelic oficialuri menSevikuri politikisgan gansx-
vavebul kurss atarebda glexobasTan, terorizmTan da partiis wevro-

basTan dakavSirebiT. qarTveli social-demokratebi xSirad neitralur
pozicias iWerdnen bolSevik-menSevikTa ganxeTqilebis dros. 1914 wlis-
Tvis menSevikuri konfederaciis nawili, qarTuli social-demokratiu-
li organizacia socialisturi iyo qarTuli SeferilobiT. 1917 wlisT-
vis ki mis wevrebs TiTqmis aRar hqondaT urTierToba rus menSevikebTan,
magram oficialurad isini gaiyvnen 1918 wels oqtomberSi, mSromelTa
axali qarTuli social-demokratiuli partiis damfuZnebel yrilobaze.
miuxedavad 1905 wlidan qarTuli social-demokratiis mzardi gauxcoe-
bisa menSevizmisgan, rusuli menSevizmis istoria ver Sedgeboda qarTuli
organizaciis monawileobis gareSe.
1917 wlis agvistoSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvel social-demok-
ratTa umravlesoba ar mivida menSevikebis gamaerTianebel rsdmp-is yri-
lobaze, kavkasiis organizaciam, romelSic umetesad qarTvelebi iyvnen,
mandatiani delegatebis raodenobis erTi mexuTedi Sedagina, romelic
40 872 wevrs warmoadgenda.3 qarTul social-demokratias ar Rirsebia
damsaxurebuli aRiareba. miuxedavad misi TvalsaCino liderebisa, maTi
popularobisa da im gavlenisa, rac maT rusul revoluciur moZraobaze-
hqondaT, qarTuli social-demokratia dasavlur da sabWoTa istorio-
grafiaSi `Rarib naTesavad~ iqca. enobrivi barieri, Zlieri diasporis
ararseboba, boqlomdadebuli arqivebi, geografiuli periferiuloba,
_ ai, is faqtorebi, romelTa gamoc qarTuli social-demokratiis ig-
norireba moxda. 1991 wels arqivebis gaxsnis Semdegac ki, sabWoTa kav-
SirSi socialisturi eqsperimentis damarcxebis gamo usamarTlod sax-
elgatexilma social-demokratiulma moZraobam ver moipova kuTvnili
adgili qarTul istoriografiaSi. vimedovneb, rom es wigni daexmareba
dasavleTis mkiTxvels gaacnobieros, ratom iyo qarTuli social-de-
mokratia egzom mniSvnelovani menSevizmisa da ruseTis revoluciis is-
toriisTvis da ratom imsaxurebs is Rirseul adgils evropuli social-
izmis istoriaSi.
357
SeniSvnebi
I Tavi
istoriuli viTareba
1. g. k. Cestertoni, St. Francis of Assisi (New York: Doubleday, Doran and Company, 1941), 31.
2. dRes kavkasiaSi Sedis samxreTi kavkasia (saqarTvelo, azerbaijani da somxeTi) da
CrdiloeTi kavkasia. me-19 saukuneSi es regioni administraciuli erTeulis saxiT
mefisnacvlis gamgeblobaSi Sedioda. misi sazRvrebi sakmaod xSirad icvleboda,
magram 1905 wels, roca mefisnacvali voroncov-daSkovi TbilisSi Camovida, kavkasia
moicavda Tbilisis, elizavetopolis, baqos, Cernomories, stavropolisa da quTaisis
guberniebs. es ukanaskneli moicavda baTumis mxares, romelic Tavis mxriv arTvinisa
da baTumis (okrugebad) da soxumis olqad iyofoda. guberniebis garda, kavkasiis
gamgeblobaSi Sedioda daRestnis, yubanis, Tergisa da yarsis regionebi, romlebic
dayofili iyo olqebad da mazrebad da zaqaTalis mxare. amierkavkasia (zakavkazie)
sityvasityviT _ kavkasionis qeds gadaRma teritoriebi, moicavda kavkasionis qedis
samxreT raionebs, aqedan gamomdinare, masSi ar Sedioda stavropolis gubernia,
yubanis, Tergisa da daRestnis mxareebi. carizmis periodis dokumentebsa Tu
periodikaSi xSirad ar asxvavebdnen kavkasiasa da amierkavkasias, magram me amas
vakeTeb. kavkasiis administraciul-teritoriul mowyobaze carizmis periodSi
ixileT grigol robaqaZis sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi batonymobis
gauqmebidan pirvel revoluciamde, 1864–1905) (Tbilisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba,
1923), 209; S. Cxetia, Тбилиси в XIX столетий 1865-1869 (Тбилиси, Академия Наук ГССР
1942), 296-332, С. Эсадзе, Историческая Записка об Управлении Кавказом, 2 т. (Тифлис,
Типография Гуттенберг, 1907)
3. saqarTvelo, bevri sxva saxelmwifos msgavsad, cvalebadi teritoriuli erTeulia.
magaliTad dRes, afxazebi da osebi acxadeben, rom afxazeTi da oseTi saqarTvelos
teritoriis nawili ar aris, Tumca saerTaSoriso Tanamegobroba maT pretenziebs ar
aRiarebs. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi qarTvelTa umravlesoba miiCnevda, rom Tbilisisa
da quTaisis guberniebi, baTumis mxare, soxumisa da zaqaTalis olqebi saqarTvelos
SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. es is raionebi iyo, sadac qarTvelebi metnaklebad mWidrod
saxlobdnen, magram zogierT guberniasa Tu olqSi isini umciresobas warmoadgendnen,
magaliTad axalqalaqSi. sakmaod xSirad gaismoda teritoriuli pretenziebi azer-
baijanelebisgan, somxebisgan, rusebisgan da sxva danarCeni xalxebisganac. magram
saqme rom ar gavarTulo, zemoT mocemul guberniebsa da olqebze SevCerdebi,
yarsisa da ardahanis gamoklebiT, radgan im droisTvis am teritoriebs arc qarTuli
inteligenciis warmomadgenlebi miiCnevdnen udavod qarTul miwebad. kolonializmis
Sesaxeb axali naSromi ixileT: daniel r. braueri da edvard j. lacerini, red., Russia’s
Orient: Imperial Borderlands and Peoples, 1700–1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
1997); Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia’s Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–
1800 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002); dominik liveni, The Russian Empire and
Its Rivals (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000); andreas kapleri, The Russian
Empire: A Multiethnic History, trans. Alfred Clayton (Harlow: Longman/Pearson Education,
2001); ostin jersildi, Orientalism and Empire: North Caucasus Mountain Peoples and the
Georgian Frontier, 1845–1917 (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2002). imperializmis
arsTan dakavSirebiT samecniero Sexedulebebis mimoxilva da inovaciuri Teoriebi
ixileT: maiql adasi, `High~ Imperialism and the `New~ History~ (Washington, D.C.:American
Historical Assoc., 1993); maiql doili, Empires (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1986); jek
snaideri, Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell
University Press, 1991); da pol kenedi, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change
and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987).
4. imperiuli identobis literaturuli kvleva ixileT: jozef roTi, Hotel Savoy;
Fallmerayer the stationmaster; the bust of the emperor, trans. John Hoare (London: Chatto and
Windus, 1986), 55–183. brwyinvale monografia imperiul identobaze da mis gavlenaze
centraluri evropis masebis politikaze ixileT: jeremi kingi, Budweisers into Czechs
and Germans: A Local History of Bohemian Politics, 1848–1948 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press, 2002).
5. carizmis winaaRmdeg didgvarovanTa 1832 wlis SeTqmulebis Semdeg saqarTvelos
arc erTi politikuri partia Tu moZraoba qveynis damoukideblobis moTxovniT ar
gamosula 1918 wlamde. gamonaklisi iyo saqarTvelos damoukideblobis komiteti,
romelic pirveli msoflio omis mimdinareobisas muSaobda germaniaSi da osmalTa
imperiaSi. sxva danarCen partiebs, magaliTad, 1905 wels daarsebul erovnul-de-
mokratiuli partiis wevrebs, SesaZloa pirad saubrebSi emsjelaT am sakiTxze. 1914-
1917 wlebSi qarTveli social-demokratebi ganixilavdnen SesaZlo samoqmedo gegmebs
damoukideblobis SemTxvevaSi. magram 1918 wlamde saqarTveloSi erTi saerTo azri
batonobda,saqarTvelos saxelmwifo interesebi ruseTis demokratiul saxelmwifos
ukavSirdeboda.
6. simon xundaZe, qarTveli inteligenciis profili mecxramete saukuneSi (Tbilisi:
saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1927; 31-32).
7. avstriul-marqsistuli Sexeduleba nacionalizmze ixileT: tom botomori da patriq
gudi, red., Austro-Marxism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), gansakuTrebiT 102–135; mark
e. blumi, The Austro-Marxists, 1890–1918: A Psychobiographical Study (Lexington, Kentucky:
University Press of Kentucky, 1985); vinsent nepi, Austrian Social Democracy, 1889–1914
(Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1980).
8. linda qoli, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press,
1992), 130.
9. qoli wers, òmi da imperia is saSualebebi iyo, romliTac Sotlandiasa da danarCen
did britaneTs Soris kavSiri realuri gaxda.~ Colley, Britons, 132. qarTul da rusul
elitarul sazogadoebebs Soris me-19 saukuneSi damyarebuli kavSirebic aseve
imperiuli eqspansiisa da omis damsaxurebaa.
10. kavkasiasa da centralur aziaSi ruseTis eqspansiis zemoqmedebis Sesaxeb ixileT: maiql
rivkini, red., Russian Colonial Expansion to 1917 (London: Mansell Publishing, 1988); moSe
gameri, Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and Daghestan (London:
Frank Cass, 1994); devid langi, The Last Years of the Georgian Monarchy, 1658–1832 (New York:
ColumbiaUniversity Press, 1957); entoni l. h. rainlanderi, Prince Michael Vorontsov, Viceroy
to the Tsar (Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1990); jon bedli, The Russian Conquest
of the Caucasus (London: Longman’s Green, 1908); Зураб Авалов, Присоединение Грузии к
России (С. Петербург, типография А. С. Суворина, 1901). axali naSromebi: Г. Лысицина и
Я. Аю Гордин, ред, Россия и Кавказ сквозь два столетия (С. Петербург,Звезда, 2001); Tomas
bareti, At the Edge of Empire: The Terek Cossacks and the North Caucasus Frontier, 1700–1860
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1999); nikolas k. gvozdevi, Imperial Policies and Perspectives
SeniSvnebi 359
towards Georgia, 1760–1819 (New York: Macmillan/St. Martin~s, 2000). avalovis wigni Seicavs
mdidar masalas.
11. kavkasiis dapyrobasa da ruseTis imperiasTan mierTebaze ruseTis mmarTvelTa
mosazrebebis sagulisxmo wyaroebis moZieba SeiZleba-Акты, собранные Кавказской
археографической комиссией (Тифлис, Типография главного управлении наместника
Кавказского, 1866-1904); SemdgomSi- Акты. ixileT, mag. Грузия при Царе Георгии XII, me-
2 tomis me-2 nakveTi, general i. v. lazarevis, p.i. kovalenskis da general knoringis
mimowera, 93-197.
12. xelSekrulebis teqsti inglisur enaze ixileT: Constantin Kandelaki, The Georgian
Question Before the Free World (Acts–Documents–Evidence) (Paris: Impr. De Navarre, 1953),
173–179.
13. avalovi amtkicebs, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 1783 wlidan 1801 wlamde ganaxevrda
epidemiebis, Semosevebisa da adamianTa motacebebis gamo. ixileT: Авалов, Присоединение,
191. mefe giorgi XII Teqvsmetpunqtian gegmasTan dakavSirebiT ixileT Нота Грузинскoго
посольства о Грузии 23-го Ноября 1800 года, С-Петербург, Акты, 1, 121, 179–181. me-2 muxli
iTvaliswinebs samefo taxtis SenarCunebas.
14. ixileT: Высочайщий манифест 12-го Сентября 1801 г. Мы Александр Первый, Император
Самодержец Всеросийский, и пр, и пр, и пр, Акты, 1, ч.2, гл. 5. Поступление Грузии в Русское
подданство и учреждение в ней правительства, 432-433. qarTvel mefeebs mflobelobaSi
dautoves miwebi, magram ruseTis emisari, generali knoringi, axali mTavrobis
xelmZRvanelad dainiSna.
15. s. frederik stari, `Tsarist Government: the Imperial Dimension,~ in J. R. Azrael, Soviet
Nationality Policies and Practices (New York: Praeger, 1978), v. n. ivanenko imave azrisaa. is
wers, rom `yoveli sardali (главнокомандующий) da mTavarmarTebeli, zedmetad
TviTdajerebulia da Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr marTavs regions.~ В. Н. Иваненко,
Гражданское управление Закавказъем от присоединения Грузии до наместничества Кн.
Михайла Николаевича (Тифлис, Типография канцелярии...1901), 283
16. baroni korfi ase aRwerda nikoloz I koloniur mmarTvelobas kavkasiaSi: `Cven brZolis
velze vibrZviT, samoqalaqo velzec vibrZviT, erT instituts meoreTi vcvliT,
vaTavisuflebT erT Cinovniks da meore Camogvyavs. wlebi gadis da sul vmeryeobT,
vatarebT eqsperimentebs, vicvliT azrebs da gegmebs.~ arCil jorjaZe, `samSoblo
da mamuliSviloba (erovnuli problema saqarTveloSi); Txzulebani: erovnuli
problemebis garSemo (polemikuri werilebi); Tbilisi: Sorapani, 1911), 1:76. kavkasiis
ekonomikis mimoxilva XIX saukunis bolosTvis, ixileT: e. kondratenko, red., Краткий
очерк экономического положения Кавказа по новейщим официальным и другим отчетам
(Тифлис, Типография канцелярии, 1888). 1888 wlisTvis imperiis xarjebi saqarTveloSi
Seadgenda 45 mln rubls, xolo Semosavlebi 18 mln rubls. e. kondratenko, Краткий, 77.
17. f. v. xaWapuriZe, К истории Грузии первой половины XIX в. (Тбилиси, Заря Востока, 1950),
492-528.
18. v.n. ivanenko, Гражданское управление, 289. kavkasiis gamgeblobis gansakuTrebul saqmeTa
axal komitetTan erTad daarsda misi imperatorobiTi udidebulesobis amierkavkasiis
samoqalaqo saqmeTa marTvis droebiTi ganyofileba, romelsac meeqvse ganyofilebas
uwodebdnen. kavkasiis gansakuTrebul saqmeTa komiteti 1882 wels, mefisnacvlis
institutTan erTad gauqmda.
19. ermolovisa da paskeviCis biografiebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT: f.a. brokgauzi da i. a.
efroni, Энциклопедический словарь (С. Петербург, Типография И. А. Эфрона, 1894), 11 А,
675, 22 А, 920.
20. SeuZlebelia samxedro swavlebasa da uazro avtoritarizmis urTierTdamokidebu-
lebaze varaudebis gamoTqma. magaliTad ermolovi, asimilaciis saukeTeso saSualebad

adgilobrivi tradiciebis SenarCunebas miiCnevda, xolo pirveli qarTulenovani
gazeTi paskeviCis dros gamoica TbilisSi.
21. v.n. ivanenko, Гражданское управление, 284. rogorc Semdeg ambobs, `SeiZleba bavSvebis
marTva, ise rogorc ufrosebis; ramdenad samarTliani iqneba feTqebadi, impulsuri da
naxevrad veluri SeiaraRebuli [xalxisgan] iseTive simkacriT moviTxovoT disciplinis
dacva, rogorc amas SeuiaraRebeli da TavSekavebuli evropelebisgan viTxovT?~
22. mark raefi, Patterns of Russian Imperial Policy toward the Nationalities, Edward Allworth, Soviet
Nationality Problems (New York: Columbia University Press, 1971), 22–42.
23. hiu seTon-uoTsoni, The Russian Empire, 1801–1917 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987), 267–274.
seTon-uoTsonma calkeul rus biurokratebSi nacionalisturi tendeciebi me-19
saukunis pirvel naxevarSi aRmoaCina, magram rusifikacia, rogorc ararusi erovnebis
adamianis kulturul rusad gardaqmnis sistematuri mcdeloba, misi azriT aleqsandre
III-is dros daiwyo.
24. jersildi, Orientalism and Empire, 3–11, 126–144.
25. hamilton rainlanderi, rogorc regionalizmsa da centralizms Soris, ise ganmartavs
am diskusiebs. L. Hamilton Rhinelander, `Russian Imperial Policy: The Administration of the
Caucasus in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century,~ Canadian Slavonic Papers, 17, nos. 2 & 3
(1975): 218–235.
26. socialuri urTierTobebis Sesaxeb me-19 saukunis saqarTveloSi _ ixileT: ronald
siunis `The Emergence of Political Society in Georgia,~ Ronald Suny, ed., Transcaucasia:
Nationalism and Social Change (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996), 109–140. agreTve
misi: The Making of the Georgian Nation (London: I. B. Tauris, 1989), 5–6 Tavebi.
27. v. ivanenko, ruseTis Semosvla saqarTveloSi, (tfilisi: codna, 1905), 30.
28. stiven jonsi, Russian Imperial Administration and the Georgian Nobility: The Georgian
Conspiracy, Slavonic and East European Review 65, no. 1 (1987): 53–76.
29. komisiis muSaobis saukeTeso analizi mocemulia g. gozaliSvilis wignSi “1832 wlis
SeTqmuleba” (tfilisi: saxelmwifo universiteti, 1935). masSi Sesulia Tbilisis
komisiisTvis SeTqmulebis monawileebis mier micemuli Cvenebebi.
30. strofebi misi leqsidan, èha, Cemo ocnebav~; Txzulebani, aleqsandre WavWavaZe
(Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1996), 15.
31. mefis winaaRmdeg 1804 wlis SeTqmulebaSi monawileobisTvis aleqsandre I-ma WavWavaZe
Seiwyala. SeTqmulTa umravlesobasac aseve lmobierad moeqcnen. Tavadi grigol
orbeliani gadasaxlebidan dabrunda da Samilis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi Caeba, guriis
1841 wlis ajanyebis CaxSobaSi miiRo monawileoba da mefisnacvlis general-adiutanti
da mTvari mrCevelic gaxda. Tavadi elizbar erisTavi general-maiori da goris mazris
mTavari mmarTveli gaxda.
32. iona meunargia, qarTveli mwerlebi (Tbilisi: samecniero meToduri kabinetis
gamomcemloba, 1957), 228.
33. g. abzianiZe, red, qarTuli literaturis istoria (19 saukunis pirveli naxevari);
Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 3:73.
34. Акт Грузинского дворянства, 24 Апреля, 1848 года, Акты, т. 10, 10, 26.
35. sityva moqalaqes sxva konotaciuri mniSvneloba hqonda me-19 saukuneSi da ase,
Cveulebriv, somexi erovnebis qalaqis SeZlebul macxovrebels uwodebdnen, romelic
garkveuli socialuri privilegiebiT sargeblobda, rac mis mier didi gadasaxadebis
gadaxdas ukavSirdeboda.
36. saxelmwifos ymebTan dakavSirebiT ixileT: i. i. anTelava, Государственные крестяне
Грузии в 19 в. (Тбилиси, Академия Наук ГССР, 1962).
SeniSvnebi 361
37. jeims r. parsonsi, The Emergence and Development of the National Question in Georgia, 1801–
1921~ (Ph.D diss., Institute of Soviet and East European Studies, Glasgow University, 1987), 72.
parsonsi me-5-7 gverdebis SeniSvnebSi aRniSnavs, rom quTaisis guberniaSi 1.314 glexma
Tavad gamoisyida Tavisufleba 1850-1863 wlebSi.
38. ivane javaxiSvili, Политическое и социальное движение в Грузии в 19 веке, (С. Петербург,
Книгиздательство Сакартвело, 1906), 12.
39. xSirad qarTveli glexebi TviTon moiTxovdnen, rom maTi SvilebisTvis skolaSi rusul
enaze eswavlebinaT. ixileT: `rusuli ena da Cveni xalxi~, saqme , oqtomberi 29, 1910, 3.
40. ilia WavWavaZe, àsis wlis winaT~. Txzulebani (Tbilisi: saq. ssr saxelmwifo
gamomcemloba, 1955), 4:207–217.
41. 1864, 1866, da 1877–1878 wlebis ajanyebebis Semdeg, dasavleT kavkasiaSi macxovrebeli
90.000 adamiani, maT Soris Cerqezebi, afxazebi da adiRelebi sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi
dasaxldnen; 418.000 adamiani emigraciaSi wavida osmalTa imperiaSi. ixileT: esaZe,
Историческая записка, 1, 52.
42. 1860 wlamde skolebidan qarTuli enis gandevnis mcdeloba ar iyo. magram 1867 da
1873 wlebSi jer debuleba gamoica, Semdeg ki kanoni, romlis mixedviTac moixsna
qarTul enaze swavlebis valdebuleba gimnaziebSi da realur saswavleblebSi. 1881
wlidan rusuli ena iswavleboda yvela dawyebiT skolaSi meore semestridan, xolo
1890-iani wlebisTvis ganaTlebis saministros dawyebiT skolebSi, soflis skolebis
garda, qarTul enaze swavleba aRar mimdinareobda. ixileT: T. xundaZe, carizmis
saganmanaTleblo politika saqarTveloSi (80-ian wlebSi) (Tbilisi: dawyebiTi da
saSualo skolis samecniero-sakvlevi instituti, 1940), gv. 33–53 da 96–134.
43. giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba, 214–217.
44. niko nikolaZe, Освобождение крестьян в Грузии, Колокол, 1865, Июль. citirebulia-i.
abaSiZis, v. JRentis da sxv, Летопись дружбы Грузинского и Русского народов с древных
времен до наших дней (Tbilisi: literatura da xelovneba, 1967), 1:118–119.
45. W. E. D. Allen, A History of the Georgian People: From the Beginning Down to the Russian
Conquest in the Nineteenth Century (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1971), 132.
46. èkonomiuri warmateba da erovneba~, Txzulebani (axali gziT, Tbilisi: qarTuli
beWdviTi amxanagoba, 1920), 1:23, 29.
47. Tamar mefis ordeni yvelaze maRal samxedro jildod daaweses.
48. noe Jordania werda, `feodalizmma gaimarjva, man Tavi daimkvidra da bolo mouRo
saqarTvelos erTianobas~. Jordania, Txzulebani, 1, 24.
49. sityva imeridan warmoiqmna imereTi, dasavleT saqrTvelos yvelaze didi mxaris saxeli.
imenad da amienad dayofas zedmatad gamartivebulad ar unda SevxedoT. aq saxezea didi
heterogenuloba da kulturuli zonebic kveTen erTmaneTs.
50. me vambob `xelaxla gaRvivebas~, radgan cnobilia, rom qarTul elitur fenebs saerTo
erovnuli identobis SegrZneba Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli aqvT, Tumca am SegrZnebas
erovnuli Tanxmoba yovelTvis ar mohqonda. amis erT-erTi damadasturebelia vaxuSti
bagrationis (1696-1758) saqarTvelos geografia. is oTxi nawilisgan Sedgeba: geografia,
genealogia, qronikebi da saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani istoriuli movlenebis aRwera.
pirvel nawilSi mocemulia qalaqebis, regionebis, mosaxleobis, klimatis, topografiis
da sazRvrebis amomwuravi aRwera. aqvea saqarTvelos im teritoriebis rukebi,
romlebsac vaxuSti saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi ganixilavda. qarTlis cxovrebaSic
kargad aris dasabuTebuli, rom identobis grZnoba maRal fenebSi ukve me-11 da me-12
saukuneebSi arsebobda. qarTlis cxovreba saqarTvelos ori aTaswleulis istorias
mogviTxrobs. is eyrdnoba istoriul teqstebs, romlebic me-11 saukuniT TariRdeba.
qarTlis cxovrebis Sesaxeb ixileT: steven rafi umcr., qarTlis cxovreba: The Georgian
Royal Annals and their medieval Armenian adaptation (Delmar, NY: Caravan Books, 1998).
51. u. e. d. aleni da pol muratovi, Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-
Caucasian Border, 1821–1921 (repr., Nashville, Tenn.: Battery Press, 1999. Originally published in
1953.), Tavi 1–15.
52. benediqt andersoni, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of
Nationalism, (London: Verso, 1991), 163–185;
53. iuJin veberi, Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914 (Stanford,
Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1976), 218.
54. xaWapuriZe, К Истории Грузии, 468. 1804 wlamde normaluri gza lixis qedidan dasavleTi
saqarTvelos `dedaqalaqamde~ ar arsebobda. transportis Sesaxeb ixileT: `gzebi:
maTi viTareba da mniSvneloba~, saqarTvelos kalendari, 5, 163-169gv (tfilisi: stamba
e.xalaZe, 1890)
55. Труды местных комитетов о нуждах сельскохозяиственной промышленности (С. Петербург,
Типография т-ва Народная Польза 1903), 52, 239.
56. А. Аргютинский-Долгоруков, История сооружения и эксплуатации Закавказской железной
дороги за 25 лет ее существования, 1871-1896 (Тифлис, Издание Закавказской Ж. Дороги,
1896), 395-396, 408-409. fuTi 16 kilogramia.
57. e.v. xoStaria, mrewvelobis ganviTareba da muSaTa klasis Camoyalibeba me- 19 saukunis
saqarTveloSi; (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1968), 2:85-88; ronald siuni, Tiflis, Crucible of Ethnic
Politics, 1860–1905, in Michael F. Hamm, The City in Late Imperial Russia (Bloomington: Indiana
University Press, 1986), 254.
58. Е. В. Хоштария, Очерки социально-экономической истории Грузии, промышленность,
города, рабочий класс (19 в-начало 20 в.) (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1974), 170.
59. Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи, 1897 г. под редакцией Н. А.
Тройницкого, LXIX (Тифлисская Губ.) и LXVI (Кутаисская губ.) С. Петербург, Издание
центрального статистического комитета МВД, 1905. (Semdeg teqstSi Перепись). Tbilisis
guberniis qalaqebze, Tbilisisa da axalcixis garda ixileT t. LXIX, 1.
60. Положение к общему своду данных первой всеобщей переписи населения 1897 г. Перепись
I:6.
61. 1906 wlis monacemebiT, raWis mazris mamakacTa raodenobis naxevari yovelwliurad
miemgzavreboda fulis saSovnad. isini muSaobdnen mzareulebad, xelze mojamagireebad,
tyismWerelebad, durglebad da Tivis damamzadeblebad. p. guguSvili; saqarTvelosa
da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX–XX saukuneebSi (Tbilisi: saxelgami,
1956), 2:789–792.
62. tvirTis mzidavebs eqvsi gildia hqondaT, maT Soris imerlebs, gurulebsa da raWvelebs
_ sakuTari. ixileT: parsonsi, Emergence and Development, 81.
63. Перепись, II:XXVII.
64. raefi, Patterns of Russian Imperial Policy, 31.
65. rogorc kondratenko ganmartavs, qarTvelTa qvejgufebad dayofa ganpirobebuli
iyo àdgilobrivi pirobebiT da agreTve istoriuli mizezebiT, rac gamoxatulia
xasiaTisa da moralis TaviseburebebiT, magram es sakmarisi ar aris imisTvis, rom isini
[damoukidebel] tomebad an xalxebad gamovacxadoT. ixileT: e. kondratenko, red.,
Краткий очерк экономического положения, 5-6. Этнологическая класификация Кавказских
народов.
66. Txzulebani, t. 1 (axali gziT), 15.
67. qarTvelma social-demokratma akaki Cxenkelma 1908 wels ganacxada, rom `dRes
SeniSvnebi 363
qarTveli eri individualur mTlianobas warmoadgens. mis Semadgenel nawilebs es esmis

da grZnobs.~. ixileT: èrovnuli kiTxva~; xomli, ivlisi 31, 3.
68. mixeil gafrindaSvili, qarTuli ganmanaTlebloba; (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1966), 158.
69. odet keuni, In the Land of the Golden Fleece: Through Independent Menchevist Georgia, Targm.
Helen Jessiman (London: John Lane The Bodley Head, 1924). es SesaniSnavi eTnografiuli
naSromia saqarTvelos regionebze, romelSic SigadaSig CarTulia feministuri
mosazrebebi.
70. aleni, A History, 5.
71. vaxtang jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XVIII–XX saukuneebSi; Tbilisi: mecniereba,
1984), 112.
72. urbanizacia quTaisis guberniaSi neli tempiT mimdinareobda da yvelaze dabali
maCvenebeli aqvs kavkasiaSi 1897 wels, 9,2 procenti. daRestanSi es maCvenebeli ufro
dabalia _ 7,8 procenti. ixileT: Положение к общему своду данных первой всеобщей
переписи населения 1897 г. Перепись I:6.
73. 1897 wels qarTvelebi Tbilisis mosaxleobis 26,5%-s Seadgendnen, somxebi _ 29,6%-s da
rusebi _ 28,1%-s. v. jaoSvili da sxv. Tbilisi, ekonomikuri geografiuli gamokvleva,
Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1989), cxrili 4, 125
74. magaliTisTvis ixileT: ernst gelneri, Nations and Nationalism (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell
University Press, 1983); erik hobsbaumi, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth,
Reality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); miroslav hrohi, Social Preconditions of
National Revival in Europe: a Comparative Analysis of the Social Composition of Patriotic Groups
among the Smaller European Nations, Targm.. Ben Fowkes (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1985).
75. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ixileT, rojers brubakeri, Myths and Misconceptions in the
Study of Nationalism,~ in John Hall, ed., The State of the Nation: Ernest Gellner and the Theory of
Nationalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 272–306.
76. `qarTveli xalxi da nacionalizmi,~ ix. n. Jordania: misi nawerebis krebuli erovnuli
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb (Tbilisi: gamocema rusuli komunisturi partiis saolqo komitetisa,
1922), 58.
77. jorjaZe, erovnuli problemebis garSemo, 82.
78. stven jonsi, The Non-Russian Nationalities, Robert Service, red., Society and Politics in the
Russian Revolution (New York: Macmillan/St. Martin’s Press, 1992), 35–63.
79. kavkasiaSi somxuri mosaxleobis istoriis Sesaxeb ixileT: riCard hovanesiani, The
Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, vol. 2: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The
Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century (New York: St. Martin~s Press, 1997), gansakuTrebiT
Tavebi 3-7.
80. ronald siuni, Making of the Georgian Nation, Tavi. 4–6.
81. jaoSvili, Tbilisi, 127.
82. r. g. hovanesiani, The Republic of Armenia: The First Year, 1918–1919 (Berkeley: University of
California Press, 1971), 7.
83. Г. М. Туманов, Заметки о городском самоуправлении на Кавказе (Тифлис, Типография Я. И.
Либерман, 1902), 3.
84. luiz nalbandiani, The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian
Political Parties through the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1963).
85. tadeuS svietoCovski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905–1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a
Muslim Community (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), 39.
86. svietoCovski, Russian Azerbaijan; agreTve: odri l. alstadti, The Azerbaijani Turks:
Power and Identity under Russian Rule (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1992), chaps.
1–5.
88. SesaZloa stalinis winaprebi mamis mxridan CrdiloeTidan Camosuli xiznebi iyvnen.
`juRaSvili~juRaevis Svils niSnavs. aseTi saxeliT, stalins adreve unda egrZno, rom
sufTa qarTveli ar iyo.
89. afxaebTan dakavSirebiT, ixileT: jorj hiuiti, The Abkhazians: A Handbook (New York:
St. Martin’s Press, 1998).
90. noe Jordania, `Tbilisi,~ kvali, ivlisi 12, 1898, 481.
91. èrovnuli kiTxva,~ xomli, ivlisi, 28, 1908,3..
92. citirebulia-Robert C. Tucker, The Marxian Revolutionary Idea (London: George Allen and
Unwin, 1970), 160.
93. `Tbilisi,~ kvali, ivlisi 12, 1898, 481-483.
94. Ibid., 482–483.
95. arCil jorjaZe, `meoTxmocianni~ da `meoTxmocdaaTianni~, arCil jorjaZe, werilebi.
(Tbilisi: merani, 1989, 335)
96. ixileT: samarTali vaxtang meeqvsisa, isidore doliZe (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo,
1981).
97. jorjaZe sxvanairad wers: àm bedkrul velurebs meTvramete saukunSi didi bedniereba
ewviaT, movida didebuli, ganaTlebuli, kulturiT Zlieri ruseTi. mfarveloba gauwia
velurebs, Wama-sma aswavla, tanisamossac miaCvia, frak-serTukebSi gamoawyo buSmanebi,
pirSi sigara misca, Tvals binokli gaukeTa, xuWuWian Tmebzedac maRali cilindri
Camoaco. da ai, dadis dRes am tanisamosSi gamowyobili zulu-qarTveli quTaisis
bulvarze da tfilisis prospeqtze da stkbeba bednierebiT, stkbeba gareSe mtrebisgan
uzrunvelyofil maZRar sicocxliT~. jorjaZe, `samSoblo da mamulisSviloba,~
Txzulebani: erovnuli problemebis garSemo, 1:67.
98. jorjaZe, `masalebi qarTvel inteligenciis istoriisaTvis: nawili pirveli: `cis-
kari~ da `saqarTvelos moambe~ (1852–1863 w.) (1852–1863)], Txzulebani (tiflisi:
Sroma, 1914), 5:9.
99. moris vagneri, Travels in Persia, Georgia and Koordistan with Sketches of the Cossacks and the
Caucasus (London: Hurst and Blackett, 1856), 163.
100. m. kolxideli, glexobis ajanyeba samegreloSi 1857 w. da saxalxo tribuna, utu miqava
(Tbilisi: TviT-Sroma, 1926).
101. ibid., 7. ruseTi seriozulad SeSfoTda samegrelos ajanyebis gamo. samegrelo axlos
iyo TurqeTis sazRvarTan da Sav zRvaze da oTomanTa imperiisken gasasvlel derefans
warmoadgenda Samil imamisTvis, romelic isev ibrZoda CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi.
102. rafiel erisTavi, rCeuli Txzulebani, (Tbilisi: sabWoTa mwerali, 1958), 7.
103. moTxroba eyrdnoba cnobil legendas axalgazrda vaJze, romelic Sewirvis mizniT
da suramis cixis gasamagreblad kedels cocxlad Caatanes. is mogviTxrobs ymaTa
gaWirvebaze. ixileT: daniel WonqaZe, suramis cixe, me-3 gamocema (tfilisi: Sroma,
1927)
104. Voyage autour du Caucase: Chez les Tcherkesses et les Abkhases en Colchide, en Georgie, en
Armenie et en Crimée (Paris: Libraire de Gide, 1839), 3:136. frederik dubua de monpero
imerel Tavadebze werda: `maT ar aqvT mdidruli saxlebi, aqa-iq ramdenime fanjara da
ori kari saxls yofnis, dRis sinaTle rom Sevides da kvamli gamovides iqidan. oTaxSi
ori grZeli sawoli dgas, masze SeSis naWeri devs baliSis magivrad, patara xaliCa
SeniSvnebi 365
iatakze, grZeli ficrebi magidis nacvlad, lamazad gamoTlili komodi, ai, sul es aris,
rac imerel Tavads saxlSi gaaCnia da riTac is kmayofilia.~
105. monacemebi ixileT: ronald siuni, The Peasants Have Always Fed Us: The Georgian Nobility
and the Peasant Emancipation, 1856–1871, Russian Review 38, no. 1, (1979), 31.
106. statistikuri monacemebi me-19 saukunis saqarTvelos soflis pirobebze ixileT: О.
Семин, Великая Годовщина, Аграрный вопрос и крестьянская реформа на Кавказе (Киев,
Л. М. Фиш, 1911). В. И. Адамия, Социально-экономическое развитие Грузинской деревни,
1870-1900, (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqrTvelo, 1976); Е. Кондратенко, Свод стат. данных о
землевладении в Тифлисской и Кутаисской губерниях (Тифлис, Закавк. стат. комитет,
типография Грузю изд. товарищества И. Козловскаго), Е. Кондратенко, Свод стат. данных о
населении Закавказского края...(Тифлис, типография И. Мартиросянца, 1893).
107. ilia WavWavaZe: Txzulebani or tomad; (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1977), 360.
108. 1875-1902 wlebSi Tavad-aznaurTa kuTvnili miwebis 30%-ze meti dagiravebuli iyo. 1904
wlisTvis Tavad-aznaurTa miwebis or mesamedi dagiravebuli iyo Tbilisis guberniaSi.
ixileT, В. И. Адамия, Социально-экономическое развитие, 28-30
109. Tbilisis glexobam saSualod miwebis 20% dakarga, romelsac adre amuSavebda, xolo
quTaisis glexobam _ erTi mesamedi. ixileT: mircxulava, Аграрно-крестьянский
вопрос, 33.
110. Ibid., 49.
111. 1903 wels Tbilisis guberniis saSualo glexis ojaxi 10,9 desetinas flobda,
SedarebisTvis, 1,69 desetinas flobda droebiT valdebuli glexis ojaxi. guguSvili,
saqarTvelos ganviTareba, 657–660.
112. noe xomerikma, saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis miwis ministrma daiangariSa,
rom 1882 wels Tbilisisa da quTaisis guberniebSi xizanTa 8,928 ojaxi cxovrobda;
ixileT: noe xomeriki, agraruli reforma da Cveni sasoflo meurneoba (tiflisi:
saqarTvelos respublikis qalaqTa kavSiri, 1920), 6.
113. bevri gadamyidveli qarTveli iyo. dasavleT saqrTveloSi gurulebi da megrelebi
Seadgendnen vaWarTa umetes kontingents. maT glexebi, faqtobrivad, kargad
xvdebodnen. ixileT: Tedo saxokia, mogzaurobani; (baTumi: sabWoTa aWara, 1985), 28.
114. robert edelmani, Proletarian Peasants: The Revolution of 1905 in Russia’s Southwest (Ithaca,
N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987).
115. valiko CubiniZe, mogoneba 1905 wlidan 1921 wlis 15 martamdin; (Paris: Impr. de Navarre,
1938), 5.
116. saqarTvelos marganecis sabadoebze ixileT: V. Babet, Le Minerai de Manganèse de Géorgie
(Paris: République de Georgie, Ministère des Finances du Commerce et de l~Industrie, 1921), 8.
117. xoStaria, Очерки, 140.
118. baTumsa da baqos Soris sarkinigzo kavSiri damyarda 1883 wels. am or qalaqs Soris
navTobis milsadeni gayvanil iqna 1896-1906 wlebSi.
119. osip mandelStami, `Batum,~ Jane Gray Harris, red., Mandelstam: the Complete Critical Prose
and Letters, trans. Jane Gray Harris and Constance Link (Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ardis, 1979), 229.
120. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, 108.
121. 1874 da 1886 wlebs Soris tfilisis komerciuli bankebis mier gacemuli sesxebis
raodenoba gaizarda 1,4 mln. rublidan 16 mln. rublmade. xolo 1872 wlidan 1890
wlamde bankis fulad operaciebSi Tanxebi gaizarda 15 mln. rublidan 157 mln.
rublamde. ixileT: a. bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos istoria 1801–1921;( Tbilisi:
ganTleba, 1999), 146..
122. ronald siuni, Tiflis, Crucible of Ethnic Politics, 260.
II Tavi
qarTuli social-demokratiis erovnuli fesvebi
1. `raznoCincis~ qarTuli Sesatyvisi ar aqvs. axali, araaristokratuli warmoSobis

ganaTlebuli fenis warmomadgenlis aRsaniSnad gavrcelebuli iyo saxeli `mRvdliS-
vilebi~, igivea, rac rusuli `popoviCi.~
2. ganaTlebul qarTvelTa umravlesobas ramdenime strofi unda scodnoda me-12 saukunis
epikuri poemidan. ixileT venera uruSaZis mier inglisur enaze Targmnili, The Knight in
the Panther’s Skin (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1971).
3. dasaxelebul avtorTa nawarmoebebis krebuli ixileT, sxva saqarTvelo sad aris
(Tbilisi: merani, 1990), 19–26, 27–35, 73–76, 107–119.
4. v. tatiSvili mogviTxrobs qarTvelTa dasaxlebaze moskovSi. ix. Gruziny v Moskve:
Istoricheskii ocherk (1653–1722) (Tbilisi: zaria vostoka, 1959).
5. a. jorjaZe, droeba 1866-76; mnaTobi, 1869-1872; krebuli, 1871-1873, Txzulebani,
tfilisi: Sroma 1914, 5:106.
6. noe ramiSvili aswavlida skolaSi, romelic wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis
mier finansdeboda.
7. noe Jordania, wigni ojaxSi sakiTxavi (Tbilisi: merani, 1989), 37. akaki wereTelze ixileT;
Donald Rayfield, The Literature of Georgia: a History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), chap. 19.
8. guram SaraZe, ucxoeTis cis qveS (Tbilisi, merani, 1993), 2:8.
9. man eqvsi leqsi dabeWda or mTavar qarTul gazeTSi 1895 wels, liberalur da cotaTi
populistur ìveriaSi~ da radikalurad ganwyobil `kvalSi~, romelsac redaqtorobda
giorgi wereTeli, fostisa da satelegrafo kavSiris momavali ministris da ruseTis
1917 wlis droebiT mTavrobaSi kerenskis marjvena xelis, irakli wereTlis mama. sta-
linis leqsebi bunebaze, imedsa da WeSmaritebazea. erT-erTi leqsi eZRvneba rafiel
erisTavs (1834-1901), qarTvel dramaturgsa da literaturul moRvawes, romelSic
avtori qebas asxams rafiel erisTavs `qarTveli xalxis keTildReobaze mudmivi zrunvis
gamo~, magram bolos moiTxovs, rom man `namgaliviT gamoiyenos xalxis mgznebare xma~.
soselo, rogorc stalini awerda xels Tavis adreul nawarmoebebs, imedis momcemi
poeti aRmoCnda, imdenad, rom misi erTi leqsi `dila~ iakob gogebaSvilis `deda enaSic~
(qarTuli enis gramatikis saxelmZRvanelo bavSvebisaTvis) ki daibeWda 1912 wels.
stalinis leqsebis saSualo donis Targmanebi inglisur enaze ixileT: ioseb stalinis-
soselos leqsebi, (Tbilisi: lega, 1999).
10. mas bevri fsevdonimi hqonda, sanam sabolood stalins airCevda, maT Soris, daviTi,
ivanovi, beso da soselo. koba aleqsandre yazbegis (1848-1893) moTxrobis `mamis
mkvlelis~ gmiri iyo. moTxroba pirvelad daibeWda 1882 wels. Tavisi megobrebis,
iagosa da nunus mkvlelobis gamo abragi koba Surs iZiebs da klavs policiis ufross.
robert pains saintereso mimoxilva aqvs `mamis mkvlelze~. ixileT: The Rise and Fall of
Stalin ([London: Pan Books, 1966], 38–40), Tumca moTxrobisTvis araswori saxelwodeba aqvs
micemuli.
11. akaki Cxenkeli, erovnuli kiTxva, xomli, 1908, 31 ivlisi, 2-3 da 23 ivlisi, 2.
12. konstantine meZvelia: Tergdaleulebi da ruseTis samociani wlebis revoluciuri
moRvaweoba, (Tbilisi: codna, 1959), 174-181.
13. stiven f. jonsi, `Russian Imperial Administration and the Georgian Nobility,~ Slavonic and
East European Review 65, no. 1 (1987), 53–76. solomon dodaSvili maTgan yvelaze metad iyo
msoflmxedvelobiT respublikeli.
14. dekabristebis gavlenis Sesaxeb qarTul inteligenciaze, ixileT: baroni a. e. rozeni,
Декабристы на Кавказе, Русская старина (Tebervali 1884), 303–307; e. veidenbaumi,
SeniSvnebi 367
Декабристы на Кавказе, Русская старина (ivnisi 1903), 481–502.

15. apolon maxaraZe, qarTuli romatizmi (Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba,
1967), 29.
16. s. o. qiSmiSevi, Тифлис 40-годов ( Тифлис, Канц. Главнонач. Гражд. Части на Кавказе), 1894,
1-16.
17. grigol orbeliani, TzulebaTa sruli krebuli; (Tbilisi: sabWoTa mwerali, 1959), 89-
106.
18. aleqsandre loria da nodar gurgeniZe, sabiblioTeko saqme saqarTveloSi 1921 wlamde
(Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1974), 172.
19. a. bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, 1801-1921 (Tbilisi: ganaTleba, 1999), 92-
93. voroncovis Camosvlidan 15 wlis Semdeg, 1860 wlisTvis, tiflisSi moswavleTa
raodenoba orjer da ufro metad gaizarda da 7.850 miaRwia.
20. kavkasiaSi caristuli saganmanaTleblo politikis Sesaxeb ixileT: a. froneli, mokle
mimoxilva swavla-ganaTlebisa CvenSi, saqarTvelos kalendari 1890 wlis. (tfilisi: e.
xelaZis stamba, 1890), seqcia 7, 242-259.
21. Tengiz kvirkvelia, Архитектура Тбилиси (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1982), 53; g.
giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi batonymobis gadavardnidan
pirvel revoluciamde, 1864-1905; tfilisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1923), 157; a.
wulukiZe, Грузинская музыкальная культура, Сборник статей, Москва, Гос. Муз. Изд., 1957,
96.
22. petre umikaSvili xumrobda, rom gazeTis daarseba ufro Zneli iyo saqarTveloSi,
vidre rkinigzis gayvanao. aleqsandre kalandaZe, ilia WavWavaZis brZola saqarTvelos
moambis daarseba-SenarCunebisaTvis; Tbilisi: Tbilisis ilia WavWavaZis saxl-muzeumi,
1957), 42. 1862 wlidan 1873 wlamde saqarTveloSi mxolod 24 wigni daibeWda, xolo
1862-1863 wlebSi _ arcerTi. Хронологический указатель книг и брошур вышедших на
Грузинском языке с 1629 по 1883 (Тифлис, Ценз. Комитет, 1883, 21-23.
23. `samecniero, saqvelmoqmedo, saRvmdlo da sxvagvari sazogadoebani~, saqarTvelos
kalendari, 1890, nakveTi 7, 288-294.
24. T-di g. m. Tumanovi, Характеристики и воспоминания, Заметки Кавказского хроникера,
Тифлисский журнал, 1913. wigni 1, 230-239. qarTveli momsvlelebi iSviaTad Tu na-
xulobdnen CerniSevskis. is Tavisi kabinetidan ar gamodioda.
25. polonelTa zegavlenis Sesaxeb niko nikolaZis filosofiaze ixileT: mogonebebi
(Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1984), 53-56. polonelTa gav-
lena qarTul politikur azrovnebaze cxadad Cans giorgi wereTlis naxevrad
avtobiografiul moTxrobaSi `kikoliki, Cikoliki da kudabzika (mgzavris werilebidan),
quTaisi: n. i. gamreklis tipo-litografia, 1893; moTxroba 1866 wels daibeWda. masSi
avtori yveba polonel studentTan, vinme X-iskisTan Sexvedraze, romelmac STaagona,
rom Tavisi cxovreba ubralo xalxisTvis mieZRvna.
26. n. nikolaZis cxovrebis adreuli wlebis Sesaxeb ixileT: mixeil gafrindaSvili,
qarTuli ganmanaTlebloba; (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1966), 259-291. im 282 studentidan,
romlebic 1861 wlis studenturi gamosvlebisas daiWires, 15 qarTveli iyo.
27. simon xundaZe, qarTveli inteligenciis profili mecxramete saukuneSi; tfilisi,
saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1927, 60.
28. aleqsandre xaxanovi (xaxanaSvili), Очерки по истории Грузинской словестности, Ли-
тература 19 в. (Москва, издание Имрераторского Общества, 1906), 5-6.
29. v. sifraSvili, rusi revolucioner-demokratebisa da Tergdaleulebis ideuri ur-
TierToba (me-19 saukunis 60-ian wlebSi); Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1962; 139.
30. ixileT, magaliTad, `sxva da sxva ambavi~, saqarTvelos moambe, aprili, 4 1863, 89-108;
g. wereTeli, `ciskars ra ayayanebda?~ saqarTvelos moambe, 7, ivlisi 1863, 6-20. mesame
statiaSi poloneTis ajanyebazea laparaki.
31. `salamuri~, ixileT akaki wereTeli, Tzulebani, Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1980),
41. `navi~, akaki wereTeli, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli, tomi 1, leqsebi; Tbilisi:
saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1950; 64-65. `navSi~ avtori gviyveba patara navis ambavs,
romelic didma gemma gadaarCina, magram bolo strofSi gvafrTxilebs Zlier batonTan
dakavSirebul saSiSroebazec.
32. ilia WavWavaZis da noe Jordanias polemikis Sesaxeb ixileT: ilia WavWavaZe TxzulebaTa
sruli krebuli aT tomad; (Tbilisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1957), 6:241-295. social-
demokratebs bevri adanaSaulebda ilias mkvlelobaSi Tu ara, misi sikvdilisTvis
xelSemwyobi viTarebis SeqmnaSi mainc. rogorc aleqsandre SuSanaSvils miaCnia,
amis pirdapiri mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs, SoTa badriZe ki sapirispiros amtkicebs.
ixileT aleqsandre SuSanaSvili, wiwamuris tragedia, Tbilisi: orioni, 2000; 95-105;
SoTa badriZe, wiwamuris tragediis gamocana, Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1991; 227-239.
33. xaxanovi, Очерки, 125.
34. jorjaZe, Txzulebani, t.5, 53
35. ilia WavWavaZe: Txzulebani or tomad; Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1977, II : 7-24.
ilia WavWavaZe iziarebda me-19 saukunis nacionalistebis mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb,
rom ers saerTo salaparako ena unda hqonoda. 1860-ian wlebSi Jurnal `ciskris~
avtorTa umravlesoba samsafexurian sistemas iyenebda werisas _ umaRles saeklesios,
literaturuls da Cveulebriv salaparakos, rac kaTolikos anton pirvelis
Semotanili iyo me-18 saukuneSi.
36. ilia WavWavaZe: Txzulebani aT tomad, 2:124-223.
37. reifildi, Literature of Georgia, 174–178.
38. ixileT, mag., `CrdiloeTis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi da iqauri tyveoba; saqarTvelos
moambe, 11 noemberi, 1863, 34-72; 12, dekemberi, 1863, 62-87, sadac mocemulia revoluciis,
konstituciis da respublikis ganmartebebi.
39. siuni, The Making of the Georgian Nation (London: I. B. Tauris, 1989), 270.
40. giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba, 423.
41. ibid., 441.
42. ilia WavWavaZe, cxovreba da kanoni; Txzulebani aT tomad, 6:7-98. is werda: `nuTu yoveli
Cvengani ar unda cdilobdes srulad aRmoifxvras CvenTa wodebaTa Soris ganxeTqilebis
mizezni, rom Cveni cxovreba warmoadgendes erTs didebuls denas SeerTebul Zalisas?
(57)
43. giorgi wereTeli, kita abaSiZe da Cveni axalgazrdoba, kvali, 2 noemberi, 1897, 813-818.
44. niko nikolaZe fiqrobda, rom `brbo~ ufro Sesaferisi sityva iyo vidre `dasi~;
social-demokrati silibistro jiblaZe acxadebda, rom pirveli dasi da meore
dasi realurad mxolod erTi partiis ori frTa iyo. jorjaZe Cioda, rom qarTuli
progresulad ganwyobili jgufebi sul ukan da ukan midiodnen. mas dodaSvilis (1832
wlis SeTqmulebis erT-erTi monawile) sityvebi mohyavda. wereTlis tipologiiT,
1895 wels dabeWdili modelis Sesworebuli variantis mixedviT, romelSic Sediodnen
narodnikebi, liberaluri aristokratia da radikalurad ganwyobili progresulebi,
pirveli dasi (ilia WavWavaZis garSemo Sekrebili) daxasiaTebulia, rogorc
konservatuli reformistebi, meore dasi (wereTlisa da nikolaZis garSemo Sekrebili)
demokratiul reformistebad, xolomesame dasi (noe Jordanias garSemo) _ ekonomist
materialistebad. g. wereTeli, kita abaSiZe da Cveni axalgazrdoba, ibid.
SeniSvnebi 369
45. wereTeli namdvilad aRiarebs gansxvavebis zrdas meore dasSi 1870-iani wlebidan.
46. nikolaZe wlebis Semdeg liberaluri reformebis gzas daadga da 1905 wlidan uari Tqva
socializmis ideebze. ixileT, akaki baqraZe (Tbilisi: nakaduli, 1989), 182–216.
47. g. gafrindaSvili, qarTuli ganmanaTlebloba, 107.
48. nikolaZe `kolokolisTvis~ muSaobda 1864-1866 wlebSi. nikolaZis cxovrebis am
monakveTze, ixileT: sergo avaliani, ruseT-saqarTvelos kulturuli urTierTobis
istoriidan me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi; (Tbilisi: saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa
akademiis gamomcemloba, 1955), 49-51.
49. paata guguSvili, Карл Маркс в Грузинской публицистике и общественности до 1898
(Тбилиси, АН ГССР, 1963), 102.
50. disertaciis saTauri iyo `ganiaraReba da misi ekonomikuri da socialuri Sedegebi~,
avaliani, ruseT-saqarTvelos kulturuli...
51. g. gafrindaSvili, qarTuli ganmanaTlebloba, 287. nikolaZe werda: `qarTvelebs
yuradReba rom mieqciaT vaWrobisTvis da es eswavlaT, verc sparseTi da verc TurqeTi
maT damonebas ver SeZlebdnen~. akaki baqraZe, niko nikolaZe, 247.
52. Tumanovi, Характеристики, 12–23.
53. miuxedavad imisa, rom foTSi nikolaZe warmatebiT muSaobda, mis saxels Crdili
mainc miadga, magram 1916 wels sasamarTlom ver warmoadgina mis mier qrTamis aRebis
damamtkicebeli sabuTebi. nikolaZe ruseTSi darCa 1917 wlamde, Semdeg saqarTveloSi
dabrunda da erovnul demokratiuli partiis aqtiuri wevri gaxda.
54. Tumanovi, Характеристики , 5.
55. kvalis ori wlis naRvawi, kvali, 1895, 8 ianvari, 3-5.
56. s. xundaZe, qarTveli inteligenciis profili, 17.
57. ruseT-TurqeTis 1877-1878 wlebis omma warmoSva Zlieri qarTuli iredentizmi, roca
aTasobiT qarTveli moxalise frontze gaeSura. ixileT sergi mesxis gamarjvebis
sixaruliT savse werili, axlad SeZenili saqarTvelo, sergi mesxi: Txzulebani, 1875-
1878 (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1963), 2:367-369.
58. prokle kekeliZe, akaki wereTlis istoriuli poemebi, Tornike erisTavi, naTela (Tbi-
lisi: Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba, 1961), 9.
59. grigol furcelaZe, TergdaleulTa msoflmxedvelobis sakiTxisaTvis, macne; is-
toriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis seria, Tbilisi: gamomcemloba
mecniereba, 1975, 1, 171-172.
60. ixileT, magaliTad, WavWavaZis irlandia da inglisi, ilia WavWavaZe, Tzulebani, 9:9-46.
61. simon xundaZe, niko nikolaZe: narkvevi misi azrovnebidan; niko nikolaZe, rCeuli
nawerebi tomi pirveli: mogonebebi, publicisturi werilebi, 1865-1868; s. xundaZe
(Tbilisi: qarTuli wigni, 1931), 1: cxxv–cxxix. 1874 wels niko nikolaZem monawileoba
miiRo sruliad kavkasiis konferenciaSi ciurixSi, sadac mxari dauWira damoukidebeli
kavkasiis federaciis ideas. ixileT simon xundaZe, giorgi wereTeli: moRvaweoba,
azrovneba, Semoqmedeba. federaciis ideas Tavdapirvelad yvela qarTvelma social-
demokratma dauWira mxari. socialist-federalistebma am ideas TavianT programaSi
umniSvnelovanesi adgili miakuTvnes.
62. 1912 wlisTvis wigni ukve 32-jer iyo gamocemuli. is sabWoTa kavSiris drosac
gamoiyeneboda, rogorc gramatikis saxelmZRvanelo pirveli da meore klasis
moswavleebisTvis, xolo ufrosklaselebi literaturul nawarmoebebs swavlobdnen
wignidan. ixileT, iakob gogebaSvili, deda ena, naw. 1: qarTuli anbani patara moTx-
robebiT, leqsebiT, aRwerebiT da dedniT, ori Tvis kursi; (Tbilisi, wera-kiTxvis
gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis gamocema, 1906); deda ena, naw. 2: anbanis Semdeg sakiTxavi
wigni skolebSi saxmarebeli, ori wlis kursi; (Tbilisi: wera-kiTxvis sazogadoebis
gamocema, 1906).
63. sifraSvili, rusi-revolucioner-demokratebisa, 100.
64. niko nikolaZes politikuri Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb ixileT, s. xundaZe, socializmis
istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi, tomi 1; (tfilisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1927) 1:181-
212.
65. sergi mesxi akritikebda ruseTis mier gatarebul saganmanaTleblo politikas 1880-ian
wlebSi da mas `Cveni maswavleblebis da maswavlebelTa pedagogiuri patiosnebis fexqveS
gaTelvis erT-erT gzas~ uwodebda. T. xundaZe, carizmis saganmanaTleblo politika
saqarTveloSi (80-iani wlebi); Tbilisi: dawyebiTi da saSualo skolis samecniero
kvleviTi instituti, 1940, 34.
66. s. xundaZe, socializmis istoriisTvis, 2:263.
67. s.xundaZe, giorgi wereTeli, 51-52. wereTlis mzardi yuradReba qalaqur cxovrebaze
misnawarmoebSi `pirveli nabiji~ aisaxa. romani misi sikvdilis Semdeg daibeWda 1903
wels. xaxanovis azriT, wereTlis romanma àxali era gaxsna qarTul literaturaSi. es
pirveli iyo... romelmac Seafasa mzardi socialuri klasebi, romlebic saqarTvelos
cxovrebis axal ekonomikur struqturasTan erTad ganviTaredboda da sirTuleebi,
rasac es moitanda.~ xaxanovi, Очерки, 422–423.
68. p. guguSvili, karl marqsi, 200.
69. g. lasxiSvili ganixilavs am diskusiebs Tavis `mogonebebSi~ (Tbilisi: saqarTvelo,
1992), 14-35.
70. a. bendianiSvili, erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi 1801-1921 wlebSi; (Tbilisi:
mecniereba, 1980), 140, 153.
71. s. xundaZe, socializmis istoriisTvis, 2:28.
72. r. kalaZe, muSaTa qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis istoria: zogadi debulebani, revoluciis
matiane, (Semdgom-rm); 1 (1923): 27–46, 44.
73. `50-is sasamarTloze~ sanqt-peterburgSi maTi garkveuli raodenoba gasamarTlebul
iqna; guguSvili, karl marqsi, 157-158.
74. oxranka, romelSic Sida, sagareo da sazvargareTis uwyebebi Sedioda, policiis
departamenti iyo, romlis ZiriTadi saqme revoluciur organizaciaTa gamovlena
da maTTan brZola iyo. is Jandarmeriisgan, adgilobrivi samxedro policiisgan,
damoukideblad arsebobda.
75. masala am gazeTebis programebze ixileT, giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba, 385–
398, 404–411, 412–418;
76. jorjaZe, meoTxmocianni da meoTxmocdaaTianni, werilebi, (Tbilisi, merani, 1989), 327.
77. xundaZe, socializmis istoriisTvis, 2: 99.
78. jorjaZe, meoTxmocianni da meoTxmocdaaTianni, werilebi, (Tbilisi, merani, 1989), 365.
79. guguSvili, karl marqsi, 240
80. xundaZe, socializmis istoriisTvis, 2:211
81. maiaSvilis namdvili saxeli da gvari iyo giorgi JdanoviCi (1855-1917). is populisti
iyo, romelmac saxeli gaiTqva `50-is sasamarTloze warmoTqmuli sakmaod gamomwvevi
sityviT.
82. r. fancxava, Cemi mogonebebis nawyveti, rm, N 2 (1923): 150-153.
83. werilis qarTuli varianti (`werili Cven sazogadoebriv moRvaweTa mimarT~) ixileT,
maiaSvili [zdanoviCi], rCeuli nawerebi, 1887-1891, 1:14-54. werili mouwodebs sazoga-
doebas, ufro seriozulad da analitikurad miudges ekonomikur da politikur
sakiTxebs.
SeniSvnebi 371
84. maiaSvili, rCeuli nawerebi, 37.

85. ibid., 18, 23–24.
86. xundaZe, socializmis istoriisTvis, 2: 149.
87. bendianiSvili, erovnuli sakiTxi, 126; Cxenkeli èrovnuli kiTxva~, xomli, 1908, 29
ivlisi, 2.
88. ixileT, magaliTad, karlo CxeiZis sityva (CxeiZe petrogradis sabWos Tavmjdomare iyo
1917 wels), T. r. erisTvis 50 wlis iubiles istoria, kvali 46 (1895), 3-11. CxeiZe acxadebs,
samSoblosa da eris siyvaruli, rogorc sxvagan, aucilebeli Tvisebaa da is namdvili
muSaobaa. ibid., 6–7.
89. ixileT, magaliTad, misi leqsi `raindi uSiSari~, samSoblosTvis mebrZol gmirebze:
dalocvil iyos Tqveni saxeli/am gmirebma sicocxle Seswires/maT awarmoes omi/ da
vaJkacurad icavdnen pirvel rigebsda a.S. kvali, 45, (1900), 716-717.
III Tavi
mesame dasi
1. strategia, romelic xazs usvamda demokratias, Tanxmobas da araproletarul `prog-

resul~ socialur ZalebTan alianss, ìstoriuli kompromisi~ iyo. jon hofmani,
Coercion and Consent in Marxist Political Theory (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984).
2. lenini ufro met yuradRebas aqcevda erovnul sakiTxs, vidre misi Tanamoazre rusi
revolucionrebi. man antiimperiuli erovnuli brZola Tavis globalur revoluciur
strategiaSi CarTo. amave dros, yvelaferi gaakeTa imisTvis, rom 1917 wlidan erovnuli
moZraobebi Caekla sabWoTa ruseTis saRzvrebs SigniT. leninisa da erovnuli sakiTxis
Sesaxeb, ixileT, a.d. lou, Lenin on the Question of Nationality, Bookman Monograph Series
(New York: Bookman Associates, 1958); h.b. devisi, Nationalism and Socialism, Marxist and Labor
Theories of Nationalism to 1917 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967); voker qonori, The
National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press, 1984).
3. g. giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba saqarTveloSi batonymobis gadavardnidan
pirvel revoluciamde, 1864-1905; (tiflisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1923), 507.
ìveriaSic~ iyo dabeWdili sxva sityvebi, 1894,3, 11 maisi.
4. egnate ingoroyvas (ninoSvilis) gasveneba, kvali, 1894, 15 maisi, 3.
5. Ibid., 3.
6. silibistro jiblaZe, kvali da mesame dasis werilebi (Cveni literaturuli iluzia);
noe Jordanias TxzulebanSi, axali gziT (Tbilisi: qarTuli beWvdiTi amxanagobisa,
1920), 1:273-274. Tavdapirvelad, jiblaZis statia daibeWda 1895 wlis TebervalSi.
7. jiblaZe, kvali da mesame, 286, 307.
8. filipe maxaraZe, revoluciur [sic] mogonebaTa saRamo, revoluciis matiane (Semdgom-
`rm~) marti, N1 (1923), 84-85.
9. filipe maxaraZe, rogor gavxdi marqsisti: Cemi mogonebaTa erTi gverdi, f. maxaraZe,
TxzulebaTa krebuli (Tbilisi: saxelmwifos gamomcemloba, 1924), 1:15.
10. bevri versia arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, ratom datova stalinma seminaria. dasavleTSi
gamocemul biografiebSi batonobs is azri, rom stalini ar gamocxadda damamaTavrebel
gamocdebze. ixileT, magaliTad, robert taqeri, Stalin as Revolutionary, 1879–1929: A Study
in History and Personality (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 90–91; robert peini, The Rise and
Fall of Stalin (London: Pan Books, 1966), 57–60. vaxtang gurulis azriT, man veRar gadaixada
swavlis qira, radgan seminariam sruli stipendia ar misca. rogorc Cans, stalins
Seuwyvites dafinanseba arasaimedo qcevisTvis. guruls aseve miaCnia, rom stalinma

dabadebis weli TviTon Seicvala da 1878 wlis magivrad 1879 weli Cawera jarSi rom ar
gaewviaT 1900-1901 wlebSi. vaxtang guruli, ioseb stalini: masalebi biografiisTvis,
1878-1907 (Tbilisi: gamomcemloba miTiTebuli ar aris, 1998), 9,6.
11. filipe maxaraZe, rogor gavxdi marqsisti, `rm~ N 1, (1923), 71. rogorc izrael geTclerma
miTxra, es situacia saocrad hgavda vilnos rabinTa skolaSi da maswavlebelTa
seminariaSi Seqmnil viTarebas. (avtori)
12. robert Taqeri, Stalin, 82. seminariaSi cxovrebaze, ixileT, karlo CxeiZe, Tbilisis
sasuliero seminaries revoluciuri warsulidan, (Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis
gamomcemloba, 1988).
13. dimitri yifiani 1886 wlis agvitsoSi stavropolSi gadaasaxles ruseTis egzarxosis
gakritikebisTvis, radgan am ukanasknelma qarTvelebi anaTemas gadasca Tbilisis
seminariis reqtoris mkvlelobis gamo 1886 wels. yifiani erTi wlis Semdeg saeWvo
viTarebaSi mokles iq.
14. saqarTvelos istoriis swavleba 1875 wels Sewyvites. 1887-1888 wlebSi, roca Jordania
da maxaraZe me-4 kursze iyvnen, seminariaSi swavlobdnen saRmrTo werils, fsiqologias,
fizikas, literaturas, RvTismetyvelebas, eklesiis istorias, berZnuls, laTinurs,
didaqtikas, qarTul saeklesio sagnebs, gimnastikas, simReras. (scssa, fondi 440, aRwera
1, saqme 5, furclebi 1024).
15. 1889 wels seminariis 250 studentidan, 153 eklesiis msaxurTa Svili iyo, danarCenebi-36
glexis, 32 sajaro mosamsaxuris, 14 vaWrisa da 12 aznauris. (scssa, fondi 440, aRwera 1,
saqme 1106, furclebi 87).
16. ioseb iremaSvili, citirebulia-robert peini, Rise and Fall, 45. originali ixileT, i.
iremaSvili, Stalin und die Tragödie Georgiens (berlini: gamocemulia avtoris mier, 1932),
16-17.
17. scssa, fondi 440, aRwera 1, saqme 1106, furclebi 83).
18. iremaSvili, Stalin, gv. 17. seminariis oficialuri angariSi studentebTan urTierTobebze
da maT saqmianobaze, ixileT, scssa, fondi 440, aRwera 1106, saqme 5, furclebi 71-91.
19. z. CikvilaZe, [tfilisis] sasuliero seminaria gasuli saukunis me-80 wlebSi, `rm~, N 4
(1924): 171-187 (saqarTvelos erovnuli parlamentis biblioTekis sacavSi arsebuli
nomris gverdebi-143-150, pirveli gverdebi aklia).
20. sofrom mgalobliSvili, social-revoluciuri (xalxosnuri) moZraoba saqarTveloSi
1870-1880 wlebSi, `rm~ N4-5(9–10) (1924): 291.
21. WeliZe, tfilisis sasuliero... 23.
22. Taqeri, Stalin, 86. leturno cnobili avtori iyo saqarTveloSi da misi citireba xSirad
xdeboda.
24. z. CikvilaZe, tf. sasuliero seminaria, 171–187. CikvilaZe acxadebs, rom Cudeckis
mkvleloba politikuri iyo. laRiaSvils, rogorc mcirewlovans, sikvdili ar miusajes.
samxedro tribunalis gadawyvetilebiT 20 wliani gadasaxleba miesaja aRmosavleT
cimbirSi, saidanac man mogvianebiT gaqceva moaxerxa aSS-Si. giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi
urTierToba, 497-99.
25. maxaraZe garicxes, magram Semdeg aRadgines. Jordania am saqmeSi ar iyo eWvmitanili.
26. misi dabadebis TariRis garSemo azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, zogi 1868 wels miiCnevs, zogic
ki 1869 da 1870. imxanad, dabadebis wlebs sxvadasxva mizezis gamo xSirad icvlidnen.
Tavad Jordania, memuarebSi wers, rom 1868 wels daibada. ixileT, noe Jordania, Cemi
warsuli, Tbilisi: sarangi, 1990,9
27. did ojaxs, romelSic deidebic da biZebic Sediodnen, ziarad 200-dan 300-mde qceva miwa
SeniSvnebi 373
hqonda sakuTrebaSi. rogorc Jordaniam sakuTari ojaxidan icoda, isini warmoSobiT

italiidan iyvnen. ixileT, wigni ojaxSi sakiTxavi (Tbilisi: merani, 1989), 33.
28. vinaidan gakveTilebi rusul enaze tardeboda, romelic moswavleebma ar icodnen,
erTaderTi gza davalebebis dazepireba iyo. f. maxaraZe, `rogor gavxdi marqsisti~,
1:14.
29. `sinaTle~ da `yvavili~. ixileT: Jordania, Cemi warsuli, 19. da mainc, bolo kursze
Jordania `mglis bileTiT~ garicxes studentTa gaficvaSi monawileobis gamo.
30. ixileT, n. Jordania `redaqciidan~, kvali, 1898, 1 ianvari, 1-2; f. maxaraZe, Cveni qveynis
ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, kvali, 1898, 1 ianvari, 10–14.
31. raJden kalaZe, rogor daviwye muSaoba, `rm~, N 1(11) (1925): 152.
32. aleqsandre xaxanovi wers, rom `Jordania praqtikuli Wkuis kaci ar iyo, is Teoretikosi
iyo da yoveli mcdeloba, rom is revolucioner agitatorad eqciaT, marcxiT
mTavrdeboda. (moskovi: Издание Императорского общества истории и древностей
Российских при Московском Университетеб 1903), 399.
33. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, 19.
34. rogor gavxdi marqsisti, 1:14. maxaraZe werda, ìs sruliad gansxvavebul wres ekuTvnoda,
aznauris Svili iyo da sruliad gansxvavebul faseulobebze
aRizarda~.
35. grigol urataZe, Воспоминания Грузинского социал-демократа (Stanford, Calif.: The Hoover
Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, 1968), 11.
36. gegeWkori, CxeiZe da wereTeli aristokratuli warmoSobis iyvnen da tfilisis
seminariaSi gamefebuli damamcirebeli situaciis gamo tanjva ar ganucdiaT. gimnaziis
damTavrebis Semdeg yvela maTganma swavla ruseTis prestiJul universitetebSi
gaagrZela.
37. n. b. maxaraZe, Филип Махарадзе, Жизнь и революционная деятельность (Tbilisi: sabWoTa
saqarTvelo, 1960), 19.
38. niko nikolaZe, mogonebani samocian wlebze, niko nikolaZe, rCeuli nawerebi: tomi
pirveli, mogonebani, publicisturi werilebi, 1865-1868; s. xundaZe red, (Tbilisi,
qarTuli wigni 1931), 1:89.
39. akaki wereTeli, Cemi Tavgadasavali,(tfilisi: stamba Zmebi TavarTqilaZeebi, 1903)
40. f. maxaraZe, rogor gavxdi marqsisti, 1:34.
41. ligis Sesaxeb, ixileT, aleqsandre bendianiSvili, erovnuli sakiTxi saqarTveloSi
1801-1921 wlebSi. (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1980), 153-162.
42. polonelTa da ukrainelTa adreuli socialisturi ideebis Sesaxeb, ixileT, jon-pol
himka, Socialism in Galicia: The Emergence of Polish Social Democracy and Ukrainian Radicalism,
1860–1890 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1983).
43. moTxrobebSi is yuradRebas amaxvilebda ojaxis patriarqaluri urTierTobebis
usamarTlobaze, glexebis gaWirvebasa da maTs daucvelobaze. ixileT, petre
geleiSvili, egnate ingoroyva (ninoSvili), `rm~, N 4-5, (9-10); ganyofileba 1, istoriuli
werilebi; (1924): 87–128. werili dausrulebelia. ixileT agreTve, simon xundaZe,
masalebi qarTuli literaturis da sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis istoriisTvis,
(Tbilisi: sabWoTa mwerali, 1949), 166-231.
44. bevri versia arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, vin da ramdeni kaci eswreboda am Sexvedras. giorgaZe
amtkicebs cametio, r. kalaZe ki cxras. ixileT, giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba,
503-504; r. kalaZe, muSaTa qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTis istoria 80-90 wlebSi. `rm~ N3 (1923):
11–12.
45. raJden kalaZe, egnate ninoSvili: biografia (Tbilisi: saxelgami, 1927), 120-121.
46. guguSvili, karl marqsi, 269.
47. robert servisi amtkicebs, rom marqsistebi da populistebi ideologiurad gacilebiT

nakleb gansxvavebulebi iyvnen erTmaneTisgan, vidre es Cveulebriv miaCniaTo da
fiqrobs, rom samecniero literatura am Temaze leninis politikurad motivirebuli
analitikis Zlier gavlenas ganicdida. ixileT, robert servisi, Lenin: A Political Life.
The Strengths of Contradiction. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985, Vol. 1, 6–7 da 37–40.
noe Jordania, Речь на гражданской панихиде Плеханова.
48. filipe maxaraZe, sityva Tqmuli `revoluciur mogonebaTa saRamoze~, TzulebaTa
krebuli, 1:69.
49. s. beriZe, m. cxakaia: Биографический очерк
(Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1965), 14.
50. programis saxelwodeba nikolai CerniSevskis gavlenian romans exmaureboda, romelic
1862 wels daibeWda. ixileT, noe Jordania, bibliografiuli SeniSvna, Txzulebani
(axali gziT), 1:255–256. is ambobs, rom Sexvedra 1893 wlis ianvarSi Sedga da mxolod
Svidi Tu rva kaci eswreboda.
51. miuxedvad imisa, rom Jordaniam masSi Sesworebebi Seitana da redaqtorma zogierTi
ekonomikasTan dakavSirebuli abzaci amoiRo, Jordaniam mogvianebiT daadastura,
rom dabeWdili masala originals zustad mihyveboda. n. Jordania, bibliografiuli
SeniSvna, 1:256.
52. n. Jordania, ekonomikuri warmateba da erovnuloba [sic] , Txzulebani ( axali gziT), 1:30–
31.
53. iqve, 11.
54. iqve, 70.
55. iqve, 72.
56. f. maxaraZe, tfilisis organizaciis ocdaaTi wlis arseboba, `rm~ N1, (1925): 23.
57. a. jorjaZe, meoTxmocianni da meoTxmocdaaTianni, arCil jorjaZe: werilebi, (Tbilisi:
merani, 1989), 380–381.
58. dapatimrebis orderSi SecdomiT iyo miTiTebuli, rom Jordania `saqarTvelos
Tavisuflebis ligis~ wevri iyo. raJden kalaZe amtkicebs, rom megobrebma Seugroves
80 maneTi. kalaZe, egnate, 130 gv.
59. noe Jordanias sazvargareT dawerili adreuli statiebi ixileT, mogzauroba
SveicariaSi, (Txzulebani, t. 2, evropaSi, 1-89 (Tavdapirvelad daibeWda ìveriaSi~ da
`kvalSi~ 1893-1894 wlebSi); parizSi, Ibid, t. 2, 90-123 (pirvelad daibeWda `kvalSi~ 1895
wels); sofeli da sasoflo skola [sic] germaniaSi: 1845-1896 wlebSi; Txzulebani, t. 3,
evropaSi, 1-142, (pirvelad daibeWda `kvalSi~, 1895-1897 wlebSi); da werilebi inglisidan,
Ibid., t.3, 143-249 (pirvelad daibeWda `kvalSi~ 1897 wels)
61. silibistro jiblaZis mokle biografia ixileT, Tavisufali saqarTvelo, 15 marti,
1922, 2-6.
62. noe Jordania, gazeTi iveria da erovneba, Txzulebani, 1:73-144.
63. iqve, 98.
64. iqve, 137.
65. iqve, 143.
66. ixileT, magaliTad, sami statia saTauriT ìnteligencia~ kvalSi, 1898, 15 marti, 201-
203; 1898, 31 marti, 385-387; 1898, 7 ivnisi, 402-404.
67. Jordania, gazeTi ìveria~ da erovneba, 128.
68. marqsisa da erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb ixileT: solomon blumi, The World of Nations:
SeniSvnebi 375
A Study of the National Implications in the Work of Karl Marx (New York: Columbia University
Press, 1941); Ian Cummins, Marx, Engels, and National Movements (New York: St. Martin~s
Press, 1980).
68. marqsis erovnuli sakiTxisTvis, ixileT: solomon blumi, The World of Nations: A Study of
the National Implications in the Work of Karl Marx (New York: Columbia University Press, 1941);
ian kuminsi, Marx, Engels, and National Movements (New York: St. Martin~s Press, 1980).
69. jiblaZe, `kvali da mesame, ixileT SeniSvna 6. 1:306
70. r. kalaZe, tribuni: kritikuli SeniSvnebi f. maxaraZis da s. TalakvaZis saistorio
nawerebis Sesaxeb, `rm~, N 3(13) (1925), 191–254.
71. amis Sesaxeb da saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli organizaciis rusi wevrebis
diskusiis Sesaxeb, ixileT: v. guruli, qarTuli social-demokratiis istoria (1892-
1918), (Tbilisi: meridiani, 1999).
72. daaxloebiT imave dros, ilia WavWavaZem Jordanias Txova ìveriis~ Tanaredaqtoroba,
Jordaniam ifiqra am sakiTxze, magram uari Tqva.
73. redaqciisgan, `kvali~, 1898, 1 ianvari, 1.
74. 1910 wlis gamocemis `Txzulebanis~ SesavalSi Jordania werda: `qarTveli marqsistebi
Tavidan samkuTxa oms awarmoebdnen: brZola kulturisTvis, brZola demokratiisTvis,
brZola social-demokratiisTvis.~ n. Jordania, avtoris winasityvaoba 1910 wels
gamocemuli rCeuli nawarmoebisa, Txzulebani, 1, viii.
75. ixileT axalgazrda filipe maxaraZis `qarTlis cxovrebis gamocema~, kvali, 1898, 10
maisi, 349–350, da kvali, 1898, 24 maisi, 381–383, sadac is ganixilavs frangi mecnieris mari
broses naSroms `qarTlis cxovrebaze~. maxaraZe cdilobs uaryos broses azri qarTuli
anbanis somxuridan warmoSobis Sesaxeb.
76. ixileT, noe Jordanias statia, uiliam gladstoni, `kvali~, 17 maisi, 1898, 572–573; d.
TofuriZis werilebi Sveicariidan, `kvali~, 16 agvisto, 1898, 572–573; a. xaxanaSvili,
rogor vidResaswauloT asis wlis dRe saqarTvelos ruseTTan SeerTebisa, kvali, 27
seqtemberi, 668; n. Jordania, Tanamedrove qalaqis movaleoba, kvali, 22 noemberi, 1898,
785–787.
77. s. xundaZe, socializmis istoriisTvis, 2 (1927), 283.
78. n. Jordania, dRevandeli kiTxvebi, kvali, 1898, 2-3. es abzaci xomlelis sityvebs
gvagonebs 1889 wlis `TeatrSi~ dabeWdili statiidan. xomleli werda: èvropul
saxelmwifoebs Soris omi mxolod fariTa da maxviliT ar mimdinareobs, es ufro
kapitalisturi warmoebiTa da industriiT warmoebuli omia. am oms Tavisi kanonebi
da resursebi aqvs, rac yoveldRiuri cxovrebis nawilad aris aRiarebuli.~ xundaZe,
socializmis istoriisTvis, 2 (1927), 148.
79. n. Jordania, tfilisi, kvali, 12 ivlisi, 1898, 483
80. Ibid. ixileT agreTve, tfilisis TviTmmarTveloba, `kvali~, 21 Tebervali, 1899, 119.
`kvali~ giorgi wereTlis mosazrebas imeorebs, romelic 1873 wels werda: `Tqveni
dedaqalaqi da saqarTvelos kera ucxoelebis xelSi Cavardnila,..wadiT exla, SediT
ZaliT tfilisis savaWro bazarze da komercia isev Tqvens kontrols qveS aRmoCndeba.
amis gareSe, tfilisi samudamod daikargeba da saqarTvelos miwa daiRupeba~.
citirebulia- s. xundaZis qarTveli inteligenciis profili me-19 saukuneSi, (Tbilisi:
saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1927), 56.
81. d. TofuriZe, werilebi Sveicariidan, `kvali~, 10 maisi, 1898, 347–349.`
82. debatebze ixileT, j. frankeli, red., Vladimir Akimov on the Dilemmas of Russian Marxism,
1895–1903 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 3–98.
83. Jordania, inteligencia, `kvali~, 15 marti, 1898, 201–203
84. xaxanovi, Очерки, 339,
85. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, F84, doss. 144, 65–71.

86. ixileT: irakli wereTeli, Zveli weli gavida, gaumarjos axal weliwads!, `kvali~, 1
ianvari, 1904, 1–2.
87. “kvali”, 30 marti, 1903, 211; `kvali~, 29 ivnisi, 1903, 340.
88. mamuliSviloba, erovneba Tu xalxis samsaxuri, `kvali~, 29 ivnisi, 1903, 340. `yvirilelis~
fsevdonimiT dawerili statia `kvalis~ ramodenime nomerSi daibeWda, ixileT: 1903,
(marti 30, 211–212; aprili 6, 231–233; ivnisi 29, 339–341).
89. is gairicxa studentTa koleqtiuri werilis TanaavtorobisTvis. seminariis stu-
denetebi direqciisgan iTxovdnen maswavlebelTa mxridan ukeTes moqcevas, dasmenebis
akrZalvas, qarTuli enis ganyofilebis gaxsnas da himnebis qarTul enaze Sesrulebis
nebarTvas; Из Заявления учащихся Тифлисской Духовной Семинарии Экзарху Грузий, 1
декабря, 1893, lado kecxoveli, Сборник документов и материалов (Tbilisi: sabWoTa
saqarTvelo, 1969), 174-175.
90. kecxoveli yazbegis didi Tayvanismcemeli iyo da albaT man urCia stalins misi wakiTxva.
stalinma yazbegis erT-erTi romanis gmirisgan aiRo adreuli fsevdonimi _ koba.
91. raJden kalaZe TviTon miiwers am damsaxurebas, avtobiografiebSi, `rm~, N2(1923),
157. zogierT teqstSi fizikis observatoria gvxvdeba. is gaixsna 1840 wels da
meteorologiuri da magneturi observatoria erqva.
92. a.s. enuqiZe, История организации и работы нелегальных типографии РСДРП на Кавказе
за время от 1900 по 1906 год Пролетарская революция, N 2, 14 (1923), 118. 93. enuqiZe,
История организации, 108–166. enuqiZe amtkicebs, rom kecxoveli 1899 wlis Semodgomaze
Camovida.
94. lado kecxoveli, es werilebisa da dokumentebis krebulia S. i. CivaZis saerTo re-
daqtorobiT, 58, 62. ixileT agreTve, allan k. vildmani, The Making of a Workers~
Revolution, 1891–1903 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), Tavi 8, sadac saubaria
Южный рабочий-sa da Искра-s Soris urTierTobebze.
95. lado kecxoveli, 59.
96. redaqciisgan, brZola N 1(1901 weli, seqtemberi). gadabeWdilia `brZolaSi~, Борьба-
Si, No. 1–4, 1901/IX–1902/XII (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1988), 8. stalini acxadebs
pretenzias am statiis avtorobaze. И. В. Сталин, Сочинения (Москва, Государственное
иэдательство политической литературы. 1946), 1, 4-9. es nakleb savaraudoa, radgan
kecxovels namdvili talantebi exvia gars, leonid krasinis, bogdan knuniancisa da
l. galperinis CaTvliT. stalinis saxeli, Tundac raime fsevdonimiT, arsad gvxdeba
ìskrasTan.~ mimoweraSi. arc abel enuqiZe miawers stalins gansakuTrebul rols
Tavis istoriaSi kavkasiis aralegaluri presis Sesaxeb. ( История организации, 108-166).
stalinis dasavleli biografi, magaliTad, isaak doiTCeri, statiis gansxvavebuli
stilis gamo varaudobs, rom is stalinisa ar unda iyos,. Isaac Deutscher, Stalin: a Political
Biography, rev. ed., (Harmondsworth, Penguin Books, 1966), 56–57; adam b. ulami, Stalin, The
Man and His Era (London: Allen Lane, 1974), 41.
97. `brZola~, N 1 (1901, seqtemberi), 7.
98. iqve, 7.
99. ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia da misi uaxloesi miznebi, `brZola~, N 2-3 (1901,
noember-dekemberi), `brZolaSi~, Борьба, N1–4, 1901/IX–1902/XII, 34–35. am statiazec
acxadebs stalini pretenzias, i. b. stalini, Txzulebani (Tbilisi: saxelgami, 1952-53),
1:11-31.
100. `brZola~, Борьба, No. 1–4, 1901/IX–1902/XII, 35.
101. nacionalizmi da socializmi, `brZola~, N 2-3, Борьба, No. 1–4,56.
102. nacionalizmi da socializmi, aleqsandre wulukiZe, Txzulebani, (Tbilisi: sabWoTa
SeniSvnebi 377
saqarTvelo, ( 1967), 84–93, 88–89.

103. iskram orive, ìuJni raboCi~ da `raboCaia misl~ daadanaSaula ekonomizmisTvis.~
enuqiZis mixedviT, `ninam~ sabolood gawyvita urTierTobebi ìuJni raboCisTan~.
enuqiZe, История организации, 117.
104. asi wlis iubiles gamo, `brZola~, N 1, brZolaSi, 20 Борьба, No. 1–4, 20
105. lado kecxoveli, 201–218.
106. Ria werili baton giorgi wereTels, Tavdapirvelad daibeWda `kvalSi~, 1899 wlis 18
aprils. a. wulukiZe, Txzulebani, 27.
107. v. guruli, qarTuli social-demokratiis istoria, 74.
108. bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, 163–164.
IV Tavi
mSromeli xalxi
1. am sakiTxebze ixileT, daian koenkeri, Moscow Workers and the 1917 Revolution (Princeton,
N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1981).
2. noe Jordania, Cemi warsuli; (Tbilisi: sarangi, 1990), 25. ambali-arq. qarT., Cveulebriv
iranel an asiriel Rarib Sav muSebs uwodebdnen.
3. ilia WavWavaZe, Txzulebani or tomad; (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1977),
1: 58–60.
4. S.mesxia da sxv. Tbilisis istoria; (Tbilisi: sabavSvo da axalgazrduli literaturis
saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1958), 415–416.
5. viqtoria e. boneli, Roots of Rebellion: Workers Politics and Organizations in St. Petersburg
and Moscow, 1900–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 28. sTiv smitis
mixedviT, 1906 wels, sanqt-peterburgis muSaTa 55.1% muSaobda 500 da met kacian
sawarmoebSi. sTiv smiti, Red Petrograd: Revolution in the Factories, 1917–1918 (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1983), 11. SedarebisTvis, me-20 saukunis dasawyisis moskovSi,
qalaqis ìndustriul~ muSaTa 54% muSaobda mcire saxelosnoebSi. Koenker, Moscow
Workers, 22.
6. mesxia, Tbilisis istoria, 460.
7. xelosanTa gildiis administraciis monacemebiT, 2. 185 TviTdasaqmebuli xelosani,
2. 747 Sinamrewveli, 2. 807 maTi damxmare da 2. 027 Segirdi. kvali, 21 ivnisi, 1898, 434.
s. xundaZis gaangariSebiT, vaWrobasa da warmoebaSi 21. 037 adamiani iyo dasaqmebuli.
es ricxvi kancelariis Cinovnikebis CaTvliT, Tbilisis mosaxleobis sul 13.1% iyo
saukunis dasawyisisTvis. s.xundaZe, qarTveli inteligenciis profili me-19 saukuneSi;
(Tbilisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1927), 17–18.
8. sanqt-peterburgis muSaTa klasze, ixileT sTiv smiti, `Petrograd in 1917: The View from
Below,~ daniel kaizeris da sxv., The Workers Revolution in Russia, 1917: The View from Below
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 59–79.
9. s. xundaZe, socializmisTvis istoriisTvis saqarTveloSi, tomi 1; (tfilisi: saxelmwifo
gamomcemloba, 1927), 50–51.
pirvel revoluciamde, 1864-1905; (tfilisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1923), 180; v.
margiani, saqarTvelos mrewveloba da samrewvelo proletariati, 1864-1917; (Tbilisi:
sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1976), 320–321.
11. mTavar tipografiebs da stambebs 440 muSa hyavdaT daqiravebuli. e.v. xoStaria, Очерки
социально-экономической истории Грузии, промышленность, города, рабочий класс,
XIXв-начало XXв. (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1974), 119–120. sul mTlianad saqarTveloSi 27

tipografiuli saamqro moqmedebda, maTgan umsxvilesi, 203 kaciani, jabadarisa iyo
(margiani, saqarTvelos mrewveloba, 316–317). 1880-iani wlebis bolosTvis, mirzoevs 380
muSa hyavda, adelxanovs _ 300. s. g. guliSambarovi, Обзор фабрик и заводов Тифлисской
губернии, историко-статистическое описание фабрик и заводов Тифлисской губернии,
в связи с развитием в ней кустарных промыслов, Тифлис, Записки Кавк. Имп. Русск.
Технологическ. Общества, 1888, N. 17, 88, 99.
12. boneli miuTiTebs, rom qarxnis am meTodiT gansazRvrisas Znelia imis dadgena,
meqanizebuli iyo Tu ara sawarmo, iq xom umetesad xeliT momuSave ostatebs qiraobdnen.
boneli, Roots of Rebellion, 26–27.
13. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, F275, doss. 1, N 69, 1–2.
15. v. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XVIII–XX saukuneebSi (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1984),
106.
16. xoStaria, Очерки, 174. xoStarias miaCnia, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qalaqebi
daaxloebiT 9.8%-iT gaizarda 1886-1897 wlebSi, Tbilisi ki 103%-iT. Tbilisidan 70
`verstze~, gorSi (sadac stalini daibada), mosaxleoba 3. 784 Seadgenda 1861 wels. 1897
wlisTvis ki, iq 10. 457, xolo 1914 wels 25. 655 kaci cxovrobda.
17. mTlianad quTaisis guberniis mosaxleobis mxolod 9% cxovrobda qalaqebSi, Tbilisis
guberniaSi ki 21%. xoStaria, Очерки, 171.
18. Ibid., 172–173.
19. i. anCabaZe da n. g. volkova, Старый Тбилиси, Город и горожане в XIXв. (Москва, Наука,
1990), 23.
20. iqve, 23, 26.
21. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, F275, doss. 1, N 69, 1–10.
22. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, F275, doss. 1, N 69, 220. TbilisSi am
droisTvis 1000 mamakacze 675 qali modioda. Первая всеобщая перепись населения
Российской Империй 1897 г., под редакций Н. А. Тройницкoго, LXIX: vi.
23. mogonebebi zaqro CodriSvilze, misi Zmis, mixa CodriSvilis mier dawerili (revoluciis
matiane, Semdgom-`rm~) N1 (1923): 106–109.
24. xundaZe, qarTveli inteligenciis profili, 90.
25. guliSambarovi, Обзор фабрик, 231
26. muSis statusis, urbanizaciis, asakisa da revoluciuri saqmianobis urTierTkavSirebis
Sesaxeb, ixileT, smiTi, Red Petrograd; koenkeri, Moscow Workers; boneli, Roots of
Rebellion. masalebis mixedviT, mSromelTa radikaluri saqmianobis winaswarmetyveleba
uSecdomod SeiZleboda imis mixedviT, sad cxovrobdnen da muSaobdnen, ra saxis
warmoebaSi da rogori sididis qarxanaSi iyvnen dakavebulni da romel qalaqSi
cxovrobdnen.
27. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, F153, doss. 2, N273, 107.
28. anCabaZe da volkova, Старый Тбилиси, 184.
29. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, F275, doss.1, N69, 10.
30. giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba, 525–526. sxvebTan erTad, sazogadoebis
damaarseblebi silva jiblaZe, raJden kalaZe da severian juRelic iyvnen 1896 wels.
31. daian koenkeri, `Moscow in 1917: The View from Below,~kaizeris naSromSi, Workers
Revolution, 81–97. koenkeri aRniSnavs moskovis situaciasTan msgavsebas.
32. marTalia, vaso cabaZes durglis xeloba hqonda Seswavlili, magram amierkavkasiis
rkinigzis mTavari saxelosnos sammarTveloSi muSaobda moxeled.
33. ronald suni, `Tiflis, Crucible of Ethnic Politics, 1860–1905,~ maiql f. hamis, da sxv. The City in
SeniSvnebi 379
Late Imperial Russia (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), 260.

35. 1903 wels Catarebuli fabrika-qarxnebis gamokvlevis monacemebiT, baTumis 5 fabrikaSi
muSaTa 46% qarTveli iyo, 38%- somexi, 5%-s `TaTrebi~ Seadgendnen, 6%-s berZnebi da
sxvebi da 4%-s rusebi. xoStaria, Очерки, 195.
36. guliSambarovi aRniSnavs, rom 1888 wels, bosarjiancis fabrikis 260 daqiravebuli
muSidan 194 somexi iyo, xolo enfiaZiancis fabrikaSi 45-dan 40. guliSambarovi, Обзор
фабрик, 32.
37. g. CxeiZe, Zvirfasi da mudam dauviwyari zaqro CodriSvili, `rm~ N 1(1923): 94.
38. v. cabaZe, Cemi mogonebebidan, `rm~ N . 5, (1923): 182.
39. lado kecxoveli, Сборник документов и материалов (Tbilisi; sabWoTa saqarTvelo,
1969), 32.
41. Листки `brZola~, brZolaSi, Борьба N 1–4, 1901/IX–1902/XII (Tbilisi, sabWoTa sa-
qarTvelo, 1988), 179.
42. niko itrievi, cota ram Tbilisis mkervalTa warsulidan, `rm~ N 2 (15) (1926): 83.
43. guliSambarovi, Обзор фабрик, 39. Tbilisis guberniis xuT ludis qarxanaSi 1888 wels
59 muSidan 52 imereli iyo.
44. 1905 wels, rusuli gazeTi `kavkazi~ werda gurulebsa da megrelebs Soris momxdar
Setakebaze foTSi, imis gamo, vin gadmotvirTavda gemebs. kavkazi, agvisto, 11, 1905, 3.
baTumis olqSi, 1906 wlis ianvarSi mokluli aWareli qarTveli muslimis dakrZalvaze
mezobeli soflebidan Camosuli muslimebi `qarTvelebs~ dasjiT daemuqrnen. saqarT-
velos saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, F13, doss. 30, N1, 43-44.
45. somxuri social-demokratiuli wreebis Seqmnis mcdeloba TbilisSi warumatebeli
aRmoCnda. anahide ter minasiani, Nationalism and Socialism in the Armenian Revolutionary
Movement (1887–1912), ronald siunisi da sxv., Transcaucasia, Nationalism, and Social Change:
Essays in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, rev. ed. (Ann Arbor: University of
Michigan Press, 1996), 141–186.
46. anCabaZe, Старый Тбилиси, 46.
47. v. cabaZe, Cemi mogonebebidan, `rm~ N 5 (1923): 181–182.
48. suni, `Tiflis, Crucible of Ethnic Politics,~ 258.
49. 1897 wels, Tbilisis saTaTbiroSi 72 somexi, 4 qarTveli, 24 rusi, germaneli da sxv.
erovnebis wevri iyo. g.m. Tumanovi, Заметки о городском самоуправлении на Кавказе,
(Тифлис, Типография И. И. Либермана. 1902), 3. ixileT agreTve, oliver raisneri, Ethnos
und Demos in Tbilisi (Tiflis)— Armenier, Georgier und Russen in den Stadtdumawahlkämpfen,
1890–1897) gvido hausmani dasxv., Geselligkeit in den Städten des ausgehenden Zarenreichs, vol.
22: Bürgertum: Beiträge zur europäischen Gesellschaftsgeschichte (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und
Ruprecht, 2002), 301–329.
50. ilia WavWavaZe, qvaTa RaRadi, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad; p.ingoroyva
(Tbilisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1957) 8:95–194. citata ixileT, 96–97 gv.
51. 1888 wels Tbilisis guberniaSi 68 Rvinis qarxana moqmedebda. arc erT maTganSi rva
kacze meti ar muSaobda. guliSambarovi, Обзор фабрик, 51.
52. fuTi udris 16.3 kg-s. i.s. Culoki, Очерки истории Батумской коммунистической
организации, 1890–1921 годы (baTumi, sabWoTa aWara, 1970), 14.
54. iqve, 116–117. Tengiz JRenti 21 fabrika-qarxnis sias gvTavazobs, sadac 5. 678 muSa
muSaobda. is amtkicebs, rom kaspiis-Savi zRvis navTobgadammuSavebeli sawarmo da

savaWro asociacia, umsxvilesi sawarmo iyo, 1. 469 muSaxeliT. Tengiz JRenti, baTumi
1901-1905 wlebSi, `rm~ N 3(20) (1928): 91–133.
55. jeims braise, Transcaucasia and Ararat (New York: Arno Press, 1970), 372.
56. giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba, 149. foTis aRwera saukeTesod aris mocemuli
sergo gubeliZis `foTis saqalaqo TviTmmarTvelobaSi 1882-1917 wlebSi (foTi: foTis
meriis samsaxuri, 2001).
57. saqarTvelos marganecis udidesi maragi WiaTuraSi moipoveboda. 1893-1913 wlebSi
marganecis mopoveba gaizarda 165. 101 tonidan 970. 683 tonamde. am wlebis ganmavlobaSi
WiaTura msoflioSi arsebuli marganecis maragis 25-dan 42%-mde moipovebda. v. babe,
Le Minerai de Manganèse de Géorgie (Paris: République de Géorgie, Ministère des Finances, du
Commerce et de l~Industrie, 1921), 10.
58. f. maxaraZe, rogor gavxdi marqsisti: Cemi mogonebaTa erTi gverdi, f. maxaraZe,
TxzulebaTa krebuli (tfilisi, saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1924), 32.
59. fabrika-qarxnebis inspeqciis mier miRebuli Sromis kanonmdebloba quTaisSi 1902 wels
amoqmedda.
60. is muSebi, romlebic inspeqciis zedamxedvelobis qveS ar imyofebodnen, daucvelebi
iyvnen.
62. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, F275, doss. 1, N69,3.
63. guliSambarovi, Обзор фабрик, 34.
64. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, F275, doss. 1, N 172.
65. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, F275, doss. 1, N 20, 7. es wesebi yvela fabrika-
qarxanaSi ar gamoiyeneboda. magaliTad, Tu muSebi gamomuSavebiT iRebdnen xelfass,
maSin dagvianebisTvis isini jarimas ar ixdidnen.
67. v. CubiniZe, mogoneba 1905 wlidan 1912 wlis 15 martamdin, (Paris: Impr. de Navarre, 1938),
5–26.
68. `kvalificiuri~ am SemTxvevaSi niSnavda ostats da sxva profesiis warmomadgenels,
magaliTad, eleqtrikoss, zeinkals, memontaJes. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriuli
arqivi, F275, doss. 1 N 54.
69. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, F275, doss. 1, N 65; F275, doss. 1, N 69; da F84,
doss. 2, 1962.
70. g. margiani, saqarTvelos mrewveloba, 522.
71. anCabaZe, Старый Тбилиси, 112–113.
72. xoStaria, Очерки, 208–209; f. maxaraZe, Очерки революционного движения в Закавказье
( Тбилиси, Госиздат 1927), 47–54.
73. s. TalakvaZe, saqarTvelos revoluciuri moZraobis warsuli (1870 wlidan 1905 wlamde,
meore nawili) `rm~ N 1, (1923): 62.
75. raJden kalaZe, muSaTa qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTis istoria 80-90 wlebSi, `rm~, N 2, (1923): 18.
77. iqve, 527.
78. stanislav reningerze (zogierT teqstSi mas reinigerad moixsenieben) da wiTeli mTis
komunaze, ixileT giorgaZe, sazogadoebrivi urTierToba, 521.
79. v. cabaZe, Cemi mogonebebidan, `rm~, N 2, (1923): 140–149. xoStaria amtkicebs, rom aseTi
arsebobda 1880-ian wlebSi. xoStaria, Очерки, 207.
80. TalakvaZe, saqarTvelos revoluciuri moZraobis warsuli, `rm~, N 2, (1923): 18–37; g.
SeniSvnebi 381
CxeiZe, Zvirfasi da mudam, 97. CxeiZis mixedviT, roca policia pirvelad Sevida depoSi
gaficvis Sesawyvetad, policielebma isini amoarCies, ` visac giganturi aRnagoba
hqonda.~
81. s. TalakvaZe, saqarTvelos komunisturi partiis istoriisTvis, `rm~ N3 (1923): 139–150. ;.
r. kalaZe, rogor daviwye muSaoba, `rm~, N3 (1923): 139–150.
82. r. kalaZe, muSaTa qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTis istoria 80-90 ww., `rm~ N3 (1923): 28–29.
83. Tbilisis social-demokratiuli organizacia rsdmp-is Semadgenel nawilad
gamocxadda1901 wels
84. baTumSi social-demokratebis saqmianobaze ixileT, `rm~, N2, (1923): 127–139.
85. s. TalakvaZe, saqarTvelos revoluciuri moZraobis warsuli, `rm~ N4 (1923), 30.
86. g. abaSiZe da sxv, Грузинские страницы Ленинианы (Тбилиси, Мерани, 1970), 77-80.
87. v. cabaZe, Cemi mogonebebidan, `rm~ N 2 (1923), 148.
88. s. T. arqomedi, Рабочее Движение и Социал-Демократия на Кавказе (с 80-ых по 1903г.)
(Москва-Петроград, Госиздат, 1923), 48-49.
89. `Управление Закавказской Каз. Желез. Дорог, Приказ N 46 (dauTariRebelia) scssa,
F153, saq. 2, N 273, 167–194. es dokumenti gviCvenebs, rom amierkavkasiis rkinigzis
mTavar saxelosnoebSi samuSao pirobebi sakmaod kargi iyo im droisTvis. nawilobriv
ifareboda dakrZalvis xarjebi, gaicemoda ori kviris jamagiri saavadmyofos xarjebis
dasafarad da mcireodeni Tanxa Tu muSas saxl-kari gaunadgurdeboda xanZris gamo an
ubeduri SemTxvevis dros dainvaliddeboda da samuSaos dakargavda.
90. scssa, 153, saq. 2, N 270, 55.
91. scssa, F84, saq. 2, N 1994, 309.
92. s. aliluevi, tf. rkinis gzis saxelosnoebis muSaTa gaficva 1900 wels, `rm~ N2(15) (1926):
66–71.
94. lado kecxoveli, 31-32.
95. scssa, F84, saq. 3, N 1180, 2.
96. eklesiaSi ficis dadebis praqtikaze ixileT, f. maxaraZe, Очерки революционного
движения 47-54.
97. scssa, F84, saq. 3, N 236, 135-136.
98. raJden arseniZe [sic], interviuebi, N1-3, 103-104, boris nikolaevskis koleqcia, yuTi 667,
seria 279 (RSDRP-IV), saq, 4-5; sauniversiteto proeqti menSevikuri moZraobis istoria,
huveris omis, revoluciisa da mSvidobis instituti, stanfordi, kalifornia (Semdgom-
huveris institutis arqivi-hia).
99. 1889-1890 wlebSi, im pirTa umravlesoba, romelzec policias TvalTvali hqonda
dawesebuli, somexi iyo. scssa, F84, saq. 3, N 144, 65-71. gugonianis eqspedicia somexi
moxaliseebis erTi patara SeiaraRebuli jgufis gulubryvilo mcdeloba iyo,
SeWriliyo otomanis imperiaSi dasavleTis saxelmwifoebis yuradReba rom moepyro iq
mcxovrebi somexi qristianebisken.
100. scssa, F153, saq.1, N 585.
101. g. CxeiZe, Zvirfasi da mudam, `rm~, N 1, (1923), 97.
102. scssa, F153, saq.1, N 585 gviCvenebs 1900-1901 wlebSi Tbilisel social-demokratebze
dawesebuli TvalTvalis dones.
103. scssa, F153, saq.1, N 585, 23-26, 43-44.
104. v. guruli, qarTuli social-demokratiis istoria, 1892-1918, 114; scssa, F153, saq.1, N
349, 19-22.
105. scssa, F84, saq.3, N 423. es saqaRalde Seicavs oxrankis social-demokratebis in-
dividualur saqmeebs.
106. scssa, F153, saq.1, N 602.

108. scssa, F153, saq.1, N 602, 187.
109. scssa, F153, saq.1, N 349 gveubneba, rom 1902 wlis martSi dapatimrebuli 25 kacidan 18
qarTveli iyo. siaSi Seyvanili 21 kacidan 11 quTaisis guberniidan iyo, maTgan naxevarze
meti-guriidan (ozurgeTidan). policiis mier Catarebuli sxva danarCeni wmenda
organizaciis erovnuli Semadgenlobis suraTs gvaZlevs; monacemebi gveubneba, Tu
sadauri social-demokratebi iyvnen im wlebSi yvelaze aqtiurebi. magaliTad, 1904
wlis ianvarSi Catarebuli wmendis dros daapatimres 28 kaci _ 14 qarTveli, 5 rusi,
7 somexi da oric ebraeli. 28-dan 16 dasavleT saqarTvelodan iyo, am 16-Si albaT ara-
qarTvelebic Sediodnen. 28-dan 8 aristokratuli warmomavlobis, 4 administraciis
moxele, 7 glexis, 5 wvrilburJuaziisa da 4 mRvdlis Svilebi iyvnen. profesiis mixedviT,
9 muSa iyo, 9 administraciis moxele, 9 maTgani Semosavals Tavisi saqmianobidan iRebda
an piradi Semosavali hqonda, 1 ki `meSCanebis~ fenidan iyo. asakis mixedviT, 12 maTgani
20-dan 25 wlamde, 10- 25dan-30 wlamde, 2-s oci weli ar Sesruleboda, danarCenebi ki- 30
welze metisani. scssa, F153, saq.1, N 494.
111. scssa, F84, saq.2, N 1962, 213.
112. nikolz simonis-Ze CxeiZes karl marqsis gamo Searqves karlo.
113. baTumis organizaciis am wlebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb ixileT raJden arseniZis inter-
viuebi, 13-20.
V Tavi
ganxeTqileba Sin
1. noe Jordania, Cemi warsuli (Tbilisi: sarangi, 1990),40.

2. s. TalakvaZe, saqarTvelos revoluciuri moZraobis warsuli (1870 wlidan 1905 wlamde,
meore nawili) recoluciis matiane (Semdgom _ `rm~) N4, (1923), 30.
3. vin eswreboda sxdomas da ra ganixiles, amis Sesaxeb ixileT s. T. arqomedi, Рабочее
Движение и Социал-Демократия на Кавказе (1880-1903 гг). Москва-Петербург, Госиздат,
1923), s. T. TalakvaZe, saqarTvelos revoluciuri moZraobis warsuli, `rm~) N4, (1923),
30-31.
4. s. TalakvaZe, saqarTvelos revoluciuri..., `rm~ N 5, (1923): 7–31, gansakuTrebiT
11-14 gv.; grigol urataZe, Воспоминания Грузинского Социал-Демократа (Stanford,
California: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, 1968), 83–84. Jordania ambobs,
rom konferencia 1902 wlis zamTarSi Catarda, raJden arseniZes ki 1903 wlis aprili
axsovs.
5. raJden arseniZe, huveris omis, revoluciisa da mSvidobis institutis arqivi (Semdgom
_ huveris institutis arqivi, hia), yuTi 667, saqaRalde 4-5, N1-3, seria 279, 102.
sauniversiteto proeqti menSevikuri moZraobis istoriis Sesaxeb. arseniZe amtkicebs,
rom stalinis arapopularoba arCevnebTan dakavSirebuli poziciis brali iyo
nawilobriv da amitomac gagzavnes is baTumSi. urataZe ki ambobs, rom stalini silva
jiblaZis winaaRmdeg mowyobili intrigebis gamo garicxes tfilisis komitetidan. am
azrs iziarebs bertram d. volfic. urataZe, Воспоминания, 66-67; d. volfi, Three Who
Made a Revolution (London: Pelican, 1964, 472–474). robert peinis azriT, stalins ubralod
neba misces, rom wasuliyo. ixileT robert paini, The Rise and Fall of Stalin, London: Pan
Books Ltd., 1966, gv. 76. magram vinaidan stalini kavkasiis komitetis SemadgenlobaSi iyo
1904 wlis ianvarSi, savaraudod, is marTlac silva jiblaZis sawinaaRmdego intrigebs
Seewira.
SeniSvnebi 383
6. rsdmp-is mesame yrilobaze kavkasiis kavSiris oficialuri angariSi ityobineba,

rom konferenciam 14 xmiT erTis winaaRmdeg (Jordania wavida winaaRmdegi) miiRo
gadawyvetileba, rom adgilobrivi komitetebis arCevnebis winadadeba ar mieRo. Третий
сьезд РСДРП, Апрель-Май 1905 года, (Semdgom- Протоколы III): Москва, Госиздат 1959, 607.
es angariSi ewinaaRmdegeba sxva wyaroebs, magaliTad, ixileT hia, yuTi 667, seria 279,
saqaRlde 4-5, 104. aq arseniZe sapirispiros amtkicebs.
7. anahide ter minasiani, `Nationalism and Socialism in the Armenian Revolutionary Movement
(1887–1912),~ ronald siunis da sxv, red. Transcaucasia: Nationalism and Social Change: Essays
in the History of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, rev. ed., (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan
Press, 1996), 166.
8. f. maxaraZe, Cemi mokle avtobiografia, `rm~ N5 (1923):209; saqarTvelos s. dem. muS.
partiis mokle istoria, Paris: Foreign Bureau of the Georgian Social Democratic Workers~
Party, 1933), 20.
9. Jordania, Cemi warsuli, 58-59. bundis 1905 wlamde saqmianobis Sesaxeb ixileT, henri j.
tobiasi, , The Jewish Bund in Russia: From Its Origins to 1905 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University
Press, 1972).
10. sxvadasxva monacemebi arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tu vin iqna arCeuli. rogorc wesi, gvxvdeba
es saxelebi _ noe Jordania, silva jiblaZe, filipe maxaraZe, aleqsandre wulukiZe,
mixa cxakaia, diomide TofuriZe, bogdan knunianci, miSa boWoriZe da arSak zurabovi.
s. TalakvaZe amatebs severian juRels da stalins da tovebs Jordanias da boWoriZes.
g. Jvania amatebs stalins, magram tovebs jiblaZesa da Jordanias. s. TalakvaZe,
saqarTvelos revoluciuri moZraobis warsuli, `rm~, N 5, (1923, 13); g. Jvania, В. И. Ленин,
Большевики Закавказья (Tbilisi, merani, 1969), 39-40.
11. iqve, 96.
12. adgilobrivi rusebis monawileobaze ixileT, arseniZe, interviu, hia, yuTi 667,
saqaRalde 4-5, 1-3, seria 279,2 da v. jiqia, m.i. kalinini saqarTveloSi, saistorio moambe,
( Tbilisi, mTavari saarqivo sammarTvelo, 1967), 261-266.
13. ixileT ruseTis social-demokratiuli partia da misi uaxlobelesi miznebi, brZola,
1-4, 1901.09-1902.12, (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1988), 28-36.
14. urataZe, Воспоминания, 52.
15. `bundis~ oficialuri saxelwodeba iyo litvis, poloneTisa da ruseTis muSaTa saerTo
ebrauli kavSiri.
16. Второй Съезд РСДРП, Июль-Август 1903 г. Протоколы II (Semdgom- Протоколы II), (Москва,
Госиздат, 1959), 61.
17. somxebs saxelmwifo ar hqondaT me-13 saukunidan da mimofantulni iyvnen axlo da
Sua aRmosavleTSi. aman somex socialistebs avtonomiis Seqmnisken ubiZga, oRond
rogorc kulturuli erTeulisa da ara teritoriulis. knuniancis SeniSvnebze ixileT
Протоколы II, 61-63.
18. Протоколы II, 340.
19. rezoluciis Sesaxeb ixileT Протоколы II, 429. arseniZe aseT mosazrebis mixedviT
kavkasielma delegatebma am daTmobis gamo ar datoves yriloba bundis msgavsad da kidev
imis gamo, rom yrilobam mxari dauWira regionuli organizaciebis TviTmmarTvelobis
uflebebs. hia, yuTi 667, saqaRalde 4-5, seria N279,5.
20. meore yrilobaze erovnul sakiTxsa da regionul partiul organizaciebze gamarTuli
kamaTis Sesaxeb ixileT Раскол на II съезде РСДРП и II Интернационал (сборник документов),
Москва, Партийное издательство, 1933), 45-48. gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb ixileT Резолюция
Съезда, Коммунистическая партия Советского Союза в резолюциях и решениях съездов,

конференции и пленумов, т. 1 (1898-1917), КПСС в резолюциях, Москва, Издательство
политической литературы, 1970 70-83.
21. partiis wevrobaze alternatiuli winadadebebis Sesaxeb, maT Soris Jordanias
winadadebazec, ixileT Протоколы II, 279-281.
22. ixileT, magaliTad, neil hardingi, Lenin’s Political Thought: Theory and Practice in the
Democratic and Socialist Revolutions (London: Macmillan, 1983), 181–196; andre libihi, From
the Other Shore: Russian Social Democracy after 1921 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
Press, 1997), 33–43.
23. hardingi, Lenin’s Political Thought, 195
24. robert servisi, magaliTad, eWv qveS ayenebs im mosazrebas, rom momxdar ganxeTqilebaSi
ideologiuri gansxavavebebi nakleb mniSvnelovani iyo Robert Service, Lenin, A Political
Life (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), 1:100–105.
25. Протоколы II, 278
26. Jordanias winadadeba aseTi iyo: `rsdmp-s wevrad CaiTvaleba piri, romelic miiRebs
partiis programas, daexmareba partias Tavisi muSaobiT romelime partiul orga-
nizaciaSi an aqtiurad imuSavebs partiuli organizaciebis xelmZRvanelebis zeda-
mxedvelobiT.~ es daselebis didi xnis rwmenas asaxavda imis Taobaze, rom socializmi,
rogorc kulturuli fenomeni, romelic saqarTvelos mosaxleobas gaaTanamedrovebda
da erovnul TviTSegnebas gauRviZebda, moiTxovda farTo masebze dayrdnobil partias.
Протоколы II, 281.
27. Манифест Росийской Социал-Демократической Рабочей Партии, КПСС в резолюциях, 1:13–
16.
28. Протоколы II, 185-188.
29. programis saboloo varianti ixileT: Программа Российской социал-демократической
рабочей партии, КПСС в резолюциях 1, 60-66.
30. sdp-is polemikis Sesaxeb agrarul sakiTxebze ixileT arTar huseini da keiT traibi,
Marxism and the Agrarian Question, vol. 1: German Social Democracy and the Peasantry 1890–1907
(Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1981), 94–101. specialuri agraruli programa
mogvianebiT uaryofil iqna, radgan miiCnies, rom misi interesebi proletarul partiis
interesebSi ar Sedioda.
31. leninis The Agrarian Program of Social-Democracy in the First Russian Revolution 1905–1907,
daibeWda 1907 wels. is akritikebda 1903 wlis programas da ambobda, rom nacvlad
imisa, rom zogadad `miwaTmflobelobis~ winaaRmdeg miemarTa glexebi, programa maT
mouwodebda gaelaSqraT `memamuleTa garkveuli kategoriebis~ winaaRmdeg. leninis
werili ixileT: v. i. lenini, Collected Works, Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House,
1962, vol. 13.
32. Протоколы II, 216.
33. Речи и выступления при обсуждении аграрной программы, КПСС в резолюциях 9, 93.
34. r. s. elvudi, Russian Social Democracy in the Underground: A Study of the RSDRP in the Ukraine,
1907–1914 (Assen, The Netherlands: Van Gorcum, 1974), 80–85.
36. n. Jordania, qarTveli nacionalistebi; guram SaraZe, red. rCeuli nawerebi {noe
Jordania: rCeuli nawerebi} Tbilisi: saqarTvelo, 1990, 13.
37. arCil jorjaZe, Txzulebani: erovnuli problemebis garSemo (polemikuri werilebi)
(Tbilisi: Sorapani, 1911), 1:81. socialist-federalistebis programa, ixileT: dimitri
SveliZe, politikuri partiebis warmoSoba saqarTveloSi: nakveTi 1, federalistebi
(Tbilisi: arsi, 1993), 263-270.
SeniSvnebi 385
38. n. Jordania, qarTveli nacionalistebi, 26-27.

39. v. guruli, qarTuli social-demokratiis istoria (1892-1918); Tbilisi: meridiani, 1999,
165-166. ver SevZeli am werilis moZieba saxelmwifo arqivSi (avtorisgan).
40. ixileT roza luqsemburgi, Организационные вопросы Русской социал-демократии,
Раскол на 2 съезде РСДРП, 131-139. ixileT agreTve vladimir akimovi, The Second Congress
of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party,~ in Jonathan Frankel, ed., Vladimir Akimov on the
Dilemmas of Russian Marxism, 1895–1903 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 99–
198. erovnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT Jordanias luqsemburgisgan gansxvavebuli azri
hqonda, xolo akimovs glexobis rolis Taobaze ar eTanxmeboda.
41. R. Volina, Второй съезд РСДРП и местные партийные организации России, Сборник (Перм,
Пермское книжное из. 1973), 423. raJden arseniZe miuTiTebs, rom Jordanias werili
ganixiles konferenciaze. raJden arseniZe, hia, kol, yuTi 667, saqaRalde 4-5, 1-3, 9.
irakli wereTeli adasturebs, rom erT-erT delegats Jordanias werili hqonda, magram
Jordanias uTxovia, rom is adgilobrivi wevrebisTvis ar eCvenebinaT. b. i. nikolaevski,
Памяти И. Г. Церетели, Страницы биографии, Социалистический вестник, 8/9 (1954): 159.
42. n. i. buxarini da sxv, Ленинский сборник, Гос. Издат, 1928, 7, 116-117.
43. iqve, 117.
44. miuxedavad imisa, rom wereTels 1902 wels 5 wliT miusajes cimbirSi gadasaxleba,
TbilisSi 1903 wlis zafxulis dasawyisSi dabrunda. i. g. wereTeli, Воспоминания о
Февральской революции, (Paris: Moulton, 1958), viii.
45. n. i. buxarini da sxv., Ленинский сборник, 7: 117. is albaT ìskris~ im momxreebs gu-
lisxmobda, romlebic centralur kontrols uWerdnen mxars. plexanovi menSeviki
gaxda noemberSi, magram am gadawyvetilebas ar Seucvlia misi mosazreba imis Sesaxeb,
rom partias Zlieri centraluri mimarTuleba sWirdeboda. wereTeli ixsenebs, rom noe
ramiSvils da beno CxikviSvils partiis organizaciuli mowyobis Taobaze plexanovis
mosazrebis ganxilva surdaT. es ganxilva boris nikolaevskim daaxasiaTa, rogorc
menSevikebis gaucnobierebeli da adreuli mxardaWera saqarTveloSi. b. i. nikolaevski,
Памяти И. Г. Церетели, 8/9 (1954): 160).
46. partiam sasamarTlo daniSna, magram is ar Catarebula. В. И. Ленин, Письма 1893-1904,
Полное собрание сочинений, 46:310–311.
47. Протоколы III, 132.
48. v. taratuta, Канун революции 1905 года на Кавказе, Пролетарская революция (teqstSi
Semdgom _ ПР) 1 (48), (1926): 210–216. viqtor taratuta n. p. Smidtis umcrosi dis mo-
satyueblad gamoiyenes, rom Smidtis qoneba CaegdoT xelSi. am uRirsi ambis Sesaxeb
ixileT The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 2nd. ed., rev. (New York: Vintage, 1971), 109.
49. 3 съезд РСДРП, Сборник документов и материалов, Москва, Госиздат, 1955), 157–158.
50. scssa, fondi 84, aR. 2. s.1994, fur. 16.
51. scssa, fondi 153, aR. 1, s. 494, fur. 16.
52. am droisTvis organizaciaSi sakmao raodenobis rusi qalebi iyvnen gawevrianebuli. sami
maTgani _ olga rubcova, nina pokrovskaia da maria besmertnaia _ yvelaze aqtiuri iyo.
53. saqarTvelos damateba, N1, qarTvel socialist-federalistTa sarevolucio partia
(dabeWdilia 1904 wels).
54. giorgi lasxiSvili, memuarebi; (Tbilisi, saqarTvelo, 1992), 71.
55. 1904 wlis zafxulSi brZola gaCaRda partiis centraluri organos xelSi Casagdebad.
menSevikebma partiis sabWo daipyres, xolo centraluri komiteti _ ìskram~ da
bolSevikebma. 1904 wlis dasasrulisTvis, lenini gamovida centraluri komitetidan
da Tavisi gazeTi `vperiod~ daarsa. is daarwmunes, rom axali yrilobis meSveobiT
partiaze kontrols xelaxla moipovebda.
56. II Съезд РСДРП и местные партийнные организации, 431

57. Переписка Ленина и Крупской с Кавказской организацией, (Переписка) ПР, 5(40), (1925):
5–56 (gansakuTrebiT 26–28).
58. ina koreneva oriolis olqSi daibada. is pirveli studenti qali iyo (pirveli rusi qali
namdvilad iqneboda) sorbonis universitetis iuridiul fakultetze. igi brwyinvaled
swavlobda. ina Tavisi binis oTaxebs rus emigrantebze aqiravebda xolme, maT Soris
iyvnen trocki da lenini. lenini ise gadavida binidan, rom ori Tvis qira ar gadauxdia.
ixileT rejeb Jordania, Complet enfin, en soi, (Jordanias ojaxis gamoqveynebeli
mogonebebi, avtoris sakuTreba).
59. Листовка Кавказского Союзного Комитета РСДРП о причинах роспуска Тифлисского
комитета и об образовании нового комитета, 121 ( Листовки Кавказского Союза РСДРП,
1903–1905 (Москва, Госиздат, 1975), 269.
60. ixileT misi werili leninisadmi. abaSiZe da sxv., Грузинские страницы Ленинианы,
(Tbilisi, merani, 1970), 115.
61. i. s. Culoki, Очерки истории Батумской Коммунистической организации (1890–1921),
baTumi, sabWoTa aWara, 1970, 129.
62. abaSiZe, Грузинские страницы, 117.
63. `taris~ werilidan krupskaiasadmi, Переписка, 48.
64. jafariZe baqos komunis 26 komisarTagan erT-erTi iyo, romelic krasnovodskSi aiyvanes
da daxvrites 1918 wlis seqtemberSi. baqos komunis Sesaxeb ixileT Ronald Suny, The Baku
Commune, 1917–1918: Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton
University Press, 1972).
65. stalinis werilis Sesaxeb ixileT abaSiZe, Грузинские страницы, 106–110; kavkasiis
kavSiris meoTxe konferenciis Sesaxeb ixileT III Съезд РСДРП, Сборник документов,
507–512.
66. r. s. elvudic imaves ambobs. misi azriT, ukraineli social-demokratebis mier men-
Sevikebis mxardaWera ganpirobebulia im faqtiT, rom ukrainelebs arc emigrantebis
aqtiuroba moswondaT da arc bolSevikebis mbrZanebluri toni. elvudi, Russian Social
Democracy in the Underground, 14.
67. stalini irkutskis gadasaxlebidan 1904 wlis TebervalSi dabrunda TbilisSi.
69. n. lemani, Sesavali Переписка, 5(40), (1925): 17–18.
70. bolSevikebis Tvalsazrisi ganxeTqilebis Sesaxeb ixileT: mixa cxakaia, ruseTis
kompartiis arsebobis 25 wlisTavi, `rm~, 2, (1923): 69-74.
71. f. maxaraZe, Очерки революционного движения в Закавказье (Тбилиси, Госиздат 1927), 355.
72. n. n. aladJalova, Из большевицкого подполья, Воспоминания (sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1963),
20.
73. f. maxaraZe, Очерки, 115.
74. grigol urataZeze didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia, `maRali, lamazi da mimzidveli
saxe, Savi wveriTa da daxvewili manerebiT... misi aristokratuli qceva da Cvevebi umal
miiqcevda Tqvens yuradRebas.~ urataZe, Воспоминания, 11.
75. raJden kalaZe, muSaTa qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis istoria 89-90 wlebSi; „rm`, 4 (1923): 50.
76. interviu raJden arseniZesTan, hia, seria 279, yuTi 667-665, saqaRalde 4-5, furc. 1-3.
ixileT agreTve r. jRamaZe, romelic wers: rogorc ki misma orma megobarma gaigo, rom
Jordania menSeviki iyo, isinic menSevikebi gaxdneno. r. jRamaZe, fraqciuli brZolis
pirveli dReebi tfilisSi, 1905; `rm~, 1 (14), 1926: 107-109.
78. iqve, 118.
SeniSvnebi 387
79. r. kalaZe, `kritikuli SeniSvnebi f. maxaraZis da s. TalakvaZis saistorio nawerebis

Sesaxeb~, rubrikiT `tribuna~, #3 (13), (1925): 191-254. raJden kalaZe, rogorc sabWoTa
periodis samarTliani istorikosi 1920-iani wlebis Sesaxeb werda, rom qarTveli
menSevikebi arasdros uWerdnen mxars `likvidacionizmsa~ da èkonomizms~.
80. arseniZe, HIA, N. Coll., 12
81. CubiniZe, mogoneba 1905 wlidan 1921 wlis 15 martamdin, (Paris: Impr. de Navarre, 1938), 9.
82. Protokoly III, 341.
83. iqve, 308-309.
84. s. TalakvaZe, `saqarTvelos revolucionuri moZraobis warsuli~, nom., 5, (1923): 30-31.
85. SSSA, F153, doss. 1, no. 585, 181.
VI Tavi
guriis respublika
1. l. s. feieri da red., Marx and Engels: Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy; `The Eighteenth
Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte., (New York: Anchor Books, 1971), 378.
2. mkvlevarTa umravlesoba eTanxmeba im azrs, rom meoce saukuneSi gamovlenili
glexobis radikalizmis safuZveli tardiciuli soflis Temebis gazrdili kontaqti
iyo bazarTan, biurokratiasTan, axal mZlavr socialur jgufebTan, rasac emateboda
specifikuri cvladebic _ adgilobrivi istoria, miwis mflobeloba, sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebi, samTavrobo politika, eTniuroba, da religia. ix. erik j. hobsbaumi,
Primitive Rebels: Studies in Archaic Forms of Social Movement in the Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries (New York: W. W. Norton, 1963); barington muri umcr., Social Origins of Dictatorship
and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World (Boston: Beacon Press,
1966); T. Sanini, The Awkward Class: Political Sociology of the Peasantry in a Developing Society,
Russia 1910–1925 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972); erik vulfi, Peasant Wars of the Twentieth
Century (New York: Harper and Row, 1969). ix. agreTve, C. Scott, The Moral Economy of the
Peasant: Rebellion and Subsistence in Southeast Asia (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press,
1976); klod e. uelCi umcr. Anatomy of Rebellion (Albany: State University of New York Press,
1980); da joel s. migdali, Peasants, Politics and Revolution: Pressures toward Political and
Social Change in the Third World (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974).
3. aTar huseini da qeiT traibi, Marxism and the Agrarian Question, vol. 1: German Social
Democracy and the Peasantry, 1890–1907 (Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1981), 112–
113.
4. ralf karter elvudi, red., Resolutions and Decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union, vol. 1: The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party, 1898–October 1917 (Toronto: University
of Toronto Press, 1974), 96–97.
5. morin peri, `The Russian Peasant Movement of 1905–1907: Its Social Composition and
Revolutionary Significance,~ Past and Present, no. 57 (1972), 127.
6. Teodor Sanini, Russia 1905–1907: Revolution as a Moment of Truth: The Roots of Otherness:
Russia~s Turn of Century (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985), 2:107–109.
7. lev tolstoim ganacxada, rom imas akeTebdnen, rasac igi TviTon fiqrobda da werda
bolo oci wlis manZilze, kerZod: `Tavisi cxovreba waremarTaT xelisuflebis
saWiroebis gareSe~. i. m. avazaSvili, Большевистские организации Закавказья в период
первой Русской революции, 1905-1907 (Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1972), 97. gordon
brauni gazeT London Times-idan da luiji vilari milanis Corriere della sera–dan, guriaSi
1905 wels aRmoCndnen. ix.Sanini, Russia 1905–1907, 103–107, guriis respublikis Sesaxeb,
ix. agreTve: stiven jonsi, `Marxism and Peasant Revolt in the Russian Empire: The Case of the
Gurian Republic,~ Slavonic and East European Review 67, no. 3, (1989): 403–434.
8. morin peris SefasebiT, 1905-1907 wlebSi, social-revolucionerebis partiis wevr-
Tagan mxolod 7.7% iyo glexi, xolo yvelaze did wils (45.6%) muSebi da xelosnebi
Seadgendnen. qarTvel social-demokratTa organizaciis glexuri warmomadgenloba
proporciulad ufro maRali iyo. 1905 wlis bolosTvis mxolod guriaSi wevrTa ra-
odenoba xuT aTass aRwevda, TiTqmis imdenives, ramdensac TbilisSi, sadac eqvsi aTasi
wevri iricxeboda. ix: m. peri, The Agrarian Policy of the Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party
from Its Origins through the Revolution of 1905–1907 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1976), 86; g. urataZe, Воспоминания Грузинского социал-демократа, (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover
Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, 1968), 168; `Cveni Sinauri saqmeebi~, talRa, 30
noemberi, (1906): 2.
9. erovnuli kiTxva, naperwkali, 21 ivlisi 1908 w, 2.
10. meore dumaSi irakli wereTeli mouwodebda glexur partiebTan ufro mWidro
TanamSromlobisken. menSevikTa umravlesoba amgvar midgomaSi xedavda bolSevikebis
memarcxene blokis winaSe kapitulacias. wereTeli ki amas aRiqvamda, rogorc saSualebas
meti gavlena moexdinaT kadetebze. nikolaevski aRniSnavda, rom qarTveli social-de-
mokratebi ar iziarebdnen antieserul Sexedulebebs, romlebic mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdendnen menSevizmis literaturul-politikuri wris zogierTi warmomadgenlis
taqtikaze. b. b. nikolaevski, Памяти И. Г. Церетели, Страницы биографии, Социалисти-
ческий вестник, №2-3 (1960), 50-51.
11. Пятый съезд РСДРП, Апрель-Май 1907 года, Протоколы (Semdeg teqstSi- Протоколы
V)(Москва, Госиздат, 1963), 263.
12. Tedo saxokia, mogzaurebani: guria, aWara, samurzayano, afxazeTi (baTumi: sabWoTa
aWara, 1985), 121. saxokias TqmiT, am dros guriaSi asi sofeli iyo. guriis soflebis
mosaxleobis socialuri da eTnikuri ganawileba ix. Semdeg naSromSi: e. kondratenko,
Свод статистических данных о населении Закавказского края извлеченных из посемейнных
списков 1886 г.(Тифлис, типография И. Мартиросиянцa 1893) ч.1, viii; ч.II, `Города уезды и
округа Кутайсской губернии, 9.
13. v. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XVIII–XX saukuneebSi (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1984),
gv. 108.
14. v. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, 116, da n. a. troinicki, red., Первая всеобщая
перепись населения Российской империи, 1897 г. (Изд. центрального статистического
комитета МВД, 1905), 1, 60. seimur bekeri aRniSnavda, rom sxva ararusul provinciebSi,
magaliTad. vilnoSi an kovnoSi, Tavadaznaurobis proporciuli odenoba aseve maRali
iyo (4.4% da 6.4%, Sesabamisad). s. bekeri, Nobility and Privilege in Late Imperial Russia
(DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1985), 103.
15. Труды местных комитетов о нуждах сельскохозяиственной промышленности, Кавказский
край т. LII (С. Петербург, типография т-ва Народная польза 1903), 229-230.
16. v. jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, 106. es zrda moicavs rusebis migracias Crdi-
loeTidan da somxebisa samxreTidan.
17. versti daaxloebiT milis or mesameds Seadgens (1,067 km).
18. p. guguSvili, saqarTvelos da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba XIX–XX sau-
kuneebSi, tomi 2, Tbilisi: saxelgami 1956, 649.
19. o. siomini, Великая годовщина, аграрный вопрос и крестьянская реформа на Кавказе (Киев,
Л. М. Фиш, 1911), 30. monacemi (80%) ar iTvaliswinebs samegrelos.
20. e. kondratenko, Свод статистических данных о землевладении в Тифлисской и Кутаисской
SeniSvnebi 389
губерниях (Тифлис, Закавказский стат. комитет, Типография Груз. издат. товарищества И.

Козловского, 1893), 7.
21. v. a. staroselski, Дни свобод (Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1985), 17.
22. m. n. Saxnazariani, Крестьянское движение в Грузии и социал-демократия (Москва,
Колокол, 1906), 24; ix. aseve krim-gireis angariSi: Кавказ, 31 marti 1905 w., 3. angariSSi
aRwerilia 4,727 ojaxi. amaTgan, 1,173 ojaxis meTauri saxelmwifo glexi iyo, 2,989_
glexi-mepatrone, da 537 _ droebiT valdebuli glexi. damuSavebuli an kuTvnili
miwis nakveTis saSualo zoma saxelmwifo glexebis SemTxvevaSi Seadgenda 3 qcevas; miwis
mflobel glexebs Soris _ 3.5 qcevas; droebiT valdebulTaTvis – 0.3 qcevas. miwis
mflobeli glexebi yvelaze dabal gadasaxads ixdidnen, rac erT qcevaze 23.5 kapiks
udrida; saxelmwifo glexebi erT qcevaze ixdidnen 86 kapiks. yvelaze maRalmosavliani
miwis erT qcevaze xerxdeboda 15-20 fuTi simindis moyvana, xol ijariT aRebul nak-
veTze – 25-30. saSualod ojaxze modioda 2.8 ijariT aRebuli qceva miwa. gadasaxadi
maRali iyo da mosavlis erTi mesamedidan naxevramde meryeobda.
23. Труды местных комитетов, 229.
24. guguSvili, saqarTvelos ganviTareba, 2:657; . o. siomini, Великая годовщина 33; Госу-
дарственные крестьяне Грузии в XIX веке (Тбилиси, Издательтво Академии Наук ГССР,
1962), 1, 55.
25. e. kondratenko, Свод статистических данных о землевладении, 12–14.
26. akademikosi niko mari, dedis mxridan guruli, werda 1905 wels, rom, magaliTad, `gu-
rulebis ukmayofileba gamowveulia miwis naklebobiT~citirebulia Semdeg teqstSi:
saqarTvelos ganviTareba, 2: 661.
27. obert bidelo, Communism and Development (London: Methuen, 1985), 238–241.
28. saxokia, mogzaurobani, 118–119.
29. p. guguSvili, saqarTvelos da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri ganviTareba (Tbilisi: sa-
xelgami 1956), 3:695; v. i. adamia, Социально-экономическое развитие Грузинской деревни в
прeреформенный период, 1870–1890 гг. (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1976), 87.
30. guguSvili, saqarTvelos ganviTareba, 3:276.
31. Ibid., 274.
32. guguSvili, saqarTvelos ganviTareba, 2:730–731.
33. Tevdore Rlonti, `guriis dRevandeli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mimoxilva~, axali
gza, 9 ivlisi 1910, 4.
34. По Гурии, Март 31, 1905, 3.
35. urataZe, Воспоминания Грузинского социал-демократа, 20.
36. guguSvili, saqarTvelos ganviTareba, 3:350.
37. Ibid., 2:668.
38. o. siomini, Великая годовщина, 36.
39. guguSvili, saqarTvelos ganviTareba, 2: 707 da 730–731.
40. seimur beqeri miuTiTebda, rom dagiravebuli miwa ar aris aucileblad ekonomikuri
dacemis niSani. bekeri, Nobility and Privilege, 48–49. niSandoblivia, rom im dros, roca
quTaisis Tavadaznaurobas Tavisi miwa praqtikulad ar daugiravebia, Tbilisis
guberniis Tavadaznaurobis 50%-s miwa dagiravebuli hqonda. o. siomini, Великая
годовщина, 48.
41. el. drabkina, Грузинская контрреволюция (Ленинград, прибой, 1928), 19. ix. aseve: Об-
зор Кутайсской губернии за 1905 г. (Издание Кутайсского губернского статистического
комитета, 1906), 8, romlis SefasebiT adgilobrivma Tavadaznaurobam 1894-1905 wlebis
ganmavlobaSi Tavisi miwis naxevari dakarga.
42. e. kondratenko, Свод статистических данных о землевладении, 25.
43. saxokia, mogzaurobani, 25, 131.

44. 10 Tebervali, 1907 w. Из Всеподаннейщей записки наместника на Кавказе по управлению
Кавказским краем, dok. 546. s. maRlakeliZe da sxv., Революция 1905-1907 гг в Грузии ,
Сборник документов (Tbilisi: saxelgami, 1956), 749–750.
45. 26 oqtomberi, 1905 w. Доклад заведувающего полицией на Кавказе наместнику о во-
оруженном восстании в Гурии, Док.№ 284, s. maRlakeliZe da sxv., Революция, 402–403.
46. T. JRentis cnobiT guriaSi 33 skola iyo, sadac 4,782 mowafe swavlobda. anu erTi mowafe
yovel 21 mosaxleze. es amierkavkasiaSi yvelaze maRali maCvenebeli iyo. T. JRenti,
1905 weli guriaSi (Tbilisi: saq. k.p. (komunisturi partiis) (b) w.k. partgamomcemloba,
1936), 7. mTlianad quTaisis guberniaSi 664 muSaobda, sadac 40,959 swavlobda. Tbilisis
guberniaSi, sadac odnav meti mosaxleoba iyo, 403 skola iyo 26,405 mowafiT. Ежегодник
России (МВД), 1905, 138.
47. l. vilari, Fire and Sword in the Caucasus (London: Fisher and Unwin, 1906), 84.
48. f. maxaraZe, Очерки революционного движения в Закавказье, (Тбилиси, Госиздат, 1927), 329.
m. i. kalinini, sruliad ruseTis aRmasrulebeli komitetis Tavmjdomare, aRniSnavda,
rom: `dasavleT saqarTvelos [yofili quTaisis provinciis] soflis mosaxleoba
waagavs . . . qalaqis mosaxleobas; is imave enaze laparakobs, razec qalaqelebi; masSi
SesamCnevia ganaTlebuli adamianebis simravle.~ The British Trade-Union Delegation and
Georgia (London: Foreign Bureau of the Social Democratic Labour Party of Georgia, n.d.), 16.
49. saxokia, mogzaurobani, 38, 43.
50. Труды местных комитетов, 220–221.
51. saxokia, mogzaurobani, 44.
53. saxokia, mogzaurobani, 101.
54. n. Jordania, Cemi warsuli (Tbilisi: sarangi, 1990), 14. mdinare Wolokze gadioda Zveli
ruseT-TurqeTis sazRvari.
55. hobsbaumi, Primitive Rebels, 26–27.
56. `guriis ambebi,~ mogzauri, 27 marti 1905 w., gv. 169–173. noe Jordania ixsenebda, rogor
ambobda dedamisi, rom mxolod erTi Svili hyavda (e.i. noe). qaliSvilis dabadebis
dResac ki arasodes aRniSnavdnen. n. Jordania, wigni ojaxSi sakiTxavi, (Tbilisi: merani,
1989), 45.
57. 1905 г., 26 Октября, Доклад заведувающего полицией на Кавказе наместнику о вооруженном
восстании в Гурии, Док.№ 284, s. maRlakeliZe da sxv., Революция, 402–403.
58. SesaZloa, rom wamaqezebeli faqtori yofiliyo cnobebi glexTa gamosvlebis Sesaxeb
tambovSi, saratovSi da ukrainis centralur sasoflo-sameurneo regionebSi.
60. àxali ambebi~, sxivi, 7 dekemberi 1905 w., 3–4. hobsbaumi sakuTar gamokvlevaSi aRniSnavda
evropis glexTa moZraobebisTvis iseTi Temebis mniSvnelobas, rogorc iyo rituali,
saidumlo niSnebi da procesiebi. hobsbaumi, Primitive Rebels, 151.
61. 1890-ian wlebSi, siciliuri faSias Tu fasciis (Fascie) moZraobis glexi mimdevrebi
TavianT revolucioner winamZRolebs `samoTxidan movlenil angelozebad~ miiCnevdnen.
hobsbaumi, Primitive Rebels, 99.
62. erT-erTi damkvirvebeli amtkicebs, rom svanebi adilobriv komitets ise aRiqvamdnen,
rogorc `maRal grZel TeTrwverian kacs, romelic maRal koSkSi cxovrobs da ubralo
mokvdavebisTvis TvaliT uxilavia. v. e. bibineiSvili, За четверть века (Москва, Молодая
гвардия, 1931), 119.
63. Крестьянское движение в западном Закавказье в 1902-1905, Красный архив (teqstSi Sem-
deg_КА) 99, (1940): 96–97.
SeniSvnebi 391
64. urataZe, Воспоминания , 49.

65. m. n. Saxnazariani, Крестьянское движение в Грузии , 44.
66. v. kalandaZe da v. miqelaZe, Очерки революционного движения в Грузии (С-Петербург,
Эпоха, 1906)б 31.
67. `rogor moviqceT sofelSi?~ grigali, 9 seqtemberi 1906 w., 1.
68. guriis 13 soflis warmomadgenlebma social-demokratiuli organizacia `biurokra-
tulad~ Seracxes. mitingis dros, romelzec social-demokratebi ar dauSves, erT-
erTma glexma ganacxada, rom Cemma sofelma aq saqmis sakeTeblad momavlina da ara
grZelTmiani da enawyliani biWunebis mosasmenad. . . rac Cven SevqmeniT Cvenve SegviZlia
gavauqmoTo. grigali, 23 seqtemberi 1907 w. 2
69. `sofelSi partiuli muSaobis Sesaxeb~, Cveni cxovreba, 5 seqtemberi 1906 w., 2.
70. `soflad muSaobis Sesaxeb.~ grigali, 21 seqtemberi 1906 w., 1. Tedo JRentis cnobiT,
glexs mravali etapi da dabrkoleba unda gadaelaxa, vidre mas partiaSi miiRebdnen.
JRenti, 1905 weli, 73.
71. `guriidan~, sxivi, 7 dekemberi 1905 w., 4.
72. abraham aSeri, red., The Mensheviks in the Russian Revolution (London: Thames and Hudson,
1976), 58; r. karter elvudi, red., Resolutions and Decisions of the Communist Party, 1:66–79.
73. Tavis wignSi `Tvrameti briumeri~ marqsi axasiaTebda glexobas, rogorc reaqciul
wvrilburJuaziul masas, romelic ganwiruli iyo movlenaTa istoriuli ganviTarebiT.
amave dros, mimoweraSi `Sromis ganTavisuflebis jgufis~ wevr vera zasuliCTan,
marqsi amtkicebda, rom ruseTma SesaZloa Tavi aaridos kapitalizms da ganaviTaros
glexur komunaze damyarebuli politikuri sistema. ix. ester kingston-mani, Lenin and
the Problem of Marxist Peasant Revolution (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), 9–37, agreTve
T. Shanin, ed., Late Marx and the Russian Road: Marx and the Peripheries of Capitalism (London:
Monthly Review Press, 1984).
74. b. i. nikolaevski, Памяти И. Г. Церетели, Страницы биографии, Соц. Вестник № 2-3
(1960), 50.
75. raJden arseniZem, laparakobda ra qarTul social-demokratiaze, ganacxada, rom am
punqtma `Cven gadagvarCinao~. hia, yuTi 667, seria 279, (RSDRP-IV), saq. 4-5, 1-3, 82..
76. àgraruli sakiTxi,~ elva, 23 marti 1906 w. 1.
77. `saqarTvelos revoluciuri moZraoba mTavrobis daxasiaTebis Tanaxmad~, rm, 3 (1925),
116.
78. 1907 г. 10 Февраля, Из Всеподаннейщей записки наместника на Кавказе № 546: s. maRlakeliZe
da sxv., Революция, 748.
79. vilari, Fire and Sword, 93.
80. iqve, 98–99.
81. JRenti, 1905 weli, 149.
82. ukrainaSi, rakitinskaia volostis glexebis kavSirma brZana aRkveTiliyo loToba da
qurdoba. T. Sanini, Russia 1905–1907, 113. loTobis aRsakveTad alkoholiani sasmelebis
maRaziebi xSirad ixureboda, zogjer iwveboda kidevac.
83. JRenti, 1905 weli, 68.
84. iqve, 127.
85. iqve, 189.
86. iqve, 67–68.
87. Б. Старосельский, Крестьянское движение в Кутайсской губернии, Былое, №9 (1906), 240. v.
kalandaZe da v. miqelaZe, Очерки революционного движения в Грузии, 82.
89. Старосельский, Крестьянское движение, 236.
90. 1905г. 2 Февраля, Представление прокурора Кутайского окружного суда прокурору
Тифлисской судебной палаты по поводу перехода всей власти в Озургетском уезде в руки
революционного комитета и о необходимости принятия самых решительных мер для
подавления революционнго движения в Гурии, № 31: s. maRlakeliZe da sxv., Революция, 89.
91. iqve, 89–90.
92. В. Таратута, Канун революции 1905 г. на Кавказе, Пролетарская революция (Semdgom
teqstSi_ПА) № 1 (48), (1926): 210–216.
93. m. n. Saxnazariani, Крестьянское движение, 49.
94. siomini, Великая годовщина, 116. kavkasiaSi `droebiT valdebulis~ statusi gaauqmes
1912 wels.
95. krim-gireis biografia ix. `N. A. Sultan-Krym-Girei,~ Kavkaz, March 27, 1905, 3–4. kavkazi mas
axasiaTebda, rogorc Zalze ganaTlebul da humanur adamians.
96. m. n. Saxnazariani, Крестьянское движение, 56.
97. maxaraZe, Очерки революционного движения, 150.
98. `guriis ambebi,~ mogzauri, 13 marti, 1905 w., 123–124. es 15 punqti me Sevajame gazeTSi
gamoqveynebuli moTxovnebis safuZvelze.
99. По Гурии, Кавказ, Май 4, 1905, 3.
100. staroselski, Дни свобод, 56.
101. social-demokratebma datoves darbazi pirveli ramdenime sesiis Semdeg.
104. g. g. abaSiZe da sxv., Грузинские страницы Ленинаны, (Tbilisi: merani, 1970), 562.
105. staroselskis saxlSi patimroba miusajes qalaq ekaterinburgSi. amis Semdeg is mci-
re xniT yubanis rsdmp-is regionuli komitetis mdivanad da Crdilo kavkasiis gaer-
Tianebuli komitetis Tavmjdomared muSaobda. 1908 wels igi gaiqca parizSi. iq Se-
uerTda bolSevikebs da 1916 wels yvelasgan miviwyebuli gardaicvala. g. g. abaSiZe da
sxv., Грузинские страницы, 562; Большая Советская энциклопедия, 3 изд. (Москва, Советская
энциклопедия, 1976), 24, 430.
106. 24 Июня, 1905 года, Доклад начальника Кутаисского отделения нач. названного управления
о революционном движении в Кутаисском губернии, № 141 s. maRlakeliZe da sxv.,
Революция, 233–235.
107. JRenti, 1905 weli, 154.
108. aRmosavleT saqarTveloShi saxelmwifo glexebis revoluciuri aqtivobis Sesaxeb, ix.
v. Sofrio, Волнения крестьян в удельных имениях Грузии в 1905-1906, КА № 106, (1941):
40–57.
109. 6 Марта 1905 года, Из донесения нач. Тифлисского губернского жандармского управления в
департамент полиции об усилении революционного движения крестьян в Горииском уезде,
№ 59, 60, 61, 62, s. maRlakeliZe da sxv., Революция, 140–144.
110. Тифлисская хроника, Кавказ, 2 noemberi, 1905, 2..
111. asi kazakisgan Sedgenili samxedro SenaerTi gaaCeres ori dRis ganmavlobaSi. samTavrobo
angariSebis Tanaxmad, SetakebaSi aTasma gurulma miiRo monawileoba. JRentis cnobiT
monawileobda oTxasi kaci, Tumca amaTgan mxolod samoci iyo SeiaraRebuli. JRenti,
1905 weli, 156.
112. staroselski, Дни свобод, 100–102. igive brZaneba mieca general-maior bauersac
duSeTisa da goris mazrebTan dakavSirebiT.
113. 13 Января 1906 года, Оъявление Кутаисского ген-губернатора населению губернии и г. Поти,
№. 400, s. maRlakeliZe da sxv., Революция, 543–544.
114. `kavkasia,~ ganTiadi, 9 marti, 1906 w., 2.
115. Кавказский запрос в Госдуме, полные речи всех ораторов по официальным стенограммам (
SeniSvnebi 393
Тифлис, Электропечать Х. Г. Хачатурова, 1909), 96–97.

116. `kavkasia,~ elva, 30 marti, 1906 w., 3.
117. С. Фукс, Борьба с революционным движением на Кавказе в эпоху столипынщины (Из пе-
реписки П. А. Столипына с гр. И. И. Воронцовым-Дашковым), КА, № 34, (1929): 216–17.
118. 25 Октября, 1906 года, Из доклада зав. особым отделом по полицеиской части канцелярии
наместника на Кавказе о положении дел в Гурии после принятия репрессивных мер, № 1359,
s. maRlakeliZe da sxv., Революция, 729.
119. voroncov-daSkovis cnobiT, 1907 wels kavkasiaSi aRiricxa teroristuli Tavdasxmis
689 msxverpli; amaTgan 273 saxelmwifo moxele iyo, romelTagan 183 moklul iqna. С.
Фукс, Борьба с революционным движением, 204. 1907 wlis ivlisSi alixanov-avarskic
teroristebma mokles aleqsandrovskSi.
120. adam ulami amtkicebs, rom socializmis mier dovlaTis gadanawilebis principis
aqcentireba – da ara marqsis specifikuri ideebi – es aris is, rac izidavda sakuTar
Zirebs mowyvetil glexebsa da xelosnebs ruseTis msgavs tradiciul sazogadoebebSi.
adam ulami, The Unfinished Revolution: Marxism and Communism in the Modern World, rev.
ed., (London: Westview Press, 1979).
121. erik volfi, On Peasant Rebellions, International Social Science Journal 21 (1969), 287–293.
122. raJden arseniZe, [sic], interviuebi, (hia, ax. kol. yuTi 667, saq. 4-5; 1-3, ser. 279, 21.) Inter-
University Project on the History of the Menshevik Movement.
VII Tavi
1905 weli: damsxvreuli ocnebebi
1. Кавказ, 5 noemberi, 1905, 3.

2. buliginis duma unda yofiliyo `Rirseul pirTa~ arCeviTi organo, romelsac sakon-
sultacio uflebamosileba eqneboda.
3. 1905 wlis `Tavisuflebis dReebze~ da ganwyobaze rusi social-demokratebis orive
frTaSi, ixileT Teodor dani, The Origins of Bolshevism (ed. and trans. by Joel Carmichael),
New York: Harper and Row, 1964, 336–363.
4. f. maxaraZe, àxali oinbazi~, `partiul arqivSi~. revoluciis matiane (Semdgom _ rm) 1,
(1923): 128.
5. eduard bernstaini, Evolutionary Socialism: a Criticism and Affirmation, trans. Edith C. Harvey
(New York: Schocken Books, 1961). bernstaini amtkicebda, rom ufro mosalodneli iyo,
rom qalaqis Camoyalibebul muSaTa klass aerCia socializmisken mimavali evoluciuri
da ara revoluciuri gza.
6. Tengiz kvirkvelia, Tbilisis arqiteqtura (Tbilisi: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1982), 58.
7. i. d. anCabaZe da n. g. volkova, Старый Тбилиси, Город и горожане в 19 веке (Москва, Наука
1990), 98-99.
8. iqve, 23
9. iqve, 100.
10. kote cincaZe, Cemi mogonebani: 1903 w-1920 wlamde, rm, 5 (1923): 104-128. cincaZem moifiqra
kamos gaqceva cixidan da amis saukeTeso aRwerasac iZleva.
11. lado kecxoveli da severian juReli (meore dumis deputati) metexis cixeSi dai-
Rupnen.
12. `qarTveli mowafeni~, kvali, 21 ivnisi, 1898, 435. 1000 macxovrebelze skolis 11 moswavle
dabali maCvenebeli iyo evropul qalaqebTan SedarebiT. inglissa da irlandiaSi 1000
mosaxleze 154 mowafe iTvleboda, Tumca aq mowafeTa asaki sxva iyo. amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi mowafeTa ricxvi imave raodenobis macxovrebelze 194 Seadgenda. ixileT, b. r.

mitCeli, red., International Historical Statistics: Europe, 1750–1993, 4th ed., (London: Macmillan
Reference, 1998), da b. r. mitCeli, red., International Historical Statistics: The Americas, 1750–
1993, 4th ed. (London: Macmillan Reference, 1998).
13. i. d. anCabaZe da n. g. volkova, Старый Тбилиси, 94.
14. saxeli naZaladevi (rusulad naxalovka) warmoiSva maSin, roca qalaqSi Camosulebma
ukanonod anu `ZaliT~ daiwyes saxlebis mSenebloba mTis kalTebze.
15. Tbilisis detaluri aRwera ixileT, S. Cxetia, red., Документы по истории Грузии (1862-
1917), т. 1, ч. 2, (Тбилиси, Архивное управление МВД Грузинского ССР, 1960).
16. erik hobsbaumi, Nations and Nationalism since 1780: Programme, Myth, Reality (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1990), 123.
17. kote cincaZe, `Cemi mogonebani~, rm, 3 (1923), 87.
18. bolSevikebi da sabWoTa istorikosebi amtkicebdnen, rom saqarTveloSi menSevizmis
warmateba wvrili burJuaziis damsaxureba iyo. ixileT simon xundaZis `qarTveli
inteligenciis profili mecxramete saukuneSi~ (Tbilisi, saxelmwifo gamomcemloba,
1927), gansakuTrebiT me-2 nawili _ `qarTuli menSevizmi da misi socialuri safuZvlebi~,
75-124. ixileT agreTve lev trocki, Between Red and White: A Study of some Fundamental
Questions of Revolution, with Particular Reference to Georgia (London: CPGB (Communist Party
of Great Britain), 1922), 79–80.
19. kote cincaZe, `Cemi mogonebani~, rm, 3 (1923):87.
20. israel getcleri, Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social Democrat (London:
Cambridge University Press, 1967), 100–101.
21. ixileT iuli braunTali, Preface to Marx~s The Class Struggle in France, in History of the
International, vol. 1: 1864–1914, trans. Henry Collins and Kenneth Mitchell (New York: Praeger,
1967), 282.
22. v. boneli fiqrobs, rom rusuli muSaTa klasi dabali donis `TeTrsayeloian~ moxeleebs,
gamyidvelebsa da xelosnebs moicavda. v. boneli, Roots of Rebellion: Workers~ Politics and
Organizations in St. Petersburg and Moscow, 1900–1914 (Berkeley: University of California Press,
1983), 21–25.
23. israel getcleri, `Marxist Revolutionaries and the Dilemma of Power,~ in Revolution and
Politics in Russia: Essays in Memory of B. I. Nicolaevsky, ed. Alexander and Jane Rabinowitch with
Ladis K. D. Kristof (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1972), 88–112.
24. `banketis kampania~ ruseTis did qalaqebSi Catarebuli Sexvedrebis raunds Seerqva. mas
eswrebodnen `zemstvos~ wevrebi da liberalebi, romlebic damfuZnebeli yrilobis
Catarebas moiTxovdnen. rsdmp-is menSevikurma frTam social-demokratebis CarTva
brZana kampaniaSi burJuaziis gaaqtiurebis mizniT, magram leninma uari Tqva am ideaze.
25. òficialuri gamocxadeba~, mogzauri, 3 Tebervali, 1905, 19-20.
26. f. maxaraZe, Очерки революционного движения в Закавказье (Тбилиси, Госиздат, 1927) 282.
27. social-demokratebma jars mxolod oqtombris Semdeg miaqcies yuradReba. manmade
garnizonebSi xandaxan SeimCneoda uTanxmoebebi ufrosobasTan. martis TveSi 400 jaris-
kaci daeswro muSebis Sekrebas naZaladevSi; ivlisSi Sirinkinis angariSis mixedviT,
soxumis fexosanTa polkSi areuloba moxda. agvistoSi samegrelos grenadiorTa
polkis rigiTebi monawileobdnen saidumlo SexvedrebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc
angariSebidan irkveva, ivlisisa da agvistos SexvedrebSi ZiriTadad adgilobrivebi
aqtiurobdnen, rusebi cotani iyvnen. ixileT s. maRlakeliZe da sxv, Революция 1905-
1907 гг в Грузии, Сборник документов (Tbilisi: saxelgami, 1956), 244-245. ixileT agreTve
Tbilisis policiis ufrosis angariSi jariskacebis areulobis Taobaze, saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo istoriuli arqivi, (scssa), fondi 153, saq. 1 furc. 653, 305.
SeniSvnebi 395
28. leon der megriani, Tiflis during the Russian Revolution of 1905, (Ph.D. diss., University of
California, Berkeley, 1968), 113.
29. Патриотическая манифестация рабочих 9-го Мая в Тифлисе, Кавказ, 12 Май, 1905, 3.
30. Железнодорожные вести, Кавказ, 3 Сентябрь, 1905, 3.
31. ukrainaSi amis sapirispiro situacia Seiqmna. rsdmp-is propaganda-agitacia ZiriTadad
rusul enaze mimdinareobda, radgan organizaciaSi mravlad iyvnen rusi wevrebi. aman
aiZula bevri ukraineli sxva partiebSi Sesuliyvnen, magaliTad, ùkrainis spilkaSi~ an
ukrainis socialist-revoluciur partiaSi, 1917 wels.
32. der megriani, Tiflis, 49.
33. k. zalaevski, Национальные партии в России, l. martovi, p. maslovi da a. potresovi,
Общественное движение в России в начале 20 века. t. 3, 227-344, 309-310. (С.Петербург,
Общественная польза, 1914).
34. n. litvinovi da S. nuradinovi, Кавказский террор в Российской Империи (Москва, Голос,
1999), 64-65.
35. `hnCakisa~ da misi urTierTobebis Sesaxeb rsdmp-sTan ixileT der megriani, Tiflis, 30, 30-
31, 49-50.
36. humetis programisa da misi wesebis Taobaze ixileT e. boramenski, Иранская революция
1905-1911 гг и Большевики Закавказья, Красный Архив, t. 105 (1941), 51-52; (Semdgom teqstSi
_ wiT. a.).
37. socialist-revolucionerebi rusi inteligenciis warmomadgenlebs iRebdnen TavianT
rigebSi. partiam veranairi gavlena ver moipova jariskacebs Soris. maTi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani acqia am periodSi Sirinkinis mkvlelobis cda iyo 1906 wels. socialist-
revolucionerebis jgufebi arsebobdnen baqoSi, baTumSi, quTaisSi, WiaTurasa da so-
xumSi, magram 1905-1906 wels isini gaiyvnen. scssa, fondi 13, saq. 27, 8, furc. 99-100.
38. òficialuri gamocxadeba~, mogzauri, 3 Tebervali, 1905, 19.
39. iqve, Tbiliseli meafTiaqeebisTvis gagzavnil werilSi social-demokratebs Camoya-
libebuli hqondaT is moTxovnebi, rac meafTiaqeebs unda wamoeyenebinaT. amas garda,
isini werdnen, rom maT winaaRmdeg, vinc muSaobas ar Sewyvetda, umkacresi zomebi
iqneboda gatarebuli, maT Soris sikvdiliT dasja. es tipuri magaliTia imisa, ra
meTodebs iyenebdnen social-demokratebi. scssa, fondi 153, saq. 1, 653, furc. 154.
40. Наместник Кавказа гр. И. И. Воронцов-Дашков, Кавказ, 2 marti, 1905, 3.
41. voroncov-daSkovis uflebamosilebis Sesaxeb ixileT Законы о наместничестве на Кав-
казе, da О Наместнике Кавказском, Кавказский календарь 1906 (Тифлис, Типография К. П.
Козловского, 1906) 205–206, 207–210. mefisnacvlis institutis aRdgenis mizezebis Sesaxeb
ixileT d. i. ismail-zade, И. И. Воронцов-Дашков, Наместник Кавказский, wignSi lisicina
g. g. da i. a. gordinis red., Россия и Кавказ сквозь два столетия (С. Петербург, Звезда, 2001),
138-149.
42. voroncov-daSkovis xasiaTisa da mefesTan misi urTierTobis Sesaxeb ixileT v. p.
semenikovi, Письма И. И. Воронцова-Дашкова Николаю Романову, wiT. a. t. 1, 26 (1928):
97-126.
43. Священная дружина и народная воля, записки К. А. Бороздина, Былое, 10 (1907), 123-167.
44. К населению Кавказского края, Кавказ, 1 aprili, 1905, 1.
45. policiis axali ufrosis Sesaxeb ixileT e. n. Sirinkini, `Кавказ~, 23 aprili, 1905, 4.
voroncov-daSkovma 1906 wels mefis winadadebiT gaaTavisufla krim girei. voroncov-
daSkovi ase axasiaTebda mas: idealisti, romelsac konstruqciuli muSaoba ar ZaluZs.
v. p. semenikovi, Письма И. И. Воронцова-Дашкова Николаю Романову, 102. nikoloz II-is
komentarebi ixileT, ismail-zade, И. И. Воронцов-Дашков, 51.
46. dausaTaurebeli statia, Кавказ, 27 seqtemberi, 1905, 3.
47. Ibid., 3.
48. 10 Февраля, 1907 года, Из всеподаннеищей записки наместника на Кавказе по управлению
Кавказским краем, doc. 546, maRlakeliZis wignSi Революция, 745.
49. luiji vilari, Fire and Sword in the Caucasus. (London: Fisher and Unwin, 1906), 34.
pirvel revoluciamde, 1864-1905; (tfilisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1923), 214.
51. Тифлисская хроника, Каваказ, 7 ivlisi, 1905, 2.
52. scssa, fondi 13, saq. 21, 1 da scssa, fondi 13, saq. 30, 1, furc. 53-74. baTumis olqi
dayofili iyo or _ baTumisa da arTvinis okrugad.
54. Совещание учителей начальных училищ, Кавказ, 5 agvisto, 1905, 3. voroncov-daSkovis
winadadeba iyo, rom dawyebiT skolebSi mxolod mSobliuri enis mcodne maswavleblebi
daeniSnaT.
56. g. m. Tumanovi, Заметки о городском самоуправлении на Кавказе (Тифлис, типография Я. И.
Либермана, 1902), 11. 1880 wlis dasasrulisTvis TbilisSi 2 854 amomrCeveli iTvleboda,
maTgan 430 iyo qarTveli. 150 000 macxovrebelze mets warmomadgenloba ar hqonda
saqalaqo sabWoSi. `Tbilisis TviT-marTveloba~, kvali, 21 Tebervali, 1889, 117-120.
57. Прыбитие в Тифлисе наместника Его Императорского Величества на Кавказе гр. И. И.
Воронцов-Дашкого, Кавказ, 6 maisi, 1905, 3.
58. `sxva da sxva ambavi~, mogzauri, 6 Tebervali, 1905, 34. `tfilisis sabWos darbazSi~,
mogzauri, 13 Tebervali, 1905, 60-61.
59. Из думской залы, Кавказ, 1 ivnisi, 1905, 2-3.
60. oficialuri cnoba, mogzauri, 20 Tebervali, 1905, 84.
61. Чрезвичайнное собрание дворян Кутайсской губернии, Кавказ, 15 aprili, 1905, 2.
62. `Тифлисская хроника~ , Кавказ, 28 aprili, 1905, 3.
63. Мусульманская депутация у наместника Его Императорского Величества на Кавказе гр.
И. И. Воронцова-Дашкого, Кавказ, 18 ivnisi, 1905, 2-3. 1892 wlis aqtiT adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb musulmanTa raodenoba saqalaqo sabWoebSi Semadgenlobis 1/5-
mde izRudeboda. 1900 wels raodenoba naxevramde gazardes.
64. a. bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, 1801-1921; (Tbilisi: ganaTleba, 1999), 188.
65. `Грузинская депутация у наместника, Кавказ, 14 oqtomberi, 1905.
66. 1905 wlis Semdeg, eklesiis cnobilma pirebma avtokefaliis sazogadoeba daaarses.
policias eWvi hqonda, rom zemoxsenebuli sazogadoeba socialist-revolucionerebTan
TanamSromlobda. bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, 190.
67. stolipini gaafTrebiT ewinaaRmdegeboda mefisnacvlis Zalisxmevas, daemSvidebina
kavkasiis radikaluri jgufebi. `peterburgis biurokratiis jiut brZolas
mefisnacvlis samsaxuris winaaRmdeg voroncov-daSkovi udides xelSemSlel faqtorad
miiCnevda reformebis gzaze. v. s. diakini, Национальный вопрос во внутенней политике
царизма (19-20 вв) (С-Петербург, ЛИСС, 1998), 498.
68. d. i. ismail-zade, И. И. Воронцов-Дашков, Наместник Кавказский, wignSi Россия и Кавказ
сквозь два столетия, lisicinas g. g. da i. a. gordinis red., 145.
69. diakini, Национальный вопрос, 497.
70. eseni iyvnen m. n. lemani (nevski), ribkini (letuCi) da l. b. kamenevi. yvelaze didi dava am
ukanasknelis mandatze gaimarTa. is baTumis komitetidan iyo.
71. Третий съезд РСДРП, Апрель-Май 1905 г. Протоколы III ( Semdeg teqstSi- Протоколы)
(Москва, Госиздат, 1959), 307-309. irakli wereTeli daeswro 1905 wlis aprilSi menSe-
vikebis partiul konferencias JenevaSi, magram ara rogorc oficialuri delegati
SeniSvnebi 397
saqarTvelos organizaciidan.
72. cxakaias moxsenebis Sesaxeb ix. Протоколы III, 229-238.
73. robert s. uiliamsi, The Other Bolsheviks: Lenin and His Critics, 1904–1914 (Bloomington:
Indiana University Press, 1986), 120–121.
74. Протоколы III, 340.
75. iqve, 116.
76. ori konferenciis rezoluciebis Sedareba ix. o. v. volobuevi da sxv, Меньшевики,
Документы и материалы 1903-1917 гг. (Москва, Росспен, 1996). 107-129 (Jeneva) da 130-133
(kavkasiis konferencia).
77. Большинство или меньшинство, (Jeneva, gamomcemeli ar aris miTiTebuli, 1905), 10. f.
danis winasityvaobiT gamocemul bukletSi Sesulia noe ramiSvilis, noe xomerikisa
da irakli wereTlis statiebi, romlebic Tavdapirvelad gazeT `social-demokratSi~
daibeWda. avtorebi akritikeben `hipercentralizms~ da amtkiceben, rom partia,
rogorc erTi mTliani mxolod maSin aris Zlieri, roca is Zlieria regionebSi. isini
gmoben bonapartizms, SeTqmulebas da revoluciur-demokratiul droebiT mTavrobaSi
monawileobas.
78. es ar iyo erTxmad miRebuli gadawyvetileba. ix. magaliTad, `konstitucionaluri
iluzia~, elva, 18 marti, 1906, 1; àrCevnebi saTaTbiroSi~, elva, 25 marti, 1906, 1. da-
narCeni adgilobrivi revoluciuri jgufebi gaiyvnen. socialist-federalistebma
Tavidan boikoti gamoacxades.
79. saxelmwifo saTaTbiros arCevnebi da Cveni taqtika, ganTiadi, 7 marti, 1906, 1-2.
80. saxelmwifo saTaTbiro da social-demokratiis taqtika, ganTiadi, 8 marti, 1906, 1-2.
miuxedavad leninis mowodebisa, monawileoba mieRoT dumis arCevnebSi, stalinma es
pozicia tamerforsis konferenciaze daicva 1905 wlis dekemberSi.
81. kavkasiaSi dumis arCevnebi ruseTis regionebis umravlesobasTan SedarebiT gvian
Catarda.
82. abraham aSeri, The Revolution of 1905: Authority Restored, vol. 2 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford
83. `pasiuri boikoti~ menSevikTa oficialuri kursi gaxldaT, es niSnavda monawileobis
miRebas saarCevno kampaniaSi, magram gamoucxadeblobas gadamwyvet kenWisyraze.
garkveulma social-demokratebiulma organizaciebma, magaliTad yirimis, kievis,
smolenskis, saratovis, donis auzisa da CrdiloeT kavkasiis organizaciebma, yuradReba
ar miaqcies boikotirebis mowodebas.
84. 1897 wlis aRweris Sedegebis mixedviT, TbilisSi 37% `meSCani~ da 34% glexi cxovrobda.
am jgufebs arCevnebSi mcire wona hqondaT, magram isini amomrCevelTa mniSvnelovan
blokebs warmoadgendnen nebismieri partiisTvis.
85. safrangeTis istoriidan (1848): 1. burJuaziis gabatoneba, mogzauri, 8 maisi, 1905, 274.
86. konferenciis rezoluciebis Sesaxeb ix. o. v. volobuevi da sxv, Меньшевики, Документы
и материалы 1903-1917 гг., 139-141.
87. partiuli reorganizacia, sxivi, 11 dekemberi, 1905, 1.
88. iqve.
89. ixileT martovis rezolucia О зовоевании власти и участии во временном правительстве,
o. v. volobuevi da sxv, Меньшевики, Документы и материалы 1903-1917 гг, 123-124.
90. qarTuli organizaciis poziciis Sesaxeb terorTan dakavSirebiT ixileT i. davTiani,
Тифлисская военная организация в 1906-1907 гг., Пролетарская революция ( Semdeg _
prolet. rev), 4 (16) (1923): 143-148. davTiani aRwers adgilobrivi qarTveli social-
demokratebis aqtiur TanamSromlobas teroristul organizaciebTan 1907 wlamde.
91. ixileT ana geifmani, Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917 (Princeton,
N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993), 84–122.

92. Переписка Ленина и Н. К. Крупской с Кавказской организацией, rm, 5, (40) (1925): 18.
93. v. e. bibineiSvili, За четверть века (Москва, Молодая гвардия, 1931), 85.
94. vano jejilava, Cemi mogonebani: 1901w-1920w; rm, 3 (1923), 135.
95. f. maxaraZe, Очерки революционного движения, 312.
96. s. t. arqomedi, Рабочее движение и социал-демократия на Кавказе (с 80-х. гг. по 1903 г.)
(Москва-Петроград, 1913), 179.
97. partiidan, sxivi, 9 dekemberi, 1905, 4.
98. am konferenciebze miRebuli rezoluciebi ix. volobuevi, Меньшевики, Документы и
материалы 1903-1917 гг, 135-139.
99. 1905 wlis ganmavlobaSi `mogzauri~ muSebis moTxovnebs aqveynebda. mag, sastumros
TanamSromlebs 26 moTxovna hqondaT, maT Soris, 8-saaTiani samuSao dRe, weliwadSi
samjer xelfasebis momateba, pasuxismgeblobis moxsna gatexili WurWlisTvis, sesxi
binebis SesaZenad, ufaso kveba samuSao saaTebSi, erTTviani Svebuleba, damqiravebelTan
gasaubreba-molaparakeba samsaxuridan daTxovnasTan Tu samsaxurSi ayvanasTan
dakavSirebiT da sastumros mepatroneebisa da mobinadreebis mxridan upativcemulo
mopyrobis aRkveTa. mogzauri, 10 aprili, 1905, 196-197.
101. `kavkazi~ amtkicebda, rom 70 adamiani iyo daWrili da 35 mokluli. Тифлисская хроника,
Кавказ 31 agvisto, 1905, 2, da 1 seqtemberi, 1905, 2.
102. 1905 г. 29 Август, Листовка Тифлисского комитета Кавказского союза РСДРП по поводу
кровавой расправы над участниками митинга в здании Тифлисской городской управы, 29
Августа, 1905 г. Листовки Кавказского союза РСДРП, 1903-1905 (Москва, Госиздат, 1975), 390-
391.
103. Тифлисская хроника, Кавказ, Ноябрь, 1, 1905, 2.
104. 1892 wels kavkasiaSi qalaqis kuriebi (socialur fenebad dayofili amomrCevelTa
jgufebi) Seicvala moTxovniT, rom amomrCevels unda hqonoda minimum 1500
rubliani uZravi qoneba. am moTxovnam gaaZliera somxuri warmomadgenloba qalaqis
saTaTbiroSi.
105. 1905 года, 15 Октября, Из телеграммы зав. полицией на Кавказе тов. Министру внутренных
дел о всеобщей политической забастовке на преприятиях Тифлиса и на Закавказской жел.
дороге, № 236- s. maRlakeliZe da sxv, Революция, 361.
106. f. maxaraZe, Очерки революционного движения, 230.
107. dRiuri, mogzauri, 30 oqtomberi, 1905, 596.
108. К населению Кавказского края, Кавказ, 25 oqtomberi, 1905, 1.
109. rogorc `kavkazi~ werda, srola gimnaziidan daiwyo pirvelad da msvlelobaSi 25 000
adamiani monawileobda. `mogzauri~ ki amtkicebs, rom sul aTasi kaci monawileobdao.
dausaTaurebeli statia, kavkazi, 25 seqtemberi, 1905, 3-4.
110. sxva da sxva ambebi, mogzauri, 30 oqtomberi, 1905, 593.
111. gansacdelis acdena, mogzauri, 6 noemberi, 1905, 605.
112. Тифлисская хроника, Кавказ, 4 noemberi, 1905, 2.
113. Артисты драматической и оперной трупп... на общем собрании обратятся к Тифлисским
гражданам, Каваказ, 2 noemberi, 1905, 3.
114. g. urataZe, Воспоминания Грузинского социал-демократа, (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution
on War, Revolution, and Peace, 1968), 128.
115. 5 Декабря, 1905 г., Из рапорта военного губернатора Батумской области наместнику на Кавказе
о вооруженном восстании населения гор. Батуми и его области № 2236, s. maRlakeliZe da
sxv, Революция, 447, № 356.
SeniSvnebi 399
116. kavkasia, sxivi, 11 dekemberi, 1905, 3.

117. s. maRlakeliZe da sxv, Революция, №358, 363, 486, 489-491.
118. qalaqis saTaTbiros warmomadgeneli, n. i. TamaSevic gamovida winadadebiT, rom
moxaliseTa Tavdacvis razmebi mTeli qalaqisTvis SeeqmnaT. iraRiT maT mTavroba
moamaragebda da amgvarad Caanacvlebdnen yvelasTvis saZulvel meezovebs. Тифлисская
хроника, Кавказ, 15 noemberi, 1905, 3.
119. gaficva da samxedro wesebi tfilisSi, sxivi, 1 (14) ianvari, 1906, 1-2.
120. raJden arseniZe, Из воспоминания о Сталине, Новый журнал, №72 (1963), 232.
121. dekembris bolo dReebis dawvrilebiTi qronika ix. gaficva da samxedro wesebi
tfilisSi, sxivi, 3 ianvari, 1906, 2-3.
122. Февраль 1906 г. Из всеподаннеишего доклада наместника на Кавказе, s. maRlakeliZe da sxv,
Революция, №435, 611-613.
123. rva nawilisgan Semdgari statiis, `saWirboroto kiTxvebis~ beWvda daiwyo àzrSi~, 5
noembers 1908 wels ( 8) da dasrulda `dasawyisSi~ 7 marts.
124. saWirboroto kiTxvebi, dasawyisi, 7 marti, 1908, №1ю
125. iqve, 1.
126. winaT da axla, dasawyisi, 21 marti, 1908, 4.
VIII Tavi
axali mimarTulebebi
1. arSak megrabianci [sic], rogor mokles generali griaznovi 1906 wels, rm 4 (1923):
203-205.
2. rodemde, ganTiadi, marti, 5, 1906, 2.
3. 1906 г., 27 Марта, Донесения зав. полиции на Кавказе наместнику о происходящих митингах
солдат Мингрельского гренадерского полка и о вооруженных столкновениях солдат с
командным составом полка, 2323, s maglakeliZe da sxv. Революция 1905-1907 гг. в Грузии,
Сборник документов (Tbilisi, saxelgami, 1956) N 442, 631-632. ixileT agreTve N 460, 472,
477.
4. s. fuqsi, Борьба с революционным движением на Кавказе в эпоху столипынщины (из
переписки П. А. Столыпина с Гр. И. И. Воронцовым-Дашковым), Красный архив (Semdgom
teqstSi-КА 34 (1929), 204-205. monacemebi Seicavs agreTve sxvisi qonebis dazianebas,
adamianebis fizikur Seuracxyofas da saerTod, yvela danaSauli politikuri xasiaTisa
ar iyo. quTaisis guberniaSi 1905 wlis cifrebi soxumis mazras ar moicavdnen, 1907 wlis
monacemebSi ki Setanilia.
5. qarTuli organizacia gayofasTan yvelaze axlos aRmoCnda, roca erovnuli avtonomiis
momxre social-demokratTa jgufi Seiqmna gazeTebis àlionis~ da `Cveni kvalis~ irgv-
liv 1908 wels da `Sadrevanis~ irgvliv 1914 wels.
6. axali ambebi, ganTiadi, 9 (22) marti, 1906,2.
7. arCevnebi CvenSi, elva, 28 (10) marti, 1906, 1.
8. beso (stalinis fsevdonimi) `saxelmwifo saTaTbiro da social-demokratiis taqtika,
ganTiadi, 8 (21) marti, 1906, 1-2.
9. adgilebis gadanawileba Semdegnairad moxda: baTumis olqi da soxumis mazra-1;
quTaisis gubernia-3; Tbilisi-1; Tbilisis gubernia-3. „amomrCevelTa kolejis` xmebi
ase daiyo: baTumis olqi da soxumis mazra-16 xma. qedan 8 saerTo krebebidan (glexebi), 2
memamuleebisgan da 6 qalaqebidan. quTaisis gubernia- 45 saarCevno xma. aqedan 22 saerTo
krebebidan (glexebi), 15 memamuleebisgan da 8 qalaqis warmomadgenlebisgan. Tbilisis
guberniam- 49 saarCevno xma. aqedan 21 saerTo krebebidan (glexebi), 20 memamuleebisgan

da 8 qalaqis warmomadgenlebisgan.
10. mefisnacvlis gankargulebiT arCevnebSi mxolod warmoebaSi, maRaroebsa da gada-
muSavebaSi dasaqmebuli muSebi monawileobdnen. es daTqma arCevnebs miRma tovebda
rkinigzis muSebs (saxelosnoebis garda, sadac ZiriTadad rusebi muSaobdnen) kav-
Sirgabmulobasa da mSeneblobaSi dasaqmebulebs. sscsa, fondi 13, saq. 15, 147, 12.
11. s-dem. [sic] da ara-proletarul daCagrul elementTa mfarveloba, lampari, 18 maisi (31),
1906, 2. aseT gaumarTav qarTuls cenzuris Tvalis asaxvevad xmarobdnen.
12. m. b-oi da f. dani, Рабочие депутаты в первой Госдуме (С. Петербург, изд. Н. Глаголева,
1906), 54.
13. kadetebma danarCeni 9 aiRes. social-demokratebma TbilisSi daaxloebiT 8 aTasi aiRes,
kadetebma 1.600, blokma 800, sxvadasxva `patriotebma~ 600 da `mflobelTa da wesrigis~
partiam 500. gazeTi lampari, social-demokratiis gamarjveba, 11 (24) maisi, 1906, 1.
14. saTaTbiros arCevnebi, lampari, 27 maisi, 1906, 2. quTaisSi es oTxi iyvnen: ivane
gomarTeli, sergo jafariZe, nikoloz maWavariani da petre dondarovi, yvela social-
demokratiuli partiis wevri. b.-oi da dani, Рабочие депутаты 56.
15. saTaTbiros arCevnebi, lampari, 16(29) maisi, 1906, 1.
16. noe Jordania, Cemi warsuli (Tbilisi: sarangi, 1990), 53.
17. b.-oi da dani, Рабочие депутаты, 53.
18. dumas partiebze da saqmiqnobaze ixileT, jefri hoskingi, The Russian Constitutional
Experiment: Government and Duma, 1907–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973);
v.v. Sulgini, The Years: Memoirs of a Member of the Russian Duma, 1906–1917, tania devisis
Targmnili, (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1984); alfred levini, The Second Duma: A Study
of the Social-Democratic Party and the Russian Constitutional Experiment (New Haven, Conn.:
Yale Uni-versity Press, 1940); a. badaevi, The Bolsheviks in the Tsarist Duma (New York:Howard
Fertig, 1973).
19. Из иыступления И. И. рамишвили в Госсдуме в связи с ответами министров на запросы
депутатов. О. В. Волобуев и др, Меньшевики, документы и материалы 1903-1917гг (Москва,
Россен 1996), 190-191. bialistokis programasTan dakavSirebiT, rac 1 ivniss moxda, sergo
jafariZe mouwodebda adgilobrivi mosaxleobis SeiaraRebas.
20. Из резолюции 4-го очередного съезда Закавказских социал-демократических рабочих
организации, Волобуев, Меньшевики, документы и материалы, 221.
21. Кавказский вопрос в Госдуме, полные речи всех ораторов по официальным стенограммам
(Тифлис, Електр.печ Х. Г. Хачатурова, 1909), 42.
22. bibliografia, talRa, 6 (16) agvisto, 1906,3.
23. profkavSirebi da muSaTa partia, talRa, 23 (6) noemberi, 1906, 3.
24. profesionaluri kavSirebis centraluri komisia, simarTle, 6 (19) ivlisi, 1906, 1.
25 tfilisis profesionaluri kavSirebis konferencia, laxvari, 29 maisi, 1907, 3. oxranas
angariSebSi vxvdebiT, tfilisis wvril vaWarTa sazogadoebas, yasabTa kavSirs,
tfilisis abanos muSebis kavSirs, xis mWrelTa kavSirs da sayasbos muSaTa kavSirs.
sscsa, fondi 153, saq. 1, 1058, furc. 8-9.
26. 1906 г., 2 Ноября, Донесения особого отдела по попитической части канцелярии на-
местника на Кавказе наместнику о росте и активизации революционной деятельности
профессиональных союзов рпбочих г. Тифлиси, док. 543 в Маглакелидзе, Революция, 735,
27. sadReiso kiTxvebi, wyaro, 3 noemberi, 1906, 2.
28. a. bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, 1801-1921 (Tbilisi, ganaTleba, 1999), 211.
29. momxmarebeli, sazogadoeba da proletariati, ciskari, 22 ianvari, 1908,3.
30. kooperatiuli sazogadoebani belgiaSi, Cveni sityva, 5 agvisto, 1907, 2-3.
SeniSvnebi 401
31. burJuaziul presasTan TanamSromlobis Sesaxeb, 18 noemberi, 1907, 2.

32. muSaTa komunaluri politika, laxvari, 19 aprili, 1907, 2.
33. sscsa, fondi 13, saq. 31, 206, furc. 46-49.
34. iqve, 1.
35. Кавказский запрос, 98.
36. sax. dumas arCevnebi da muSaTa klasis mizani, `talRa~ 11 noemberi, 1907,1.
37. qarTveli bolSevikebi mogonebebSi TiTqmis erTxmad eTanxmebian. ixileT, s. TalakvaZe,
1905 weli saqarTveloSi, rm, 3 (13), 1925; Tengiz JRenti, zogierTi epizodi partiuli
muSaobidan 1905 wlis Semdeg, rm 2 (19), 1928: 131-146.
38. r. kalaZe, kritikuli SeniSvnebi f. maxaraZisa da s. TalakvaZis saistorio nawerebis
Sesaxeb, tribunis rubrikiT, rm 3 (13), 1925, 209.
39. g. urataZe, Воспоминания Грузинского социал-демократа, (stenfordi, kalif huveris
omis, revoluciisa da mSvidobis instituti, 1968), 224.
40. profkavSirebis iluziebi, ekali, 3 oqtomberi, 1908,1.
41. Sinauri krizisis gamo, Cveni xma, 16 ianvari, 1909, 1-2.
42. jonaTan frenkeli, red. Vladimir Akimov on the Dilemmas of Russian Marxism, 1895–1903
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 346.
43. scssa, fondi 13, saq. 27, 5103
44. partiis cxovrebidan: wesdebis proeqti, lampari, 21 ivnisi, 1906, 2.
45. Четвертый (объеденительный) съезд РСДРП, Апрель-Май 1906 года, (teqstSi Semdgom-
Протоколы IV), (moskovi: marqsizm-leninizmis instituti), 1959), 170.
46. partiis cxovrebidan, simarTle, 5 ivlisi, 1906, 2.
47. muSaTa werili, azri, 18 marti, 1914, 2-3.
48. scssa, fondi 153, saq. 3025,1. metrevelma Tqva, rom maT arasdros ndomebiaT calke
organizaciis Seqmna, ubralod, sakuTari gazeTi undodaT hqonodaT.
49. s. jiblaZe, Как вести новую партийную работу, Голос социал-демократа, 15 Июнь, 1909, 10.
50. plexanovis pasuxi ixileT, _ Оппортунизм, раскол или борьба за влияние в партии.
Г. В. Плеханов, Сочинения, 1927), 19:5–20. plexanovis azriT jiblaZis `jgufebTan~
dakavSirebuli gegma gaxleCda legalur da aralegalur muSaobas da daasustebda
aralegalur saqmianobas.
51. monacemebi ixileT, urataZe, 168, IV, 337-339. v. guruli, qarTuli social-demokratiis
istoria, 1892-1918; (Tbilisi: meridiani, 1999), 240. oxrankis gaangariSebiT baTumis
organizaciaSi wevrebis raodenoba 1909 wlisTvis samasamde Semcirda, xolo 1914
wlisTvis samoci Seadgina. scssa, fondi 13, saq. 27, 335, furc. 7-8. Tumca, imperiis sxva
mxareebSi uaresi mdgomareoba iyo. 1909 wels ukrainis organizaciaSi 300 wevri iyo
darCenili 20.000 aTasi kacidan 1905-1906 wlebSi. r. elvudi, iyo gawevrianebuli Russian
Social Democracy in the Underground: A Study of the RSDRP in the Ukraine, 1907–1914 (Assen:
Van Gorcum, 1974), 38.
52. scssa, fondi 13, aRwer. saq. 27, 5117 da fondi 13, aRwera 27, saq. 335, 7-8.
53. rus. soc. dem. partia 1908 wels, rm 2(15), 1926:133-147.
54. saxalxo universitetis sazogado kreba, saqme, 29 oqtomberi, 1910, 1.
55. muSaTa Soris, azri, 1 Tebervali, 1914, 4.
56. scssa, fondi 153, aRwer 1, saq. 1978.
57. В Тифлисе, Кавказ (12 ianvari, 1906, 3 ) da В Тифлисе, Кавказ ( 26 Tebervali, 1906, 3) 1906-
1907 wlebSi amierkavkasiis rkinigzas 20.038 momsaxure personali hyavda.
58. r. kalaZe, ratom daigviana saqarTveloSi oqtomberma? rm 1 (1927):94.
59. tfilisi, 25 ivnisi, Cangi, 21 ivnisi, 1909, 1.
60. 1908 wels quTaisis guberniaSi politikuri patimrebis ricxvma miaRwia 370-s. scssa,
fondi 13, aRwera 27, saq. 335, furcl. 7-8 da fondi 13, aRwera 27, saq. 727, fercl. 19-
24. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom `politikuri patimrebi~ xSirad kriminalebi iyvnen da
revoluciis diskreditaciis mizniT registrirebuli iyvnen, rogorc politikurebi.
61. О. В. Волобуев, Меньшевики в поисках новой партийной модели, Июнь 1907-Июль 1914,
Меньшевики и меньшевизм, Сборник статей (Москва, Новости, 1998), 25. v. l. telistini
da sxv, Меньшевики и меньшевизм: Сборник статей (moskovi, novosti, 1998), 25.
62. karl kaucki, Georgia: A Social Democratic Peasant Republic: Impressions and Observations,
Targmani, H. J. Stenning (London: International Bookshops, n.d.), 20.
63. rsdmp-is mexuTe yrilobaze londonSi 1907 wlis april-maisSi: trocki, plexanovi,
potresovi da aqselrodi `delegatebi~ iyvnen saqarTvelos social-demokratiuli
organizaciidan.
64. ixileT, magaliTad, s. semkovskis pamfleti, Национальный вопрос в России, 66 (Петроград
изд, Книга)
65. ziva galili i garsia, The Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution: Social Realities and
Political Strategies (prinstoni,: Princeton University Press, 1989), 34–35.
66. i. x. irilovi, История Российской социал- демократии (меньшевизма) (Москва, Паритет,
2001), 29.
67. sami qarTveli delegati _ ori menSeviki da erTi bolSeviki, baqos organizaciidan iyo.
68. Протоколы IV, 435-436.
69. iqve, 79–80.
70. iqve, 215.
71. iqve, 315.
72. iqve, 380. lomTaTiZe, meore dumis wevri 1915 gardaicvala gadasaxlebaSi.
73. volobuevi, Меньшевики, Документы и материалы 221-225.
74. 38-dan 10-s sakonsultacio xma hqonda. 28 xmis uflebis mqone delegatidan ori bol-
Seviki iyo. kidev sami qarTveli menSeviki delegati baqos, moskovisa da taganrogis
organizaciebidan iyvnen.
75. poloneTisa da latviis delegaciebs erTi xma ar hqondaT. 1910-1911 w.w. latviel
social-demokratTa umravlesoba menSevikebs uWerda mxars, Tumca partiis xelmZR-
vaneloba mogvianebiT bolSevikuri gaxda.
76. urataZe, Воспоминания, 185
77. b. i. nikolaevski, Памяти И. Г. Церетели. Страницы биографии, Социалистический вестик, 12
(1959), 244-245.
78. publicistis SeniSvnebi, dasawyisi, 30 marti, 1908,3.
79. b. i. nikolaevski, Памяти И. Г. Церетели. Страницы биографии, Социалистический вестик, 12
(1959), 245.
80. iqve, 245.
82. sarajiSvili akaki Cxenkelis swavlis fulsac ixdida sazRvargareT.
84. ra Tqma unda, leninma es bolSevikebis damarcxebad aRiqva, radgan savaraudod Seiqm-
neboda antibolSevikuri umravlesoba partiis xelmZRvanel organoebSi (menSevikebs
damatebuli sami ara-rusuli organizacia rsdmp-is farglebSi).
85. bertram volfe, citata motanilia r. elvudis Russian Social Democracy, 78.
86. plexanovis momxre orma partiulma menSevikma mainc moaxerxa masze daswreba.
80. Ibid., 245.
87. elvudi, Russian Social Democracy, xxviii.
88. Избирательная платформа организационного комитета РСДРП на выборах в IV Гос-
SeniSvnebi 403
сударственную Думу, volobuevi, Меньшевики, Документы и материалы, 340-346.

89. endriu ezergilisi, , The 1917 Revolution in Latvia (Boulder, Colo.: East European Quarterly,
1974), 10–37.
90. mimdinareobaTa azri, 30 maisi, 1914, 2.
91. revaz grZeliZe, saqarTvelos politikuri partiebis istoria, 1910-1924 (Tbilisi,
Tbilisis universiteti, 1998), 17.
92. „eqs`-i erevnis moedanze moxda mas Semdeg, rac rsdmp-is mexuTe yrilobam akrZala
msgavsi saqmeebi. am danaSauls silva jiblaZis komisia iZiebda. komisiam rekomendacia
misca centralur komitets, rom partiidan gaericxaT danaSaulis yvela monawile,
magram partias aranairi zomebi ar gautarebia. Tumca etyoba, bolSevikebis liderebi
mainc Sewuxdnen, radgan ambavi gaxmaurda da SeaCeres Tavisi xalxi, yovel SemTxvevaSi,
garkveuli droiT mainc.
93. vardini [mgelaZe], bolSevikuri organizaciebi warsulSi: bolSevikebis muSaoba
tfilisSi 1909-1910 wlebSi: mogonebani, rm 1 (11), 1925: 154-161. gazeTis pirveli sami
nomeri 1909-1910 wlebSi gamovida. redaqtori iyo stalini.
94. maxaraZe an dapatimrebuli iyo, an gadasaxlebuli 1908 wlidan 1914 wlamde. ixileT, f.
maxaraZe, Cemi mokle avtobiografia, rm 5, (1923): 205-227. cxakaias biografia ix. М. Г.
Цхакая, Избранные произведения. (sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1987); stalinis saqmianobaze
1908-1913 ww ix. Архивные материалы о рев-ой деятельности И. В. Сталина, 1908-1913, КА №
105 (1941), 3-32.
95. s.Saumiani, Избранные произведения в двух томах, т 1 (1902-1914) Москва, изд. пол. лит-ры,
1978, 287.
96. s. s. spandariani, S. S. Spandarian, Статьи, письма и документы (Москва, Госиздат, 1958), 275.
97. `brZola~ 1908 wels daibeWda TbilisSi. proletariatis sami nomeri 1910 wels. 1913 wels
maxaraZe da Jordania `Cveni wyaros~ Tanaredaqtorebi iyvnen, gazeTi baqoSi gamodioda.
1905-1906 wlebSi bolSevikebi qarTvel social-demokratebs SeuerTdnen da legaluri
gazeTebis _ `mogzauris~, `ganTiadis~ da èlvis~ gamocema daiwyes, aralegaluri
`sxivic~ maTi gazeTi iyo. 1906-1907 wlebSi bolSevikebma 5 aralegaluri gazeTi _~axali
cxovreba~, àxali droeba~, `mnaTobi~, `Cveni cxovreba~, da `dro~gamosces TbilisSi.
98. muSaTa qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTis istoria, rm 4 (1923): 50..
99. (arseniZe raJden: malinovski, i. g. wereTeli da qarTveli social-demokratebi) hia,
yuTi 472, saqaRalde 2, seria 248, 1927-1945, 5.
100. kerZo werilebSi stalini legalur organizaciebSi gavlenisTvis brZolas binZur
aucileblobas uwodebs, xolo trockis winadadebas bolSevizmisa da menSevizmis
sinTezis Sesaxeb, arc meti arc naklebi `dampali uprincipo saqmianoba da malinovis
Wreli principebis narevi~ uwoda (malinovi gogolis `mkvdari sulebis~ meocnebe
da TviTkmayofili gmiri iyo). i. b. juRaSvili, hia, policies departamenti, yuTi 205,
saqaRalde 1-2, XVII seria 132.
101. luqsemburgi, citirebulia leon trockis My Life (Harmondsworth, U.K., Penguin Books
1975), 232.
102. 1906 wlis agvistodan 1907 wlis aprilamde samxedro tribunalma, maT Soris sazRvaom
da saxmeleTom, 195 kacs gamoutana sasikvdilo ganaCeni kavkasiaSi. levini, Second
Duma, 263.
103. urataZe, Воспоминания, 175
104. 1907 wlis ianvris cirkularSi mefisnacvali moiTxovda, rom saarCevno SexvedrebSi
mxolod imaT mieRoT monawileoba, vinc saarCevno siaSi iyo Seyvanili. Sexvedrebi
daxuruli unda yofiliyo. ixileT, 1907 wlis angariSebi dumis arCevnebze, scssa, fondi
84, saqaRalde aRw. 2, 2126.
105. TbilisSi social-demokratebma 79 saarCevno xmidan 53 aiRes, xolo daSnakcutunma-26.

Sedegebi raionebis mixedviT ixileT, scssa, fondi 84, saq. 2, 2126, furc. 84.
106. 24 wlis wereTels arCvnebSi monawileobis ufleba kanoniT ar hqonda, radgan
asakobrivi minimaluri zRvari deputatisTvis 25 weli iyo. magram, iRblad oficiozma
es ver SeniSna (an iqneb qrTamiT gaaCumes). danarCeni sami deputati: bikenti lomTaTiZe,
nikoloz kaciaSvili da gerasime maxaraZe.
107. Госдума, Стенографические отчеты, 1907г. Том 1 (сессия вторая) Semdgom teqstSi- Гос. дума
(С-Петербург, Государственная типография, 1907). 121-130.
108. meaTe sxdoma, meore sesia, Гос. дума, Том 1, 566.
109. levini, Second Duma, 294–302.
110. volobuevi, Меньшевики, Документы и материалы 229.
111. b. i. nikolaevski, Памяти И. Г. Церетели. Страницы биографии, Социалистический вестик, 2-3,
(1960), 50.
112. `s. d. fraqcia sax. dumaSi~, laxvari, 1907, 1 ivnisi.
113. meore sax. dumis soc. dem. fraqciis gasamarTleba, wyaro, 1907, 7 dekemberi.
114. axali saarCevno wesebi kavkasiaSi, dila, 1907, 23 ivnisi. quTaisis guberniis 33 saarCevno
xmidan 22 Tavadaznaurobas gadaeca, 9_glexebs da 7_qalaqelebs.
115. sruli monacemebi arCevnebis Sesaxeb ixileT, Члены Госдумы от Кавказского Края, избранные
14 Октября 1907 года, Кавказ, 1907 , 18 oqtomberi. rusuli olqidan arCeul iqna Tevdore
timoSkini, agresiuli antisocialisti.
116. damoukidebeli „progresisti` Tavadi prokofi ServaSiZe arCeul iqna baTumisa da
yarsis olqebidan da soxumis mazridan.
117. gazeTi „zakavkazie` (1912, 15 ivlisi) werda „iseTi gamococxleba, rogoric pirveli
da meore dumis arCevnebis dros sufevda, arsad igrZnoboda da arc didi interesi
gamomJRavnebula am arCevnebis mimarT.
118. akaki Cxenkelis biografia, ixileT, scssa, fondi 153, saq. 1, 2316. skobelevis saarCevno
kampanias noe Jordanias meuRle ina koreneva xelmZRvanelobda.
119. social-demokratebis raodenoba mesame dumaSi Semcirda 13 deputatamde fraqciidan
gasvlisa Tu garicxvis gamo.. badaevi, The Bolsheviks, 28.
120. memarcxene deputatebis sxdomebidan CamoSorebis Sesaxeb ixileT The Bolsheviks, 145–
153.
121. arCevnebis win, dila, 1907, 3.
122. Cxenkeli gamoesarCla maRaziaSi momuSaveebs zugdidsa da senakSi, ixileT axali azri,
Tanamedrove azri, 1913, 7 ivnisi. amis garda, daicva samtrediis gaficvis monawileebi.
ixileT, dep. Cxenkeli foTSi, Tanamedrove qveyana, 1913, 27 seqtemberi, 1-2. man Semoiara
marganecis sabadoebi da Sexvda iqaur muSebs. Sexvedrebi hqonda agreTve foTisa da
baTumis portebis tvirTis mzidavebTan da fabrika-qarxnebis gaficul muSebTan.
123. erovnuli sakiTxi, filipe maxaraZe, TxzulebaTa krebuli: nacionaluri sakiTxi
(tfilisi, saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1924), 4, 167-168.
124. soc. dem. fraqcia mesame dumaSi, wyaro, 1907, 10 noemberi.
125. 1911 wels karlo CxeiZem da evgeni gegeWkorma Semoitanes kanonproeqti, romelic
iTvaliswinebda `xiznis~ institutis gauqmebas da imave wels lobireba gauwies meore
kanonproeqts, romelic gaficvis mowyobis nebarTvas iZleoda. 1912 wels CxeiZem
mxari dauWira kanonproeqts, romlis mixedviT muSebs da glexebs ufleba eZleodaT
TavianT sakuTrebaSi daetovebinaT miwebi, sadac sabadoebi SeiZleboda aRmoCeniliyo.
kavkasielma deputatebma daicves kanonproeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebda TviT-
mmarTvelobis institutebis daarsebas yarsSi da mtkice winaaRmdegoba gauwies
kanonproeqts, romlis mixedviTac unda gazrdiliyo kavkasiis kolonizaciisTvis
SeniSvnebi 405
aucilebeli kreditebis moculoba. 1912 wels maT mxari dauWires kadetebis winadadebas
lenis demonstraciebis dros daSavebuli muSebis ojaxebis daxmarebis gawevis Taobaze.
ixileT, arCevnebis win, dila 1912 w. nomr. 1, 2 ,3 21, 22, 23.
126. saxelmwifo duma 1909 wels, `momavali~ 1910, 1 ianvari.
127. Поронинское совещание Ц.К. РСДРП с партийными работниками, Компартия СССР в
резолюциях и решениях съездов, конференций и пленумов Ц.К том 1 (КПСС в резолюциях)
1, 373-390. menSevikebis mier erovnuli TviTgamorkvevis da kulturuli avtonomis
Seqmnis uflebis damtkicebaze ix. i. s. maleevski, Всероссийское Учредительное собрание,
1930, 161-162.
128. ix., leninis Tezisebi erovnul sakiTxze.
129. òriode sityva nacionalur-kulturuli avtonomiis kiTxvaze~, filipe maxaraZe,
TxzulebaTa krebuli, 4:64-76. ix. agreTve f. maxaraZe, `kidev nacionalur-kulturuli
avtonomiis Sesaxeb~, TxzulebaTa krebuli 4:77-97. maxaraZem zedmetad gaamartiva
avstrieli marqsistebis gansxvavebuli poziciebi nacionalizmTan dakavSirebiT.
130. s. g. Saumiani, `О национально-культурной автономии, Избранные произведения, 1, 418-
458. Saumianis poziciis Sesaxeb ix., Выступления на Кавквзском Краевом съезде РСДП (б),
(Газетный отчет), Избранные произведения, 2:138–140.
131. f. maxaraZe, `nacionaluri sakiTxi da menSevizmi~, f. maxaraZe, TxzulebaTa krebuli,
4:152-154.
132. semkovski, Национальный вопрос, 14–19.
133. volobuevi, Меньшевики, Документы и материалы, 338.
134. grZeliZe, saqarTvelos politikuri partiebi, 21.
135. arCevnebis win, dila, 1912 agvisto, N1, 2-3.
136. guruli, qarTuli social-demokratiis istoria, 259.
137. roza luqsemburgis mosazrebebi erovnul sakiTxze da kerZod, saqarTveloze, ix. roza
luqsemburgi, `The National Question and Autonomy,~ in Horace B. Davis, ed., The National
Question: Selected Writings by Rosa Luxemburg (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1976), 101–
287. saqarTvelos Sesaxeb_275-280 gv.
138. darCiaSvilis biografia, ix. `lado darCiaSvilis xsovnas~, f. maxaraZe, TxzulebaTa
krebuli, t.3, werilebi sxvadasxva sakiTxze (Tbilisi: saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, 1926),
198-199.
139. samwuxarod es mniSvnelovani naSromi Targmnili ar aris. is `naperwklis~ da `xomlis~
ramdenime nomerSi daibeWda: 17 ivnisi_4 ivlisi da 15 ivlisi_13 agvisto. Cxenkelma
Semdeg `Cven xmaSi~ ganagrZo werilebi saTauriT `dagvianebuli pasuxi,~ ix. 17 ianvari_
23 ianvari, 1909.
140. es azri ignac dasJinskis cnobil frazas gvagonebs: `me poloneli var da me social-
demokrati var~. vinsent nepi, Austrian Social Democracy, 1889–1914 (Washington,
D.C.: University Press of America, 1980), 87. Cxenkelis mosazrebebi ix. `naperwkalSi~,
gansakuTrebiT Semdeg nomrebSi: 29 ivnisi, 2-3 da 2 ivlisi, 2-3.
141. èrovnuli kiTxva~, xomli, 1908, 30 ivlisi. badaievis sityvebiT, meoTxe dumis deputatma
Cxenkelma ` ruseTis farglebSi organizaciulad gansxvavebul erovnul socialistur
partiebzec ilaparaka. badaievi, The Bolsheviks, 63.
142. baueris mosazrebebis Sesaxeb nacionalizmze ix, Michael Forman, Nationalism and the
International Labor Movement: The Idea of the Nation in Socialist and Anarchist Theory (University
Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), 95–109.
143. erovnuli kiTxva, xomli, 1908, 13 agvisto, 3.
144. Cxenkelis administraciuli mowyobis gegmebze, ix. a. Cxenkeli, ~erovnuli kiTxva:
farTo TviTmmarTveloba Tu avtonomia~, xomli, 18-21 (2 agvsto-6 agvisto, 1908).
145. nariZe [noe Jordania], nacionaluri kiTxva CvenSi (quTaisi: kilaZis gamomcemloba,
1913), 25. sakiTxi eris CamoSorebaze teritoriisgan wamoiWra brunis yrilobaze,
sadac slavebis delegatma gansaxilvelad rezolucia Semoitana, romlis mixedviTac
`Tavisufali sazogadoebis principi analogs poulobda mosazrebaSi eris
gancalkevebaze teritoriisgan~. formani, Nationalism, 107.
146. jeims konolisa da misi mosazrebebis Sesaxeb nacionalizmze da socializmze, ix. devisi,
h. b. Nationalism and Socialism, Marxist and Labor Theories of Nationalism to 1917 (New York:
Monthly Review Press, 1967), 119–122 1917 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1967), 119–122.
henri tobiasi, The Jewish Bund in Russia from its Origins to 1905 (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford
University Press, 1972). bundis poziciis Sesaxeb ix., tobiasi, Jewish Bund, 271–278.
147. nariZe, nacionaluri kiTxva, 60.
148. Национальный вопрос, brZola, 18 marti, 1914, 26-30. is amtkicebda, rom rsdmp erovnul
sakiTxs, rogorc teritoriuls, ise udgeboda. magram es kulturis sakiTxi, romelmac
kapitalizmis dros gadakveTa teritoriuli sazRvrebi.
149. noe Jordania, Доклад на первом грузинском национальном съезде, 20 Ноября, 1917 года-
За два года, Доклады и речи (1917-1919), (Тифлис, издание исторической комиссий Совета
рабочих депутатов города Тифлиса, 1919), 58.
150. b. i. nikolaevski, Памяти И. Г. Церетели. Страницы биографии, Социалистический вестик, 2-3,
(1960), 51.
IX Tavi
omi da revolucia
1. savaWro da warmoebis infrastruqturis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi revoluciis damdegs,

ix. Caucasia, Foreign Office Handbook No. 54 (London: H. M. Stationary Office, 1920).
2. Tumca jariskacebs Soris aRiniSneboda garkveuli gadaxra marcxniv da bolSevikebmac
miiRes xmebi saqarTveloSi damfuZnebel krebaze 1917 wlis dekemberSi.
3. saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi (Semdgom_scssa), fondi 13,
aR. 27, saq 5130, furc. 10.
4. tfilisis muSaTa sayuradRebod, azri, 3, 6 ivlisi, 1914.
5. lepold haimsoni, `The Problem of Social Stability in Urban Russia, 1905–1917,~ Slavic Review,
no. 23 (1964): 619–642 and no. 24 (1965): 1–22.
6. scssa, fondi 13, aR. 27, furc 5130.
7. martovis mosazrebebis Sesaxeb ixileT, israel getcleri, A Political Biography of a Russian
Social Democrat (London: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 142. aqselrodis mosazrebebi
omze ixileT z. galili, a. nenarokovi da l. heimsoni, red. _ Меньшевики в 1917 году, От
Января до Июльских событий (Москва, Прогресс-Академия, 1994), т. 253-255.
8. n. g. korsuni aRniSnavs, rom saartilerio Tavdasxma 29-Si germaniis diriJablebidan
(romlebic TurqeTis droSiT dafrinavdnen) ganxorcielda. ixileT n. g. korsuni,
Первая мировая война на Кавказском фронте, оперативно-стратегический очерк (Москва,
военное издательство, 1946), 4.
9. iudeniCis biografia ix., a. v. SiSovi, Полководцы Кавказских войн (Москва, центолограф,
2001), 493-550.
10. v. e. d. alleni da pol muratovi, Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-
Caucasian Border, 1918–1921 (repr. 1953, Nashville: Battery Press and Articles of War, 1999),
442–456.
11. revaz gabaSvili, rac maxsovs (miunheni: s. metreveli, 1957), 128.
SeniSvnebi 407
12. n. p. stelmaSCuki, red. Кавказский календарь на 1917 год (Тифлис, Типография канцелярии
наместника Е. И. В. на Кавказе, 1916), 366-367.
13. v. margiani, saqarTvelos mrewveloba da samrewvelo proletariati, 1864-1917 (Tbilisi:
sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1976), 499, 528.
14. m. zakovi, s. sefi, g. xaWapuriZe, red. История классовой борьбы в Закавказии, книга 1
(Тифлис, Закавказский коммунистический университет, 1930), 196-197.
15. a. bendianiSvili, saqarTvelos istoria, 1801-1921 (Tbilisi: ganaTleba, 1999), 230.
16. somxuri partiebis damokidebulebaze omTan dakavSirebiT ixileT riCard hovanesiani,
Armenia on the Road to Independence (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 40–68.
17. 1915 wels maT sami axali moxaliseTa sajariso SenaerTi daemata, magram isini kavkasiis
armiis mTavarsardlobam 1915 wlis dekemberSi daSala.
18. ramdenime qarTuli SenaerTi, romelic ukmayofilo emigrantebisa da omis tyve-
ebisgan Sedgeboda, moqmedebda otomanTa xelmZRvanelobiT. l. baqraZe, germanul-
qarTuli urTierTobebi pirveli msoflio omis dros (qarTuli erovnuli ko-
mitetis saqmianoba, 1914-1918 ww), (sadisertacio naSromi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni-
versiteti, 2001), 12-107.
19. v. s. diakini, Национальный вопрос во внутренней политике царизма (XIX-начало XX вв
(С.Петербург, LISS, 1998), 537–542.
20. ixileT, magaliTad, omis ekonomikuri mizezebi, axali azri, 28 agvisto, 1914, 2-3;
dRevandeli omi, 5 seqtemberi, 1914, 2-3.
21. germaniis s.-d. liderebi omis Sesaxeb da em. vanderveldis werili dumis s.d.
fraqciisadmi, axali azri, 13 seqtemberi, 1914, 1-2.
22. nari (n. Jordania), omi da zavi, axali azri, 31 dekemberi, 1914, 2-3.
23. nari, omi da zavi, axali azri, 25 Tebervali, 1915, 2-3.
24. iqve, 2–3.
25. nari, omi da zavi, axali azri, 30 dekemberi, 1914, 3.
26. Самозащита, Марксистский сборник (Петроград, Брокгауз-Эфрон, 1916). masSi Sedioda
cnobili menSevikebis v. zasuliCis, p. maslovis, i. kubikovis da v. levickis statiebic.
menSeviki b. dvinovi Tavis ~pirobiTobaze~ werda, rom ~ar iyo omis mowinaaRmdege, Tumca
carizmis winaaRmdeg ki ganagrZobda brZolas~. b. dvinovi, Первая мировая и Российская
социал-демократия, werili № 10, (niu-iorki: sauniversiteto proeqti menSevikuri
moraobis istoriaze, 1962), 23.
27. potresovis statiis saTauria _ О патриотизме и о международности, Самозащита, 5-21.
citata ix. gv. 11.
28. ani (fsevd). Самозащита, 74, Марксизм и радикализм.
29. nari, omi da zavi, axali azri, 30 dekemberi, 1914, 3.
30. k. kaxeli [fsevdon], Война и Кавказские социал-демократы, Война, Сборник статей (Paris:
Ideal, 1915), 95. da mainc, 1915 wlis ivlisSi bolSevikma n. d. kiknaZem lenins moaxsena, rom
òboronculi~ pozicia ar Canda `likvidator menSevikTa oficialur werilebSi~. g. g.
abaSiZe da sxv., Грузинские страницы Ленинианы (Tbilisi: merani, 1970), 159.
31. oxranis moxsenebidan, scssa, fondi 153, saq 1, furc. 2859-2863.
32. raJden arseniZe, interviuebi, universitetis proeqti `menSevikuri moZraobis istoria~;
hia, yuTi 667, seria 279, saq. 4-5, furc. 1-3, 21. oxranis angariSi arseniZis mosazrebas
ar adasturebs. masSi laparakia, rom Sexvedraze mxari dauWires yvela xalxis an
ìmaT uflebas damoukideblobaze, vinc dapirispirebuli mxareebis teritoriebze
cxovrobda~.
33. 1916-1918 wlebSi komiteti qarTul gazeTs _ `qarTul gazeTs~ uSvebda germaniaSi 15
000 qarTveli omis tyvisTvis.
34. qarTulad aseTi teqsti iyo: mTavrobaZe gardaicvala, acnobeT naTesavebs da nacnobebs.
sityva mTavroba `Zis~ damatebiT gvarad gadakeTda. teqstis Sesaxeb ix. eSmakis maTraxi,
12 marti, 1917, 3.
35. omis dros filipe maxaraZe igonebda, rom `yvela cnobili wevri an cixeSi iyo, an
gadasaxlebaSi~. Tbilisis guberniis policiis ufrosma 1916 wels zarzeimiT gamoacxada
`social-demokrati-bolSevikebis kavkasiuri biuros ganadgurebis~ Sesaxeb. m.
oraxelaSvili, Закавказские большевики организации в 1917 г. (Тифлис, Закнига, 1927), 32.
36. Tbilisis sabWos Sesaxeb ix. Протоколы Закавказских революционных советских органи-
зации (Тифлис, Историческая комиссия испол-комитета совета рабочих депутатов, 1920), 1
(teqstSi Semdgom Протоколы)
37. № 9, 1917 г., 12 Марта, Из сообщения о создании в Тифлиссе Совета солдатских депутатов и
его исполнительного комитета, s.d.beriZe, a.m. ioviZe da sxv. Борьба за победу советской
власти в Грузии, Документы и материалы (1917-1921) (Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTvelo,
1958), 10-11.
38. 1917 г., 9 Марта, Постановление временного правительства об образовании особого Кав-
казского комитета (Озаком), Ibid. № 6, 8.
39. socialist-federalistebis gazeTi `saxalxo furceli~ 9 marts ukve ganixilavda
avtonomiis sakiTxs. àvtonomia Cveni cxovrebis elementaruli garantiaa, mis gareSe
Cven... ver SevZlebT enis, Cveni kulturisa da Cveni saqmis dacvas~. saxalxo furceli, 9
marti, 1917,1.
40. revaz grZeliZe, saqarTvelos politikuri partiebis istoria 1910-1924 (Tbilisi,
Tbilisis universiteti, 1998), 80-81.
41. morgan filips praisi, Dispatches from the Revolution: Russia, 1916–1918 (Durham, N.C.: Duke
42. erovnul-demokratiuli partia 1906 wels daarsda. Tavdapirvelad is ufro patara
jgufs waagavda. sxvadasxva gazeTebis (maTgan yvelaze cnobili `klde~ iyo) irgvliv
Tavmoyril wevrebs Soris iyvnen: giorgi gvazava, geronti qiqoZe, revaz gabaSvili da v.
wereTeli. partiis damfuZnebeli kreba 1917 wlis ivnisSi Catarda. ix. oTar janeliZe,
saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli partiis saTaveebTan (Tbilisi, mecniereba, 1999).
43. `kavkasiis muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis siezdi~, erToba, 25 maisi, 1917, 3.
44. àmierkavkasiis muSaTa sabWoebis warmomadgenelTa yriloba~, 24 marti, 1917, 2-3.
45. alan uildmani, The End of the Russian Imperial Army, 2 t. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press, 1980, 1987) ix. 1 t., 105-120.
46. Приказ исп. комитета Совета солдатских депутатов по Тифлисскому гарнизону, док. № 3,
Протоколы, 263.
47. Из протокола заседании краевого съезда Кавказской армии 23 Апреляб 1917 года, С. Е. Сеф,
Революция 1917 года в Закавказии, Документы и материалы (Тифлис, Закнига, 1927), 113.
48. Резоллюции краевого съезда Кавказской армии, резолюция по земельному вопросу, С. Е.
Сеф, Революция, 123-124.
49. s. d. CxartiSvili, Советы Грузии в трех революциях, 1905-1907, 1917 гг. (Tbilisi,
mecniereba, 1987), 34.
50. kavkasiis muSaTa da glexTa delegatebis siezdi, erToba, 27 maisi, 1917, 3.
51. Доклад на заседании Кавк. обл. съезда Сов. рабочих и крест. депутатов, 25 Май, 1917. Н.
Жордания, За два года, Доклады и речи (с Марта 1917 года по 1-е Марта 1919 года) (Тифлис,
издание ист. ком. И. К. Совета рабочих депутатов города Тифлиса, 1919), 20-22.
52. kavkasiis muSaTa da glexTa delegatebis siezdi, erToba, 31 maisi, 1917, 4.
53. kavkasiis muSaTa da glexTa delegatebis siezdi, erToba, 3 ivnisi, 1917, 3.
54. Доклад на Кавказском областном съезде советов рабочих, крестьян депутатов, 1 Июня, 1917
SeniSvnebi 409
г. Н. Жордания, За два года, 22-31.

55. korsuni, Первая мировая войнаб 79, 82.
56. f. maxaraZe, Советы и борьба за советскую власть в Грузии, 1917-1921 (Тифлис, Госиздат,
1928), 93.
57. Заседание и. к. раб. секции гор. Тифлиса, Протоколы, 88.
58. Из протокола заседании и. к. сов. раб. и солд. деп. г. Тифлиса от 23 Июня 1917 г., Сеф,
Революция, 179-180.
59. 25 ivnisis mitingi naZaladevSi, revoluciis matiane, №1 (1927), 84.
60. zurab avaliSvili, The Independence of Georgia in International Politics, 1918–1921 (London:
Headley Brothers, 1940), 5. òzakomis~ pirveli wevrebi iyvnen v. a. xarmalovi (rusi kadeti),
m. i. papajanovi (papajaniani, somexi kadeti), m. i. jafarovi (jafari, upartio muslimani)
da Tavadi k. abaSiZe (qarTveli social-federalisti). Cxenkeli òzakomSi~ Sevida
martSi. mas saSinao saqmeebi Caabares.
61. b. baikovi, Воспоминания о революции в Закавказье (1917-1920), i. v. geseni, Архив Русской
революции, 9 (1923), 91.
62. Предисловие к протоколам Совета солдатских депутатов, Протоколы, 245.
63. amierkavkasiis sagangebo komitetis sxdomis oqmi, Журналы особого Закавказского
комитета, ч. 1, Журнал №11, saqarTvelos mSvidobis konferenciis delegaciisa da
devnili mTavrobis arqivi )Semdgom teqstSi_qarTuli arqivi, yuTi 1-2, wigni 1.
64. òzakomis~ uflebamosilebaze ix. 1917 г. 4 Сентября, Отношение председателя Вр.
Пр. ОЗАКОМ-у об определении компетенции и функции последнего, док. № 78, beriZe
da ioviZe, 80-81. petrogradi iTvaliswinebda, rom òzakomi~ droebiT mTavrobas
eqvemdebareboda da mas ar hqonda axali kanonis miRebis an moqmedis gauqmebis ufleba.
65. i. g. wereTeli, Воспоминания о Февральской революции (Paris: Moulton, 1963), 2:77.
66. droebiTi mTavrobis kursi erovnuli umciresobebis Sesaxeb, ix. m. fero, `La Politique
des Nationalités du Gouvernement Provisiore,~ Cahiers du Monde Russe at Soviétique, 2 (aprili-
ivnisi 1961): 135–165.
67. ukrainis mier gazrdili avtonomiis moTxovnas droebiTi mTavroba mtrulad Sexvda
da damoukidebeli organo_ukrainis generaluri samdivno Seqmna adgilobrivi
mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis mosagvareblad, magram is realurad petrogradis ad-
ministraciul uwyebad iqca. seqtembris TveSi, kievSi gamarTul ruseTis xalxTa
yrilobaze, sadac erovnuli damfuZnebeli krebebis mowvevis Sesaxeb gaismoda
gancxadebebi, yvelani CixSi moeqcnen. oqtomberSic aseTive mdgomareoba iyo. ivlisSi
fineTis seimma miiRo kanoni `Zalauflebis Sesaxeb~, romliTac droebiTi mTavrobis
uflebamosilebebi SezRuda samxedro da sagareo sferoebSi. amis gamo droebiTma
mTavrobam fineTis seimi daiTxova.
68. ucnauri azria. quTaisis dumis xelmZRvaneli pirebi miwaTmflobeli Tavadaznaurebi
iyvnen,
69. arCevnebis Sedgebze ix. `Tbilisis saqalaqo arCevnebis Sedegi~, erToba, 3 agvisto, 1917,
3. kadetebma 7 adgili moipoves, socialist-federalistebma _ 4. baTumis saqalaqo
arCevnebSi 9 ivliss social-demokratebma 24 adgili miiRes, xolo socialist-
revolucionerebma_26. am ukanasknelTa gamarjvebaSi didi wvlili samxedroebma
Seitanes. ix. baTumis qalaqis arCevnebi, erToba, 14 ivlisi, 1917, 3. quTaisSi, rogorc
erToba iuwyeboda, social-demokratebma xmebis 80% miiRes. axali ambebi, erToba, 13
agvisto, 1917, 2.
70. TiTqos auxdaTo, 1917 wels somxuri erovnuli sabWo mowodebebs akeTebda sakamaTo
teritoriebis, kerZod ki loris, axalcixisa da yarsis, CarTvis Sesaxeb somxur
provinciaSi.
410
71. interpartiuli sainformacio biurosa da erovnuli interpartiuli sabWos Seqmnis

Sesaxeb, ix. SoTa vadaWkoria, politikuri partiebi da saqarTvelos pirveli erovnuli
yriloba, 1917. (Tbilisi, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa academia, 1998).
72. 329 delegatidan (sxva wyaroebi 324-s asaxeleben), 67 partiebidan iyo, 15_sabWoe-
bidan, 33_adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebidan, 8_kooperativebidan,
9_maswavlebelTa kavSiridan, 35_kulturis dawesebulebebidan, 26_savaWro, ko-
merciuli da sabanko seqtoridan, 6_Tavadaznaurobidan, 1_sxvadasxva qveynebis
organoebidan, 1_saeklesio sabWodan, 7 delegati _ qarTveli muslimani, 7_qarTveli
kaTolike, 3_qarTveli ebraeli, 2_afxazi da 9-c sxvebi iyvnen. g. urataZe, Образование
и консолидация Грузинской демократической республики, (Munich: Institute on the Study of
the USSR, 1956), 36–7. SoTa vadaWkoria amatebs 20 delegats qarTuli armiis rigebidan.
vadaWkoria, politikuri partiebi, 27-28.
73. Доклад на первом Грузинском национальном съезде, 20 Ноября 1917 года, Жордания, За два
года, 53.
74. qarTuli erovnuli yriloba< erToba, 21 noemberi, 1917, 2.
75. imave Sexvedraze Cxenkelma ganacxada, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli ganTavisufleba
misaRwevi iqneboda mxolod gaerTianebul, demokratiul ruseTTan. `kavkasiis muSaTa
da glexTa delegatebis siezdi, erToba, 1 ivnisi, 1917, 3.
76. grigol urataZe, sazogadoebrivi moZraoba saqarTveloSi, 1821-1921, (parizi, d. xelaZe,
1939), 92.
77. 60 kacian erovnul sabWoSi (mogvianebiT 67-mde gaizarda) qarTvel social-demokratebs
25 adgili hqonda, xolo social-revolucionerebs_6. sabWom 15 kaciani komiteti
airCia, romelSic 8 social-demokrati, 2 social-federalisti, 2 erovnul-demokrati
da 1 qarTveli muslimani Sedioda. vadaWkoria, politikuri partiebi, 30-31.
78. robert mihelsma òligarqiis rkinis kanoni~ Semoitana germaniis social-
demokratiuli partiis deradikalizaciis movlenis asaxsnelad. robert mihelsi,
Robert Michels, Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern
Democracy, trans. Eden and Cedar Paul (New York: Free Press, 1968).
79. amierkavkasiis rsdmp-is organizaciaTa delegatebis siezdi, erToba, 20 ivnisi, 1917, 3.
guriis wevrebis raodenoba_5 720; senakidan_6 212; foTidan_ 2 000; quTaisidan_2
000; zygdididan_2 552; baTumidan_5 000. erToba, 11 ivnisi 1917, 4; 4 ivnisi, 1917, 2; 21
ivnisi, 1917, 3-4; 11 ivlisi, 1917, 3-4.
80. maisSi òzakomma~ specialuri komisia Seqmna, romelic fuliTa da sanogaviT daex-
mareboda im jariskacebs, romlebsac saxlSi dabruneba undodaT. amierkavkasiis sa-
gangebo sabWos sxdomis oqmi, qarTuli arqivi, yuTebi 1-2, wigni 1, saq. 34. bevri jariskaci
fuls arayze xarjavda.
81. amierkavkasiis rsdmp-is organizaciaTa delegatebis siezdi, erToba, 17 ivnisi, 1917, 3.
82. s. m. kvaWaZe, Тбилисские большевики в 1917 году (Tbilisi, sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1977), 86.
83. Заседание СР и СД города Тифлиса, Протоколы 161, Заседание Исп. Ком. раб. секции гор.
Тифлиса, Протоколы, 102.
84. Постановление тарифной палаты, Июль 1918- Март 1919, qarTuli arqivi, yuTi 4, wigni 10
(gragnili 10) saq. 3, 43-46.
85. Доклад на Кавказском областном съезде советов рабочих и крестьян депутатов 1 Июня, 1917
г., Jordania, За два года, 29.
86. noe Jordania, n. n. Jordania, misi nawerebis krebuli erovnuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb
(tfilisi, gamocema rusuli komunisturi partiis saolqo komitetisa, 1922), 158-245 da
245-270.
SeniSvnebi 411
87. g. kvinitaZe, Мои воспоминания в годы независимости Грузии, 1917-1921 (Paris: YMCA Press,
1985), 19.
88. leo lande, Àppendix A: Some Statistics of the Unification Congress, August 1917,~ The
Mensheviks: From the Revolution of 1917 to the Second World War, Leopold H. Haimson, ed., trans.
Gertrude Vakar (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974), 389–391. qarTvelebi sinamdvileSi
eswrebodnen, maT Soris irakli wereTeli, sandro devdariani – internacionalisti
menSeviki xarkovidan, da bagrat WumburiZe taganrogidan. galili, nenarokovi da
haimsoni, Меньшевики в 1917 году. 1:613–623.
89. ziva galili i garsia, The Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution: Social Realities and
Political Strategies (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989), 189–202.
90. uiliam rozenbergi, Liberals in the Russian Revolution: The Constitutional Democratic Party,
1917–1921 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974), 221.
91. galili, nenarokovi da haimsoni, Меньшевики в 1917 году. 1:613–623. (Moscow: Progress-
Akademiia, 1995), vol. 2, 482–483.
92. Рабочая газета, 31 Август, 1917, 1–3, hia, kol. yuTi 680, saq. 18, seria 279 (oqmebi da
rezoluciebi).
93. galili, nenarokovi da haimsoni, Меньшевики в 1917 году. 2:563–564.
94. Доклад на заседании СР и СД г. Тифлиса, 3 Сентября, 1917, Жордания, За два года, 35.
95. galili, nenarokovi da haimsoni, Меньшевики в 1917 году :от Корниловского мятежа до
конца Декабря. Часть первая, от Корниловского мятежа до временного демократического
совета Российской республики ( Август, первая декада Октября) (Moscow: Rosspen, 1996), vol.
3, 120–122. `~ aq gulisxmobs `объединенный~-s, anu gaerTianebuls.
96. iqve, 187.
97. noe Jordania, Cemi warsuli (Tbilisi: sarangi, 1990 w.), 79.
98. iqve, 79.
99. Tumca, wereTeli da CxeiZe siaSi iyvnen. ixile: galili, nenarokovi da haimsoni,
Меньшевики в 1917 году. 3:360. Jordania Tavis mogonebebSi acxadebda, rom igi daeswro
pirvel sxdomas rogorc menSeviki delgati.
101. Доклад о заседании областного съезда с.-демок. меньшевиков, Жордания, за два года, 40.
102. Abraham Ascher, Pavel Axelrod and the Development of Menshevism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
103. Getzler, Martov, 165.
104. f. maxaraZe, `Cemi mokle avtobiografia~, R, no. 5 (1923): 215.
105. oraxelaSvili, Закавказские, 38.
106. r. kalaZe, `muSaTa qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTis istoria 80–90-ian wlebSi. R, no. 5 (1923):
42.
107. Заседание исполнительного комитета совета рабочих депутатов города Тифлиса, 14 апреля
1917, Протоколы, 49.
108. kvaWaZe, Тбилисские большевики, 52.
109. Седьмая (Апрельская) всеросиисская конференция РСДРП (Большевиков), апрель 1917 года:
Протоколы, Москва, Госиздат, 1958), 161. samive kavkasiel delegats mxolod mrCevlis xma
gaaCnda.
110. kvaWaZe, Тбилисские большевики, 72.
111. g. CxeiZe, `mogoneba warsulidan~, R, no. 3 (1923): 55.
112. r. kalaZe, `muSaTa qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTis istoria~ `revoluciis mateane~, №. 5
(1923): 46.
113. Decisions of the Special Transcaucasian Committee, Its Resignation, Georgian Archive, Boxes 1–2,
Book 3 (Reel 2), `The Decisions of Ozakom,~ 35.

114. Из протокола закрытого заседания кавказского краевого центра, совета депутатов солдат,
рабочих и крестьян с Тифлисским Исполнительным комитетом совета рабочих депутатов
представителями областной организацией партии и Тифлисской городской думы, `Революция~, 211–
214.
115. Из объединенного заседания краевого сентра советов раб. солд. и кр. депутатов Тифл. исп. ком., 17
октября, 1917, 1917,~ `Революция~, 219–223.
116. iqve. 223–228. sajaro usafrTxoebis komiteti Sedgeboda: ozakom-isa da samxedro
organizaciebis oTxi warmomadgenlisgan; sam-sami warmodgenlisgan Tbilisis sab-
Wodan da samxareo kavkasiuri armiis sabWodan; or-ori delegati muSaTa da glexTa
deputatebis samxareo sabWodan da Tbilisis qalaqis sabWodan (dumidan), aseve TiTo
warmomadgenlisgan amierkavkasiis rkinigzis organizaciidan da TiToeuli partiidan
_ bolSevikebisgan, menSevikebisgan, daSnakcutiunisgan, social-federalistebisgan
da eserebisgan, musavatisgan, da a.S.
117. Wildman, End of the Russian Imperial Army, 1:372.
118. yrilobis rezoluciebi moyvanilia Semdeg wyaroSi: 1917г. 7 октября, Резолюции первого
закавказского краевого съезда РСДРП (Б), док. № 103 ix.: beriZe da ioviZe, 104–107.
119. S. G. Shaumian, `Выступления на Кавказском краевом съезде~, Избранные произведения в
двух томах(Moscow: Pol. Lit-a, 1978), vol. 2, 138–140. man wamoayena winadadeba amierkavkasia
gadayofiliyo dasavleT amierkavkasiad (quTaisis gubernia, Tbilisis guberniis nawili,
da baTumis olqi), aRmosavleT amierkavkasiad (erevnis gubernia, Tbilisis guberniis
nawili, elisavetpolis gubernia, da yarsis olqi), da bolos, gaerTianeba baqos
guberniis, elisavetpolis guberniis nawilis, da daRestnis. SesaZleblobisdagvarad,
igi cdilobda regioni sam erovnul erTeulad daeyo.
120. Иванидзе, Славные страницы борьбы и побед : история деятельности кавказского краевого
комитета , 1917–1920 (Tbilisi: merani, 1975), 59–65.
121. àmierkavkasiis rsdmp organizaciaTa VII yriloba~, erToba, 5 oqtomberi, 1917 w., 3.
eswreboda 23 delegati Tbilisidan da 17 guriidan. aqedan monawile xuTi delegatidan
ori bunds warmoadgenda. sxva ara-qarTuli regionebi moicavda giumris, ganjas, yarss,
erzerums, erziJans, sarakamiSs, erevans, da ofas.
122. Доклад на заседании областного съезда с. демок. меньшевиков, Жордания `За два года~, 37-42.
123. àxali ambebi~, erToba, 4 oqtomberi, 1917 w., 2. arCeul iqna valiko juReli, rac asaxavda
mis saboloo ganxeTqilebas bolSevikebTan. somex wevrebs Soris iyvnen veterani arSak
zurabovi, gevorq garajanci, da armen erzikianci.
124. àmierkavkasiis rsdmp organizaciaTa me-VII yriloba,~ erToba, 5 oqtomberi 1917 w., 3.
125. Протокол заседания исполнительного комитета совета депутатов рабочих и солдат, гор.,
Тифлиса от 25 октября 1917 года, `Революция~, 283.
126. iqve, 281.
127. Речь на заседании Тифлисской городской думы, 28 октября 1917г., `Жордания~ `За два года~, 48.
128. Протокол заседания тифлисского совета раб., сол. и кр. депутатов: `Об октябрском
перевороте~, `Революция~, 288.
129. Протокол заседания секции совета депутатов раб. и сол. гор. Тифлиса и правлении
професиональных союзов и рабочих комитетов, `Революция~, 209.
130. damfuZvnebel krebaSi 1917 wlis noemberSi Catarebuli arCevnebis Sedegad, bol-
Sevikebma gaioTxmages TbilisSi delegatTa ricxvi qalaqis sabWos ivlisis arCevnebTan
SedarebiT. damfuZvnebel krebaSi arCevnebis Taobaze, ixile: Oliver Radkey, Russia Goes
to the Polls: The Election to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly of 1917 (Ithaca, No. 4.: Cornell
University Press, 1977), 148–159.
SeniSvnebi 413
131. Из протокола заседания солдатской секции исп. ком. совета рабочих и солдатских депутатов
г. Тифлиса, ноябрь 1, 1917, “Революция”, 332.
132. Иванидзе, Славные страницы, 128.
133. Речь на совещании по поводу организации краевой власти в Закавказье, 11 ноября 1917г.,
Жордания `За два года~, 51–52.
134. Special Transcaucasian Committee, Transcaucasian Commissariat, Transcaucasian Government,
Georgian Archive, boxes 1–2, book 4, 1157.
136. Иванидзе, Славные страницы, 137.
137. oraxelaSvili, Закавказские, 51.
138. yrilobis dasasruls bolSevikebma moipoves umravlesoba kavkasiuri armiis saolqo
sabWoSi: arCeul iqna 52 bolSeviki da memarcxene eseri, xolo mxolod 48 menSeviki (maT
Soris qarTveli social-demokratebic), eseri, daSnaki (daSnakcutiun), ukraineli da
yazaxi. bolSevikebma moiTxoves petrogradis sovnarkomis cnoba da uari ganacxades
ecnoT amierkavkasiis komisariati. man misca social-demokratebsa da eserebs metad
saWiro sababi gamoecxadebinaT sakuTari Tavi kavkasiuri armiis legitimur saolqo
sabWod.
139. Wladimir Woytinsky, Stormy Passage: A Personal History through Two Russian Revolutions to
Democracy and Freedom, 1905–1960 (New York: Vanguard Press 1961), 412.
X Tavi
daskvna
1. braham aSeri, Pavel Axelrod and the Development of Menshevism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard
2. v. h. rubol, Tsereteli—A Democrat in the Russian Revolution: A Political Biography, trans. Philip
Hyams and Lynne Richards (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976), 26. originali teqsti aris
vladimir voitinskis wignSi, La Démocratie Georgienne (Paris: Alcan Levy, 1921), 49.
3. rsdmp (menSevikebi) delegatebis, komitetebis da samxareo organizaciebis Sesaxeb,
ix. z. galili, a. nenarokovi da l. haimsoni, red., Меньшевики в 1917 году, от Июльских
событии до Корниловского мятежа (Москва, Прогресс-Академияб 1995), т. 2, 547-587.
414
anbanuri saZiebeli
abreSumis warmoeba, 167 ganizaciebis meoTxe yriloba 270

agvisto 29 1905, 258-259 amierkavkasiis social-demokratiuli mu-
agvistos bloki, 274 SaTa organizaciebi, meoTxe yriloba, 255-
àgraruli sakiTxi ruseTSi~, 269 256
adgilobrivi xelisufleba, instituciona- amierkavkasiis teritoriebis marTvis droe-
lizacia, 338-345 biTi samTavrobo komiteti, 12-13
administracia, adgilobrivi, uunaroba amierkavkasiis muSaTa sabWoebis warmomad-
170-171 genelTa pirveli yriloba, 310
avaliSvili zurabi, 318 amilaxvari i. g. Tavadi, 189
avstrieli marqsistebis gavlena, 292 andersoni benediqti, 22
avstriuli social-demokratiuli partia, andronikaSvili konstantine, 304
66, 81-82, 90, 290 ardaziani lavrenti, 50, 70
avtonomia, kulturuli da regionuli, 60 arqomedi s. T., ix. gajiani gevorqi
azerbaijanelebi saqarTveloSi, 27, 30-31, arsenali, uzurpaciis gegmis saidumlo
109, 217-218 komisia, 346
aznaurebi, 14, 16 arseniZe raJdeni, 125, 139, 149-150, 157,
àznaur-proletarebi~, 165-166 193, 305
aqselrodi pavel, 86, 274; ambivalentoba, 239; arCevnebi: komitetebSi, 122; safrTxis gac-
rogorc kavkasiis delegati rsdmp yrilo- nobiereba, 134
baze, 266; gulgatexiloba, 235; centrali- aRwera ruseTSi, 1897, regionuli dajgufe-
zebuli organizaciis mxardaWera, 141-142; bebi, 23-24
qarTuli menSevizmi, 159, 282; taqtika, 85 aWareli partizanebi, 295
aleqsinski grigol, 164 àxal mkiTxvelTa sazogadoeba~, 108
aleni v. e. d., 19, 26 àxali kvali~, gazeTi, 304
aleqsandre I (ruseTis imperatori), 12
aleqsandre II, saganmanaTleblo bazrebi TbilisSi, 107
reformebi, 48 baTumi, 113, 116, 121-122, 126; bolSevikebi,
aliluevi sergei, 31, 120, 138 129; zrda, 105
àlioni~, gazeTi, 287 baraTaSvili nikoloz, 45, 47, 71
alixanov-avarski, general maiori: general baueri oto, 284, 288, 290
gubernatoris movaleobis Semsrulebeli, bebeli avgusti, 143, 151
190, 192; represiis taqtika, 242-246 berlini safrTxe, 22, 56
amierkavkasiis komisariati, 324, 340, 345 bernstaini eduardi, revizionizmi, 260
amierkavkasiis komiteti, SeTanxmeba, 37 besmertnaia maria, 138
amierkavkasiis regionuli komiteti, 274-275 bibineiSvili v. e., 234
amierkavkasiis rkinigza: rogorc Tbilisis boikoti: rogorc saxalxo sasamarTlos
yvelaze didi mewarme, 41-42; mTavari depo, yvelaze efeqtiani iaraRi, 180 rogorc
gaficva, 121-122; saxelosnoebi, 123-124, politikuri taqtika, 76; poloneTSi rusi
125-126, 127-128, 134, 150 spikerebi, 76
amierkavkasiis sagangebo komiteti (ozako- bolqvaZe ivane, 127
mi), 295, 272; ususuroba, 286-287; reorga- bolSevikebi: dumis boikoti, 231-232; 1905
nizacia da axlis Seqmna, 294 wlis marcxi, 147-148; kavkasiuri dilema,
amierkavkasiis social-demok¬ratiuli or- 324-325; Zalisxmeva kavkasiaSi, 118-119; gav-
anbanuri saZiebeli 415
lena armiaze, 296-297, 311; gaerTianebis glexebi: boikoti, 162, 174; saxelmwifo armia-
interesi, 274-275; menSevikebTan urTier- sTan dapirispireba, 176; diskusia monawi-
Toba, 136, 170-171, 196-197, 241; cduneba, leobis Sesaxeb, 163, 298; moTxovna, 145;
291; ruseTis muSaTa gavlena, 280; adgil- miwis Sesyidva, 156; miwis mflobelebTan
obriv social-demokratebTan dapirisp- urTierToba, 157; amboxi, 162-163, 166, 170;
ireba, 283; arapopularoba saqarTveloSi, revoluciuri potenciali, 144; sabWoebi,
232-233; 281, 284; omi, 253 274; carizmis periodSi, 30
bolSevikuri presa, daRmavloba, 246 glexebis sakiTxi, 230; SeTanxmeba, 281; uTanx-
bolSevikTa centri sazRvargareT, 137 moeba, 121; saqarTvelos meTauroba dis-
bombis mwarmoebeli qarxana, 229 kusiaSi, 234
bosfori, daxurvis Sedegebi, 300 glexebisa da proletariatis aliansi, poten-
boWoriZe miSa, 128, 147 ciali, 295
braisi jeimsi, 99 glexTa moZraoba: aRmosavleT saqarTvelo-
`brZola~, gazeTi, 95-96, 124 Si, 182; warmateba dasavleT saqarTvelo-
buliginis duma~, 231, 238, 247 Si, 131-132, 160
buqaresti, safrTxe, 22 glexTa sasamarTloebi, 177, 181
burJuazia: saqarTveloSi ararseboba, 69; gogebaSvili iakobi, 50, 57, 70
naklovaneba, 208 ix. agreTve wvrili bur- gogua kalistrate, 134
Juazia golicini grigori, Tavadi, antisomxuri
burJuaziuli mTavroba, monawileobis prob- politika, 218
lemebi, 309 golovinis prospeqti, 223, 241, 249
gomarTeli ivane, 254, 287
goremkini i. l., 255
gaerTianebaTa Tavisufleba, 255
gorki maqsimi, 333
`gamaerTianebeli konferencia~
gramSi antonio, 67
vena, 1912, 257
griaznovi f. f., general-leitenanti, 223,
gazeTebi, pirveli xelnaweri, 119-120
245, 249
`gazeTi ìveria~ da erovnuloba~, 83-84
guesde Jiul, 251, 260
ganaTlebis sistemis gaumjobeseba, 48-49
gulistani, SeTanxmeba, 23
ganja, rogorc azerbaijanis citadeli,
guria: eTnikuri homogenuroba, 173-174;
208, 242
geografiuli periferiuloba, 192; ganaT-
gaficvebi, 96-99; moTxovnebi, 123-124; menav-
lebis maRali done, 171; damoukidebeli
TobeTa da menaxSireTa, 238; rkinigzisa da
wvrili fermerebi, 192-193; glexTa so-
telegrafis, 187; seminariaSi, 73-74; spon-
cialisturi organizaciebi, 194; glexTa
tanuri, 119; tiflisSi, 179-180; sayovel-
interesi, 70, 77, 191; ukanonod miTviseba,
Tao 1905 wels, 193; muSaTa taqtika, 108-
197; ganaTlebis pativiscema, 171, 172, 173;
109. ix. agreTve sayovelTao gaficva
social-demokratTa intervencia, 177-178,
gegeCkori evgeni, 74, 190, 281, 304-305, 310; du-
243; mkacri regionuli identoba, 193-194;
maSi, 190; saqarTvelos erovnul komitet-
protestis tradicia, 172-173; miwis mesa-
Si, 342; rogorc lideri, 305, 312 kuTreTa susti winaaRmdegoba, 182
gelovani varlami, 281 guriis respublika, 163, 180-183; instituci-
georgievskis SeTanxmeba 1783, 11, 265 uri struqtura, 162, 180-181
germaniis social-demokratiuli partia, guriis social-demokratiul organizaciaTa
76, 160, 193 meore konferencia, 180, 183
gerceni aleqsandre, 49 guriis moZraoba, 174-176; myisieri qmedeba,
gvazava giorgi, 75 174; mniSvneloba, 163
gildiis tradicia, 108
giorgaZe grigoli, 104 dabombvis kampania, 239
giorgi XII, 11 damoukidebloba, 305-306
dani fiodori, 254, 298 ena qarTuli: mospobis mcdeloba, 19; xelSew-
darCiaSvili vladimeri, 287 yoba, 52, 56; skolebi, 57
dasaqmebis wesebis simkacre, 116 ena: problema, 111; sakiTxi rsdmp meore yri-
daselebi, 251, 260, 283-284; istoruli funq- lobaze, 142
cia, 68-70; sarkinigzo depos gaficvaSi engelsi fridrix, 214, 303
monawileoba, 120-121; jiblaZe, rogorc enver faSa, 299
lideri, 82-83, 207; muSebTan urTierToba, erebi: Tavisufali ganviTareba, 263; funq-
119; Jordania, rogorc lideri, 73 ciebi, 264; rogorc organuli kulturu-
daSnakcutunTa partia, 30, 33, 135, 143, 240, li erTeulebi, 264
253; dumas arCevnebisadmi boikoti, 253; erekle meore, 11, 21
TanamSromlobis ararseboba, 217; rogorc erTianobis yriloba, menSevikebis umravle-
seriozuli opozicia, 277-278; teroris- sobiT, 133
tuli moqmedebebi, 218 erisTavi rafiel, Tavadi, 37
devdariani sandro, 138 ermolovi aleqsi petres Ze, generali, 13
devidi eduardi, 160 erovnuli da saerTaSoriso brZola, unifi-
deiCi lev, 81 kacia, 323-324
delegatebisagan Semdgari armiis komisia, erovnuli ganTavisufleba: Tebervlis revo-
345 lucia, rogorc SesaZlebloba, 321; so-
demokratia partiaSi, 82-84 cialistebis winamZRolobiT qarTuli
didi sastumroebi tiflisSi, 102-103 modeli, 66; imperiul policiur saxelm-
`difai~ (Tavdacva) partia, 31, 218 wifoSi, 350; ganwyoba saqarTveloSi, 348;
dodaSvili solomoni, 70 da socialuri emansipacia, 213
dramatuli wris garRveva, 258 erovnuli ganviTareba, rogorc arsebiTi
`droeba~, gazeTi, 53, 55, 62 safexuri socializmisaken, 288
droebiTi mTavroba, 295, 297; araadeqvatu- èrovnuli kulturuli avtonomiis
roba, 319-320; Sesaxeb~, 285
`droebiTi valdebulebebi~, 26-27, 166 erovnuli partiaTaSorisi sabWo, 260
duma: qarTvelebi, rogorc liderebi, 293; erovnuli sabWoebi, gavlena, 261-262
monawileobis mniSvneloba, 269; axali saa- erovnuli sakiTxi, 232-233, 284-293; bolSe-
rCevno kampania, 269; roli, 284; saxelm- vikTa naSromebi, 284-285; saerTaSoriso
wifo, 277-278. ix. agreTve qalaqis duma socializmze konfliqtis mizezi, 285; de-
dumis meoTxe arCevnebi 1912, 275, 281 batebi, 304; bolSevikTa kavkasiis pirvel
durnovo p. n., 187 regionul kongresze, 341; saqarTvelos
pozicia, 145; rogorc ZiriTadi sazruna-
edelmani roberti, 40, 162 vi, 79; rezolucia, 268-269; transkavkasiis
evropeanizmi, 82 meSvide konferenciaze, 276
eTnikuri identoba, muSaTa klasi, 109-112 èrovnuli kiTxva~ (Cxenkeli), 287-288
eTnikuri stereotipuloba, 111 erovnuloba, Segnebis ganviTareba saqarT-
eTnikuroba da klasi, harmonia, 100 veloSi, 24-25, 308
ekonomikuri ganviTareba da erovnuloba, 78- eqspropriacia, 233, 276
79
ekonomikuri garemo, winakapitalisturi, 99 vagneri morisi, 36
eliava nikolozi, dapatimreba, 150 vanderveldi emili, 151, 301
eliava Salva sruliad ruseTis demokratTa varSava, qarTvel studentTa aqtivoba, 76
konferenciaze, 334 varSavis veterinaruli instituti, 75
emansipacia, 171; glexebis, 37-38; gavlena Ta- vaxtang meeqvse, kanonebi, 14, 34
vadaznaurobaze, 37-39; kanonmdebloba vaWrobisa da warmoebis kavSiri, 295-296
saqarTveloSi, 145, 146 veberi iuJin, 22
vereSCaki simoni, 307 52; zrda, 23-24, 41-42; policiisaTvis sax-

`vefxistyaosani~, 45, 61 srebis nakleboba, 194; rkinigzis mTavari
viborgis manifesti, 255, 272 depo, 126-127; samxedro mdgomareoba, 210,
vinogradova o., 153 213; erovnuli da klasobrivi Sexeduleba,
vilari luiji, 172, 181-182, 184, 222 182-184; me-19 saukuneSi, 22-23; seminaria,
voitinski vladimir, 348, 351 69-76; kvalificiuri muSebi, 183; social-
volmari georg fon, 160; erovnuli sakiTxis demokratiuli komiteti, 133; Jurnalist-
Sesaxeb, 285 Ta sazogadoeba, 258; sabWoTa, 292; jaris-
voroncov-daSkovi, 170-171, 180, 189, 192, 297, kac deputatTa sabWoebi, 264, 250-251; muSa
300, administracia, 184-186; rogorc me- deputatTa sabWoebi, 246; savaWro skola,
fisnacvlis daniSvna, 183; biografia, 220; 123; satransporto sistema, 104-105
wamowyebebi, 174-175; qristianul ekle- Tbilisis muSaTa warmomadgenlebis sabWos
siebTan urTierToba, 221-224; moxseneba aRmasrulebeli komitetis dafuZneba,
nikoloz II-saTvis, 221; gadadgoma, 227; 311-312
warmateba miwis reformebSi, 220 Tbilisis vaWrobisa da warmoebis mosamsax-
voroncovi mixaili, Tavadi, 12, 17, 22, 34, 36 ureTa klubi, 265
`Teatri~, 63
zamTari 1916-1917, 316 Tebervlis revolucia, rogorc erovnuli
zasuliCi vera, 81 ganTavisuflebis SesaZlebloba, 259
zemliaCka rozalia, 151 Tergdaleulebi, 47-51; aliansi progresul
zemstva, daarseba, 53, 56, 88, 334, 345 ruseTTan, 18; Taviseburebebi, 46; eko-
zurabovi arSaki, 141, 148, 280; sruliad ru- nomikuri ganviTareba, 57, ganaTleba, 57;
seTis demokratTa yrilobaze, 269; dap- yuradRebis ganaxvileba enaze, 56; qar-
atimreba, 150; rogorc oratori, 279; Tuli social-demokratiis inteleqtua-
meore dumaze, 222; rsdmp meore yrilo- luri wyaro, 56-64; interesi kulturuli
baze, 135, 139, 278; partiis organizaciis aRorZinebisadmi, 56; politikuri roli,
mxardaWera, 167 42-43, 49-50; pragmatizmi, 64-65; pativis-
Tavadaznauroba: asimilirebuli, 176; eko- cema, 46-47
nomikuri siduxWire, 169-170; raodenoba TviTgamorkveva, erovnuli, 10, 86-87, 284
saqarTveloSi, 165; eklesiis poziciis TviTmmarTveloba, revoluciuri, guriaSi,
mxardaWera, 198, ix. agreTve wvrili Ta- 233
vadaznauroba TofuriZe diomide, 90, 140; meore yrilobis
Tavdacva, 298, 304, 331 kritika, 145-146; enis sakiTxze, 140; rsdmp
Tavdacvis erTeulebi, 243, 245 meore yrilobaze, 139; partiis monawile-
Tavisufleba, ymaTa Sewyalebis ufleba, 17 obis mxardaWera, 141
`TaTrebi~ saqarTveloSi, 27 Tumanovi g. m., 55
TalakvaZe s., 134 Turqebi, saqarTveloSi, 27
Tbilisis konservatoria, 322 TurqmenCai, safrTxe, 22
Tbilisi, 208-215; dapatimrebebi 1905-Si, 197;
axali komitetis formireba, 133-135, 153, iatakqveSa wreebi, 129-130
226; komitetis biuro, 137; social-de- ivanenko v. n., 13
mokratTa yriloba, 1901, 134; konfliti, ivanovski kirile, 19
134-135; sakoordinacio komiteti, 127; ìveria~, gazeTi, 52-53, 63, 80-81, 82, 83, 98
aRwera, 191, 192-193; mravalferovani mo- ìvlisis dReebi~, 332
saxleoba, 194; saganmanaTleblo insti- ìmedi~, jurnali, 62
tutebi, 195; reformis marcxi, 192-197; imperializmi, rusuli: saqarTvelos sarge-
garnizonis organizacia, 296-297, 307-308; beli, 10-11; rogorc policiuri saxelm-
saTavadaznauro-saadgilmamulo banki, wifo, 18
inteligencia: wamyvani ideologia, 21; urT- municipalizaciis mxardaWera, 313

ierToba muSebTan, 124-125; warmomadgen- kavkasiis regionis sabWoTa armia, 252, 254,
loba kavkasiis profkavSirebis komitet- 256; xelaxali arCevnebi, 278
ze, 108; aRSfoTeba, 234-235; romantizmi, kavkasiuri organizaciebis meore konferen-
64; meoradi roli, 311 cia, 258
internacionalizmi, safuZveli, 285 kalaZe raJdeni, 77, 86, 121, 150, 335; dapatim-
inflacia, SiSi, 328-329 reba, 150; bolSevikuri presis Sesaxeb, 276;
iremaSvili iosebi, 71 Jordanias Sesaxeb, 156
iskrelebi, 235-236 kalinini mixeili, 31-32, 138
iudeniCi nikolai, general leitenanti, 299 kamenevi levi, 138, 151
iZulebiTi Sesyidvis kanoni, 1881, 166 kandelaki konstantine, 129, 172, 278
`kanoni amierkavkasiaSi adgilobrivi xelisu-
kabral amilqari, 349
flebis organizaciis Sesaxeb~, 319
kadetebi, rusi, 253-254, 268, 271; aliansi, 278;
`kapitali~, ganxilva, 63
TanamSromloba, 271; arCevnebi, 279
kapitalizmi, rogorc gamosavali, 64
`kavkazski raboCi listok~ (rusuli gazeTi),
kapitalizmis ganviTareba ruseTSi, 143
236
kaucki karli, 76, 81, 90, 214, 266, qarTuli
`kavkasia~, 16
menSevizmis Sesaxeb, 349; erovnuli sakiT-
kavkasiis jariskacTa kavSiri, 236
kavkasieli muslimebi: Tanabaruflebianobis xis Sesaxeb, 284
moTxovna, 226; gawevrianeba omis pirobeb- `kacia adamiani?!~ 38
Si, 301 keuni odeti, 26
kavkasiis armiis pirveli yriloba, 307 kecxoveli lado, 73, 87, 94
kavkasiis samxareo armiis pirveli yriloba, `kvali~ gazeTi, 53, 55, 59, 57, 61; inteligen-
312-313 ciis sawinaaRmdego, 91; daxurva, 150; kul-
kavkasiis arqeologiisa da istoriis insti- turulad mdidari ena, 104; aRwera, 67-68;
tuti, 322 gansxvavebuli pozicia, 71-75; didi gav-
kavkasiis bolSevikTa kavSiris daSla, 267 lena, 69-70; erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb,
kavkasiis pirveli samxareo bolSevikuri yri- 90; revoluciuri pragmatizmi, 89-90; so-
loba, 339-340; erovnuli sakiTxi, 340 cial-demokratiuli kontroli, 66-71,
kavkasiis cenzuris komiteti, 50, 130 102; muSaTa damoukideblobis Sesaxeb, 87
kavkasiis damoukidebeli federacia, 60 klasi da eTnikuroba, harmonia, 100
kavkasiis droebiTi revoluciuri komiteti, klasTa dayofis aucilebloba, 79-80
338-339 klasTa politikaSi eTno-socialuri dayo-
kavkasiis gaerTianebuli komiteti, 135, 151- fa, 296
152, 177-178; avtoritetuli kontroli, knunianci bogdani, 94, 135, 139, 147
155; personalis cvlileba, 154-155; struq-
koalicia: damokidebuleba, 309-310; uTanx-
tura, 135, 137; Sexvedra, 147-148
moeba, 324; irakli wereTlis politika, 86,
kavkasiis biuro, 229
289
kavkasiis komiteti. ix. transkavkasiis teri-
kozlovi ivane, 51
toriebis marTvis droebiTi samTavrobo
kolubiakini, generali, 36
komiteti
`kolokoli~, 54
kavkasiuri samxareo komiteti (kavkrevkomi),
kolonializmi, 9-19, 67
340, 343-344
kavkasiis muSaTa da glexTa warmomadgen- komerciul sawarmoTa mcire masStabi, 304
lebis samxareo sabWo, 313, 315
kavkasiis muSaTa da glexTa warmomadgen- `komunisturi manifesti~, 78
lebis samxareo sabWos pirveli yriloba, kondratenko, f., 165
konoli jeimsi, 290
konovalovi aleqsandre, 296 mandelStami osip, 41

konferenciebi adgilobrivi, 236 maningi roberta, 169
konfliqtebis Seswavlis komisia, 311 manifesti 17 oqtombris, 36, 188-189, 233, 241;
kooperativebi, Semcireba, 297-298; xelSe- taqtikuri garemo, 247
wyoba, 257 marganecis mwarmoebelTa asociacia, 295
koreneva ina, 152 mari niko, 181-182
koSuTi laioS, 18 martovi iuli, 139, 141-142, 145, 239; imedga-
`krebuli~ gazeTi, 53, 55 crueba, 335; cenrtaluri organizaciis
krim girei, n. a. sulTani, 221-223; SeTavazeb- mxardaWera, 146-147; enis sakiTxis Sesa-
uli reformebi, 187; guriaSi mogzauroba, xeb, 113
184-186 marqsi karl: egalitarianizmi da interna-
kronStadtis simagre, 49, 277 cionalizmi, 60; germaneli proletari-
kulturul organizaciaTa ganviTareba, 49 atis Sesaxeb, 189; ruseTis revoluciis
kulturuli ganviTareba, 251 perspeqtivis Sesaxeb, 196
kulturuli renesansis Sesaxeb Tergda- marqsistebi da muSebi, pirveli urTierToba,
leulTa wuxili, 56-57 114-116; axalgazrduli, revoluciuri
kurnatovski viqtori, 126 ideebi, 64-65
marqsistuli programebi, pirveli qarTuli,
La Democratie Georgienne, 351 77-87
lasxiSvili giorgi, 145-146 `marqsizmi da erovnuli sakiTxi~, 284
lafarJi pol, 81 marqsizmi: qarTvelTa mxridan interesis nak-
laRiaSvili iosebi, 73 leboba, 62-63; qarTul presaSi, 63; prole-
legaluri da kulturuli muSaoba: uTanx- tariatis hegemonia, 64-65, 198; erovnuli
moeba, 87-88, 92-93; rogorc saSualeba, moZraobis mniSvneloba, 64; winaaRmdego-
258-260 ba, 58-59; naSromebis nakleboba, 79-80
levicki v., 267 maslovi petre, 162, 267, 269
lemani m. n., 155 maxaraZe filipe, 63, 69, 271-272, 274, 278; dap-
lenini v. i., martovTan uTanxmoeba, 139, 172, atimreba, 126; bolSevizmze gadasvla, 97;
112; partiis wevrobis gansazRvra, 141-142, rogorc `mogzauris~ redaqtori, 87; marq-
144, 186; guriis moZraobis Sesaxeb, 178- sistuli Teoriis Sesaxeb, 45-46; erovnuli
179, 194; likvidaciis Sesaxeb, 259; glexTa sakiTxis Sesaxeb, 75; 1905 wlis gaficvis
sakiTxis Sesaxeb, 228229; miwis nacional- Sesaxeb, 223-224; arCevnebis winaaRmdego-
izaciis Sesaxeb, 269; avtonomiis Sesaxeb, ba, 107; staroselskis Sesaxeb, 198; tifli-
141; taqtikuri gadasvla srul monawil- sis seminariis Sesaxeb, 72
eobaze, 232-236; Sromebi, 284 maxaraZe gerasime, rogorc oratori, 279
leturno Sarl, 72 mgalobliSvili sofrom, 61, 72
liberi marki, 142 mgelaZe vlasa, 265, 269
likvidacionizmi, 259, 262-263, 274, 277 `mglis bileTi~, 70, 73-74
lomTaTiZe bikenti (Wola), 280 mdivani budu, 152, 276
luzini i. i., 129 mevenaxeoba, 167
`lui bonapartis Tvrameti briumeri~, 178 meunargia iona, 16
luqsemburgi roza, 81, 147, 277, 285; erovnuli menSevikebi: qarTveli stokholmis yriloba-
sakiTxis Sesaxeb, 284 ze, 280; saqarTvelos mxardaWera, 280-281;
`luC~ gazeTi, 274 glexTa sakiTxis Sesaxeb, 155; politika,
223; rusi soflis meurneobis muSakebze,
maZini juzepe, 18, 57 198
maisis demonstraciebi, 92, 128 menSeviki internacionalistebi, 302
malama i. d., general-leitenanti, 221, 245 menSevizmi, rusuli: sruli marcxi, 256; da-
nawevreba, 243, 257; qarTvel social-de- muSaTa klasi: aliansi burJuaziasTan, 236;
mokratTa monawileoba, 325 eTnikuri mravalferovneba, 104-105; saqa-
menSevizmi: da bolSevizmi, gansxvaveba, 215; rTveloSi, 55-56, 91; mravaleTnikuri
`memarjvene frTa~, 245-246; triumfi saqa- struqtura, 302; buneba, 97; tiflisis ga-
rTveloSi, 156-157 reT, 112-113; rogorc progresuli katal-
meore dasi `TergdaleulTa~ 53-56; poli- izatori, 96; solidaroba, Seqmnis amoca-
tikisadmi damokidebuleba, 55; lideroba, na, 103
55-56 muSaTa sakiTxi, 305-306
meore duma: kampania, atmosfero, 253; ar- muSebi, kvalificiuri: rogorc mTavari aq-
Ceuli deputatebi, 253; qarTuli fraqcia, tivistebi, 104; gildiis tradiciebi, 104-
254-255; savaraudo dRis wesrigi, 253; mox- 105; maRali proporcia, 126
senebebi, 240 muSebi, rusi: mmarTveli kasta, 104; gaficvaze
mesakuTreTa asociacia, 295-296 uaris Tqma, 193
mesame dasi, 66-69, 66; aRwera 67. ix. agreTve, muSebi, sabWoTa: bolSevikebis mcdeloba, 306;
mesame jgufi TbilisSi, 306
mesame jgufi, (mesame dasi): dayofa, 69; dam- muSebi: `baTumi~, 184; wreebi, 134; mdgomareo-
fuZnebeli Sexvedra, 77; `kvali~, 66; meore ba, 112-113; konfliqti qarTvelebsa da
Sexvedra, 68; tradiciebi, 153 rusebs Soris, 190; amboxebis CaxSoba ti-
mesxi sergi, 25-26, 49-50, 53 flisSi, 183; ganaTleba, 114; eTnikurad
metreveli iosebi, 262 da regionalurad dayofilebi, 103; dan-
migracia rusebis saqarTveloSi, 24 axarjebi, 144-145; saqarTveloSi, 103-105;
migrantebi, arakvalificiuri, 208 radikalizaciis nakleboba 1913-1914ww.,
ministrTa sabWo, 255 165; marqsistebis pirveli kontaqti,
miqava utu, 36, 37 139-140; mobiluroba, 112; monawileoba,
miqel-gabrielis sasoflo Temi, 175-176 97; protesti, 123-124; warmomadgenloba
miqoiani anastas, 340 komitetebze, 147, 247; sofelTan kavSire-
miwaTmflobelebi: guruli, susti winaaRm- bi, 133-134; sagaficvo taqtika, 140-141
degoba, 182 musolini benito, 301
miwebis CamoWra, 134 musulmanebi saqarTveloSi, 31
miwis privatizacia, 158 musulmanTa kavSiri, 31, 189
mihelsi roberti, 325 musulmanur sajaro asociaciaTa sabWo, 299
mmarTvelebi, rusi: kavkasiaSi, 15-16; miznebi, `mSromeli xalxi~, socialuri jgufebis
15; statusi, 27 gaerTianeba, 213-214
`moambe~ Jurnali, 62 `mSromelTa saxalxo revolucia~, xelSewyo-
monRolTa SemoWra, 21 ba, 194
`moqalaqeebi~, 17
mosavlis aReba, Raribebze gavlena, 47-48 nazareTiani amaiaki, 335, 345
moskovi, sayovelTao gaficva, 229 `navi~, 50
mravaleTnikuroba, 26-34 nakaSiZe m. a., Tavadi, 224
municipalizacia, 269, 288 naneiSvili viqtori, dapatimreba, 150
municipaluri arCevnebi, monawileoba, 234- `naCalo~ menSevikebis gazeTi, 243
235 nacionalizmi da socializmi, 96; Sesabamiso-
`musavati~ (Tanasworoba) partia, 31; Turq ba, 42; gaerTianeba, 303
federalistebTan gaerTianeba, 321 `nacionalizmi da socializmi~ (wulukiZe),
muSaTa da glexTa deputatebis kavkasiis 96
samxareo centri, Serwyma armiis samxareo nacionalizmi, kulturuli: rogorc wamyvani
sabWosTan, 315 ideologia, 46; mxardaWeris arqona, 47; qa-
`muSa~, 119 rTuli, 76
nikolaevski borisi i., 178, 271 `pirovnebis principi~, 291

nikolaZe niko, 67, 67-68, 197; rogorc pirveli pirveli duma, 251-255; kavkasielebi, 230-232,
dumis delegati, 231; federaciis Sesaxeb, daSla, 232; arCevnebi, 230; qarTvelTa war-
70-71; qarTuli qvanaxSiris mrewvelo- momadgenlobis programa, 232; monawile-
bis Sesaxeb, 71; qarTuli enis Sesaxeb, 71; obis momxreebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi, 219;
Tavisuflebis aRkveTis Sesaxeb, 65; pro- social-demokratTa arCevnebis komisia,
gresul ruseTTan kavSiris Sesaxeb, 19; na- 222
cionalizmis Sesaxeb, 77; rogorc gardama- `pirveli nabiji~ (damoukidebel muSaTa
vali figura, 68-69; Jordanias Sesaxeb, 156 gazeTi), 262
nikoloz II, 82, 187, 220 plexanovi giorgi, 60, 78, 81, 85, 266, 269;
nikoni (egzarxosi), mkvleloba, 265 rogorc kavkasiis delegati rsdmp kon-
ninoSvili egnate, 58, 77; dakrZalva, 68-69 gresze, 272;
nierere iulius, 349 policia: saqmianoba, 134-135, 195; terorizmis
`novaia Jizn~ gazeTi, 333 msxverplTa Sefaseba, 194; dafinansebis
simcire, 187; sagangebo kanonis Sesabamis-
ozakomi (transkavkasiis sagangebo komite- ad represia, 250-251. ix. agreTve oxrana.
ti), 295, 307; uufleboba, 307-308; reorga- politikuri damoukidebloba, winaaRmde-
nizacia da axlis Seqmna, 339 goba, 75
ozurgeTi, ix. guria politikuri kultura, qarTuli, `robin hu-
òTxmocdacameti~ (hiugo), 72 dis~ xotba, 101
omi, 297-305; debatebi, 300 politikuri patimrebi, gaTavisuflebis
òmi da mSvidoba~, 272-274 moTxovna, 222
orbeliani grigoli, Tavadi, 47-48 polonel socialistTa partia (psp), 67; mniS-
organizacia: social-demokratiis alter- vneloba, 76
natiuli formebis, 223-227; adgilobrivi postolovski d. s., 147, 152-153
institucionalizacia, 287-290 potresovi a. n., 259, 303; rogorc kavkasiis
organizaciuli erTobis miRweva, 135-139 delegati rsdmp kongresze, 266
orjonikiZe sergo, 276 pragmatizmi, TergdaleulTa tradicia, 67,
TurqeTis: anti-amerikuli genocidi, 299- 88, 350
300; safrTxe, 296, 297; Tavdasxma rusul `pravda~, bolSevikebis gazeTi, 336
gemebze, 299 progresuli Zalebi, koaliciis mxardaWera,
oquaSvili araqela, 109, 121, 126 86
oxrana: 110, 126; gamoCenil social-de- `proletari glexebi~, 40
mokratTa sia, 126; Ramis reidebi, 150. ix. `proletariatis brZola~ (kavkasiis erTiani
agreTve policiis saqmianoba gazeTi), 136
proletarTa klasis brZola, winakapitalis-
pavle I, ruseTis imperatori, 12 tur sazogadoebaSi, 291
parlamenti, SeTavazeba kavkasiis droebiTis proporciuli warmomadgenloba, 163
Sesaxeb, 298 prJevalski m. a., generali, 339
partiis reorganizacia: kavkasielTa dayofa,
131-132, 135; komitetis arCevnebze yurad- JdanoviCi-maiaSvili, giorgi, 61, 63-64
Rebis gamaxvileba, 127-128; demokratiza- Jordania noe:
ciis aucilebloba, 154-155 _ kariera: sruliad reseTis demokratTa
paskeviCi ivan fiodores Ze, general adiu- yriloba, 333-334; dapatimreba, 92-93, 126-
tanti, 13 127, 272; rogorc partiaSi dapirispirebis
petrogradi: bolSevikTa mier Zalauflebis katalizatori, 158-159; kavkasiis gaer-
xelSi Cagdeba, 281, 287; menSevikebi, 295 Tianebis komitetis Sesaxeb, 137, 151-152;
peSkovi maqsimi (maqsim gorki), 120, 138 kavkasiis muSaTa da glexTa warmomadgen-
lebis samxareo sabWos pirveli yriloba, `ra vakeToT?~ (CerniSevski), 72-73

313-314; sruliad kavkasiis social-de- `ra vakeToT?~ (Jordania), 78-79
mokratiuli organizaciebis yrilobis `ra vakeToT?~ (lenini), 149
Tavmjdomare, 286-287; partiis sruli kon- radikaluri partia, 253
troli, 152-154; konfliqti WavWavaZesTan, ramiSvili isidore, 62, 68, 70, 72-73, 77, 83, 121;
50-53; rogorc redaqtori, 62, 87-88; duma- sruliad ruseTis demokratTa konferen-
Si arCeuli, 253-254; evropaSi, 80-81; saqa- ciaze, 269; dumaSi arCeuli, 254; damalvaSi
rTvelos erovnul komitetze, 305-306; myofi, 211; miwis nacionalizacis Sesaxeb,
rogorc daselebis lideri, 73-74; poli- 269; rogorc oratori, 223; dumis social-
tikuri brZola maxaraZesTan, 73-75; rsdmp demokratTa fraqciaze, 255; sagaficvo
meore yrilobaze, 84, 139, 146-147; saidum- komitetSi, 240
lo sagegmo komisiaze, 345-346; sagaficvo ramiSvili noe, 229, 265, 125, 140, 143; Seteva
komitetze, 240-241 menSevikTa liderebze, 271-272; rogorc
_ Taviseburebebi, 73-81; inteligenciis arad meore de faqto brZanebaSi, 263-264; rogor
Cagdeba, 84; evropeanizmi, 81, 83; guriis lideri, 346, 353; ruseT/saqarTvelos gan-
mniSvneloba, 162, 175; rogorc lideri, sxvavebis Sesaxeb, 160; sagaficvo komite-
231, 353; warmoSoba, 156-157; prestiJi, 156, tis Sesaxeb, 243; muSaTa moTxovnebis Ses-
158; rogorc nayofieri mwerali, 156; ev- axeb, 253
ropel socialistad transformacia, 75- `rgoli~ rogorc soflis organizaciis
76, 77 ZiriTadi forma, 176-177
_ pozicia: baTumSi, 112-113; kapitalizmis regionalizmi, 19-26, 129
mimarT, 79, 82-83; bolSevizmis kritika, regionuli gansxvavebebi: rogorc CamorCe-
268-270; ruseTis menSevikuri liderebis nis niSani, 32; rusuli asimilacia, 23
kritika, 272-273; rsdmp meore yrilobis regionuli identobebi, upiratesoba, 102-
kritika, 146-147;; kulturaze koncentri- 103
rebuli socializmi, 81; Cexebis Sesaxeb, regionuli komiteti kavkasiis regionisa da
30; axali aliansis moTxovnis Sesaxeb, 333; frontis samxedro dawesebulebebisaT-
leninTan uTanxmoeba, 84, 180-181, 268-269; vis, 298
eTnikuri dayofis Sesaxeb, 19-20; feder- regionuli partiuli organizaciebi, av-
alizmis Sesaxeb, 140, 292, 314-315, 329-330; tonomiuri uflebebi, 132
rsdmp-s gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, 133, 135; revolucia, 124, 275-277; atmosfero 1903-
enis Sesaxeb, 142; likvidacionizmis Sesa- 1905ww., 131; gansxvavebuli koncefciebi,
xeb, 275; erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb, 28, 64- 224; saqarTvelo-ruseTis urTierToba,
65, 77, 287, 289-290, 315-316, 328; eris mdgo- 197-192; revoluciis Teoriebi, 73; sami
mareobis Sesaxeb, 302-305; glexTa sakiTxis mTavari Zala, 269-270
Sesaxeb, 142-143, 162; wvrilburJuaziis reneri karli, 284, 288, 291
Sesaxeb, 232-233, 328; regionalizmis Sesa- reningeri stanislavi, 120
xeb, 19; gadamuSavebuli programa, 77-79; `rviani~, 262
bolSevizmis `spontanuri zrdis~ Sesaxeb, rodJeviCi viaCeslavi, generali, 307
340-341; upirobo monawileobis Sesaxeb, rsdmp, ix. ruseTis social-demokratiuli
288; omis Sesaxeb, 301-302 muSaTa partia
_ naSromebi: 82-87, 289-290, 292, 302-303, 304- rubcova olga, 150
305, 329-330 rus maswavlebelTa upativismcemloba qar-
Joresi Jan, 251; erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb, Tuli kulturis mimarT, 69-70
284 ruseTi: saqarTvelos mimarT ekonomikuri da
Jurnalebi: legaluri, 60-62; popularuli, politikuri interesebi, 11-13; istoriu-
72 li kavSirebi, 11-17
JRenti T., 181, 184 ruseTis imperia, miwaTmflobelobis buneba,
162-163 moTxovnebi, 244-245; formireba, 244-245;

rus patriotTa sazogadoeba, 223-224, 241 instruqciebi, 244-245
ruseTis social-demokratiuli muSaTa par- sagangebo mdgomareobis dros policiis si-
tia (rsdmp), 28-29, 77, 235-236: sastike, 256-257
_ komitetebi da organizaciebi: rsdmp menSe- saerTaSoriso socializmi, mimarTulebebi,
vikTa da gaerTianebuli organizaciebis 250
sruliad ruseTis yriloba, 247, 286; rs- saidumlo SeTqmuleba 1832, 45-47
dmp bolSevikebis meeqvse (praRis) sru- sainformacio biuro dumaSi, 279
liad ruseTis yriloba, 238, 250; menSe- `sakuTari Tavis dacva~, 303
vikebis centraluri komiteti, 299; rsdmp samrewvelo centrebi, 167-168
(bolSevikebis) sruliad ruseTis meSvide samuSao adgilebze konkurencia, 110-111
yriloba, 247, 274, 291-292; amierkavkasiis samxedro-teqnikuri komisia, 229
samxareo organizacia, 293; gaerTianebu- samxreTel somexTa kongresi, 287
li centraluri komiteti, 233 siuni rolandi, 212
_ yrilobebi: mexuTe yriloba, londoni, sankt peterburgis muSaTa deputatebis sab-
235-236; meoTxe `gamaerTianebeli~ yrilo- Wo, 240-241
ba, 1906, 131, 145, 182; mesame yriloba, 114, saomari mdgomareoba TbilisSi, 237-240
120, 179; meore yriloba, 109-117; sruliad `sasoflo gazeTi~, 55
ruseTis meSvide (bolSevikebis) yriloba, sasoflo Temebi, 153; garRvevebi, 158-159;
271-272; transkavkasiis meSvide samxareo Sexvedrebi, 175-176
yriloba, 275-276; amierkavkasiis meeqvse saqarTvelo: kulturuli gamococxleba,
samxareo yriloba, 263-264, 265; gamaer- 322; evropeanizacia, 352-353; dayofa, 21-
Tianebeli yriloba 1917, 284 22; geografiuli barierebi, 21; òqros
_ Taviseburebebi: gansxvavebuli Sexedule- xana~, 21; politikuri kultura, 100, 206,
bebi agrarul sakiTxze, 129-131; meryevi 219; sarkinigzo kavSirebi, 22-23; social-
urTierTobebi menSevikur frTasTan, uri dayofa, 34-36; tarifebi, 22; qalaqis
267-270; nacionalizmis gagebis uunaroba, mosaxleobis zrda, 23
78; mcdari struqtura, 237; saqarTvelos saqarTvelo: social-demokratiuli respub-
survili, reformirebis, 228-229; supra- lika, 265-266
nacionaluri organizaciis kanoniereba, saqarTvelos erovnul-demokratiuli par-
234; social-demokratTa loialuroba, tia, 56
51, 128-129; gaxleCa, 124-125, 239 saqarTvelos erovnuli yriloba, 323-324
ruseTis sanaosno da savaWro sazogadoeba, `saqarTvelos moambe~ gazeTi, 53
37 saqarTvelos gaTavisuflebis liga, 75-76
ruseT-saqarTvelos georgievskis traqtati, sayovelTao gaficva, oqtomberi 1905, 240-
11, 21 246
ruseT-TurqeTis omi, 61, 192, 298-300 saxalxo partia, xelSewyoba, 321
rusTaveli SoTa, 45 saxalxo universitetebi, 258-259
rcxilaZe vasili, 258 saxalxo universitetebis sazogadoeba,
Tbilisi, 258
sabWoebi, demokratiuli mTavroba koalici- saxokia Tedo, 170-171
aSi, 341-342 sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis aRmasrule-
sabWoebis yrilobebi, 308-318 beli komiteti, rogorc TanamSromlobis
sabWoTa saqarTvelos revoluciuri komite- simbolo, 320
ti (revkomi), 74 sazogadoebrivi usafrTxoebis komiteti,
sagaficvo komiteti, formireba, 240 warmomadgenloba, 339, 341
sagaficvo komiteti: SeiaraRebuli winaaR- sezonuri muSaxeli, gurulebis, 166
mdegoba, 245-246; kapitulacia, 245-246; seminaria, Tbilisis, 69-76; konspiraciuli
ileTebi, 71; masobrivi garicxvebi, 72 347-348, 352-353; rogorc masebis plu-

semkovski s. i., 267, 286; rogorc menSevikTa ralisturi organizacia, 205-206, 214, 260-
spikeri erovnul sakiTxze, 267-268 261; rogorc mravaleTnikuri moZraoba,
separatizmi, qarTuli, sxva partiaTa eWvi, 32, 205-206; rogorc erovnuli moZraoba,
311 10, 32, 205-206, 286-287; ymoba, rogorc
svaniZe ekaterine, 276 warmatebis faqtori, 206-207; politikuri
sisxliani kvira, sankt peterburgi, 216 kultura, 28-29, 33, 153; evropuli stil-
siRaribe, rogorc glexTa ajanyebis mizezi, isaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, 107-108;
165 rogorc arapriviligirebulTa proble-
skobelevi maTe, 282 mebis gadaWris gza, 45; myari politikuri
smagini a. s., generali, 176 safuZveli, 347-348
smiti adam, 63 _ ganviTareba: Zalauflebis miRweva, 296-
somxuri social-demokratiuli muSaTa or- 297; liderTa dapatimrebebi, 123-124, 138,
ganizacia, 100, 191, 241, 256, 302 150, 215, 272-273; arCevnebis gamarjveba,
somex social-demokratTa kavSiri, 32-33, 90, 254-255; gavlena institutebsa da sajaro
136 organizaciebze, 265-266; 1905 wels, 228-
somxebi: kongresi, 286; ekonomikuri monop- 237; roli guriaSi, 176-180; droebiTi
olia, 74, 96; rogorc faqtorTa mflo- Cavardna, 264, 265; Tergdaleulebi da in-
belebi, 86; imigracia, 29; TanamSromlobis teleqtualuri resursebi, 56-64; trans-
ararseboba, 170; da erovnuli damoukide- formacia erovnul partiad, 104, 235
bloba, 17-18; politikuri Zalaufleba, 29, _ organizacia, 99-102; sruliad kavkasiis
31; rogorc ltolvilebi, 163, 240; TviTm- yrilobebi, 228-229, 230-232; komitetebis
marTvelobis moTxovna, 192; vaWarTa sta- sistema, 176-177; dayofa, 162-263; kavka-
tusi, 27; TbilisSi, 18-19; carizmis piro- siis pirveli yriloba, 106; dajgufebebi
bebSi, 18; moxaliseTa korpusi, 271-272. ix. transkavkasiaSi, 106; partiuli cxovreba,
agreTve, daSnakcutunTa partia; hnCakTa 260-266, 325-330
partia _ politika: ambivalentoba droebiTi mTav-
somxur-`TaTruli~ konfliqtebi, 218, 193, robis mimarT, 309-310; qalaq Tbilisis
194, 219 dumaze deklaracia, 238-239; ekleqturi
somxuri erovnuli sabWo, 289 midgoma doqtrinisadmi, 283-284; kul-
soxumis raionis ajanyeba, 224 turuli gadarCenis xazgasma, 10, 325-327;
`social-demokrati~ gazeTi, 152-153 1915 platforma, 304-306; principebi, 59-
social-demokratia, qarTuli: 60; miwis privatizacia, 178-179; Sexedu-
_mokavSireebi da mowinaaRmdegeebi, 330-338; leba erovnul sakiTxze, 329-330; saomar
gansxvaveba social-revolucionerebisa- periodSi pozicia, 301-302
gan, 312-313; rusi bolSevikebisa da menSe- _ taqtika: saqmianoba provinciebSi, 130, 176-
vikebisagan gansxvaveba, 250; uTanxmoeba 180; ildung-is rogorc taqtikis miReba,
qarTvel bolSevikebTan, 227-228, 337; 251-252; rekrutirebis politika, 213-
fraqciaTa TanamSromloba, 229-230; sus- 214; gansxvavebuli strategia, 44; marT-
ti aliansi social-revolucionerebTan, vaSi monawileoba, 282-283, 325; liderebis
266-267; rogorc kargi internacionali- gaqceva, 265-266; rogorc oratorebi
stebi, 235-236; damoukideblobis uaryo- dumaSi, 279-280, 282-283; demokratiuli
fa, 10; rogorc rsdmp-s STagonebis wyaro, revoluciis SesaZlebloba, 311; sajaro
271-272, 268; menSevikTa mxardaWera, 293- debatebi, 251-252; Tbilisis policia, 129-
294, 353-354 130
_ Taviseburebebi: mimzidveloba, 32-33, 42-43; sruliad kavkasiis social-demokratiuli
Tavdadeba radikaluri socializmisadmi, organizaciebi, 229, 230-231
326; wvlili, 349-350; moqnili lideroba, social-demokratTa, somexTa da socialist-
revolucionerTa sameuli, 242-243 stuka peters, 284

socialist-revolucionerebi (sr), 33, 152, `suramis cixe~, 37
219, 302; axlo TanamSromloba, 253; so- `sxivi~ (qarTuli menSevikuri gazeTi), 175
cial-demokratebisagan gansxvaveba, 291;
aRmasrulebeli komitetebis Sesaxeb, 291; taratuta viqtori, 149, 183
susti aliansi social-demokratebTan, tereSCenko mixeili, 296
296-297 teritoria, rogorc klasTa brZolis konte-
social-federalisturi partia, 145-146, 237, qsti, 291-292
249-250, 276; social-demokratebis kriti- terori: zrda, 305-306; gabatonebuli, 184;
ka, 150; birTvi, 98; omis Sesaxeb, 278 rogorc warmatebis wyaro, 183-184; gamoy-
socialisturi internacionaluri dayofa, eneba, 101, 125-126, 159, 176, 180
267-268 tolstoi lev, 163
socialisturi strategia, xelaxla gaazreba, trocki leoni, 244, 247; rogorc kavkasiis
234 delegati rsdmp yrilobaze, 266; qarTuli
socializmi: kulturulad koncentrirebu- menSevizmis Sesaxeb, 349
li, 92; decenrtalizebuli da plurali- tyibuli, 109, 113-114
zebuli qarTuli, 145; evropuli, 76-77; is-
toriuli konteqsti, 9; nacionalizmi, 93, ukraineli socialistebi, mniSvneloba, 76
312; qarTvelebisaTvis dapirebebi, 314 umciresobaTa samxreT rusuli organizacie-
socialuri egalitarianizmi, safuZveli, bi, konferencia, 236
352-353 umciresobebi: me-19 saukuneSi tiflisSi, 27-
socialuri emansipacia da erovnuli ganTa- 32; organizacia, 321-323
visufleba, Tanxvedra, 213 umiwo xiznebi, eqsploatacia, 39-40, 223-224
socialuri sistema, feodaluri, 16 umuSevroba, SiSi, 327-328
Sozialismus und Landwirtschaft (socializmi da urbanuli zrda, me-19 saukunis miwuruls, 42,
soflis meurneoba), 160 105-106, 129
spandariani sureni, 276 urTierTdaxmarebis sazogadoebebi, 257-258
specifistebi. ix. somxuri social-demokra- urTierTdakreditebis kavSirebi, 167
tiuli muSaTa organizacia urataZe grigoli, 74, 97, 139, 159, 168, 172, 174-
sruliad ruseTis demokratiuli konferen- 175, 187, 260, 266, 274; sruliad ruseTis
cia, 334-335 demokratTa yrilobaze, 333-334
sruliad kavkasiis muslimanTa yriloba, 321
Staat und Nation, 288-289 federalizmi, 71; daJineba, 137; rsdmp meore
stalini iosebi: arCevnebis sawinaaRmdego, yriloba, 130-131; ebraelTa bundi, 130-
138, 139, 218-219; dapatimreba, 126; kavka- 131; popularoba, 97; Jordania, 131, 274,
siis gaerTianebul komitetze, 156-157; 284, 296
gadasaxleba, 147; Sexeduleba muSaTa feodalizmi (batonymoba), 16
warmomadgenlobaze, 112, 114; ymaTa flo- filips morgani, Tavadi, 308-309
bis Sesaxeb, 176; Tergdaleulebi, 46. ix. filoqsera sazogadoeba, 83
agreTve, juRaSvili iosebi foTi, 101, 107; ajanyeba, 210-214; navTobgada-
stari frederiki s., 12 muSaveba, 73
staroselski vladimiri, 165-166, 169-170, 182, franCeski g., 129
186; rogorc quTaisis guberniis furcelaZe antoni, 50, 61
mmarTveli, 186, 187
stolipini, arCevnebis kanoni, 279 qavTaraZe iliko, 316
stopani a. m., 151 qavTaraZe sergo, 340
struvi petre, 78, 142 qalaqebi, me-19 saukunis bolos, 91-92
studentTa mkvlelobebi, 234 qalaqis duma, tiflisi, 295; somxuri xasiaTi,
194, 206; liberaluri xelmZRvaneloba, gionuli teritoriuli avtonomiebis

191; ndobis dakargva, 187-189; Ria forumi, programa, 285
196; warmomadgenloba, 278-279; rogorc Sirinkini, e. n., 221
revoluciuri organo, 267 `Sroma~, Jurnali, 62
qalaqis dumis roli aRmasrulebel komi-
tetebSi, 278 Cestertoni g. k., 9
`qargalTa kavSiri~, 119 CexeTis ganviTareba, rogorc magaliTi, 83,
qarTuli elita, asimilacia, 34 96, 103
qarTuli legioni, 305-306 `Cveni kvali~, gazeTi, 287
qarTuli universitetis daarsebis sazoga- CitaZe gola, 62, 119
doeba, 322-323 CiCua zaqaria, 233, 238
qarTul-somxuri urTierTobebi, 95-97, CodriSvili miSa, 61, 62, 106, 119, 121
106-107 CodriSvili zaqaria, 109, 121, 154
qarTvelebi, rogorc `glexTa eqspertebi~, CubiniZe valiko, 40-41, 117-118
228, 232 Cudecki pavle, dekanozi, 73-74
qarTveli xelovanebi, rogorc revoluciis CxeiZe giorgi, 110, 125, 134
radikali momxreebi, 210 CxeiZe karlo, 65, 81, 74, 105, 121, 122, 149,
qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcele- 150, 172, 192; dapatimreba, 150; dumaSi,
beli sazogadoeba, 52, 57, 70, 91, 205, 172; lideri, 285; memarcxene erovnul
258, 276 sakiTxze, 259-260
qarTuli erovnuli damoukideblobis ko- Cxenkeli akaki, 32, 163, 195-196, 248, 249; ka-
miteti, 305-306 vkasiis administraciuli gegma, 231-232;
qarTuli erovnuli komiteti, 305-306 dumaSi, 211; gadasaxlebuli, 219; lideri,
qarxnebi: daarseba, 93-94; kanonmdebloba 64; zomieri memarjvene erovnul sakiTxSi,
saqarTveloSi, 106; susti pasuxismge- 230-275; nacionalizmze, 77; Tergdaleul-
bloba, 106; samuSao pirobebi, 115-116 Ta Sesaxeb, 52
qiqoZe i., 61 CxikviSvili benia, 129, 130, 150
qiSmiSevi s. o., 47
qoli linda, 11 cabaZe vaso, 63, 87, 109-110, 121, 126, 134; ga-
quTaisi gubernia: ganaTlebis pativiscema, dasaxleba, 147; rsdmp pirvel yrilobaze,
172-173, 173-174; miwis SimSili, 164-167; mi- 139
wis rentis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, 167-168; sim- carizmis reJimi: damxoba, 292-293; politika
indi, rogorc ZiriTadi marcvleuli, 166- guriaSi, 182-184; radikaluri kritika, 59
167; 1905 wlis revolucia, 183-184; glexTa centraluri komiteti, `gaerTianebuli ple-
miwebis mflobelebi, 166-167; mosaxleobis numi~, 268
simWidrove, 165-166 cimbireli cimervaldistebi, 298
cincaZe kote, 139, 213, 336, 340, 346
Rarajiani gevorqi (s. T. arkomedi), 134 `ciskari~, Tavdasxma, 49
`cnobis furceli~ gazeTi, 98, 150
yifiani dimitri, 70 cxakaia miSa, 152-153, 157, 172, 175, 229, 276, 336;
ymaTa valdebulebebi, 56-57 1908 wlidan saqarTvelos farglebs ga-
ymebi: emansipacia, 45; mdgomareoba, tvirTi, reT, 276; rogorc leninis mimdevari, 229,
19 mesame (bolSevikTa) yriloba, 228-229
SaSxanebi, SeTavazeba social-demokratebi- Zalaufleba, misTvis brZola, 318-325

saTvis, 243
Saumiani stefane, 90, 136, 154, 276-277, 279; warmoeba, mniSvneloba, 327-328
erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb, 268, 285; re- wereTeli a. b., Tavadi, 176-177
wereTeli akaki, 50, 71 xani aRa mahmad tiflisis aoxreba, 11

wereTeli giorgi, 50, 53, 55, 58, 68; rogorc xatisovi (xatisiani), Tbilisis meri, 225,
`kvalis~ redaqtori, 55, 87; dakrZalva, 70; 306, 308
socializmis mxardaWera, 58-59; rogorc xaxanovi (xanxaniSvili) aleqsandre, 51
gardamavali figura da Jurnalisti, 54; xelosanTa zrda, 91
marqsistTa àxali Taobis~ Sesaxeb, 68-69 xomeriki noe, 129, 147, 156, 172, 177, 238; ro-
wereTeli vasili, muSaTa klasis Sesaxeb, 63- gorc lideri, 302
64, 80, 98 xundaZe simoni, 41
wereTeli irakli, 46, 55, 65, 74, 334, 348; ro-
gorc koaliciis mxardamWeri, 148, 267, jabadari iv., 61
269; rogorc `kvalis~ redaqtori, 55, 93; jariskacebi, samxedro mzaobis zrda, 249,
rogorc lideri, 353; memarcxene erovnul 318
sakiTxze, 286-287; rogorc oratori, jariskacebis deputatTa samxareo sabWos
280, 334; meore dumaSi, 271, 279; rogorc meore yriloba, arCevnebi, 341
`cimervaldisti~, 298 jafariZe arCili, 238, 278, 284; gardacvaleba,
wereTeli svimoni, 254 275; meore dumaSi, 278, 279, 280
`werili socialist aqtivistebs~, 63 jafariZe prokofi, mesame (bolSevikTa) yri-
loba, 228
wvril TavadaznaurTa qonebis saSualo maC-
jafariZe sergo, dumaSi arCeva, 254
venebeli, 165-166
`jvarcma~ sazogadoeba, moTxovnebi, 185
wvril vaWarTa sabWo, Tbilisi, 238, 253
jiblaZe silibistro, `silva~, 82, 192, 265, 307;
wvrili burJuazia, 63, 194; aliansi social-
dapatimreba, 126; kavkasiis gaerTianebis
demokratebTan, 234-235
komitetze, 137; gadasaxleba, 147; tifli-
wvrili Tavadaznauroba (aznaurebi), cariz-
sis social-demokratiuli komitetis
mis mimarT ambivalentoba, 18, 26
damfuZnebeli, 125-126; daselTa erT-erTi
wvrili Tavadaznauroba: sruli monawileo-
lideri, 82-83, 307; reformis saWiroebis
ba, 183; guriaSi, 144; leniniseuli gansaz-
Sesaxeb, 243, 244; sagaficvo komitetis
Rvreba, 112, 144, 146; rsdmp-s koncefcia,
Taobaze, 208; gurulebis mxardamWeri, 175;
144
mesame jgufis Sesaxeb, 87; muSaTa soflis
`wiTeli razmebi~, 182 Sesaxeb; 97; muSaTa klasis Sesaxeb, 85
wulukiZe aleqsandre (saSa), 96, 98, 137, 147, jonson Calmersi, 32
152 jorjaZe arCili, 31, 75, 98; ilia WavWavaZis
`wyaro~ (qarTvel social-demokratTa ga- Sesaxeb, 56; klasTa dayofis Sesaxeb, 34; na-
zeTi), 257 cionalizmis Sesaxeb, 28
jorjiaSvili arsena, 249
WavWavaZe ilia, 18, 38, 46, 50, 51-53, 54, 62, 71; juRaSvili iosebi (soso), 69, 94, 129, 134, 267-
sankt-peterburgis delegaciis wevri, 268, ix. agreTve stalini iosebi
200; dedaenis gamoyenebis moTxovna, 56; juReli severiane, 95, 126, 129, 134, 275, 280;
TergdaleulTa lideri, 56-57; mokluli, gardacvaleba, 275; meore dumaSi, 278
221; `muSa~, 102; gazeTis damaarsebeli, 14; juReli valiko, 307, 310, 312, 333
JordaniasTan polemika, 81; Sromebi, 46
WavWavaZe aleqsandre, Tavadi, 14-15, 16-18, 47, haiat (sicocxle) partia, 218
47 herve gustav erovnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb, 284
WavWavaZe z. g., Tavadi, 189 hnCakTa partia, 30, 136, 218, 253, 300
WiaTura, 24, 40, 129, 135, 216, 250 hobsbaumi erik, 173-174, 212
WiWinaZe n. g., 268 `humetTa~ (energia) partia, 30-31, 218
WiWinaZe zaqaria, 64, 72
WonqaZe danieli, 37, 70
ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba
qaquca ColoyaSvilis 3/5, Tbilisi, 0179, saqarTvelo
Ilia Chavchavadze State University Publishing

3/5 Cholokashvili Ave, Tbilisi, 0179, Georgia

Socialism in Georgian Colors - 7 Tavi

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Socialism in Georgian Colors - 7 Tavi

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socializmi qarTul ferebSi

The European Road to Social Democracy

social-demokratiis evropuli gza

ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universitetis gamomcemloba

mTargmneli: xaTuna CxeiZe

pirveli gamomcemeli Harvard University Press, 2005

inglisuri gamocemis yvela uflebas gankargavs President and Fellows of Harward

garekanze gamoyenebuli foto ibeWdeba saqarTvelos respublikis foto-

pirveli qarTuli gamocema 2008

yvela ufleba daculia. (dauSvebelia wignis romelime nawilis gamoyeneba gamom-

wigni iTargmna fondis `Ria sazogadoeba _ saqarTvelo~

c 2007 ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti

es wigni eZRvneba saqarTveloSi social-demokratiis mniSvnelovan

* wignSi `transkavkasia~ da `amierkavkasia~ sinonimebad aris gamoyenebuli. (red.SeniSvna)

aleqsandre kartoziasTan da levan berZeniSvilTan _ samivem farTod

wvdoma gamoavlines. Cemi vizitebi safrangeTSi gacilebiT rTuli iqne-

koloniuri reJimis pirobebSi saqarTvelosa da misi regionebis gan-

disciplinirebul koloniis elitasa da imperiisadmi mtrulad ganw-

nializmis epoqis gacilebiT Rrma analiziT Seicvala.3 roca mecnierebma

imperiaSi mcxovrebi ararusuli inteleqturi elitis ambivalenturi

mimarTa, rom misi samefo imperiaSi gaeerTianebina.13 qarTlis samefo

gamgeblebi erTmaneTSi ZiriTadad imaze kamaTobdnen, ra siswrafiT da ra

romelsac ukan ar dauxevia 1825 wels dekabristebisa da 1831 wels po-

iyo, sakuTari enis mxurvale qomagi da qarTuli interesebis damcveli.

ebi, romelTa rigebSi sWarbobdnen somxebi, samRvdeloeba da dabneuli

Tuli mejlisebiTa Tu wignebiT. aleqsandre WavWavaZe da SeTqmulebis

identobaze rusuli saxelmwifoebriobis sasargeblod, rusifikaciis

me-19 saukunis evropuli saxelmwifos mSeneblebis erT-erTi umTav-

rom `Cvenma istoriam Cven ganxeTqilebebiTa da mtrobiT erTmaneTisgan

uzerenitetis dasamyareblad ibrZodnen saqarTvelos teritoriaze, Ta-

rom Savi zRvis navsadgur redut-kaledan tiflisamde produqciis

me-19 saukunis bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi urbanuli migracia

da lazebi calke qvejgufSi Caweres.63 es ufro metad ruseTis imperiu-

`mxolod ena da gvartomoba gveubneba, suyvela qarTvelebi xar-

imedismomcemi da perspeqtiuli marqsisti, Jordania, albaT azvia-

lori, sacxovrebeli, sakvebi, tansacmeli Tu metyveleba. frangi so-

saqarTvelo eTnikurad da religiurad imperiis erT-erTi yvelaze

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 1897 wlis aRweris dros ruseTma 11 re-

cionalizmi, SeiZleba iTqvas, gabatonebuli ideologia iyo qarTvelebs

qarTul social-demokratias, miuxedavad imisa, rom is ruseTis

qarTvelebis pirispir aRmoCnda. me-19 saukunis bolosTvis TbilisSi ar-

politikuri organo ar gaaCndaT. humeti 1904 wlidan damoukidebel

cxovrobdnen, ZiriTadad sofelSi cxovrobdnen. marTalia, maT gaazre-

erTianoba, kulturuli Tavisufleba da ruseTis batonobis dasasruli

sobis mopovebisTvis.93 ucxo (anu somxuri) qalaquri kultura, romelmac

socialurad dayofili sazogadoeba

me-19 saukunis saqarTveloze arCil jorjaZe ambobda, es aris wodebe-

(wlebis Semdeg am observatoriaSi muSaobda axalgazrda stalini). jor-

Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas: zRvidan daberilma qarma~.101 `zRvidan daberili

ba gaRatakebis tolfasi iyo. qarTveli aristokratebi, ZiriTadad rus

saukunis bolosTvis batonymobis gauqmebam saqarTveloSi Ziri ga-

muSave glexebs 1905 wels: `zogi maTgani mxolod zafxulis ganmavlobaSi

muSaobda, maTgan TiTqmis sam meoTxeds 5 welze naklebi muSaobis staJi

1900 wels saqarTvelo Tanamedrove ganviTarebis zRurblze idga,

socializmi moereoda saqarTvelos warsuls da qarTvelebs mSvidobas

qarTuli social-demokratia centraluri ruseTisgan gansxvave-

icis, rodesac marqsistuli partiebi warmatebas aRwevdnen soflis

Si Tanasworobis, pirovnuli uflebebisa da erovnuli Tavisuflebis

kuri cnobiereba gaeRvivebinaT qarTvel erSio.11 yovelive zemoTqmuli

Tergdaleulebi: qarTveli eris pirveli `mSeneblebi ~

1832 wlis SeTqmulebam gamoavlina, rom qarTuli sazogadoebis

di grigol orbeliani (1804-1883) Tavis leqsSi `sadRegrZelo~ mimarTavs