The Norton Anthology

or Theory and Criticism

SECOND EDITION

Vincent B. Leitch, General Editor

GEORGE LYNN CROSS RESEARCH PROFESSOR
PAUL AND CAROL DAUBE SUTTON CHAIR IN ENGLISH
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA

W • W • NORTON & COMPANY • New York • London

 Contents

Alternative Table of Contents xix

Preface xxxiii
Acknowledgments xxxvii

INTRODUCTION TO THEORY AND CRITICISM

GORGIAS OF LEONTINI (ca. 483-376 B.C.E.) 37

From Encomium of Helen' 38

PLATO (ca. 427-ca. 347 B.C.E.) 41

Republic 45
From Book II 45
From Book III 52
From Book VII 60
From Book X 64
From Phaedrus 77

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C. E.) 83

Poetics 88
On Rhetoric 11!
Book I 115
From Chapter 2 1 15
From Chapter 3 1 16
Book II 117
From Chapter 1 1 17
Book III 118
From Chapter 2 1 18

HORACE (65-8 B.C.E.) 119

Ars Poetica 122

LONGINUS (first century C.E.) 133

From On Sublimity 136

AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (354-430) 154

On Christian Teaching 156
From Book One 156
From Book Two 158
From Book Three 160
vi / CONTENTS

MOSES MAIMONIDES (1135-1204) 162

The Guide of the Perplexed 165
• [Introduction to the First Part] 165

THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1274) 177

Summa Theologica 181
From Question I 181

DANTE ALIGHIERI (1265-1321) 184

II Convivio 186
Book Two 186
Chapter 1 186
From The Letter to Can Grande 188

GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO (1313-1375) 190

Genealogy of the Gentile Gods 193
Book 14 193
V. Other Cavillers at the Poets and Their Imputations 193
VII. The Definition of Poetry, Its Origin, and Function 195
XII. The Obscurity of Poetry Is Not Just Cause For
Condemning It 197

CHRISTINE DE PIZAN (ca. 1365-ca. 1429) 200

Christine's Reaction to Jean de Montreuil's Treatise on the
Roman de la Rose 203
The Book of the City of Ladies 210
From Part One 210
From Part Two 214

JOACHIM DU BELLAY (ca. 1522-1560) 216

The Defense and Enrichment of the French Language 218
First Book 218
Chapters 1-7 218
Second Book 225
Chapters 3-4 225

GIACOPO MAZZONI (1548-1598) 228

On the Defense of the Comedy of Dante 230
From Introduction and Summary 230

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY (1554-1586) 251

From The Defence of Poesy 254

PIERRE CORNEILLE (1606-1684) 283

Of the Three Unities of Action, Time, and Place 288

JOHN DRYDEN (1631-1700) 300

From An Essay of Dramatic Poesy 302
 CONTENTS / vii

APHRA BEHN (1640-1689) 304

The Dutch Lover 307
Epistle to the Reader 307
Preface to Fhe Lucky Chance 312

GIAMBATTISTA VICO (1668-1744) 315

From New Science 319

JOSEPH ADDISON (1672-1719) 336

The Spectator, No. 62 339
[True and False Wit] 339
The Spectator, No. 412 343
[On the Sublime"] 343

ALEXANDER POPE (1688-1744) 346

From An Essay on Criticism 349

SAMUEL JOHNSON (1709-1784) 362

The Rambler, No. 4 367
[On Fiction] 367
The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia 371
Chapter X. Imlac's History Continued. A Dissertation
upon Poetry 371
From Preface to Shakespeare 373
Lives of the English Poets 386
Frotw Cowley 386
[On Metaphysical Wit] 386

DAVID HUME (1711-1776) 388

Of the Standard of Taste 392

MMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) 406

Critique of the Power of Judgment 411
From Introduction 41 1
From First Book. Analytic of the Beautiful 414
From Second Book. Analytic of the Sublime 430

EDMUND BURKE (1729-1797) 450

A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas
of the Sublime and Beautiful 454
From Part I. Sections I—VIII 454
From Part III. Section XXVII 460

GOTTHOLD EPHRA1M LESSING (1729-1781) 461

From Laocoon 464

FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER (1759-1805) 481

On the Aesthetic Education of Man 483
Second Letter 483
viii / CONTENTS

Sixth Letter 484

Ninth Letter 490

MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1759-1797) '' 493

A Vindication of the Rights of Woman 496
From Chapter II. The Prevailing Opinion of a'Sexual
Character Discussed 496

GERMAINE NECKER DE STAEL (1766-1817) 504'

From Essay on Fictions 507
On Literature Considered in Its Relationship
to Social Institutions 515
On Women Writers (2.4) 515

FRIEDRICH SCHLEIERMACHER (1768-1834) 520

Hermeneutics 524
Outline of the 1819 Lectures 524
Introduction 524
Part Two. The Technical Interpretation 534

GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL (1770-1831) 536

Phenomenology of Spirit 541
[The Master-Slave Dialectic] 541
Lectures on Fine Art 547
From Introduction 547

WILLIAM WORDSWORTH (1770-1850) 556

Preface to Lyrical Ballads, with Pastoral and
Other Poems (1802) 559

SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE ,(,1.772-1834) 579

Biographia Literaria 584 . .. . :
Parti 584
From Chapter 1 584 ,.-;. . , , j .
From Chapter 4 584 , , ,; ,
From Chapter 13 585
Part II 586
Chapter 14 586

PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY (1792-1822) -591 , .

From A Defence of Poetry 595

RALPH WALDO EMERSON (1803-1882) 613

From The American Scholar 617
The Poet 620

EDGARALLANPOE (1809-1849) 636

The Philosophy of Composition 639
 CONTENTS / ix

KARL MARX and FRIEDRICH ENGELS

(1818-1883) (1820-1895) 647
From Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 • .651
From The German Ideology 655 •• •
From The Communist Manifesto 657 •.
From Grundrisse 661
From Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of
Political Economy 662
Capital, Volume 1 663
From Chapter 1. Commodities 663
From Chapter 10. The Working-Day 671
From Letter from Friedrich Engels to Joseph Bloch ' 674.

CHARLES BAUDELAIRE (1821-1867) 676 '

The Painter of Modern Life 680
From I. Beauty, Fashion, and Happiness 680
Frow III. The Artist, Man of the World, Man of the Crowd,
and Child 682
IV. Modernity 684
From IX. The Dandy 686
XI. In Praise of Cosmetics 688

MATTHEW ARNOLD (1822-1888) 691

The Function of Criticism at the Present Time 695
Culture and Anarchy 714
Frow Chapter 1. Sweetness and Light 714 ,

:
WALTER PATER (1839-1894) 721
Studies in the History of the Renaissance 724
Preface 724
Conclusion 728

STEPHANE MALLARME (1842-1898) 730

Crisis in Poetry 734

HENRY JAMES (1843-1916) 740

The Art of Fiction 744

FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE (1844-1900) 759

On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense 764
From The Birth of Tragedy 774

OSCAR WILDE (1854-1900) 785

Preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray 790
From The Decay of Lying: An Observation 790
From The Critic as Artist 794
x / CONTENTS

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) 807

The Interpretation of Dreams 814
From Chapter V. The Material and Sources of Dreams 814
From Chapter VI. The Dream-Work 818
From The "Uncanny" 824
Fetishism 841

FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE (1857-1913) 845

Course in General Linguistics 850
Introduction 850
From Chapter III. The Object of Linguistics 850
Part One. General Principles 852
Chapter I. Nature of the Linguistic Sign 852
Part Two. Synchronic Linguistics 856
Chapter IV. Linguistic Value 856
Chapter V. Syntagmatic and Associative Relations 863

W. E. B. DU BOIS (1868-1963) 867

Criteria of Negro Art 870

LEON TROTSKY (1879-1940) 877

Literature and Revolution 880
The Formalist School of Poetry and Marxism 880

VIRGINIA WOOLF (1882-1941) 892

A Room of One's Own 896
[Shakespeare's Sister] 896
[Chloe Liked Olivia] 898
[Androgyny] 900

GYORGYLUKACS (1885-1971) 905

The Historical Novel 909
From Chapter One. The Classical Form of the
Historical Novel 909

BORIS E1CHENBAUM (1886-1959) 921

From The Theory of the "Formal Method" 925

T. S. ELIOT (1888-1965) 951

Tradition and the Individual Talent 955
The Metaphysical Poets 961

JOHN CROWE RANSOM (1888-1974) 969

Criticism, Inc. 971

MARTIN HEIDEGGER (1889-1976) 982

Language 985

ANTONIO GRAMSCI (1891-1937) 998

The Formation of the Intellectuals 1002
 CONTENTS /

ZORANEALEHURSTON (1891-1960) 1008

Characteristics of Negro Expression 1010
What White Publishers Won't Print 1023

ERICHAUERBACH (1892-1957) 1027

Mimesis: The Representation of Reality in Western Literature 1030
Chapter 1. Odysseus'Scar 1030

WALTER BENJAMIN (1892-1940) 1046

The Work of Art in the Age of Its Technological Reproducibility 1051

MIKHAIL M. BAKHTIN (1895-1975) 1072

From Discourse in the Novel 1076

MAX HORKHEIMER and THEODOR W ADORNO

(1895-1973) (1903-1969) 1107
Dialectic of Enlightenment 1110
From The Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass
Deception 1110

EDMUND WILSON (1895-1972) 1127

The Historical Interpretation of Literature 1130

ROMAN JAKOBSON (1896-1982) 1141

Frow Linguistics and Poetics 1144
Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic
Disturbances 1 152
V. The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles 1152

JACQUES LACAN (1901-1981) 1156

The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as
Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience 1163
From The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious 1169
The Signification of the Phallus 1181

LANGSTON HUGHES (1902-1967) 1190

The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain 1 192

JEAN-PAUL SARTRE (1905-1980) 1196

What Is Literature? 1199
Why Write? 1199

CLEANTH BROOKS (1906-1994) 1213

The Well Wrought Urn 1217
Chapter 11. The Heresy of Paraphrase 1217

WILLIAM K. WIMSATT JR. and MONROE C. BEARDSLEY

(1907-1975) (1915-1985) 1230
The Intentional Fallacy 1232
The Affective Fallacy 1246
xii / CONTENTS

SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR (1908-1986) 1261

The Second Sex 1265 " • • \
Chapter XI. Myth and Reality 1265 ;

CLAUDE LEVI-STRAUSS (1908-2009) 1273

Tristes Tropiques 1277 •' •
Chapter 28. A Writing Lesson 1277

J.L.AUSTIN (1911-1960) 1286

Performative Utterances 1289

NORTHROP FRYE (1912-1991) 1301

The Archetypes of Literature 1304

ROLAND BARTHES (1915-1980) 1316

Mythologies 1320
Photography and Electoral Appeal 1320
The Death of the Author 1322
From Work to Text 1326

LOUIS ALTHUSSER (1918-1990) 1332

From Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses 1335

PAUL DE MAN (1919-1983) 1361

Semiology and Rhetoric 1365

C D . NARASIMHAIAH (1919-2005) 1378 ,

Towards the Formulation of a Common Poetic for
Indian Literatures Today 1382

IRVING HOWE (1920-1993) 1387

History and the Novel 1391.

HANS ROBERT JAUSS (1921-1997) 1403

From Literary History as a Challenge to Literary Theory 1406

RAYMOND WILLIAMS (1921-1988) 1420

Base and Superstructure in Marxist Cultural Theory 1423

GILLES DELEUZE and FELIX GUATTARI

(1925-1995) (1930-1992) 1446
Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature 1451
From Chapter 3. What Is a Minor Literature? 1451

FRANTZFANON (1925-1961) 1437

The Wretched of the Earth 1440
From On National Culture 1440
A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 1454
From. Introduction: Rhizome 1454
 CONTENTS / xiii

JEAN-FRANCOIS LYOTARD (1925-1998) 1463

Defining the Postmodern 1465

MICHEL FOUCAULT (1926-1984) 1469

What Is an Author? 1475
Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison 1490
TheCarceral 1490
The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, An Introduction 1502
Part Two: The Repressive Hypothesis 1502
Chapter 1. The Incitement to Discourse 1502
Chapter 2. The Perverse Implantation 1513
*
WOLFGANG ISER (1926-2007) 1521
Interaction between Text and Reader 1524

HAYDEN WHITE (b. 1928) 1533

The Historical Text as Literary Artifact 1536

JEAN BAUDRILLARD (1929-2007) 1553

Frow The Precession of Simulacra 1556

JURGEN HABERMAS (b. 1929) 1566

The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article 1571
Modernity—An Incomplete Project 1577

ADRIENNE RICH (b. 1929) 1588

Frow Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence 1591

CHINUAACHEBE (b. 1930) 1610

An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Fieart of Darkness 1612

ADUNIS(b. ca. 1930) 1623

An Introduction to Arab Poetics 1628
From Chapter 1. Poetics and Orality in the Jahiliyyu 1628
From Chapter 4. Poetics and Modernity 1634

HAROLD BLOOM (b. 1930) 1648

The Anxiety of Influence 1651
Introduction. A Meditation upon Priority, and a Synopsis 1651
Interchapter. A Manifesto for Antithetical Criticism 1658

PIERRE BOURDIEU (1930-2002) 1660

Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste 1664
Introduction 1664
Rules of Art: Genesis and Structure of the Literary Field 1670
Part I. Frow Chapter 2 1670-
Part III. From Chapter 1 1673
xiv / CONTENTS

JACQUES DERRIDA (1930-2004) 1680

Of Grammatology 1688
Exergue 1688
The Exorbitant. Question of Method 1691
Dissemination 1697
Plato's Pharmacy 1697
I
1. Pharmacia 1698
2. The Father of Logos 1706
4. From The Pharmakon 1713
5. The Pharmakeus 1727
II
From 9. Play: ftom the Pharmakon to the Letter
and from Blindness to the Supplement 1729
Specters of Marx 1734
Front Chapter 1. Injunctions of Marx 1734
From Chapter 3. Wears and Tears 1739

ZEHOULI(b. 1930) 1744

Four Essays on Aesthetics: Toward a Global View 1748
Chapter 8. The Stratification of Form and Primitive
Sedimentation 1748

RICHARD OHMANN(b. 1931) 1761

From The Shaping of a Canon: U.S. Fiction, 1960-1975 1763

STUART HALL (b. 1932) 1779

Cultural Studies and Its Theoretical Legacies 1782

BARBARA HERRNSTEIN SMITH (b. 1932) 1795

Contingencies of Value 1798
Chapter 3. Contingencies of Value 1798

FREDRIC JAMESON (b. 1934) 1818

The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act 1822
Preface 1822
From Chapter 1. On Interpretation: Literature as a Socially
Symbolic Act 1826
Postmodernism and Consumer Society 1846

EDWARD W. SAID (1935-2003) 1861

Orientalism 1866
Introduction 1866
Culture and Imperialism 1888
Chapter 2, Section 2. Jane Austen and Empire

MONIQUE WFITIG (1935-2003) 1904

One Is Not Born a Woman 1906
 CONTENTS / xv

BENEDICT ANDERSON (b. 1936) 1913

Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and
Spread of Nationalism 1916
Chapter 3. The Origins of National Consciousness 1916

SANDRA M. GILBERT and SUSAN GUBAR

(b. 1936) (b. 1944) 1923
The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the
Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination 1926
From Chapter 2. Infection in the Sentence: The Woman
Writer and the Anxiety of Authorship 1926

HELENE CIXOUS (b. 1937) 1938

The Laugh of the Medusa 1942

GERALD GRAFF (b. 1937) 1960

Taking Cover in Coverage 1962

STANLEY E. FISH (b. 1938) 1970

Interpreting the Variorum 1974

NGUGI WATHIONGO (b. 1938), TABAN LO LIYONG (b. 1939),

HENRY OWUOR-ANYUMBA (1932-1992) 1992
On the Abolition of the English Department 1995

PAULA GUNN ALLEN (1939-2008) 2000

Kochinnenako in Academe: Three Approaches to Interpreting
a Keres Indian Tale 2003

TZVETAN TODOROV (b. 1939) 2021

Structural Analysis of Narrative 2023

KARATANI KOJIN (b. 1941) 2031

Origins of Modern Japanese Literature 2035
Frow Chapter 1. The Discovery of Landscape 2035

ANNETLE KOLODNY (b. 1941) 2045

Dancing through the Minefield: Some Observations on the Theory,
Practice, and Politics of a Feminist Literary Criticism 2048

JULIA KR1STEVA (b. 1941) 2067

Revolution in Poetic Language 2071
Frow Part I. The Semiotic and the Symbolic 2071

LAURA MULVEY(b. 1941) 2081

Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema 2084
xvi / CONTENTS

;
GLORIA ANZALDUA (1942-2004) 2095 • •
Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza 2098
Chapter 7. La conciencia de la mestiza: Towards a New'
Consciousness 2098 ^ ' .

GAYATRI CHAKRAVORTY SPIVAK (b. 1942) '2110

A Critique of Postcolonial Reason 2114
From Chapter 3.,History 2114
[Can the Subaltern Speak?] 2114 ,

BARBARA CHRISTIAN (1943-2000) 2126 •

The Race for Theory 2128

TERRY EAGLETON(b. 1943) 2137

Literary Theory: An Introduction 2140
From Chapter 1. The Rise of English 2140

STEPHEN J. GREENBLATT (b. 1943) 2146

From Resonance and Wonder 2150

N. KATHERINE HAYLES (b. 1943) 2161

How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics,
Literature, and Informatics 2165
Chapter 2. Virtual Bodies and Flickering Signifiers 2165

DONNA HARAWAY (b. 1944) 2187

A Manifesto for Cyborgs: Science, Technology, and
Socialist Feminism in the 1980s 2190

BARBARA SMITH (b. 1946) 2221

Toward a Black Feminist Criticism 2223

SUSAN BORDO(b. 1947) 2237 .

Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body 2240
Chapter 5. T h e Body and the Reproduction of Femininity 2240

BARBARA JOHNSON (1947-2009) 2255

From Melville's Fist: The Execution of Billy Budd 2258

BRUNO LATOUR (b. 1947) 2277

Why Has Critique Run Out of Steam? From Matters of Fact
to Matters of Concern 2282- • ••

MARTHA C. NUSSBAUM (b. 1947) 2302

Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in
Liberal Education 2306 • • '
Chapter 3. T h e Narrative Imagination 2306
 CONTENTS / xvii

BONNIE ZIMMERMAN (b. 1947) 2328

What Has Never Been: An Overview of Lesbian Feminist
Literary Criticism 2331

HOMI K. BHABHA (b. 1949) 2351

The Commitment to Theory 2353

GAYLE RUBIN (b. 1949) 2373 •

From Thinking Sex: Notes for A Radical Theory of the Politics
of Sexuality 2377

SLAVOJ ZIZEK (b. 1949) 2402

Courtly Love, or, Woman As Thing 2407

HENRY LOUIS GATES JR. (b. 1950) 2427

Talking Black: Critical Signs of the Times , 2430

FRANCO MORETTI (b. 1950) 2438

Graphs, Maps, Trees: Abstract Models for a Literary History 2441
Chapter 1. Graphs 2441

EVE KOSOFSKY SEDGWICK (1950-2009) 2464

Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire 2466
Frow Introduction 2466 ' '
Epistemology of the Closet 2470
Frow Introduction: Axiomatic 2470

DICKHEBDIGE(b. 1951) 2477

Subculture: The Meaning of Style 2481
Chapter 6. Subculture: The Unnatural Break 2481

STEVEN KNAPP and WALTER BENN MICHAELS

(b. 1951) (b. 1948) 2488
Against Theory 2491

BELL HOOKS (b. Gloria Jean Watkins, 1952) 2507

Postmodern Blackness 2509

LISA LOWE (b. 1955) 2516

Work, Immigration, Gender: New Subjects of Cultural Politics 25 19

JUDITH BUTLER (b. 1956) 2536

Gender Trouble 2540
From Preface 2540
From Chapter 3. Subversive Bodily Acts 2542
xviii / CONTENTS

PAUL GILROY(b. 1956) 2553

The'Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness 2556
From Chapter 1. The Black Atlantic as a Counterculture
of Modernity 2556

ANDREW ROSS (b. 1956) 2575

From The Mental Labor Problem 2578

LAUREN BERLANT and MICHAEL WARNER

(b. 1957) (b. 1958) 2597
Sex in Public 2600
<.
MICHAEL HARDT and ANTONIO NEGRI
(b. 1960) (b. 1933) 2615
Empire 2621
From Part 2. Section 4. Symptoms of Passage 2621

JUDITH HALBERSTAM (b. 1961) 2635

The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Men, Women, and
Masculinity 2638

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THEORY AND CRITICISM 2655

I. Theory and Criticism Bibliographies 2655
II. Anthologies of Theory and Criticism 2655
III. Histories of Criticism and Theory 2658
IV. Dictionaries, Glossaries, and Handbooks 2663
V. Introductions and Guides 2663
VI. Modern and Contemporary Critical Schools and
Movements 2664

Permissions Acknowledgments 2689

Author/Title Index 2697

Subject Index 2701