Integration

Antiderivatives
 In each case, the problem is to find a function F
whose derivative is a known function f.
 If such a function F exists, it is called an
antiderivative of f.

Definition
A function F is called an antiderivative of f on
an interval I if F’(x) = f (x) for all x in I.
 Find the integral.
(Find the antiderivative.)


n
x dx = ?
n 1
1
n 1 x C
 Antiderivatives
Theorem

 If F is an antiderivative of f on an interval I, then

the most general antiderivative of f on I is
F(x) + C
where C is an arbitrary constant.

 Going back to the function f (x) = x2, we see that

the general antiderivative of f is ⅓ x3 + C.
 Notation for Antiderivatives
 The symbol  f ( x )dx is traditionally used to
represent the most general an antiderivative of f
on an open interval and is called the indefinite
integral of f .

 Find  dx
x 2
 Solution:
2 𝑥3
 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
3
 Power Rule for the Indefinite
Integral
n 1
x
 x dx   C if n  1
n
n 1

4
x
 x dx  C
3
Example:
4
Power Rule for the Indefinite
Integral
1
 
1
x dx  dx  ln x  C
x

Indefinite Integral of ex and bx

x
b
 e dx  e  C  b dx  C
x x x
ln b
 Sum and Difference Rules

  f  g  dx   
fdx  gdx

Example:

 
3 2
x x

x  x dx  x dx  xdx    C 
2 2
3 2
 Constant Multiple Rule

 
kf ( x)dx  k f ( x)dx (k constant)

Example:
4 4
x x
 
2 x dx  2 x dx  2  C  C
3 3
4 2
Examples on
your own:
 Find the integral of each:
1.)  8 dx 2.)  (2x  6) dx
2x 2
F(x)  8x  c F(x)   6x  c
2
 
F(x)  x 2  6x  c

 (6x 2 12x  8) dx 4.)  12x  9) dx
2
3.) (9x
6x 12x 
3 2
F(x) 
9x 3 12x 2
  9x  c
F(x)    8x  c 3 2
 3 2

F(x)  2x 3  6x 2  8x  c

F(x)  3x 3  6x 2  9x  c

 Find the integral of each:
14.)  3 dx
4
13.)  10
dx
x2 x

 dx
3
 10 x
2 4 x
dx

 10  x dx 2  4 x 3 dx

x 1 x 2
F(x)  10 C F(x)  4 C
1 2

10 2
F(x)  C F(x)   2  C
x
x 


 Application
 Suppose a publishing company has found
that the marginal cost at a level of
production of x thousand books is given by
50
𝑀𝐶 =
𝑄
and that the fixed cost (before any book is
published) is K25,000.
 Find the cost function
 Solution
1
50
C '(x )  First, rewrite the function. C '(x )  50x 2

x
1
 1
1

x2 
 2

50x dx  50 x dx  50 

2
1  K

 2 
Before any books are
 21  1
 50  2x   k  100x 2  k produced the fixed
cost is $25,000—so
  C(0)=25,000
1
C  x   100x  k
2
1
25, 000  100(0)  k C (x )  100x  25,000
2

25, 000  k
 Example 2
 Suppose the marginal revenue from a
product is given by 400e-0.1q + 8.
 Find the revenue function.
 Find the demand function.
 Application - Demand
 a) Find the revenue function.
 R’(q) = 400e-0.1q + 8

R(q) 
 (400e 0.1q  8)dq

e 0.1q Set R and q = 0 to

 400  8q  C solve for C.
0.1
0.1q 0  4000e 0.1(0)  8(0)  C
 4000e  8q  C 4000  C

R(q) = 400e-0.1q + 8q + 4000

 Application - Demand
 B) Find the demand function.
 Recall that R = Pq where p is the
demand function
 R = Pq

 400e-0.1q + 8q + 4000 = Pq

400e-0.1q + 8q + 4000 = P
q
 Example 3
 If a marginal revenue function is given as
𝑀𝑅 = 10𝑄2 + 6𝑄 − 3,
 find an expression for the total revenue
function(TR).
 Find an expression for the demand
function
 Example 4
 A firm’s marginal cost function is
𝑀𝐶 = 𝑄 2 + 2𝑄 + 4
 Find the total cost function if the fixed
costs are 100.
 Example 5
 The marginal revenue function of a
monopolistic producer is
0.1
𝑀𝑅 = 0.5 +
𝑄
Find the total revenue function and deduce
the corresponding demand equation.
The End of BBA120