IMPEDANCE MATCHING

ETC 7.2 Unit 2, MWE, SEM 7

Mr. Mayur Gambhir,
Dept. of ETC

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QUARTER WAVE TRANSFORMER
• Useful and practical circuit for impedance matching
• Provides a simple transmission line circuit
• illustrates the properties of standing waves on a mismatched line
• Impedance viewpoint is approached

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QUARTER WAVE TRANSFORMER:
IMPEDANCE VIEWPOINT

Quarter-wave matching transformer (Ref: Pozar, D; Microwave

Engineering 4/e)
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QUARTER WAVE TRANSFORMER:
IMPEDANCE VIEWPOINT (cont)
• Load resistance RL and the feedline charact impedance Z0 : both real and assumed
to be known.
• These two connected with a lossless piece of tx- line of (unknown) charact
impedance Z1 and length λ/4.
• It is desired to match the load ZL to the Z0 line by using the λ/4 section of line and
so make Refl Coeff, Γ = 0 looking into the λ/4 matching section.
• ℓ= λ/4
• Input impedance Zin can be found as

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QUARTER WAVE TRANSFORMER:
IMPEDANCE VIEWPOINT (cont)
• For βℓ= (2π/λ)*(λ/4) = π/2
• divide the num and denom by tan βℓ and take limit as βℓ → π/2.
• Therefore:

• NOTE: Z1 is unknown

• for Γ = 0 , → Zin = Z0 (for reflections to be zero)

• Therefore:

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QUARTER WAVE TRANSFORMER:
IMPEDANCE VIEWPOINT (cont)
• Example 1
• Consider a load resistance RL = 100Ω to be matched to a 50 Ω line with a
quarter-wave transformer. Find the characteristic impedance of the matching section.

Solution
• RL= 100 Ω, Z0 = 50 Ω (characteristic impedance of feed line)
• To find: Characteristic imped of Q wave matching section= Z1

• Hence Z1 = 70.71 Ω

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L-SECTION IMPEDANCE MATCHING
(Lumped elements)
• Simplest type of matching
• Uses 2 reactive elements (lumped) to match arbitrary load imped to Tx-
line
• 2 possible configurations:

Figure 2: L-section Matching circuits for (a) zL inside 1+jx circle; (b) zL outside 1+jx circle
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L-SECTION IMPEDANCE MATCHING:
ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS
• To obtain simple expressions
• Consider circuit of Fig 2(a)
• Let 𝑍𝐿 = 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿
• This ckt for 𝑧𝐿 = 𝑍𝐿 /𝑍0 inside 1 + jx circle (ie 𝑅𝐿 > 𝑍0 )
• Impedance seen looking into matching n/w followed by load imped must
be = Z0 for match.
1
• Ie 𝑍0 = 𝑗𝑋 + 1
𝑗𝐵+ 𝑅 +𝑗𝑋
𝐿 𝐿

• Rearrangaing, and mult and div by 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿

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L-SECTION IMPEDANCE MATCHING:
ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS (cont)
𝑅𝐿 +𝑗𝑋𝐿
• 𝑍0 = 𝑗𝑋 +
𝑗𝐵(𝑅𝐿 +𝑗𝑋𝐿 )+1
• 𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍0 𝐵 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 = −𝐵𝑋 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 .

• 𝑍0 − 𝑍0 𝐵 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 𝐵𝑅𝐿 = −𝐵𝑋 𝑅𝐿 + 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑗𝐵𝑋 𝑋𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 .

• Equating real and imaginary parts:
• 𝐵 𝑋𝑅𝐿 − 𝑋𝐿 𝑍0 = 𝑅𝐿 − 𝑍0 . … Eq (2𝑎)
• 𝑋 1 − 𝐵𝑋𝐿 = 𝑍0 𝐵𝑅𝐿 − 𝑋𝐿 . … Eq (2b)
• ∴ 2 equations for two unknowns X and B
• Solving Eq (2a) for X and subst into Eq (2b)

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L-SECTION IMPEDANCE MATCHING:
ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS (cont)
• Solution is:
𝑋𝐿 ± 𝑅𝐿 /𝑍0 𝑅𝐿2 +𝑋𝐿2 −𝑍0 𝑅𝐿
• 𝐵= . … (3)
𝑅𝐿2 +𝑋𝐿2
• Note: Since 𝑅𝐿 > 𝑍0 , term under second square root is always positive.
• Hence: series reactance is found as :
1 𝑋𝐿 𝑍0 𝑍0
• 𝑋= + − . … (4)
𝐵 𝑅𝐿 𝐵𝑅𝐿
• Eq (4) indicates 2 solutions are possible for B, and hence for X.

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L-SECTION IMPEDANCE MATCHING:
ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS (cont)
• X = reactance
• Positive value of X: Inductor (XL)
• Negative value of X: Capacitor (XC)
• B = susceptance
• Positive value of B: Capacitor (BC)
• Negative value of B: Inductor (BL)

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L-SECTION IMPEDANCE MATCHING:
ANALYTIC SOLUTIONS (cont)
• Consider circuit of Fig 2 (b): for zL outside 1+jx circle, ie: 𝑅𝐿 < 𝑍0
• Admittance looking into matching n/w must be equal to 1/Z0 for match
1 1
• = 𝑗𝐵 + . … (4)
𝑍0 𝑅𝐿 +𝑗(𝑋+𝑋𝐿 )
• Rearranging and separate into real and imag parts
• 𝐵𝑍0 𝑋 + 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑍0 − 𝑅𝐿 . … 5𝑎
• 𝑋 + 𝑋𝐿 = 𝑍0 𝑅𝐿 . … 5𝑏
• Solving for X and B
• 𝑋 = ± 𝑅𝐿 (𝑍0 − 𝑅𝐿 ) − 𝑋𝐿 . … 6𝑎
± (𝑍0 −𝑅𝐿 )/𝑅𝐿
• 𝐵= . … 6𝑏
𝑍0

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L-SECTION IMPEDANCE MATCHING: SMITH CHART
SOLN (Ex 5.1 Pozar 4/ed)
• EXAMPLE 5.1 L-SECTION IMPEDANCE MATCHING
Design an L-section matching network to match a series RC load with an impedance
Z L = 200 - j100 Ω to a 100 Ω line at a frequency of 500 MHz.

• Solution:

• Given: ZL= 200- j100 Ω, Z0 = 100 Ω, f = 500 MHz

• Normalized load impedance is zL = 2 - j1, which is plotted on the Smith

chart of Figure 5.3a (textbook).
• This point is inside the 1 + jx circle, so we use the matching circuit of
Figure 2a.
• Because the first element from the load is a shunt susceptance, convert to
admittance by drawing the SWR circle through the load, and a straight line
from the load through the center of the chart, as shown in Figure 5.3a.
(diametrically opposite on SWR circle)
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L-SECTION IMPEDANCE MATCHING: SMITH CHART
SOLN (Ex 5.1 Pozar 4/ed) (contd)
• After we add the shunt susceptance and convert back to impedance, we want to be
on the 1 + jx circle so that we can add a series reactance to cancel jx and match the
load.
• This means that the shunt susceptance must move us from yL to the 1 + jx circle on
the Smith chart.
• Thus, we construct the rotated 1 + jx circle as shown in Figure 5.3a (center at r =
0.333).
• Then we see that adding a susceptance of jb = j0.3 will move us
along a constant-conductance circle to y = 0.4 + j0.5 (this choice is the shortest
distance from yL to the shifted 1 + jx circle).
• Converting back to impedance (diametrically opposite, now cuts on 1+jx circle)
leaves us at z = 1 - j1.2, indicating that a series reactance of x = j1.2 will bring us to
the center of the chart (i.e. reactance is cancelled).

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Fig 5.3 a
(Pozar 4th
ed)

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L-SECTION IMPEDANCE MATCHING: SMITH
CHART SOLN- Ex 5.1 (Pozar 4/ed)(cont)
Solution 1

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