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THE

A to Z
OF CHEMISTRY Dr. Ritu Johar
Dr. Anshul Johar
 ALKYL & ARYL HALIDES
Alkyl Halides & Aryl halides Lecture 3

LECTURE 3
❖ NOMENCLATURE-II

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 ALKYL & ARYL HALIDES
❖ NOMENCLATURE-
➢ Naming the alkyl halides/haloalkanes (continued)
❑ Monohalogen derivatives-
Alkyl Halides & Aryl halides Lecture 3

▪ Common/Trivial names- (Alkyl groups)- Alkyl group attached to the

halogen atom is named as-
−𝑯
R-H R-
Alkane Alkyl group
o The name of the alkyl group corresponds to the name of alkane.
o While converting neo or iso alkanes into neo & iso alkyl radical, H atom
is removed in such a way that neo & iso structures are left intact.
o All n-, iso & neo groups are primary (1°) except the isopropyl group
which is secondary (2°)
H3C-CH- H3C-CH-CH2-
| |
CH3 CH3
Isopropyl radical Isobutyl radical

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 ALKYL & ARYL HALIDES
➢ Types of alkyl groups-
✓ N-alkyl group
1° 1° 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝟏° 𝑯 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎
Alkyl Halides & Aryl halides Lecture 3

H3C-CH2-CH3 H3C-CH2-CH2-
n-propane n-propyl radical
✓ Isoalkyl group- All isoalkyl groups are 1° except isopropyl
CH3 CH3
| 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝟏° 𝑯 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 |
1° 1° CH3-CH-CH2- ALWAYS REMOVE
CH3-CH-CH3
Isobutyl group HYDROGEN FROM
Isobutane
THE END OPPOSITE
CH3 TO THE ISO
| STRUCTURAL UNIT
1°
CH3 CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
1° | 1° Isopentyl group distorted
CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 CH3
Isopentane |
CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-
Isopentyl group intact

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 ALKYL & ARYL HALIDES
H3C-CH-
1° 2° 1° 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝟐° 𝑯 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎
H3C-CH2-CH3 |
CH3
Alkyl Halides & Aryl halides Lecture 3

Propane Isopropyl group

✓ Neoalkyl group-
1°CH CH3
3
| |
1° 1° 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝟏° 𝑯 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 CH3-C-CH2-CH2-
CH3-C-CH2-CH3
|
1°|
CH3 CH3
Neohexane Neohexyl group

✓ Sec-alkyl groups- Alkyl groups obtained by removal of 2° Hydrogen atom

1° 2° 2° 1° 𝑹𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒂𝒍 𝒐𝒇 𝟐° 𝑯 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 CH3-CH-CH2-CH3

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
|
n-Butane
Sec-butyl group

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 ALKYL & ARYL HALIDES
✓ Tert-alkyl groups- Alkyl groups obtained by removal of 3° Hydrogen atom
1°CH CH3
3
| |
Alkyl Halides & Aryl halides Lecture 3

1° 3° 1° CH3-C-CH3
CH3-CH-CH3
Isobutane |
Isobutyl radical
CH3
|
CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-
Isopentyl group
CH3 CH3
| |
CH3-CH-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH-CH-CH3
Isopentane |
Sec-pentyl group
CH3
|
CH3-C-CH3
|
Tert-pentyl group

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 ALKYL & ARYL HALIDES
Exercise- Write the common names of the following alkyl halides-
1. CH3CH2CH2F
Alkyl Halides & Aryl halides Lecture 3

4. CH3
2. CH3CHCH3 |
| CH3-C-CH3
I |
Cl

3. CH3CHCH2CH3 5. CH3
| |
Cl CH3-C-CH2Cl
|
CH3

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 ALKYL & ARYL HALIDES
❑ Dihalo & Polyhalo Derivatives-
▪ Dihalo derivatives-
Alkyl Halides & Aryl halides Lecture 3

X
| | | | |
| |
- C-C - -C-C-C-
- C-C -
| | | | |
| |
X X X X
X
Vicinal Dihalides 𝜶 − 𝝎 halides
Gem Dihalides
Alkylene dihalide Polymethylene dihalide
Alkylidene dihalide
Alkylene halide. E.g., e.g.,
Alkylidene halide. E.g.,
CH2Cl-CH2Cl C-C-C-C
CH3-CHCl2
Ethylene dichloride | |
Ethylidene dichloride
(1,2-Dichloro ethane) Br Br
CH3
CH3 Tetramethylene bromide
|
| (1,4-Dibromobutane)
CH3 – C – Cl
CH3 – C – CH2
|
| |
Cl
Br Br
Isopropylidene dichloride
Isobutylene bromide
(2,2-Dichloropropane)
(1,2-Dibromo-2-methylpropane)
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 ALKYL & ARYL HALIDES
❑ Polyhalo derivatives-
✓ Trihalomethanes are named as haloforms, e.g.,
CHCl3 CHBr3 CHI3
Alkyl Halides & Aryl halides Lecture 3

Chloroform Bromoform Iodoform

Trichloromethane Tribromomethane Triiodomethane
✓ Tetrahalomethanes are named as carbon tetrahalides, e.g.,
CCl4 CBr4
Carbon tetrachloride Carbon tetrabromide
Tetrachloromethane Tetrabromomethane
✓ Fully halogenated hydrocarbons are named as perhalohydrocarbons, e.g.,
CF3.CF2.CF3
Perflluoropropane
(Octafluoropropane)
✓ Polyhaloalkanes & other more complex compounds are generally named according to IUPAC
system.

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See you for the Lecture 3 on
NOMENCLATURE OF ALKYL & ARYL HALIDES in
The Alkyl & Aryl Halides on

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