PAPER

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH

“Definition, Types, and Examples of Research Variables”

By

Group IV

Mirdayanti (170230046)

Rita Juliana (170220058)

ENGLISH EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

UNIVERSITY OF SEMBILANBELAS NOVEMBER KOLAKA

2020
 LIST OF CONTENT

TITLE SHEET..................................................................................................................... i
LIST OF CONTENTS......................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................1
1.1. Background ...................................................................................................................1
1.2. Problem formulation .....................................................................................................1
1.3. Purpose..........................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION ................................................................................................2
2.1 Definition of research variable.......................................................................................2
2.2 The types of research variable....................................................................................... 4
2.3 The examples of research variable.................................................................................4
CHAPTER III CLOSING.....................................................................................................9
3.1 Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 9
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................10
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Research variables are anything in the form that is determined by a researcher
for the purpose of studying so that information is obtained about it and a conclusion is
drawn.
Variables are very important in a study, because it is impossible for a
researcher to conduct research without variables.
This research variable is very much determined by the theoretical basis and its
clarity which is confirmed by the research hypothesis. Therefore, if the theoretical
basis in a study is different, the results of the variables will be different.
Then the variables to be used need determination, classification and
identification. The extent and narrowness of the research variables can also determine
the number of variables to be used.
There are variable differences between extract science and social science. In
the science of extracting the variables used are usually easy to know because they can
be seen and visualized.
Meanwhile, the variables in social science are abstract so that they are difficult
to touch in reality. Social science variables arise from a concept that needs to be
explained and transformed so that they can be measured and used operationally.

B. Problem formulation
1. What is definition of research variable?
2. What are the types of research variables?
3. What are examples of research variables?

C. Purpose
1. To know about the definition of research variable.
2. To know the types of research variable.
` 3. To know the examples of research variables.
 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

2.1 Definition of research variable

The variables in the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) mean that they can
change, vary, vary (regarding price, quality, and so on).
Most experts define research variables as conditions that have been
manipulated, controlled, or observed by a researcher in a study.
Some experts also define that what is called a variable is anything that will be
the object of observation in a study. From the two definitions above, it can be
interpreted that the research variables include the factors that play a role in the
research process itself.

2.1.1 Definitiong according to experts

 Sudigdo Sastroasmoro
Variables are characteristics of research subjects that change from one subject
to another.

 Hatch dan Farhady (1981)

In this opinion, variables are defined as attributes or objects that have

variations between objects and other objects.
 Bhisma Murti (1996)

According to Bhisma, the definition of a variable is a phenomenon that has a

variation in value and a variation in its value that can be measured
qualitatively and quantitatively.

 Kidder (1981)
According to Kidder's opinion, a variable is a quality in which the researcher
studies and draws a conclusion from the research process.
 Dr. Soekidjo Notoatmojo (2002)

According to Dr. Soekidjo, namely:

- Variable contains the sense of size or characteristics possessed by

members in a group that is different from what other groups have.
- A variable is something that is used as a trait, trait, or trait obtained from
research on certain concepts. For example, education, age, genes,
occupation, knowledge, and so on.

 Dr. Ahmad Watik Pratiknya (2007)

According to Dr. Watik, variable is a concept that has variability. While the
concept is a description or abstraction of a particular phenomenon.

 Dr. Soekidjo Notoatmojo (2002)

According to Dr. Soekidjo, namely:

• Variable contains the sense of size or characteristics possessed by members

in a group that is different from what other groups have.

• A variable is something that is used as a trait, trait, or trait obtained from

research on certain concepts. For example, education, age, genes, occupation,
knowledge, and so on.

 Dr. Ahmad Watik Pratiknya (2007)

According to Dr. Watik, variable is a concept that has variability. While the
concept is a description or abstraction of a particular phenomenon.

 Kerlinger (1973)

Variables are constructs or properties to be studied. For example, education,

income, gender, work productivity, level of appreciation, and so on.

Variable can also be said to be a property that is taken from a different value.
Thus, the variable is something that varies.
2.2 Types of Research Variables
According to its nature, this variable can be divided into 5, namely: The nature
of the variable, the relationship between variables, the urgency of opening the
instrument, and the type of measurement scale. Here's the explanation.
2.2.1 Relations between variables
 Types of Free Variables (Independent Variable)
This variable has an influence or causes changes in other variables. So
it can be said that changes that occur in this variable are assumed to result in
changes in other variables.
For example, if in a study it is stated that it will try to reveal "the effect of
learning motivation on student achievement" then the independent variable is
"learning motivation". It is called an independent variable because this
variable does not depend on other variables.
Meanwhile, the variable "learning achievement" depends on and is influenced
by the variable "learning motivation".
This independent or independent variable is also commonly referred to as the
stimulus variable, influence and predictors. In structural equation
capitalization, independent variables are called exogenous variables.

 Dependent Variable

The dependent variable or dependent is a variable whose existence

becomes a result due to the existence of the independent variable. It is called a
related variable because the condition or variation is related and influenced by
the variation of other variables. In addition there are also other terms, namely
the dependent variable, because the variation depends on the variation of other
variables. Then there are those who mention the output variables, criteria,
response, and indogeneity.
Examples of dependent variables: If a researcher wants to reveal "the effect
of learning motivation on student achievement" then the dependent variable is
"student achievement". This variable is called the dependent variable because
high and low student achievement depends on the learning motivation
variable.
  Type of Control Variable

This type of variable is a variable that is limited and whose influence is

controlled so that it does not affect the symptoms being studied, in other
words, the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable is not
influenced by external factors that are not studied.
In some studies this variable is not stated explicitly, but rather in
experimental research. This variable requires very important control.
This is done in such a way with the aim of reducing the complexity of
the problem being studied. Besides being used for experimental research,
control variables are also often used by researchers when they want to do
research that is comparative in nature.
For example, the effect of learning methods on student achievement. The
independent variable in this variable is the teaching method, while the
dependent variable is the student's learning achievement.
The variables that are set are the same, namely the same subjects, for example,
chemistry lessons. With the determination of the control variable, the impact
of the magnitude of the influence of teaching on student learning achievement
can be known more with certainty

2.2.2 Variable Properties

These variables are grouped into 2, namely:

 Dynamic Variable Types

The definition of a dynamic variable is a variable that can be changed

to increase its condition or characteristics. This variable allows manipulation
or changes in accordance with the objectives desired by the researcher. These
changes can be either increase or decrease.

For example, learning achievement, learning motivation, employee

performance, and others
  Static Variables types

Static variables are variables that have fixed and immutable

characteristics, both their existence and characteristics. Under normal
conditions these properties are difficult to change.

Examples such as socioeconomic status, place of residence, gender, and

others.

2.2.3 Factual Urgency

Based on whether an instrument is important or not in collecting data,

it can be divided into 2, namely conceptual and factual variables, along with
the explanation:

 Conceptual Variables

They are called conceptual variables because these variables are not
visible in fact and hidden in a concept. Concept variables can only be known
based on visible indicators.

Examples of concept variables are learning motivation, interests, self-

concept, talents, performance, and others. Because it is hidden in the concept,
the accuracy of the data contained in the concept variable depends on the
accuracy of the indicators of several concepts that have been developed by the
researcher.

 Factual Variables

In contrast to the above, this variable is a variable that is in fact.

Examples that you can see in this variable are genes, age, region / school of
origin, religion, education, and so on.

Due to its factual nature, if there is an error in data collection it is not

the instrument's fault but the respondent, for example the respondent is not
honest or there are bad qualities in the respondent himself.
2.2.4 Measuring Scale Tips

There are about 4 levels in this variable, namely: Nominal, interval,

and ratio, here is the explanation:

 Nominal Variable

Nominal variables are variables that can only be grouped separately in

categories and discrete. Nominal variables can also be called discrete
variables. Judging from the name nominal or nominal has a name meaning,
this indicates that the sign or label is only used to differentiate between
variables.

Examples of this variable are: Gender, religion, region, and others. The
nominal variable is also the variable that has the least variation.

 Ordinal Variable

Ordinal variables are variables that have variations in differences,

levels, sequences, but do not have the same difference in distance and cannot
be compared. In this sequence, a gradation or a level is illustrated, but it
cannot be known with certainty.

An example is the ranking in honesty, where the difference that describes the
distance between the achievement of the score / achievement of the 1st, 2nd,
3rd place, and so on is not a problem.

 Interval Variable

In contrast to the above variables, this type of variable scale can be

distinguished, stratified and has the same distance from the unit of
measurement results, but the similarities are not comparable and not absolute. '

For example intervals, receiving report cards from learning outcomes are
given numbers 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and so on. The grading scale from numbers 1
- 10 has units of 1 per unit. The distance of numbers 4 to 5 is the same as the
distance of 5 to 6…. etc.
 However, this number does not have the meaning of comparison, in the
sense that the number 4 obtained by a student does not mean that the student's
intelligence is half better than the student who gets a point 8.

 Variable Ratio

The ratio variable is a variable that has a score and can be

differentiated, sorted, there is a similarity in the distance of difference, and can
be compared.

For example, height, a person who is 50 cm tall is half of a person who is 100
cm tall.

2.2.5 Appearance Measurement Time

In the time of measurement the variables can be grouped into 2,

namely: Maximum and typical variables. Check it out below.

 Maximum Variable

The maximal variable is the variable that during the data collection
process, there is an incentive for the respondent to show maximum
performance.

For example, creativity, talent, achievement etc.

 Typical Variables

Typical variables are those in which when the process of data

collection processes there is no encouragement for the respondent to show
maximum performance, but rather to be honest with the measured variables.

Examples are: Interests, personality, attitudes towards certain subjects etc.

 CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. Conclusion
Research variables are anything in the form that is determined by a researcher
for the purpose of studying so that information is obtained about it and a conclusion is
drawn.
Most experts define research variables as conditions that have been
manipulated, controlled, or observed by a researcher in a study.
Some experts also define that what is called a variable is anything that will be the
object of observation in a study. From the two definitions above, it can be interpreted
that the research variables include the factors that play a role in the research process
itself.
This variable can be divided into 5, namely: The nature of the variable, the
relationship between variables, the urgency of opening the instrument, and the type of
measurement scale.
 REFERENCES

Nasir Moh. 1998. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia

Sanjaya Wina. 2013. Penelitian Pendidikan Jenis, Metode dan Prosedur, Jakarta:

Kencana Prenada Media Group.

Sugiono. 2009. Metode Penelitian Pendidikan. Bandung: Cv. ALvabeta