Report

UpLink Transmission Technique

I. The uplink physical resource
 LTE uplink transmission is based on Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA).
 The uplink SC-FDMA subcarrier spacing equals to 15 kHz and resource blocks consisting of
12 subcarriers in the frequency domain.
 Each 1ms uplink subframe consists of two slots of length Tslot = 0.5 ms
 no unused DC subcarrier is defined for the uplink.
 Each slot then consists of several DFTS-OFDM blocks including the cyclic prefix.
 Two cyclic-prefix lengths, a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix are defined for
the uplink.

II. Uplink reference signals

There are two types of uplink reference signals in LTE:
1. Reference signals for channel estimation
 the uplink reference signals used for channel estimation are transmitted within the fourth
block of each uplink slot.
 are transmitted with a bandwidth equal to the bandwidth of the data transmission.

2. Reference signals for channel sounding

the sounding reference signals be used to:
 estimate the channel quality of the uplink channel for different UEs.
 estimate the timing of UE transmissions and to derive timing-control commands
for uplink time alignment.
 Sounding reference signals are transmitted independently of the transmission of
any uplink data.
 The sounding-reference-signal bandwidth can be different of the bandwidth of data
transmission.
 The sounding reference signals are to be transmitted within the last SC-FDMA
block of a subframe.
 Sounding-reference-signal transmissions are configured with:
 a certain bandwidth, indicating how many resources blocks the sounding reference
signal will cover.
 a certain period, indicating the distance in time.
 a certain duration, indicating how many times the sounding reference signal will be
transmitted.

III. Uplink Transport-Channel Processing

 only a single transport block, of dynamic size, is transmitted for each TTI.
1) CRC
 In the first step of the transport-channel processing, a 24bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
is calculated and appended to each transport block.
2) Channel coding
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 The Turbo-coding can be applied in case of UL transmission.

3) Rate matching
 The basic function of rate matching module is to match the number of bits in transport block
(TB) to the number of bits that can be transmitted in the given allocation.
4) scrambling
 UpLink scrambling implies to the coded bits.
5) the modulation
 the uplink data modulation maps block of coded bits to complex modulation symbols.
 The set of modulation schemes supported for the LTE uplink includes QPSK, 16-QAM and
64-QAM.

IV. Uplink L1/L2 Control Signaling

Uplink L1/L2 control signaling consists of one (or more) of:
1. Hybrid-ARQ ack: reception of DL-SCH transport blocks.
2. CQI (Channel-Quality Indicator):
 indicating the downlink channel quality perceived by the terminal.
 the CQI reports can be used by the network for downlink channel-dependent scheduling and
rate control.
 the LTE CQI reports indicate the channel quality in both the time and frequency domain.
3. Scheduling requests: used by the terminal to request UL-SCH.

V. Uplink Physical-Layer Procedures

a. Power Control
 reduces inter-cell interference and power consumption.
 higher cell capacity and the control of the maximum data rate for UE at cell edge.
 prolong the battery life of the UE.

b. Link Adaptation
 The eNB measures the uplink channel quality and orders the UE to use a specific
modulation and coding scheme (MCS).

c. Random Access
 the UE uses the random-access process to:
 Initial access to the network from the idle state
 Regaining access to the network after a radio link failure
 gain timing synchronization with a new cell
 when the UE is not time synchronized with the network.

d. Uplink Transmit-timing Control

 An active uplink transmit-timing control is needed to ensure that uplink transmissions from
different UEs are received with approximately the same timing at the cell site.