UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,

LAHORE. NEW CAMPUS

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL, POLYMER AND COMPOSITE MATERIAL
ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SUBMITTED TO MR. ZIA UL HAQ

OBJECTIVE IBRAHIM FIBERICS

GROUP MEMBERS
UMAIR TOOR 2016-CH-208

M. ZAID 2016-CH-218

HAMZA SHAHZAD 2016-CH-212

UBAID 2011-CH-240
ULLAH
 Environmental Hazards of Ibrahim Fabrics

Contents
Abstract… .............................................................................................................................................. 3

Ibrahim Fabrics Ltd .............................................................................................................................. 4

Products .............................................................................................................................................. 4

1 Environmental Hazards of Century Paper Mill ................................................................................. 5

1.1 Air pollution: ........................................................................................................................... 6

1.2 Water pollution ........................................................................................................................ 6

1.3 Paper waste: ............................................................................................................................. 7

1.4 Chlorine and chlorine-based materials ...................................................................................... 7

1.5 Sulfur, hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide .............................................................................. 7

1.6 Greenhouse gas emissions: ....................................................................................................... 8

1.7 Management System ................................................................................................................ 9

2 Precautionary measures taken by century paper mills ..................................................................... 10

2.1 Waste water Treatment Plant .................................................................................................. 10

2.2 Air Pollution Control.............................................................................................................. 12

2.3 Solid Waste Management ....................................................................................................... 13

3 Improvements which can be done in Process and Treatment ........................................................... 14

3.1 Pulping .................................................................................................................................. 15

3.2 Washing and screening of pulp ............................................................................................... 16

3.3 Fiber Screening ...................................................................................................................... 16

3.4 Pulp Drying ........................................................................................................................... 17

3.5 Wastewater ............................................................................................................................ 17

3.6 Wastewater treatment ............................................................................................................. 18

4 References..................................................................................................................................... 19

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The textile industry is primarily concerned with the design, production and distribution
of yarn, cloth and clothing. The raw material may be natural, or synthetic using products of
the chemical industry.
Fabrics has a huge impact on our lives as we can't live without papers and it's other products in
homes, offices, schools and everywhere. This report will be about Fabrics industry, it's
contaminates, working of this industry, wastewater of this industry, its components its effect on the
environment and how to treat it. Pulp can be defined as the fibrous material obtained after the
digestion of lignocelluloses and lignin that occur between the wood fibers and the hemicelluloses
wood, straw or other annual plants consist of many different cell types that contain cellulose,
hemicelluloses, and lignin and they are the main chemical components. They can be classified
according to the type of raw material used (softwood or long-fiber pulps, hardwood or short-fiber
pulps, straw pulps, etc.) and the pulping process (Kraft, sulfite, and soda pulps). There are many
types of pulps depending on the type of process like chemical pulp, mechanical pulp (improve the
opacity and the volume of paper), nitric acid pulp, alkaline pulp and sulfite pulping … etc. In this
report we have explained the Century paper mills role in society, environmental hazards all around
the world and in Pakistan. Environmental Hazards of Paper production. Environmental hazards
emitted by Century paper mills. Impacts of Hazards from paper production on mankind, animals and
climate. Methods to overcome hazards on environment and new technology for a sustainable
environment and the development.

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Ibrahim Fabrics Ltd.

Ibrahim Fabrics group is one of the largest producers of raw material of clothes in
pakistan. Ibrahim Fabrics Group is one the leading groups of the country with diversified
interests in industries such as polymer, Textiles, power Generation and finance services.

Ibrahim fabrics Group of Companies has built up Strategic Business Relationships and
Business Alliances with Multi-National Corporations which includes Tetley Tea, Colgate-
Palmolive, Al falah Bank and Sitara Chemicals.
At this time four projects are working with mane Textile Plant 1, Textile Plant 2, Textile
Plant 3 and Textile Plant 4. It has almost 20 year Experience in this field, professional approach,
latest techniques and satisfaction with innovation, Design and Development.
The main objective of company is to produce the best quality goods, we can simply say
this is our ‘PASSION’.

PRODUCTS:

1) polymer
2) Textile
3) Power generation
4) Finance service
5) Yarn
6) Knitted Garments
7) Kitchen linen
8) Home Textile
9) Hotel Linen

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1 ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS OF Ibrahim fabrics Group:

The environmental impact of Fabrics is significant, which has led to changes

in industry and behavior at both business and personal levels.

With the use of modern technology such as the Chemical Industry and the highly
mechanized Supplying chemicals, disposable Chemical became a relatively cheap waste, which
led to a high level of consumption and Hazard. The rise in global environmental issues such as
air and water pollution, climate change, overflowing landfills and clear cutting have all lead to
increased government regulations. There is now a trend towards sustainability in the pulp and
paper industry as it moves to reduce clear cutting, water use, greenhouse gas emissions, fossil fuel
consumption and clean up its impacts on local water supplies and air pollution.
 Chemical, Textile and paper mills contribute to air, water and land pollution and
discarded Fabrics and Chemical make up roughly 14% of solid municipal waste in
landfill sites.
 Chemical and fabrics generates the 14th largest amount of industrial air, water, and land
emissions in Canada and the sixth largest in the United States.
 The Fabrics and Textile industry is the third largest consumer of energy, accounting for
four percent of the entire world's energy use.
 However, the entire fibers and textile sector contributes less than 18% to the global
greenhouse gas inventory due to the very high use of renewable energy, mostly biomass.
 The Fabrics and textile industry uses more water to produce a ton of product than any
other industry.
 The Cleanning process during cotton recycling is also a source of emissions due to
chemicals released in the effluent.
 Worldwide consumption of Fabrics has risen by 400% in the past 23 years, with 35% of
harvested cotton being used for Cloth manufacture.
 In this world South Asia is largest producer of cotton clothes and fabrics. One of world
best cotton produces here. China produces cotton of 18 different colors. Benefit is that no
need of chemicals.
 Waste of clothes that contain nylon are not easy to decomposed. They decrease fertility of
land

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1.1 AIR POLLUTION:

The National Emissions Inventory in the U.S. and the Air Pollutant Emission Inventory
(APEI) in Canada compile annual emissions of air pollutants that contribute to smog, acid rain,
greenhouse gases and diminished air quality including particulate matter (PM), sulphur oxides
(SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), cadmium, lead, mercury, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
such as dioxins and furans, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH).
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) sulfur oxides (SOx) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are all emitted during
Fabrics and clothes manufacturing. NOx and SOx are major contributors of acid rain and CO2 is
a greenhouse gas responsible for climate change. In 2014, the Textile industry in North America
was responsible for about 0.5% of the total SOx and NOx releases from industrial and non-
industrial sources.

1.2 WATER POLLUTION

Wastewater discharges for a Textilemill contains solids, nutrients and dissolved organic
matter such as CAtalyst. It also contains alcohols, and chelating agents and inorganic materials
like chlorates and transition metal compounds. Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus can
cause or exacerbate eutrophication of fresh water bodies such as lakes and rivers. Organic matter
dissolved in fresh water, measured by biological oxygen demand (BOD), changes ecological
characteristics. Wastewater may also be polluted with organ chlorine compounds. Some of these
are naturally occurring in the Cotton, but chlorine bleaching of the cloths produces far larger
amounts. Recent studies underline as an appropriate pre-treatment of the wastewater (e.g. the
coagulation) is cost-effective solution for the removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and
the reduction of the pressures on the aquatic environment. [3]
In Canada, the Textile industry released 5% of the total industrial waste disposed of to
water in 2015. In 2014, 97.5%, 99.9% and 99.8% of effluent samples from Textile

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mills met regulatory requirements for toxicity tests on fish, biochemical oxygen demand, and total
suspended solids. One ton of Cotton pollutes 850 gallons of water.

1.3 Chemical WASTE:

Discarded Fabrics and Chemical make up roughly 26% (or 67 million tons) of the 258
million tons of solid municipal waste generated in 2014 and over 14% of the 136 million tons solid
municipal waste that ended up in landfills in 2014.Cloth waste, like other wastes, faces the
additional hazard of toxic inks, dyes and polymers that could be potentially carcinogenic when
incinerated, or commingled with groundwater via traditional burial methods such as
modern landfills. cotton recycling mitigates this impact, but not the environmental and economic
impact of the energy consumed by manufacturing, transporting and burying and or reprocessing
paper products.

1.4 CHLORINE AND CHLORINE-BASED MATERIALS:

Chlorine and compounds of chlorine are used in the bleaching of cloth washing,
especially chemical pulps produced by the Kraft process or sulfite process. In the past, plants
using elemental chlorine produced significant quantities of dioxins, persistent and very toxic
organic pollutants. From the 1990s onward, the use of elemental chlorine in the delignification
process was substantially reduced and replaced with ECF (Elemental Chlorine Free) and TCF
(Totally Chlorine Free) bleaching processes. As a result, dioxin production was also significantly
reduced.
TCF bleaching, by removing chlorine from the process, reduces chlorinated organic
compounds to background levels in pulp mill effluent. ECF bleaching can substantially reduce but
not fully eliminate chlorinated organic compounds, including dioxins, from effluent. While
modern ECF plants can achieve chlorinated organic compounds (AOX) emissions of less than
0.05 kg per ton of yarn produced, most do not achieve this level of emissions. Within the EU, the
average chlorinated organic compound emissions for ECF plants are 0.15 kg per ton.

1.5 SULFUR, HYDROGEN SULFIDE AND SULFUR DIOXIDE:

Sulfur-based compounds are used in both the Kraft process and the sulfite process for
making wood pulp. Sulfur is generally recovered, with the exception of ammonia-based sulfite
processes, but some is released as sulfur dioxide during combustion of black liquor, a byproduct
of the Kraft process, or "red liquor" from the sulfite process. Sulfur dioxide is of particular concern
because it is water-soluble and is a major cause of acid rain. In 2006 the Textile industry in
Canada released about 60,000 tones of sulfur oxides (SOx) into the atmosphere, accounting for
just over 4% of the total SOx emission from all Canadian industries.
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A modern mercerization pulp mill is more than self-sufficient in its electrical generation
and normally will provide a net flow of energy to the local electrical grid. Additionally, bark and
wood residues are often burned in a separate power boiler to generate steam.
Air emissions of hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl
disulfide, and other volatile sulfur compounds are the cause of the odor characteristic of Textile
mills utilizing the bleaching process. Other chemicals that are released into the air and water from
most paper mills include the following:
 carbon monoxide
 ammonia
 nitrogen oxide
 mercury
 nitrates
 methanol
 benzene
 volatile organic compounds, chloroform [5]

1.6 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS:

Globally, 69% of GHGs come from the energy and transportation industries. The global
Textile industry accounts for about 1% of global carbon dioxide emissions.
Greenhouse gas emissions from the Textile industry are generated from the combustion
of fossil fuels required for raw material production and transportation, wastewater treatment
facilities, purchased power, cloth transportation, printed product transportation, disposal and
recycling.
Disposing of Chemical in landfill sites, and subsequent breakdown and production of
methane (a potent greenhouse gas) also adds to the carbon footprint of Cloth products. Nylon
recovery, instead of land filling can reduce the global warming potential of Textile products by
15 to 25%.
At Textile mills in the U.S., the GHG emission rate expressed in tons of carbon dioxide
equivalents per ton of production has been reduced by 55.8% since 1972, 23.1% since 2000, and
3.9% compared to 2010.. Between 2005 and 2012, U.S. Textile mill purchased energy (from
fossil fuels) use per ton of production has been reduced by 8.8%.

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Wastewater characteristics:
Air Emissions = Dried pulp 90% bone dry fiber 10% waste .
Generation rate = 75-150 kg/t.
Sulfur oxide = 0.5-30 kg/t.
Nitrogen oxide = 1-3 from black liquor oxidation.

Liquid Effluents
Wastewater are discharge at rate
Biochemical oxygen demand BOD
Total suspended solids
Chemical oxygen demand COD
Chlorinate organic compounds
Wastewater chemical pulping
are 3 times higher than those for mechanical pulping. [6]
Solid wastes:
Wastewater treatment sludges
= 20-30 kg m3/t of ADP.
= 10-40 kg/t of ADP.
= 10-5- of ADP.
= 20-200 kg/t ADP.
= 0-4 kg/t ADP.
= 12-20kg/t BOD and up to 350 BOD discharge
= 50-150 kg/t of ADP.

1.7 MANAGEMENT SYSTEM:

Ibrahim Fabrics have been continuously transforming its management structures in
accordance with international standards for better quality products and environment’s protection.
In year 2006, Ibrahim Fabrics strived and acquired the ISO 14001:2004 certification from a
French certification agency. Ibrahim Fabrics mills have been continuously laying down
objectives and procedures for environment protection and ensuring their enforcement. The mill
have also been conducting regular environment audits for proper check and balance. Various
training programs are also being run for both internal and external employs regarding topics like
Equipment Operations, Emergency Responses, Conservation of nature, etc in order to raise
awareness among the employs about importance of enhanced environment.
Research is being conducted to reduce the volume of water consumed in paper
manufacturing and hence to reduce the volume of effluents produced. At present, IFL has a fully
operational environment management system which is working closely with quality and process
management systems to ensure that the harmful substances produced by the industry are within
acceptable amounts and can be handled easily. There are three main teams working to

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ensure the safety, quality and cleaner manufacturing process in century paper mills. Those teams
are:
 IMS Review Forum
 OHSAS Implementation Team
 ISO Departmental Coordinators Team

Environmental Policy:
Ibrahim Fabrics mills have developed its own environment policies to deal with harmful
effluent produced by the paper manufacturing process. The exact words of the policy are:
 Ensure environment friendly operations, products and services.
 Mitigate environmental impacts through effective implementation of ISO 14001 in order
to achieve conformance to applicable laws and regulations.
 Establish objectives & targets for continual improvement in resource conservation by waste
control and safe operating practices.
 Promote environmental awareness to all employees and the community.

2 PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES TAKEN BY Ibrahim Fabrics:

Some of the measures taken by Ibrahim Fabrics mills for

environment’s protection are covered below:

2.1 WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT:

The Ibrahim Fabrics mills have established an effluent treatment plant in year 1998. The
plant is using the process of dissolved air floatation DAF to maintain the biological oxygen
demand and chemical oxygen demand of effluent before their disposal.

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The company has also bought and installed German made Bellmer screw press which is
used for sludge treatment. By this press, moisture content has been successfully removed from
waste sludge from 98% to 45%. The resulting dry sludge can also be used for some grades of rough
paper.

Figure 2.1: This figure shows the effluent treatment plant for effluents of IFL.

A study was conducted by CPBM to determine the extent of effluent treatment achieved
by employed pollutant control measure. The results of the study are shown in the figure below:

Figure 2.2: This figure shows the data gathered by analysis of effluents released by CPBM.

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The data in figure 2 show that the effluent treatment methods of IFL are focused on
elimination of organic materials and microorganisms and prevention of algal bloom. The
information show the treatment of effluent was successful and harmful effects were mostly
removed.

2.2 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL:

Paper pollution is an important area to focus on for Ibrahim Fabrics Mills as Fabrics
manufacturing process is capable of producing large amount of environment harming pollutants.
To reduce the release of air polluting agents in the atmosphere century paper mills have changed
the boiler fuels from furnace oil to natural gas. Furthermore, additional absorbing modules have
also been installed at suitable locations.
Among the effluent emissions, gases like carbon monoxide, Sulphur dioxide and some
nitrogen products were observed. According to literature, carbon monoxide affects the
performance of lungs and red blood cells, Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen products can cause
environment damaging phenomena like smog and acid rain. So, these pollutants must have their
emissions reduced so safe levels for a greener environment. Ibrahim Fabrics mills have
succeeded in reducing the reducing the level of effluents in the last two years to acceptable limits
as shown by figure 3.

Figure 2.3: The figure one the left shows CO, SO2, NO2 emissions while figure on the right show nitrogen
products NOx emissions.

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Environmental Audits:
Many audits are being conducted periodically by the management to ensure that adverse
effects of industrial discharges on the environment are being minimized. A study conducted by
one of the audits team is given in figure 4.

Figure 2.4: This figure shows the comparison between air quality found in inside plant, outside plant and a
community area.

The study was conducted based on measuring the quality of ambient air in the industry to a
residential area to determine the success or failure of air effluents control measure employed by
the industry. As can be seen in the figure 3, the values of important effluents like CO, NO 2, SO2,
are only increased by 0.38 ppm, less than 0.001 ug/Nm3, less than 0.001 ug/Nm3 respectively as
compared to air conditions within residential areas which is still within acceptable amounts. This
means that the plant management is successful in control of their effluents. Furthermore, wind
velocity within plant interior has only increased by 0.05 m/sec and temperature change is
negligible as compared to conditions in residential areas so their effects on environment are also
minimal and under control.

2.3 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:

A documented procedure is established and implemented in the organization to handle the
solid waste generated in various operations. Wastage of product is recyclable so it is reprocessed
in our system. Disposable and recyclable material is separately collected and disposed off

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appropriately. Furthermore, Century used 50,000 tons of recyclable wastepaper annually, collected
locally from large metropolis.
Much solid waste is generated from the industrial process in the form of sludge unused raw
materials, waste solid streams, etc. These materials should be properly handled and Ibrahim
Fabrics have established a relevant procedure to do that. It was found by research that most of
the solid waste that was produced was also recyclable. So processes were established to properly
dispose the unrecyclable materials and recycle the remaining materials to enhance profit margins.
According to data. This includes the waste Nylon collected from city areas in addition to
industrial solid wastes. The figure below shows the ratio between recyclable and un-recyclable
solid waste produced by the mills.

Figure 2.4: This figure shows the ratio between recyclable and un-recyclable materials.
The blue bar shows recyclable and brown bar shows disposable materials.

3 IMPROVEMENTS WHICH CAN BE DONE IN PROCESS AND

TREATMENT:

Although there are some process technologies are being used but following improvements can be
done in the process and effluent treatment to avoid the environmental hazards:

Technology of Yarn production:

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3.1 PULPING

cotton pulping can be carried out in a continuous or batch process. The steel digesters are
protected with plates of stainless steel internally against the corrosive digestion liquor other pulp
mills that use batch pulping systems, the digesters are arranged upright in batteries and each has
with a liquor circulation system.

It removed at the bottom of the digester and pumped into the top of the digester. A heat
exchanger is placed in the circulation cycle is
used for indirect heating. Modern pulp
technology is conroled by continuous digesters,
where chips are continuously fed into upright
digestion tubes from the top while the pulp is
removed at the bottom of the digester. It’s a
good way for all types of pulp processes. Chips
are introduced continuously in a low-pressure
valve into a presteaming vessel and be heated.
Then are transferred to an impregnation tower
through the chip shuts together with the pulping
liquor via a high-pressure valve. Figure 3.1: Process of pulping in paper industry

They are discharged from the bottom of the system and are conveyed to the digester
together with the liquor and heated up to the maximum digestion temperature. They are transported
from the top of the digester downwards and pulped in the process. The pulping occurs in the
interchanging action of liquid and vapor phase digestion. Some numbers of screens are arranged
at different levels in the digester. In each case, the inlet tubes end slightly above the outlet screens,
and the pulping liquor is fed centrally into the digester. As a result of pressure differences, it causes
the reaction products to be washed out of the chips and replaced by new pulping chemicals, which
react in the vapor phase between the screens. Pulp is then wash preliminary in wash liquor at the
bottom of the digester.

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3.2 WASHING AND SCREENING

The washing process is influenced by many factors like the type of cotton, the impurities,
the packing density of the pulp in the digester, the extent of delignification, the concentration of
the black liquor, amount of wash water, flow rate,
temperature, washing time, diffusion gradient,
and the pH. Washing operation can be divided
into two steps.

The first stage involves the

displacement of the free spent digest liquor by
wash water or by pressing the pulped material.
The second step is the removal of the black
liquor from the chips or fibers. Washing in a
pulp mill is carried out in a washing line that
operates with rotary filters. Here drums are Figure 3.2: Washing and screening of pulp
used. The drum dips into a chest containing the
pulp suspension. During rotation that, the fibers become attached to the filter surface and later is
removed by a scraper , while the waste liquor enters the filter and is pumped off. Double-sieve
presses and double-roll presses can also be used in pulp washing.

3.3 FIBER SCREENING:

Comes after the removal of dissolved substances from the pulp, all solid impurities that are
not part of the fibrous material must be
removed. These include bark residues and
undercooked wood particles such as knots and
shives, as well as external impurities such as
sand, stones, and even metal objects. Coarse
screens are used to separate large rejects.
pressure screens(vertical centrifugal screens
with a vertical shaft and a fixed screen basket)
are most often used for pulp screening because
of the high output and produce excellent
separation. Cyclones, swinging cylindrical
sieves and centrifugal cleaners can also be used
for separation. Figure 3.3: Fibre Screening

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3.4 PULP DRYING:

Pulp is usually dried in a range of 90% after washing either in the bleached or unbleached
state. It sometimes dried because the fiber properties of interest for papermaking are changed by
drying. The amount of paper made from this pulp is higher. Conventional dewatering and pulp
drying is carried out on a container.

To increase drying efficiency, the final

drying of the pulp is often completed in jet dryers
in several levels one above the other. In fiber
flash drying the moisture content of the pulp is
first reduced to about 50 % in double-screen, disc,
or double-roll presses. Ventilators, high-
performance suspension towers and cyclone
separators are involved. The dried flakes are fed
into a bale press, which produces bales with a
specific weight of about 0.5 g/cm3. [10] Figure 3.4: Pulp Drying

3.5 WASTEWATER:
During the process some materials are added like kaolin, CaCO3, talc and/or TiO2, bleach
to give the paper whiter color and other chemicals like organic fillers (starch, latex), colors and
aluminum sulfate are used to make paper or simplify the process. Pulp is also washed by water
containing some additions like sodium silicates, sodium carbonate, fatty acids or non-ion
detergents, so the wastewater produced will also contain peroxides, oxygen and ozone or chlorine
or chlorine dioxide sometimes and all above. This causes pollution and this pollutants could be
characterized by biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD),
suspended solids (SS), toxicity and color. This wastewater is very high strength and suitable for
biological treatment because it has high BOD5 value and organic compounds from wood which
are food for microorganism. It also contain COD 2238 – 3567 (2903), BOD5 945 – 1530 (1237),
TSS 950 -3400 (2175) and pH 7.2 – 7.6 (7.4).These components effect the atmosphere and the
environment overall by their toxic, harmful and bad smell materials. They present a huge sludge
that is hard to be treated. [11]

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3.6 WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Based on the laboratory scale study and extensive literature review, a treatment technology
in Figure 7 is suggested for wastewater recovery and reuse:

Figure 3.4: Process flow diagram for waste water treatment [12]

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4 REFERENCES

[1] S. Howard, R. Donald, G. E. E. I. e. Tchobanoglous and M.-H. Inc.:.

[2] Razali, M.; Ahmad, Z.; Ahmad, M.; Ariffin, A. Treatment of pulp and paper mill wastewater with
various.

[3] Fleiter, T.; Fehrenbach, D.; Worrell, E.; Eichhammer, W. Energy efficiency in the German pulp and
paper.

[4] Posch, A.; Brudermann, T.; Braschel, N.; Gabriel, M. Strategic energy management in energy-
intensive.

[5] Büyükkamaci, N.; Koken, E. Economic evaluation of alternative wastewater treatment plant
options for.

[6] Savant, D.; Abdulrahman, R.; Ranade, D. Anaerobic degradation of adsorbable organic halides
(AOX) from.

[7] Thompson, G.; Swain, J.; Kay, M.; Forster, C.F. The treatment of pulp and paper mill effluent: a
review..

[8] Pizano-Torres, R.I.; Roach, K.A.; Winemiller, K.O. Response of the fish assemblage to a saltwater
barrier.

[9] Karthik, M.; Dhodapkar, R.; Manekar, P.; Aswale, P.; Nandy, T. Closing water loop in a paper mill
section.

[10] Žarković, D.B.; Todorović; Ž.N.; Rajaković; L.V. Simple and cost-effective measures for the
improvement.

[11] Schnell, A.; Hodson, P.V.; Steel, P.; Melcer, H.; Carey, J.H. Enhanced biological treatment of
bleached Kraft.

[12] Munkittrick, K.R.; Servos, M.R.; Carey, J.H.; Van Der Kraak, G.J. Environmental impacts of pulp and
paper.

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