AFTERMATHS OF

CERTAIN
DISASTERS

GROUP MEMBERS:
MUSKAN SINGH
MALIKA JOSHI
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GEN 1, 3rd YEAR
HIROSHIMA NAGASAKI BOMB ATTACK
Nagasaki was rebuilt after the
The people collected any unburned materials they war, but it was not a smooth
could find and began rebuilding their homes and process. There were 22
their lives. After the atomic bombing, rumor had it designated relief stations, and
that nothing would grow in Hiroshima for 75 years. 327 persons were organized to
Then, when red canna flowers became the first to service these stations after the
bloom in the charred rubble, they were a bombing. However, most
tremendous source of courage and hope. facilities including Nagasaki
Eventually, Hiroshima residents who had evacuated Medical University were
to the countryside and soldiers who had been demolished and burned. Workers
away fighting the war came back, and Hiroshima were either killed or severely
started its long journey toward recovery. injured by the bombing. The
number of casualties was so
great that they flooded all relief
stations.
The fire bombing of the
second world war left
After the atomic bombs were dropped on
over 200 municipalities
Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, support
in Japan
came in from abroad. Some sent medicine,
Burned down and war others sent money. But one American
damage reconstruction thought this wasn't enough, and travelled to
projects were carried Hiroshima and Nagasaki to build houses for
out in 115 cities. survivors.
By the war damage There is a small wooden house in a corner of
reconstruction agency Hiroshima. It's called the "Schmoe House",
during the post war. named after Floyd Schmoe. He collected
Hiroshima was at the money and built houses for atomic bomb
first to be treated in the victims in following the end of the war. GROUP MEMBERS:
MUSKAN SINGH
same as the other cities
MALIKA JOSHI
that were destroyed in MONYA GAUR
air raids GEN 1, 3rd YEAR
SOCIAL INVOLVEMENT
MUSEUMS WERE CONSTRUCTED AT
Hiroshima
Hiroshima was subsequently struck by Typhoon
idea on September 17, 1945. More than half the
bridges were destroyed, and the roads and
railroads were damaged, further devastating the
city. The population increased from 83,000 soon
after the bombing to 146,000 in February 1946.The
city was rebuilt after the war, with help from the
national government through the Hiroshima Peace
Memorial City Construction Law passed in 1949. It
provided financial assistance for reconstruction,
along with land donated that was previously
owned by the national government and used for
military purposes. In 1949, a design was selected for
the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Hiroshima
Prefectural Industrial Promotion Hall, the closest
surviving building to the location of the bomb's
detonation, was designated the Hiroshima Peace
Memorial. The Hiroshima Peace Memorial
museum was opened in 1955 in the Peace Park.
Nagasaki
Nagasaki was also rebuilt after the war, but was
dramatically changed in the process. The pace
of reconstruction was initially slow, and the first
simple emergency dwellings were not provided
until 1946. The focus on redevelopment was the
replacement of war industries with foreign trade,
shipbuilding and fishing. This was formally
declared when the Nagasaki International
Culture City Reconstruction Law was passed in
May 1949.[ New temples were built, as well as new
churches owing to an increase in the presence of
Christianity. Some of the rubble was left as a
memorial, such as a torii at Sannō Shrine, and an
arch near ground zero. New structures were also
raised as memorials, such as the Nagasaki Atomic
Bomb Museum, which was opened in the mid-
1990s.
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MALIKA JOSHI
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GEN 1, 3rd YEAR
GOVERNMENT
MEASURES
In early 1949, Hiroshima
officials went to Tokyo for
the May 10 National Diet
meeting in order to
propose the Hiroshima
Peace Commemoration
City Construction Law to
ensure its exclusivity in
culture and city
reconstruction - leaving
out Nagasaki that had
also gone through the
atomic bombing disaster.
Learning about this
situation, Nagasaki
officials rushed to Tokyo
for the National Diet
meeting to establish their
own reconstruction law. In
the end, on May 10, the
National Diet passed the
Hiroshima Peace
Commemoration City
Construction Law as well
as the Nagasaki
International
Long-term Medical Care and Relief
1. The first desperate years
Wartime care for casualties and hospitalization were based on national laws of 1942
that provided only minimal help for two months. The majority of patients needing
emergency care were housed temporarily in schools, but they had to be evacuated
as children returned from outlying areas and needed to enroll.
The acute stage of A-bomb injuries reached a peak by the end of December 1945,
making the situation desperate. A few Japanese and U.S. army medical facilities
were taken over for treatment of A-bomb victims.
2. The Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission
Back in November 1944, the U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey had been formed to
conduct an investigation of bombing effects in Germany; on August 15, 1945,
President Truman expanded its mission to investigate effects at all bombing sites in
Japan.
3. A-bomb Casualty Councils, function and funding
Seven years after the bombings, independent citizens’ movements arose to form A-
bomb Casualty Councils in Hiroshima in early 1953 and in Nagasaki about the same
time. Funds were raised to provide free care for distressed patients and subsidies for
others
4. A-bomb Victims Medical Care Law
National concern escalated in 1954 when radioactive fallout from an American H-
bomb test at Bikini Island in the Pacific fell on the Japanese fishing boat “Lucky
Dragon No. 5.”
5. Advocacy of an A-bomb Victims Relief Law
Public awareness and concern peaked in 1966 with passage of the A-bomb Victims
Special Measures Law, based on the consensus that A-bomb victims experienced
unusually severe hardships and injuries. This law provided special allowances for such
needs as medical care, nursing, health maintenance, burials, and severe livelihood
difficulties.
GROUP MEMBERS:
MUSKAN SINGH
MALIKA JOSHI
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GEN 1, 3rd YEAR
 KEDARNATH FLOOD
A disaster may strike any given destination without warning, this being one of the many aspects that
hamper a destinations image and the locals as well as tourist sense of safety, so to avoid raising any
such concerns, in a given situation any destination must be well equipped to combat the
catastrophe.
In light of the disaster that occurred in Uttarakhand, were a cloud burst caused flash floods that
swept the state, resulting in massive destruction, loss of life and left thousands of tourist stranded.

Despite these remarkable efforts, some serious concerns about

the structures erected now cannot be ignored. Particularly the
construction of huge, embankment structures such as Ghats,
protection walls, etc., may cause some serious problems in
future.
The carrying capacity of this fragile terrain doesn't allow for big
structures. The Kedarnath township is built on thick moraine,
which was deposited by the glaciers few thousand years ago.
After the disaster, the newly deposited morainic debris is still
unconsolidated and any big construction work on this thick,
loose sedimentary deposit may have tragic results, much like
The National
what happened in 2013. Well-knowngeologist and earth
Institute of Disaster
scientist Navin Juyal who works with the Physical Research
Management
Laboratory in Ahmadabad, explained why this construction
(NIDM), in one of
could be dangerous, "It all depends on how we handle this
its first reports on
loose surface. If we start heavy construction on this sediment,
the Uttarakhand
without reinforcing it, even if there is no disaster in the future, we
floods, has
could face a lot of problems. The buildings can still collapse
blamed “climatic
because of the phenomenon called "solifluction" where the
conditions
snow melts in the summers and a process called creeping of
combined with
the soil may happen due to this frost action." The problem is
haphazard human GROUP MEMBERS:
further magnified by the scouring action of high-energy rivers
intervention” in MUSKAN SINGH
from both the sides of the township, he added.
the hills for the MALIKA JOSHI
disaster. MONYA GAUR
GEN 1, 3rd YEAR
 Schematic
Cutting down trees to some extent has destroyed the
overview
natural barriers against flash floods and debris flow showing how :-
slides along the river banks in hilly regions. The (a) The
development of ecozones in severe and very high flash integrativ
flood hazard-prone selective stretches of active and e concept
old flood plains of the Himalayan rivers and also in very of climate
high to severe landslide hazard-prone areas will risk as
drastically restrict the mushrooming growth of presented
multistoried hotels and lodges in these areas. This in turn by the
will restrict the concentration of human population and IPCC
also anthropo-genic intervention in these areas. (2014) was
Reconstruction of Kedarnath must include structural (b) Operation
mitigation measures for flood control, including river alised for
training and bank protection work in the immediate the
upstream of Kedarnath temple in an effort to mitigate assessmen
to some extent the impact of flash floods in the future. t of flood
Regular monitoring and credible early warning of risk
prevailing hazard scenario in glaciers and Chorabari
lake in the up-stream area of Kedarnath are needed5.
Further, a hospital, police station, accommodation for
priests, PCO facility, Temple Committee office and
Yatra Management Group office with accommodation
for those manning these critical facilities should be
constructed with earthquake-resistant design on flood
and landslide safe (to some extent) locations in Reconstruction of hotels, lodges, dharamshalas
and shops at these sites will again raise the
Kedarnath or its vicinity, as the area is prone to multi-
vulnerability of Kedarnath to pre 16 June 2013
hazards.
level. Constructions on moraine ridges (juxtaposing
the moderately steep hill slopes) at Kedarnath will
be vulnerable to subsidence as well as landslides.
Blanket ban is needed on further construction
activity on active flood plains and restricted
constructional activity on old flood plains and
lower terraces of rivers all along the river valleys of GROUP MEMBERS:
Mandakini, Alaknanda, Bhagirathi, Yamuna and MUSKAN SINGH
their tributaries and also along other rivers in parts MALIKA JOSHI
of Uttarakhand. MONYA GAUR
GEN 1, 3rd YEAR
 Indo Tibetan border Police (ITBP) a Force
The Army, Air Force, Navy, Indo-Tibetan
which guards the Indo China borders on
Border Police (ITBP), Border S National
the high Himalayas with its 3 Regional
Disaster Response Force (NDRF), Public
Response Centers (RRCs) based at Matli
Works Department and local
(Uttarkashi), Gaucher (Chamoli) and
administrations worked together for quick
Pithoragarh swung into action and
rescue operations. Several thousand
started rescue and relief operation. 2000
soldiers were deployed for the rescue
strong ITBP force with its mountaineering
missions. Activists of political and social
skills and improvisation methods started
organisations were also involved in the
rescue of stranded pilgrims. It was a
rescue and management of relief centers.
simultaneous effort by ITBP at Kedar
The national highway and other important
ghati, Gangotri valley and Govind ghat
roads were closed to regular traffic.
areas. According to official figures by
Helicopters were used to rescue people,
ITBP, they were able to rescue 33,009
but due to the rough terrain, heavy fog
pilgrims in 15 days on their own from
and rainfall, maneuvering them was a
extreme remote and inaccessible areas.
challenge.
Before Army or Air Force called in, being
deployed in the nearby areas, ITBP took
the first call and saved many lives. They
also distributed food packets to stranded
The Prime Minister of India undertook an aerial survey of the affected
pilgrims who were in a pathetic
areas and announced₹10 billion (US$140 million) aid package for disaster
condition being not having any food for
relief efforts in the state. Several state governments announced financial
assistance, with Uttar Pradesh pledging ₹250 million (US$3.5 million), the more than 72 hours at many places.
governments of Haryana, Maharashtra and Delhi ₹100 million (US$1.4
million) each, the governments of Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Gujarat, Madhya
Pradesh and Chhattisgarh ₹50 million (US$700,000) each.[56] The US
Ambassador to India extended a financial help of US$150,000 through the
United States Agency for International Development (USAID) to the NGOs
working in the area and announced that the US will provide further
financial aid of US$75,000. The help was later politely rejected by
Government of India. The Government of Kerala offered 20 million rupees
and all ministers offered one month's salary. The Government of India also
cancelled 9 batches, or half the annual batches of the Kailash GROUP MEMBERS:
Mansarovar Yatra, a Hindu pilgrimage. The Chardham Yatra pilgrimage, MUSKAN SINGH
covering Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath and Badrinath was cancelled MALIKA JOSHI
for 2 years to repair damaged roads and infrastructure, according to the MONYA GAUR
Uttarakhand Government. GEN 1, 3rd YEAR
 JAPAN EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI
On March 11, 2011, a magnitude-9 earthquake shook After the Great East Japan
northeastern Japan, unleashing a savage tsunami. Earthquake on March 11,
The effects of the great earthquake were felt around 2011, the Japanese
the world, from Norway's fjords to Antarctica's ice Government promptly
sheet. Tsunami debris has continued to wash up on formulated budgets,
North American beaches years later. modified laws and orders,
and established
Four years after the
Most of the infrastructure in the
“Reconstruction Agency,” in
disaster, some 230,000
areas affected by the 2012. A timeframe for
people were still
displaced, a large earthquake has been recovered. reconstruction was set to be
number of them because
Housing reconstruction is in 10 years, of which the first 5
progress. The number of years (2011-2015) were set
of the continuation of the evacuees decreased from over
evacuation zone around 470,000 to less than 77,500.
as a “Concentrated
the Fukushima plant. Reconstruction Agency works also Reconstruction Period,” and
on reviving industry and \25 trillion (approx. $250
livelihoods as well as providing billion) were allocated for
health and living support. the period. The latter 5 years
Who helped Japan after the earthquake in (2016~2020) are designated
2011Corporate donations? as “Reconstruction and
Two years after the disaster, a small Revitalization Period” and
Company Country Cash donation
number of people still remained in \6.5 trillion (approx. $65
in US$
emergency centres. However, more billion) are allocated.
Mazda Motor than 300,000 displaced residents
Japan 360,000 were living in tens of thousands of
Corporation
prefabricated temporary housing
Nissan Motors Japan 360,000 GROUP
units that had been set up in Sendai MEMBERS:
and other tsunami-damaged MUSKAN SINGH
Russell
United States 125,000 locations or were in some other type MALIKA JOSHI
Investments
of domicile, such as hotels, public MONYA GAUR
housing units, or private homes. GEN 1, 3rd YEAR
Tecmo Koei Japan 122,000
.Architectural and Structural Strategies
A. Construct the buildings high enough above high
tide and local inundation level As pointed before,
it has been experienced in several tsunamis that
one of the most effective strategies to reduce the
wave loads on the structure and walls of the
building through a tsunami attack, is to let the
water pass through the ground floor of the
building.
B. B. Install strong pillars or posts for the building
Strong pillars or posts can withstand the huge
static and dynamic forces more than thin ones. It
has been observed that the dimension of the
posts’ and columns’ cross section plays an
important role in this case.
C. C. Design for static and dynamic water pressure
on the structural and nonstructural walls
D. D. Consider Impact load of debris left by
tsunami’s attack One of the points that should not
be underestimated is that debris impact can
create huge forces to the building which may
cause failure or collapse buildings. See figure 4.
E. E. Apply proper Details and joints in the structure
Proper joints can cause a unanimous behavior of
the building against loads and may help the
building to adopt most of its capacity to resist the
loads.
F. F. Anchor buildings to foundations Anchoring the
columns to the foundation can help the
constructions to withstand lateral and uplift forces
that are caused by tsunami waves
G. . G. Strengthen and reinforce existing buildings
H. Apply reinforced concrete or heavy
steel structure rather than using wooden
skeleton It is not a general rule but is has
been observed that concrete structures
according to their heavy weight and
fixed joints have had better results
against tsunami waves than other
structures. Despite of locating Heavy
steel structures in the second level of the
priority, it does not mean that proper
wooden structures are not suitable
options if installed properly.
I. Use Seawalls to protect the main
structure of buildings
J. Select proper forms to resist a tsunami
while not blocking it entirely Selecting
proper forms is one of the most effective
strategies that can reduce the
vulnerability of the buildings to the
hazards. Choosing a form that is
consistent to tsunami wave’s behavior
can help the building to resist better
against tsunami attacks
. K. Provide adequate openings in the ground
floor of buildings to allow the waves to pass
through
L. Position bearing or structural walls
perpendicular to water flow.
M. Refrain from having vital and important
equipment and facilities on ground levels lower
than the inundation level Inundation level is an
important parameter which should be
considered in different sites. Everything such as
walls, equipment and facilities that are under
inundation level are more prone to be
attacked by the destructive waves of tsunami.
N. Allow non-structural elements at lower levels
to break away rather than blocking the water
O. Avoid erosion of the soil by adopting proper
methods
P. Use Proper Materials
Q. Pave the Floor
“Architects tend to build for
themselves but not for locals,” says
Ito. “Reputation means nothing
here. This was the perfect time for
architects to understand the
demands of real life. I’ve never
been as much appreciated by a
client in 40 years of working as I
have been here.”
GROUP MEMBERS:
MUSKAN SINGH
MALIKA JOSHI
MONYA GAUR
GEN 1, 3rd YEAR
Japan earthquake and tsunami: humanitarian
relief effort struggles
Japan's humanitarian crisis has
intensified with relief workers
being hampered by freezing
temperatures and snowfalls while
survivors struggle with shortages
of water, food and electricity.
Japan's prime minister, Naoto
Kan, ordered a shift in the focus
of relief efforts from search and
rescue to caring for an estimated
half a million people who have
been evacuated from provinces
affected by the earthquake and
tsunami and many others who
have been left homeless
The disaster has damaged or
destroyed about 60,000 buildings,
but the magnitude of the human
toll is not yet reflected in figures
from the National Police Agency
emergency disaster headquarters
which show 2,475 dead and 3,118
people missing. The final death toll
could rise far beyond 10,000. Save
the Children said a fifth of those
displaced were children and
warned the disaster could result in
many being orphaned.
Because of concerns over
possible radiation exposure, Japanese
officials established an 18-mile (30-km)
no-fly zone around the facility, and an
area of 12.5 miles (20 km) around the
plant was evacuated. The evacuation
zone was later extended to the 18-mile
no-fly radius, within which residents
were asked to leave or remain indoors.
The appearance of increased levels of
radiation in some local food and water
supplies prompted officials in Japan
and overseas to issue warnings about
their consumption.

Save the Children estimated that as many as 100,000 children

may have been displaced. The British charity said it was
concerned that some of the children affected by the disaster
may have also been separated from their families because the
earthquake and tsunami struck in mid-afternoon when many
GROUP MEMBERS:
children were at school or nursery.Stephen McDonald, who is
MUSKAN SINGH
leading Save the Children's team in Japan, said the most pressing MALIKA JOSHI
worries for children living in evacuation centres were lack of water MONYA GAUR
and psychological problems associated with trauma and stress. GEN 1, 3rd YEAR
Architects and students, he says, have
been instrumental in extensive
reconstruction work in the north for the past
two years − conducting topographical
surveys, holding talks with local people, and
constructing models of destroyed villages.
The profession has also been forming
collaborative networks. One leading
example is ArchiAid, which is based at the
University of Tohoku in Sendai City.
Alongside publishing imaginative design
solutions for the reconstruction and
prevention of future disasters, it also held an
open competition for public housing in
partnership with Kamaishi City. Due to be
completed next summer, the winning
proposal by Hirata Akihisa incorporates a
kindergarten and community centre
alongside 40 permanent housing units
Despite being given
no formal role in the
recovery programme
following the 2011
tsunami, Japanese
architects are
engaging with
communities and
devising strategies
that respond to the
aftermath and plan
for the future
Initial Impact on Japan's Economy
The "Triple Disaster" devastated Japan's economy in
four ways. First, the destruction cost more than the
$161 billion cost estimate for Hurricane Katrina.18 The
earthquake hit regions that were responsible for 6%–
7% of the country's total production.19 That made it
worse than the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake near
Kobe, which cost about $100 billion and resulted in
over 6,000 lives lost.
Second, it crippled Japan's nuclear industry. 11 of
Japan's 50 nuclear reactors were immediately
closed after the disaster, reducing the country's
electricity generation by 40%. Intense public outcry
over nuclear generation caused 22 more to shut
down by May 2011. Plants continued to be closed
for testing and review, and by May 2011, the
government had closed all of them.21 As a result,
Japan had to import oil to replace generation
capacity, causing record trade deficits. Two plants
were restarted in April 2013 and ran until
September 2013, when they were closed for
maintenance.
Reactors began reopening in 2015.
Lastly, Japan's
economy had just
started to recover from
20 years
of deflation and recessi
on.25 The earthquake
only added to the
country's economic
challenges. In addition
to massive government
debt, Japan faced GROUP MEMBERS:
MUSKAN SINGH
rising commodity prices
and an aging labor MALIKA JOSHI
pool MONYA GAUR
GEN 1, 3rd YEAR
THANK YOU