7 Mental calculations Introduction Human beings have always tried to use technology to make all aspects of their lives easier and more efficient. Mathematical calculation is no exception ‘and the first devices invented to perform this task were called abacuses. They were mainly used to help them with the buying ‘and selling of goods. ‘It wasn’t until 1642 (some two thousand ‘years later) that Pascal invented the first ‘mechanical calculator called the Pascaline. It then took until the 1960s before Sharp produced the first battery powered calculator called the QT-80. What's the point? Calculators help you perform calculations with large and awkward numbers. However you stil need to understand what. ‘you're asking the calculator to work out, and check whether the answer is sensible. Objectives By the end of this chapter, you will have learned how to © Use the rules of arithmetic with negative numbers. © Calculate with positive and negative powers of ten. © Perform mental addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. ‘© Use standard written methods for addition and subtraction with decmals.Check in Calculate these using an appropriate method. a 542+ 324.948 b 44.7 + 198.5 - 30.6 © 528,38 - 129.7 - 320.78 d_ 456,97 + 99.99 - 1.99 2 Calculate these using a written method. Remember to do a mental approximation first. 213x668 b 47x495 ce 5.3X49.6 57.30.85 3 Calculate these using an appropriate method. Give your answer as a decimal to 1dp where appropriate a 563+38 bo2=4a © 722+19 © @ 697 +41 Starter problem Here is route ofthe streets 2 postman ‘must walk along for his daly route. He starts atthe sorting ofce which i= labeled What isthe shortest distance he can cover $0 that travels along every street atleast once and returns to hs sorting ofce at A?PAW Nal liicsihw a amare L Moa Core) Negative numbers appear to the left of zero on the number line. Put these numbers in order from smallest to largest. “47 “3.9 =5 i ¢ 7 “$0 do “5 eA 34 ‘o calculate with negative Integers make sure that both the size and the sign ofthe answer are corect, Calculate a 274-31 “3 3 ars a Aye -n-3t 8 ‘Add -31 Is the same as subtract 31 40 se a4 subtract -14 isthe same as add 14 © vinen you are multiplying or dividing @ pair of numbers a good rulle to remember for the sign of the answer Is: Foc wor (Fe agi ae the sa, the a answer wl be poste he erasing | WS | ont signs ae ferent the anoner pyle sane wil be rei JF 2 negative] same | rinoner Caleuate a 8x6 b 485-8 ¢ 4856 9d -8x-6 a -tx6 b -es-6 6 Heeb d Bah <8 1 8 248 negative answer positive answer negative answer positive answer ‘On a uber line ssrallee umber are alas tothe left of larger umber, (a ‘ading a negative is| ne same a subtracting 2 positive, Subtracting a negative ithe some a adding a positive, 2 485-6 eB +3 negative answerExercise 7a 1. Place < less than’ or > ‘greater than’ between these pairs of numbers to show whlch number isthe larger. a -Band-6 © -35and-5 © -S8and-6 — d -32and-3.19 4 -0.05 and -0.489 1 -1.271 and -1.268 2. Put these numbers in order from smallest to largest. ate eee a b 27 38 32 3 © 5.2 53 54 5.25 3 Calculate a 7+ b 124-9 © 8-15 d -6--15 e gts FS H7~-4 9 6--84+-7 h -124+32+-27 1334-16-24 Problem solving 7 a Copy and complete this multiplication grid. Try to find two different ways to ‘complete it. b_ Design your own multiplication grid problem. What isthe least amount of information that you nees to Calculate a 9x4 b 12x15 © 14x 6 @-15%-7 e 2505-5 F-30556 g “1845-8 hb 2884-9 Copy and complete these calculations, a O+-8-0 b 5x(J=-10 © 8-C=-7 9 d [j+7=-13 e # Ox-6=84 9 hh -72=[]=42 i Here are six calculations ad+o » O-O=-10 e O+Oe12 @ OxO-36 eOxO-0 ¢ O+O=0 ‘Suggest, with reasons, what the missing rhumbers could be In each question. Eriennacie <> In Coulomb's law, te Include to obtain a unique solution? force between 0 cece charges ul Stacie or repuleve H: Colutaty Gepending on the a -2K-3x-5 b Ax -4x-4x-4 Som ot ther produc, © (1 (3) @ (3x4) = (2x8) F764 63-4) @ MyMaths courA ea (© The decimal system is based upon powers of 10, and can be Seine and written using Index notation. engineering use very large and very eal {thousand (kilo) ~ 1000 = 10 10x 10 = 10° rumbers, for example 1 a ie 3400000000000 tenth (deci) “0 =o =3h =10' ee 4 107 hundredth (cent) = 355, = 0.01 = st =10 © The decimal system makes It easy to multiply and divide by Powers of ten, > Multiplying by 0.1 is the same as dividing by 10. > Multiplying by 0.04 is the same as dividing by 100. > Dividing by 0.1 Is the same as multiplying by 10. > Dividing by 0.01 is the same as multiplying by 100. Calculate 45 x 0 b 13x 107 © 45+ 10 d 0.13 + 0.01 a x08 aa “bt ar +5 ++ 100 245 <0 © 4540 4 09 s0a, oa 5 2018 = 5 245200 = 018 «109 45 “6 rating by {A The hexagons of carbon atoms in graphene are 3310" m ocross A The Andromeda galaxy contains about loess His the some a6 rmultiphjing by 10,Exercise 7b 1 Calculate 3 Calculate a 26x01 b 338 0.1 a 29x10" b 38x10 © 47x04 @ 53-01 © Six 107 432x107 e 2852001 f 0.82 +0.01 e 36107 f 92+ 101 9 24x01 bh 38x0.01 g 65+ 107 hh 0.51 +107 i oai7x10% 299x410" 2 Calculate k 815x107 1 0.602 x 107 a 28x 10° b 3x10 © 275410 d 4170+ 10° 4 Write each number as a decimal. ee 83x1e ff 42x10 a 33x10 b 24x 10 9 377+10 = h 251+ 10 © 47x10" @ 63x 10° i 032x140" 1.07 x 10° e.27x10 =f 47x108 k 4.410 1 0.038 x 10° 929x105 hh Lo1x 10° Problem solving (+) (e) les 5. Use one of the six number cards ta complete each statement, a 4x(]=400 b 0.23=[]=23 © 24=[)=0.24 d@ 5x(]=005 e 008+[)=80 f 830x[)~83 6 Jack works out 15.8 x 14.7 = 232.26 Use this information to work out these calculations Tax a7 EXTT In each case, explain clearty the TERK TAT method you have used. = 23226 a 158x147 b 158x147 | B8OXO17 t © 1580 x 0,147 1d What other multiplications can you work out? Represent your answers on a spider diagram. ‘@ Can you use Jack’s calculation to work out any divisions? 7 Brogan Is explaining to Shane how she can multiply numbers by powers of 10. Brogan ‘says Just look at the power and move the digits that number of places to the left of the decimal point’ ‘a Investigate Brogan’s method by trying out some examples of your own. Does Brogan’s methad work for negative powers of 107 Explain your answer. 8 Write each number as a decimal. a (12 x 10) x (4 x 10°) b (4x 104) x (5 x 109) © (6x 103) + (3 10) (72x 104) + (8 x 10) @MyMaths.cu Gus —EED @7c Mental addition and subtraction a eee eueaneee reer he na Catulate areccaveds) a 96 +88 b 8.49 - 1.97 Mf ba wi th 2 Using partitioning th e88- 40+ 6408 18408 orb +08 tied J ise b_ Using compensation Bq - LAT = B44 - 2 + 0.03 2 Pian ‘ihr hen os - are ofan ale +003 Rn ‘© Aways moke an approximation before you try to clve » problem involving adltlon and subtraction. Barry wins £5000 on te atery. A He decides to buy these treetens. How much money does hehavelen? e e Approximate ll ol = 9042 5 + £8 EOD +00 + = #010 3 ‘eponimate bj counding ten ‘heck that your calalation andestate are, ‘Money left 25000 - £4010 = RAO Calculate, using mental methods Tol cost = £5042 + £95 + £8 = 25 Money let « 85000 - KH = 21055@ Exercise 7c 1 Choose a suitable method to calculate ——«2_—Find the missing numbers in eech of these ‘each of these. number sentences. a 127486 b 4.78+89 a 373+(0-5 b 6.854[)=20 © 78+895 4 3.29+7.99 © (4903-15 4 299+()=50 © 183-649 f 875-493 e (]-1735=5 # 2124-1 Problem solving 3° This Is a diagram of a road network. bas wa {8 What i the shortest route from Pi to Epsilon? Explain your answer Miss Witon Isa teacher. She travels from her home in Alpha to her school in Phi every day. How many Ielometres does she travel Ina week? ae 4. Read this information carefully and then answer the questions. Jan is 1.63 tall Kiefer is 0.23m taller than Tan, Hanif is 0.25m shorter than Jason but 0.08m taller than {& Guiseppe. Liam is 0.517 taller than Guiseppe. Kiefer Is 7om shorter than Liam. ‘a. Who Is the tallest pupil and what is thelr height? b How much taller than Hanif is Kiefer? © Put the boys in order of height from shortest to tallest. 5 Here are some Items for sale in @ shop. The shop Is trying out two specal offers Ba. £9.99 £16.39) £5.85 £7.99 Which Is the better offer? Explain and justify your answer. @MyMathsoun Gao ED ©7d Mental multiplication and division © Some problems can be solved by breaking down the working ‘out into smaller steps which each Involve just one mathematical operation, BFW crim pays £36800 tor printing 20000 holiday guidebooks : EM ‘The printing costs are ae EM Sp ver pose septor on ee How many popes are there In Karis guidebook? | Step 1 Cat of qudebook = lcs maber of arbors DH 2 exuso0 + 20000 ase Use fctors = 19000 and then Stop 2 Cos ofa pags = Ap lp Corwen queso pence itp saps vonbeofyegs 122540 Change « £390 - 192540 = Ato ‘eat wi ave erouga money to py for He teesExercise 7d “ry to use a mental method, plus jotings, for al ofthese questions. 1a xis b 14axe © 187x300 d 921 x15 e 19x37 f 31x68 9 0.8 x 2.3 hh 0070.73 2 a 840215 b 2133-9 © 16860+30 d 25200 = 700 e 357+ 17 1 1344+ 42 9 136508 h 0.143+26 3. Joachim is trying to Improve his fitness levels. Here is how fast his heart beats per minute for three activities. cycling 63 running 91 swimming 75 Each day Joachim cycles for 18 mins, runs for 13mins and swims for 17mins. In which activity does Joachim’s heart beat the greatect number of times in total? Explain and justify your answer. 4 Derek pays £9750 for printing 15000 holiday guidebooks. ‘The printing costs are 2.5p per page 25p for the cover zg a fi How many pages are there In Derek's guidebook? 5. Anonline retaller sels nuts at these prices. ‘Almonds £7.95 per kg Peanuts «£4.85 per kg Pecans £14.95 per kg Walnuts £9.99 per kg Work out, using an approximation, if each of these people has enough maney for the cost oftheir orders. @ MyMaths cou (Q. 1002, 1026 esac @ Explain and justify your answers. 1a Alesha orders 3kg of almonds, 2kg of peanuts and 4kg of walnuts. She has £75. b_ Jamecta orders 8kg of walnuts and 15kg of pecans, She has £300, (© Bert orders 17kg of almonds, 15kg of Peanuts and 12kg of pecans. He has £350. Every person Is recommended to consume 5 portions of fruit and vegetaties every day. A 150ml glass of fruit juice counts as ‘one dally portion. A carton of fruit juice normally contains 100ml (= Litre). This week the frit juice Is in special Xtra packs with 15% extra free, a. How many recommended daily portions of frit juice are there in one Xtra carton? b_ Aramily of 4 decide to each drink 150m! of frut juice every day. 1 How much frutt juice wil they drink in 1 week? Hi How many Xtra cartons of fut juice will they need to tuy? © Acarton of Xtra fruit juice costs £1.80 What Is the approximate cest in a year for the family of 4 to each drink 150ml of fru juice a day?7 MySummary Check out Testit™> You should now beable to Questions Use the rls of arte wth negative numbers. @ i Y Caletate with postve and negative powers of 10, @: Perform mental addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, @)_ 4-7 @ language Meaning Example Negative integer | Whole numbers les than © 2 Index notation Away of writing numbers as -—«-:360 canbe witen as ether syoRa! 2x2x2K3x3xSoras DxPXS Compensation Using number bonds to find the 8.49 ~ 1.97 sum or aference 849-2 +0.03 6.49 + 0.03 ~6s2 Partition ‘Away of working out maths 964 88-96+08+08 problems that involve large rhumbers by splitting them into ‘smaller units so they're easier to 7.6 + 0.8 184 work with, Approximation The use of rounding to simplify 2.19 x 32.6 a calculation. An approximate 62x 53 ~66 answer can be used to check an Exact = 71,394 exact calculation. = 667WANA a (la 1. Place < or > between these pairs of ‘numbers to show which number is the larger. a 8.9 and-8.7 b 0.031 and -0.1 2 Copy and complete these calculations. 2+O-5 Cx8=-32 9-O)=-14 3-0-5 -45+(]<9 3 Calculate a 651x110 = b 0.34 +108 © 240% 107d 0.6210 e 357-102 ff 104+107 4 Use a mental method to do these eance calculations. a 5.76434 b 1194137 © 176-645 d 6.78-0.79 '5 Four babies are weighed at a clinic. Jack weighs 8.6kg. Emily weighs 1.2kg more than Jack but '800g less than Sophie. ‘Alex weighs 1.5kg less than Sophie. ‘a Who Is the heaviest baby and what is thelr weight? 1b How much heavier is Emily than Alex? © Put the bables in order of weight fram lightest to heaviest. Use @ mental method to do these calculations. a 5x 244 b 6.99%8 © 963-15 dd £169+7 Harry is taking his three children ten-pin bowling ‘The cost per game Is £7.99 per adult and +£4.99 per child, If you pay two games the second Is half price. Harry has £35, is this enough to pay for ‘two games? Explain how you know. Use a written method to do these calculations. a 0.435 + 11.03, b 126+ 7,89 + 172 © 23.67 ~ 5.478 4 56.89 ~ 7,98 + 32.7 A.box and its contents weighs 4.562kg In total. Insige the box are four books that weigh an average of 6703, a torch that weighs .3kg and some socks that weigh 105.29. What is the weight of the empty box? What next? 0-3 JB Your knowledge of this topic is still developing. To improve look at . Formative test: 2C-7; MyMaths: 1002, 1013, 1026, 1068 and 1380 5 4-7 [7 Youare gaining a secure knowledge ofthis topic. To improve look at 8 InvisiPen: 113, 121, 122 and 182 8-9 JB You have mastered this topic. Well done, you are ready to progress! @ MyMaths.cour7 MyPractice = temas ee soe tact scoot ends om ari Ney ‘rem | Bright .80Km | 6A5Km | Ceough ‘skm [AoBim| 74¥em | Deeton wannm [5odum |[2udum | uBhim | Csvile rok [worm | 4%Km | 4.50km | 275K Fite “35 --38 7-8-9 13-9 119 x9 “23157 -345 + 15 3703 » 10? 327 +107 (0.057 » 107 2.9 x 105 2.05 x 10748 +592 371-48 8.349 ~ 2.022 28.3 ~ 7.49 1.37 + 5.69 3.07 + 2,98 9.67 ~ 3.85 19.73 ~ 7.605 15.78 +7.9 12.95 + 19.55 © Sayed has @ 4m length of cable, IFhe uses 197cm how much does he have left? 10 Alexis sells used cars, She has four cars ready to sell at £3999; £5449; £7950 and £1750. ‘a What is the difference between the highest and lowest priced cars? b_ What isthe total price of all four cars? a 73x41 b 64x90 © e 47x21 # 406 +7 9 123534 J 16x19 k 12 Calculate these mentally a 5.02x6 b 9.9% 12 « e 98x7 # 26x3 9 i 376-8 j sa5+15 k m 272 +4 nl 0,0063=0.9 0 14x52 34x13 576 +8 Bax 0.22 5 72+ 042 0.64 = 128 413 Calculate the cost of a day out for the Adams family: ‘two adults and three children @MyMaths.coun 1.494 0.06 x 0.5 13.8 + 0.6 1365 - 21