(Memoirs of The American Mathematical Society 0972) Patrick Iglesias-Zemmour - The Moment Maps in Diffeology-Amer Mathematical Society (2010)

MEMOIRS of the
American Mathematical Society
Number 972
The Moment Maps in Diffeology

Patrick Iglesias-Zemmour
September 2010 • Volume 207 • Number 972 (second of 5 numbers) • ISSN 0065-9266
American Mathematical Society

Number 972
The Moment Maps in Diffeology

Patrick Iglesias-Zemmour
September 2010 • Volume 207 • Number 972 (second of 5 numbers) • ISSN 0065-9266
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Iglesias-Zemmour, Patrick, 1953-
The moment maps in diffeology / Patrick Iglesias-Zemmour.
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1. Symplectic geometry. I. Title.
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 15 14 13 12 11 10
Contents
Introduction 1
Chapter 1. Few words about diffeology 5
Chapter 2. Diffeological groups and momenta 9
Chapter 3. The paths moment map 17
Chapter 4. The 2-points moment map 23
Chapter 5. The moment maps 25
Chapter 6. The moment maps for exact 2-forms 29
Chapter 7. Functoriality of the moment maps 31
Chapter 8. The universal moment maps 35
Chapter 9. About symplectic manifolds 39
Chapter 10. The homogeneous case 45

Chapter 11. Examples of moment maps in diffeology 47
Bibliography 71
iii
Abstract
This memoir presents a generalization of the moment maps to the category

{Diffeology}. This construction applies to every smooth action of any diffeological
group G preserving a closed 2-form ω, defined on some diffeological space X. In
particular, that reveals a universal construction, associated to the action of the
whole group of automorphisms Diff(X, ω). By considering directly the space of
momenta of any diffeological group G, that is the space G∗ of left-invariant 1-forms
on G, this construction avoids any reference to Lie algebra or any notion of vector
fields, or does not involve any functional analysis. These constructions of the various
moment maps are illustrated by many examples, some of them originals and others
suggested by the mathematical literature.
Received by the editor October 4, 2007.

Article electronically published on March 10, 2010; S 0065-9266(10)00582-X.
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 53C99, 53D30, 53D20.
Key words and phrases. Diffeology, Moment Map, Symplectic Geometry.
Thanks. I am happy to thank the Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel for its hospitality.
The friendly and studious atmosphere I found here helped me to complete this work. I am glad to
thank my friends with whom I discussed the matter developed in this memoir, Jean-Marie Souriau
of course, but also Paul Donato, Yael Karshon and François Ziegler. Also I would like to thank
the referee who allowed me, by its remarks and questions, to enrich a part of this memoir.
2010
c American Mathematical Society
v
Introduction
The moment map has been introduced in the 1970’s in Souriau’s work about
the structure of dynamical systems [Sou70]. It is the tool by excellence for dealing
with symmetries in symplectic, or pre-symplectic geometry. But, in recent decades,
the necessity appeared to extend the notion of symplectic formalism and moment
maps, outside the usual framework of manifolds, to include constructions in infinite
dimension — spaces of connections of principal bundles, spaces of functions etc. —
or to include singular spaces — orbifolds, singular symplectic reduction spaces etc..
In this paper, we shall use the category {Diffeology} as the framework for such a
generalization. We know already that diffeology is suitable to describe, in a unique
and satisfactory way, manifolds or infinite dimensional spaces, as well as singular
quotients. But, if diffeology excels with covariant objects, as differential forms, it
is more subtle when it is question of contravariant objects like vector fields, Lie
algebra1 , kernel etc.. Thus, in order to build a good diffeological theory of the
moment map, and to avoid useless debates, we need to get freed from everything
related to contravariant geometrical objects.
Actually, the notion of moment map is not really an object of the symplectic
world, but relates more generally to the category of space equipped with closed
2-forms. The non-degeneracy condition is secondary and can be skipped first from
the data. This has been underlined explicitly by Souriau in his symplectic formula-
tion of Noether’s theorem, which involves pre-symplectic manifolds. On symplectic
manifolds, Noether’s theorem is empty. So, the moment map is just an object of
the world of differential closed form, and there is no reason a priori that it could
not be extended to diffeology which has a very well developed framework for De
Rham’s calculus.
Now, in order to generalize the moment map in diffeology, we need to under-
stand its meaning in the simplest possible case. Let M be a manifold equipped with
a closed 2-form ω. And, let G be a Lie group acting smoothly on M and preserving
∗
ω. That is, gM (ω) = ω for all elements g of G, where gM denotes the action of g on
M. Let us assume that ω is exact, ω = dλ, and moreover that λ is also invariant
by the action of G. So, for every point m of M, the pullback of λ, by the orbit map
m̂ : g → gM (m) is a left-invariant 1-form of G. That is, an element of the dual of
the Lie algebra G∗ . The map, μ : m → m̂∗ (λ) is exactly the moment map of the
action of G on the pair (M, ω) (at least one of the moment maps, since they are
defined up to constants). As we can see, this construction does not involve really
the Lie algebra of G but the space G∗ of left-invariant 1-forms on G. Since this space
is well defined in diffeology, we have just to replace « manifold » by « diffeological
1 Several authors, beginning with Souriau, proposed some generalizations of Lie algebra in
diffeology. But, it does not seem to exist a unique good choice. Such generalizations rely actually
on the kind of problem treated.
1
2 PATRICK IGLESIAS-ZEMMOUR
space », and « Lie group » by « diffeological group », and everything works the same.
So, let us change the manifold M for a diffeological space2 X, and let G be some
diffeological group. Let us continue to denote the space of left-invariant 1-forms on
G by G∗ , even if the star does not refer a priori to some duality, and let us call it
simply the space of momenta of the group G. Note that the group G continues to
act on G∗ by pullback of its adjoint action Ad : (g, k) → gkg −1 , so we don’t lose
the notions of coadjoint action and coadjoint orbits.
So, if we got the good space of momenta, which is the space where the moment
maps are assumed to take their values, the problem remains that not every G-
invariant closed 2-form is exact. And moreover, even if such form is exact, there
is no reason, for some of its primitives to be G-invariant. We shall pass over this
difficulty by introducing an intermediary, on which we can realize the simple case
described above. This intermediary is the space Paths(X), of all the smooth paths
of X, where the group G acts naturally by composition. And since Paths(X) carries
a natural functional diffeology, it is legitimate to consider its differential forms, and
this is what we do. By integrating ω along the paths, we get a differential 1-form
defined on Paths(X), and invariant by the action of G. The exact tool used here is
the chain-homotopy operator K [Piz05]. The 1-form Λ = Kω, defined on Paths(X),
is a G-invariant primitive of the 2-form Ω = (1̂∗ − 0̂∗ )(ω), where 1̂ and 0̂ map every
path of X to its ends. Thus, thanks to the construction described above, we get a
moment map Ψ for the 2-form Ω = dΛ and the action of G on Paths(X). But, this
paths moment map Ψ is not the one we are waiting for. We need to push it down
on X, or moreover on X × X. Now, if we get this way a 2-points moment map ψ
well defined on X × X, it doesn’t take anymore its value in G∗ , as does Ψ, but in
the quotient G∗/Γ, where Γ is the image by Ψ of all the loops of X. Fortunately,
Γ = Ψ(Loops(X)) is a subgroup of (G∗ , +) and depends on the loops only through
their free homotopy classes. In other words, Γ is an homomorphic image of the
fundamental group π1 (X) of X, or more precisely of its abelianized. Well, it is not
a big deal to have the moment map taking its values in some quotient of the space
of momenta, we can live with that. Especially if the group Γ is invariant under
the coadjoint action of G, which is actually the case3 . But, we are not completely
done. The usual moment map is not a 2-points function, but a 1-point function.
So, we have to extract our usual moment maps from this 2-points function ψ.
This is quite easy, thanks to its very definition, the moment map Ψ satisfies an
additive property for juxtaposition of paths. And, the moment map ψ inherits
this property as a cocycle condition: for any three point x, x and x of X we
have ψ(x, x ) + ψ(x , x ) = ψ(x, x ). Hence, for X connected, there exists always
a map μ such that ψ(x, x ) = μ(x ) − μ(x). And, any two such maps differ just
by a constant. So, we get finally our wanted set of moment maps μ, defined in
the diffeological framework. The only difference, with the simplest case described
above, is that the moment maps take their values in some quotient of the space
of momenta, instead of the space of momenta itself. But, this is in fact already
the case in the classical theory. It doesn’t appear explicitly because people focus
more on hamiltonian actions than just on symplectic actions. Actually, the group
2 The space X will be assumed to be connected, as many results need this hypothesis.
3 More precisely, the elements of Γ are not just elements of G∗ but are moreover closed, and
therefore invariant, each of them, by the coadjoint action of G.
INTRODUCTION 3
Γ represents the very obstruction, for the action of G on (X, ω), to be hamiltonian.
We shall call Γ, the holonomy of the action of G.
Now, let us come back to some properties of the various moment maps in-
troduced above. The paths moment maps Ψ and its projection ψ are equivariant
with respect to the action of G on X and the coadjoint action of G on G∗ , or the
projection of the coadjoint action on G∗/Γ. But this is not anymore the case for
the moments maps μ. The variance of the maps μ reveals a family of cocycles θ
from G to G∗/Γ differing just by coboundaries, and generalizing Souriau’s cocycles
[Sou70]. This class of cocycles σ belongs to the cohomology group H1 (G, G∗/Γ),
and will be called Souriau’s class of the action of G of (X, ω). Souriau’s class σ is
precisely the obstruction for the 2-points moment map ψ to be exact, that is for
some moment map μ to be equivariant. Moreover, in parallel with the classical
situation, every Souriau’s cocycle θ defines a new action of G on G∗/Γ, which we
still call the affine coadjoint action (associated to θ). And, the image of a moment
maps μ is a collection of coadjoint orbits for this action. We call these orbits,
the (Γ, θ)-coadjoint orbits of G. Two different cocycles give two families of orbits
translated by the same constant.
Let us remark that the holonomy group Γ and Souriau’s class σ appear clearly
on a different level of meaning, the first one is responsible of the non hamiltonian
character of the action of G, and the second characterizes the lack of equivariance
of the moment maps.
Well, until now we didn’t use all the facilities offered by the diffeological frame-
work. Since we do not restrict ourselves to the category of Lie groups, nothing
prevents us to consider the group of all the automorphisms of the pair (X, ω). That
is, the group Diff(X, ω) of all the diffeomorphisms of X, preserving ω. This group
is a natural diffeological group, acting smoothly on X. Thus, everything built
above applies to Diff(X, ω), and every other action preserving ω, of any diffeo-
logical group, pass through Diff(X, ω), and through the associated object of the
theory developed here. Therefore, considering the whole group of automorphisms
of the closed 2-form ω of X, we get a natural notion of universal moment maps Ψω ,
ψω and μω , universal holonomy Γω , universal Souriau’s cocycles θω , and universal
Souriau’s class σω . By the way, this universal construction suggests a simple and
new characterization, for any diffeological space X equipped with a closed 2-form ω,
of the group of hamiltonian diffeomorphisms Ham(X, ω), as the largest connected
subgroup of Diff(X, ω) whose holonomy vanishes.
It is interesting to notice that, contrary to the original constructions [Sou70]
and most of its generalizations, the theory described above is essentially global,
more or less algebraic, do not refer to any differential, or partial differential, equa-
tion and do not involve any notion of vector field or functional analysis techniques.
I give, at the end of the memoir, several examples involving diffeological groups
which are not Lie groups, or involving diffeological spaces which are not manifolds.
We can see how the general theory applies to the singular « symplectic irrational
tori » for which topology is irrelevant. These general constructions of moment
maps are also applied to a few examples in infinite dimension, and an example
which mixes finite and infinite dimensions. Finally, two examples of orbifolds are
also examined. These examples show without any doubt the ability of this theory
to treat correctly, in a unique framework, avoiding heuristic arguments, the large
variety of situations we can find in the mathematical literature today. For infinite
dimensional (heuristic) examples, see Donaldson’s paper [Dnl99]. By the way, I

developed on purpose some tedious computations, even if it is boring, just to show
diffeology at work. I mean, to show that diffeology is not just a formalism, but a
working calculus method too.
Considering the classical case of a closed 2-form ω defined on a manifold M,
we show in particular that ω is non degenerate if and only if the group Diff(M, ω)
is transitive on M and if a universal moment maps μω is injective. In other words,
symplectic manifolds are identified, by the universal moment maps, to some coad-
joint orbits (in our general sense) of their group of symplectomorphisms. This idea
that « every symplectic manifold is a coadjoint orbit » is not new, it is suggested
by a well known classification theorem for symplectic homogeneous Lie group ac-
tions [Kir74], [Kos70], [Sou70], and has been stated already in a different context
[Omo86]. What is new here is that diffeology make this statement rigorous without
the use of any functional analysis tools.
In conclusion, beside the point that the construction developed in this mem-
oir is a first step in the elaboration of the symplectic diffeology program, I would
emphasize the fact that, since {Manifolds} is a full and faithful subcategory of
{Diffeology}, all the constructions developed here apply to manifolds and give a
faithful description of the classical theory of moment maps. As we have seen, there
is no mention, and no use, of Lie algebra or vector fields in this exposition. This
reveal the fact that these objects are also superfluous in the traditional approach,
and can be avoided. And, I would add, they should be avoided. No just because
then, they can be extended to larger categories, but because the use of contravari-
ant object hide the deep fact that the theory of moment maps is a pure covariant
theory. For example, we know that since coadjoint orbits of Lie groups are sym-
plectic they are even dimensional. This is often regarded as a miracle, since it is not
necessarily the case for adjoint orbits. But if we think that Lie algebra have little to
do with the space of momenta of a Lie group, there is no more miracle, just different
behaviors for different objects, which is unsurprising. Moreover I would add, but
this can appear as more or less subjective, that avoiding all this va-et-vient between
Lie algebra and dual of Lie algebra, the diffeological approach of the moment maps
is much more simpler, and even deeper, than the classical approach. Compare for
example Souriau’s cocycle constructions in the original « Structure des systèmes
dynamiques » [Sou70] and in this memoir. The only crucial property used here is
connectedness, that is the existence of enough smooth paths connecting points in
spaces.
Now, this constructions, in particular the new diffeological symplectic frame-
work it suggests, come together with a lot of new questions which have not be
answered here. And I hope I’ll develop some of them in future works.
Note — Diffeology is a maximal extension of the local category of smooth real

domains. It contains by the way, fully and faithfully, the category of manifolds.
Diffeology has been introduced by J.-M Souriau at the beginning of the 1980s
[Sou81], and it is a variant of the theory of K.-T. Chen’s differentiable spaces
introduced few years before [Che77]. Since then, the theory has been enhanced
by some authors. The reader is assumed to be familiar with diffeology even if we
remind some basics constructions in the first Section. For an comprehensive report
on diffeology see [Piz05].
CHAPTER 1
Few words about diffeology
This is a reminder of the few diffeological notions we will use in the following.
More details about these constructions, and proofs, can be found in [Piz05].
1.1. Domains and parametrizations. We call numerical space any power

of the real numbers R, and we call numerical domain, or simply domain, any open
set of any numerical domain. If U is a domain of Rn , we say that U is an n-domain.
Let X be a set, we call parametrization in X any map defined on some numerical
domain with values in X. The set of all the parametrizations in X is denoted by
Param(X). For any parametrization P : U → X, the numerical domain U is called
the domain of P and is denoted by dom(P). If U is an n-domain we say that P is
a n-parametrization.
1.2. Diffeology and diffeological spaces. Let X be a set. A diffeology on

X is a set D of parametrizations in X, that is D ⊂ Param(X), such that
D1. Covering Every point of X is contained in the range of some P ∈ D.
D2. Locality If P ∈ Param(X) and if for any r ∈ dom(P) there exists a
domain V such that r ∈ V ⊂ dom(P) and P V ∈ D, then P ∈ D.
D3. Smooth compatibility If P ∈ D and F is a C∞ mapping from some
domain V to dom(P), then P ◦ F ∈ D.
Equipped with a diffeology D, X is a diffeological space. To make it short, the
elements of the diffeology are called the plots of the diffeological space. So, the plots
of a diffeological space are the elements of its diffeology. Note that the definition
of a diffeology does not assume any pre-existing structure on the underlying set.
1.3. Smooth maps and diffeomorphisms. Let X and X be two sets e-

quipped with the diffeologies D and D respectively. A map F : X → Y is said to
be smooth if for each P ∈ D we have F◦P ∈ D . The set of smooth maps from X to Y
is denoted by C∞ (X, Y). A bijective map F : X → Y is said to be a diffeomorphism
if both F and F−1 are smooth. The set of diffeomorphisms of X is a group denoted
by Diff(X). Diffeological spaces are the objects of the category {Diffeology} whose
morphisms are smooth maps, and isomorphisms are diffeomorphisms.
1.4. Quotients and subspaces. The category {Diffeology} is stable by set

theoretic operations. Products, sums of diffeological spaces are naturally diffeolog-
ical spaces, but also quotient and subsets. Let ∼ be any equivalence relation on
a diffeological space X, let Q = X/∼ and π : X → Q be the projection. There
exists a natural quotient diffeology on Q, for which π is smooth, defined by the
parametrizations which can be lifted locally along π by elements of D. That is, a
parametrization P : U → Q is a plot if and only if for each r ∈ U there exists a
domain V containing r and a plot φ : V → X such that P V = π ◦ φ. On the other
5
6 1. FEW WORDS ABOUT DIFFEOLOGY
hand, there exists on every subset A ⊂ X a natural subset diffeology, for which the
inclusion is smooth, defined by the elements of D which take their values in A.
In the first case, the map π : X → Q is a subduction, and in the second case the
injection jA : A → X is an induction.
1.5. Functional diffeology. Let X and X be two diffeological spaces. There

exists on C∞ (X, X ) a diffeology called the functional diffeology whose plots are
parametrizations P such that (r, x) → P(r)(x), defined on dom(P) × X to X is
smooth. This diffeology is the coarsest (e.g. largest) diffeology such that the
evaluation map (f, x) → f (x), from C∞ (X, X ) × X to X , is smooth. In particular,
the set of paths C∞ (R, X), denoted by Paths(X), is naturally a diffeological space,
equipped with the functional diffeology.
1.6. Differential forms. Let X be a diffeological space. A differential k-form

on X, for k ≥ 0, is a mapping α which associates to each plot P of X a smooth k-
form on dom(P). That is, if P is an n-plot, α(P) belongs to C∞ (dom(P), Λk (Rn )).
And satisfying the following compatibility condition: for any plot P of X and for
any smooth parametrization F : V → dom(P),
α(P ◦ F) = F∗ (α(P)).
The space Ωk (X) of differential k-forms on X is naturally a vector space. It carries
also a natural diffeology called again functional diffeology for which the ordinary
vectorial operations are smooth. A parametrization r → αr of Ωk (X), defined on
a domain U, is a plot for this functional diffeology if and only if for any n-plot
P : V → X, the parametrization (r, s) → αr (P)s , defined on U × V with values in
Λk (Rn ), is smooth.
Note that, if it is necessary for a differential form to check the compatibility
condition on all the plots of the space, two differential k-forms coincide if and only
if they coincide on the k-plots. In other words, the value of a differential k-form is
characterized by its values on the k-plots.
The exterior differential of a k-form α is the differential (k + 1)-form defined
by
dα(P) = d(α(P)).
Let f : X → X be a smooth map between diffeological spaces, let α be a differ-
ential k-form on X , the pullback f ∗ (α ) is the differential k-form on X defined by
f ∗ (α )(P) = α (f ◦ P). The exterior differential and the pullback are linear and
smooth operations.
Let F : I → Diff(X) be a 1-plot defined on a open interval and centered at the
identity 1X , that is 0 ∈ I and F(0) = 1X . Let α be a differential k-form on X, with
k > 0. The contraction iF (α) of α by F is the (k − 1)-differential form defined by

t 1 0 ··· 0
iF (α)(P)r (v2 , . . . , vk ) = α → F(t)(P(r)) ,
r (r0) 0 v2 · · · vk
where P is any plot of X, r ∈ dom(P), and v2 , . . . , vk are any k − 1 vectors of Rn ,
n being the dimension of the plot P.
Let us continue with the 1-plot F : I → Diff(X) defined on I and centered at
1X . Let α be a differential k-form on X, with k ≥ 0. There exists a differential
1. FEW WORDS ABOUT DIFFEOLOGY 7
k-form on X, called the Lie derivative of α by F, defined by

∂α(F(t) ◦ P)r
£F (α)(P)r =
∂t t=0
for every n-plot P and every r ∈ dom(P). Note that α(F(t) ◦ P) is just F(t)∗ (α)(P),
and regarded as a function of t is smooth from I to Λk (Rn ), so the derivative with
respect to t makes sense. Now, the so called classical Cartan formula extends to
diffeology and we have, for any differential k form α, with k > 0,
£F (α) = d[iF (α)] + iF (dα).
Let us fix now some vocabulary we shall use in the later paragraphs. We call
automorphism of a differential k-form α on X any diffeomorphism ϕ of X which
preserves α, that is ϕ∗ (α) = α. The set of all the automorphisms of the form α is
a group denoted by Diff(X, α),
Diff(X, α) = {ϕ ∈ Diff(X) | ϕ∗ (α) = α}.
The group Diff(X, α) will be called the group of automorphisms of α, and any of
its subgroups will be called a group of automorphisms of α.
1.7. Chain-Homotopy operator. Let X be a diffeological space. Let 0̂ and
1̂ be the maps defined on Paths(X) to X by
0̂(p) = p(0) and 1̂(p) = p(1).
There exists a smooth linear operator K, called Chain-Homotopy operator such that,
for any integer k > 0,
K : Ωk (X) → Ωk−1 (Paths(X)) and K ◦ d + d ◦ K = 1̂∗ − 0̂∗ .
The value of the chain-homotopy operator K on a differential k-form α is given by
the following formulas. For k = 1, Kα is a real function
1
K(α)(p) = α(p)t (1) dt with α ∈ Ω1 (X) and p ∈ Paths(X).
0
For k > 1, let P : U → Paths(X) be a n-plot, let r ∈ U and let v2 , . . . , vk be k − 1
vectors of Rn , so
1
s 1 0 ··· 0
(Kα)(P)r (v2 , . . . , vk ) = α → P(r)(s + t) dt.
0 r (0) 0 v2 · · · vk
r
The chain-homotopy operator satisfies a natural equivariance relation. Let X be

another diffeological space and f ∈ C∞ (X, X ). Let f∗ : Paths(X) → Paths(X ) be
the natural map f∗ : p → f ◦ p. Let KX and KX be the chain-homotopy operators
associated to X and X , so
KX ◦ f ∗ = (f∗ )∗ ◦ KX .
In particular, if X = X and if f preserves a differential k-form α, that is f ∗ (α) = α,
then f∗ preserves the differential (k − 1)-form K(α), that is (f∗ )∗ (Kα) = Kα.
CHAPTER 2
Diffeological groups and momenta
Diffeological groups have been first introduced as « groupes différentiels » by

Souriau in [Sou81], [Sou84]. They are, with respect to diffeological spaces, what
Lie groups are to manifolds. We remind here their definition. Then, we propose a
diffeological equivalent of the « dual of the Lie algebra » as the space of invariant
1-forms on the group. We don’t consider any duality with a putative diffeological
Lie algebra. This is the simpler and the more natural way to work with coadjoint
action and coadjoint orbits in diffeology.
2.1. Diffeological groups. Let G be a group equipped with a diffeology D.

We say that G is a diffeological group, or D is a group diffeology, if and only if the
multiplication as well as the inversion are smooth. That is,
[(g, g ) → gg ] ∈ C∞ (G × G, G) and [g → g −1 ] ∈ C∞ (G, G).
Note that if G is a standard manifold, this definition is nothing but the definition
of Lie groups. Note that any subgroup of a diffeological group, equipped with the
subset diffeology, is a diffeological group. As well, the quotient of any diffeological
group by a normal subgroup is a diffeological group for the quotient diffeology. We
denote by Hom∞ (G, G ) the space of smooth homomorphisms from G to another
diffeological group G .
An important example of diffeological group is the groups of all the diffeomor-
phisms of a diffeological space X, equipped with the functional diffeology of group
of diffeomorphisms. This diffeology is the coarsest group diffeology on Diff(X)
such that the evaluation map (f, x) → f (x) is smooth. A parametrization P : U →
Diff(X) is a plot if and only if the maps (r, x) → P(r)(x) and (r, x) → P(r)−1 (x)
are smooth.
2.2. Covering diffeological groups. Let Ĝ and G be two diffeological

groups. We say that a subduction pr : Ĝ → G is a group covering if and only
if pr is an homomorphism and the fiber K = pr−1 (1G ) is discrete1 . Let G be a
connected diffeological group. Its universal covering G̃ has a natural structure of
diffeological group such that the subduction π : G̃ → G is an homomorphism. The
first homotopy group π1 (G) = ker(π) is a discrete invariant subgroup of G̃, so π is
a group covering. Any other connected covering pr : Ĝ → G is the quotient of the
universal covering by a subgroup K of π1 (G). If the subgroup K is normal then pr
is a group covering.
1 Let us remind that discrete means that the plots (here the plots for the subset diffeology)
are locally constant.
9
Proof. This property has been stated originally in [Sou84], [Don84], but let
us remind the general construction given in [Igl85]. Let X be a connected diffeo-
logical space, let x0 be a point of X, chosen at the base point. Let Paths(X, x0 ) be
the space of paths starting at x0 . First of all, the end map 1̂ : p → p(1), defined
on Paths(X, x0 ) is a subduction. The quotient of Paths(X, x0 ) by the fixed ends
homotopy relation is exactly the universal covering pointed by the constant map
x̂0 : t → x0 , over the pointed space (X, x0 ). The fiber over x0 is the homotopy
group π1 (X, x0 ). Now if X = G we choose the identity 1G as base point. Thus,
the multiplication of paths (p, p ) → [t → p(t) · p (t)] defines on G̃ a group mul-
tiplication such that the projection π : G̃ → G, defined by π(class(p)) = 1̂(p), is
an homomorphism. The kernel of this morphism is clearly the fiber over 1G , that
is π1 (G). Now, the kernel of an homomorphism is always an invariant subgroup.
And, since π is a covering, π −1 (1G ) is discrete. This last points are general results
of the diffeological theory of homotopy [Igl85].
2.3. Smooth actions of a diffeological group. Let G be a diffeological
group. Let X be a diffeological space. Let the group Diff(X), of all the diffeomor-
phisms of X, be equipped with the functional diffeology of group of diffeomorphisms.
A smooth action of G on X, or simply an action of G on X, is a smooth homomor-
phism ρ from G to Diff(X), that is ρ ∈ Hom∞ (G, Diff(X)). Let us fix or remind
some vocabulary used in the following.
(1) We says that the action is effective if ker(ρ) = {1G }.
(2) The orbits of G are the subsets ρ(G)(x) = {ρ(g)(x) | g ∈ G}, where x ∈ X.
(3) We call orbit maps of a point x ∈ X, the smooth map x̂ : G → X, defined
by x̂ : g → ρ(g)(x).
(4) The stabilizer Stρ (x) of a point x ∈ X is the subgroup of G defined by the
equation x̂(g) = x, g ∈ G.
(5) We say that X is homogeneous for the action ρ of G, or that X is an
homogeneous space of G, for ρ, if and only if the orbit map x̂ of some
point x ∈ X is a subduction, thus for every point. In this case, x̂ is
a principal fibration [Igl85] with structure group the stabilizer Stρ (x).
That is X G/Stρ (x), where g ∼ gh with h ∈ Stρ (x).
Let α be a differential k-form on X. We say that G acts by automorphisms on (X, α)
if ρ takes it values in Diff(X, α). That is, if ρ(G) is a group of automorphisms of
the differential form α.
2.4. Covering smooth actions. Let X be a connected diffeological space.
Let G be a connected diffeological group. Let ρ : G → Diff(X) be a smooth
action of G on X. Thus, ρ takes its values in the identity component Diff(X)◦ =
comp(1X ) ⊂ Diff(X). So, there exists a unique smooth action ρ̃ of the universal
covering G̃ of G on the universal covering X̃ of X, covering ρ.
ρ̃ -
G ◦
Diff(X)
πG πDiff(X)
? ?
G - Diff(X)◦
ρ
Proof. The map ρ ◦ π is smooth and G is simply connected. So, thanks to the
monodromy theorem [Igl85], there exists a unique lifting ρ̃ of ρ ◦ π mappings the
2. DIFFEOLOGICAL GROUPS AND MOMENTA 11
◦ . Now, this lifting is an homomorphism

identity of G̃ to the identity of Diff(X)
because its restriction on ker(πG ) and its projection ρ are both homomorphisms.
2.5. Left, right and adjoint actions of a group onto itself. Let G be a
diffeological group. We denote by L(g) and R(g) the left and right actions of G onto
itself.
L(g) : g → gg
For all g ∈ G,
R(g) : g → g g.
Note that the « right action » is in fact an anti-action. That is, R(gg ) = R(g )◦R(g).
The adjoint action of G onto itself is denoted by Ad, and is defined by:
For all g ∈ G, Ad(g) : k → gkg −1 = L(g) ◦ R(g −1 )(k).
The maps L and Ad are smooth homomorphisms from G to Diff(G), equipped
with the diffeology of group of diffeomorphisms. The map R is a smooth anti-
homomorphism from G to Diff(G).
2.6. Momenta of a diffeological group. We call left momentum — or sim-
ply momentum — of a diffeological group G, any 1-form of G, invariant by the left
action of G onto itself. We denote by G∗ the space of momenta of G. The space of
momenta of a diffeological group is naturally a diffeological vector space, equipped
with the functional diffeology. So,
G∗ = {α ∈ Ω1 (G) | For all g ∈ G, L(g)∗ (α) = α}.
Note that, in spite of what the notation G∗ suggests, the space of momenta of a
diffeological group is not defined by some duality. This notation is chosen here just
to remind us the connection with the dual of the Lie algebra in the case of Lie
groups.
2.7. Momenta and connectedness. Let G be a diffeological group. Let G◦
be the identity component of G, that is G◦ = comp(1G ) ⊂ G. So, the pullback
j ∗ : G∗ → G◦ * of the injection j : G◦ → G is an isomorphism. This property is
quite natural but needed to be checked up in our context of diffeological groups.
Note — Said differently, the space of momenta of a connected diffeological
group, or any of its extensions by a discrete group, coincide. In particular, the only
momentum of a discrete group is the zero momentum.
Proof. Let us check first the injectivity. Let α ∈ G∗ such that j ∗ (α) = 0, and
let P : U → G be a plot. Let r0 ∈ U and let B ⊂ U be a small open ball centered
at r0 . Let g0 = P(r0 ). Since B is connected, since L(g0−1 ) ◦ P(r0 ) = 1G , and thanks
to the smoothness of group operations, the parametrization Q = [L(g0−1 ) ◦ P] B
is a plot of G◦ . So, α(Q) = 0. But, α(Q) = α(L(g0−1 ) ◦ (P B)) = L(g0−1 )∗ (α)(P
B) = α(P B). Thus, α(P B) = 0. Since α vanishes locally at each point of U,
α = 0. And, j ∗ is injective. Now, let us prove the surjectivity. Let α ∈ G◦ * . For
any component Gi of G, let us choose an element gi ∈ Gi , and the identity for the
identity component. Let P : U → G be a plot, an let us assume that U is connected.
So, P(U) is contained in one connected component of G, let us say the component
Gi . Let us define then, ᾱ(P) = α(R(gi−1 ) ◦ P). Since R(gi−1 ) ◦ P(r) ∈ G◦ for all
r ∈ U, this is well defined. Now, since any plot is the sum of its restrictions on the
components of its domain, the map ᾱ extends naturally to every plot of G. Now,
let P : U → G be a plot, let V be a domain, and let F ∈ C∞ (V, U). Let s0 ∈ V, let
V0 be the component of s0 in V, let r0 = F(s0 ), and let U0 be the component of
r0 in U. Let Gi be the component of P ◦ F(s0 ) = P(r0 ) in G. We have, ᾱ((P ◦ F)

V0 ) = ᾱ((P U0 ) ◦ (F V0 )) = α(R(gi−1 ) ◦ (P U0 ) ◦ (F V0 )) = α([R(gi−1 ) ◦ (P
U0 )]◦(F V0 )) = (F V0 )∗ [α(R(gi−1 )◦(P U0 )] = (F V0 )∗ [ᾱ(P U0 )]. So locally,
ᾱ(F ◦ P) =loc F∗ (ᾱ(P)). And if it is satisfied locally, it is satisfied globally, thus
ᾱ(F ◦ P) = F∗ (ᾱ(P)). The map ᾱ is a well defined differential 1-form on G. Now,
let us check that ᾱ is invariant by left multiplication. Let g ∈ G, let P : U → G be
a plot, let r0 ∈ U, let U0 be the component of r0 in U, let Gi be the component
of P(r0 ) in G, so P(U0 ) ⊂ Gi . We have, L(g)∗ (ᾱ(P U0 )) = ᾱ(L(g) ◦ (P U0 )) =
α(R(gi−1 ) ◦ L(g) ◦ (P U0 )) = α(L(g) ◦ R(gi−1 ) ◦ (P U0 )) = [L(g)∗ (α)](R(gi−1 ) ◦ (P
U0 )) = α(R(gi−1 ) ◦ (P U0 )) = ᾱ(P U0 ). So locally, L(g)∗ (ᾱ)(P) =loc ᾱ(P), and
therefore globally. So, L(g)∗ (ᾱ) = ᾱ, thus ᾱ is an element of G∗ , which coincide
with α on G◦ .
2.8. Momenta of coverings of diffeological groups. Let G be a diffeo-
logical group, let pr : Ĝ → G be some group covering, see Subsection 2.2. Let G∗
and Ĝ∗ be the spaces of momenta of G and Ĝ. So, the pullback pr∗ : G∗ → Ĝ∗ is a
smooth linear isomorphism.
Proof. Thanks to Subsection 2.7, it is sufficient to assume that Ĝ and G
are connected. And thanks to Subsection 2.2, it is sufficient to prove this for the
universal covering π : G̃ → G. Now, π ∗ is obviously linear, let us show that π ∗ is
surjective. Let α̃ ∈ G ∗ . The group G is isomorphic to G/π 1 (G), with respect to
the left action of π1 (G). That is g̃ ∼ kg̃, for all k ∈ π1 (G). Now, let α̃ ∈ G ∗ , α̃
∗
is left invariant by G, thus by π1 (G). That is, for all k ∈ π1 (G), L(k) (α̃) = α̃.
But, since π1 (G) = ker(π) is discrete, this is sufficient for the existence of a 1-
form α on G such that α̃ = π ∗ (α). Now, let g̃ ∈ G and g = π(g̃). Since π is
an homomorphism, π ◦ L(g̃) = L(g) ◦ π. So, on one hand we have L(g̃)∗ (α̃) =
L(g̃)∗ (π ∗ (α)) = (π ◦ L(g̃))∗ (α) = (L(g) ◦ π)∗ (α) = π ∗ (L(g)∗ (α)). And, on the other
hand, we have L(g̃)∗ (α̃) = α̃ = π ∗ (α). Hence, π ∗ (L(g)∗ (α)) = π ∗ (α). But, since π is
a subduction, L(g)∗ (α) = α. Thus, α ∈ G∗ , and the map π ∗ is surjective. Now, let
α̃ and β̃ be such that π ∗ (α̃) = π ∗ (β̃). But, since π is a subduction, α̃ = β̃. Finally,
π ∗ is injective. Finally, since the pullback is a smooth operation, π ∗ : G∗ → G ∗ is a
smooth linear isomorphism.
2.9. Linear coadjoint action and coadjoint orbits. Let G be a diffeolog-
ical group and let G∗ be the space of its momenta. The pushforward Ad(g)∗ (α)
of a momentum α ∈ G∗ , by the adjoint action of any element g of G, is again a
momentum of G, that is again a left-invariant 1-form. This defines a linear smooth
action of G on G∗ called coadjoint action, and denoted by Ad∗ .
Ad∗ : (g, α) → Ad(g)∗ (α) = Ad(g −1 )∗ (α).
We check immediately that for all g, g in G, Ad∗ (gg ) = Ad∗ (g) ◦ Ad∗ (g ), and
that Ad∗ (g) is linear. Note that, since α is left-invariant, Ad∗ (g)(α) = R(g)∗ (α).
The orbit of α by G is by definition a coadjoint orbit of G, and it will be denoted
by
Oα or Ad∗ (G)(α) = {Ad∗ (g)(α) | g ∈ G}.
The orbit Oα can be regarded as a subset of G∗ , but also as the quotient of the
group G by the stabilizer of the moment α,
Oα G/StG (α), with StG (α) = {g ∈ G | Ad(g)∗ (α) = α}.
Note — The orbit Oα can be equipped with the subset diffeology of the functional
diffeology of G∗ , or with the quotient diffeology of G. There is no reason a priori that
these two diffeologies coincide. But it could be interesting however to understand
in which conditions they do.
2.10. Affine coadjoint actions and (Γ, θ)-coadjoint orbits. Let G be a
diffeological group, and G∗ be the space of its momenta. Let Γ ⊂ G∗ be a subgroup
of (G∗ , +), invariant by the coadjoint action Ad∗ . That is, for all g ∈ G,
Ad∗ (g)(Γ) ⊂ Γ.
So, the coadjoint action of G on G∗ project to the quotient G∗/Γ, regarded as an
abelian group, on a smooth action. Let us denote this action by AdΓ∗ . For every
g ∈ G and τ ∈ G∗/Γ,
AdΓ∗ (g)(τ ) = class(Ad∗ (g)(μ)) with τ = class(μ) ∈ G∗/Γ.
Now, let θ be a smooth map from G to the space G∗/Γ, such that for any pair g
and g of elements of G,
θ(gg ) = AdΓ∗ (g)(θ(g )) + θ(g).
Such maps are formally known, in the literature as twisted 1-cocycles of G with
values in G∗/Γ [Kir74]. We shall call them cocycles of G, with values in G∗/Γ, or
simply (G∗/Γ)-cocycles. A cocycle θ is a coboundary if and only if there exists a
constant c ∈ G∗/Γ, such that θ = Δc, with
Δc : g → AdΓ∗ (g)(c) − c.
Cocycles modulo coboundaries define a cohomology group denoted by H1 (G, G∗/Γ).
Every such cocycle θ defines a new action of G on G∗/Γ by
AdΓ,θ
∗ : (g, τ ) → AdΓ∗ (g)(τ ) + θ(g).
The orbits for these actions will be called the (Γ, θ)-coadjoint orbits of G. If Γ = {0}
we shall call them simply θ-coadjoint orbits. If θ = 0 we shall call them simply
Γ-coadjoint orbits. And, if Γ = {0} and θ = 0 we find again the ordinary coadjoint
orbits defined in Subsection 2.9.
2.11. Closed momenta of a diffeological group. Let G be a diffeological
group, and let G∗ be its space of momenta. Let us denote by Z the subset of closed
momenta of G, and by B the subset of exact momenta of G. That is,
Z = Z1DR (G) ∩ G∗ and B = B1DR (G) ∩ G∗ .
1) Let us assume that G is connected, and let G̃ be its universal covering. By
factorization, the chain-homotopy operator defines a canonical De Rham isomor-
phism k, from the space of closed momenta Z to the vector space Hom∞ (G̃, R).
That is, for all ζ ∈ Z,

k(ζ) = [g̃ → Kζ(p)], where Kζ(p) = ζ and g̃ = class(p).
p
Here, we have denoted by class(p) the fixed ends homotopy class of the path
p ∈ Paths(G, 1G ). The subspace of exact momenta B identifies, through the iso-
morphism k, to the subspace Hom∞ (G, R).
Z Hom∞ (G̃, R) and B Hom∞ (G, R).
2) Let G be any diffeological group connected or not. Let ζ ∈ G∗ , if ζ is closed

then ζ is Ad∗ invariant.
For all ζ ∈ G∗ , dζ = 0 ⇒ Ad∗ (g)(ζ) = ζ, for all g ∈ G.
Note — Every homomorphism from a diffeological group G to an abelian
group factorizes through the abelianized group Ab(G) = G/[G, G], where [G, G] is
the normal subgroup of the commutators of G. So actually, Z Hom∞ (Ab(G̃), R)
and B Hom∞ (Ab(G), R).
Proof. 1) Let π : G̃ → G be the universal covering defined in Subsection

2.2. Since G̃ is simply connected, every closed 1-form is exact [Piz05]. Thus, for
every ζ ∈ Z, the pullback π ∗ (ζ) is exact. So, let F be a primitive of π ∗ (α), that
is dF = π ∗ (α). We can even fix uniquely F by choosing F(1G̃ ) = 0. Actually
F is defined by integrating the form ζ along the paths starting at the identity,
that is F = k(ζ). Since α is left-invariant and since the projection π commutes
with the left actions, on G and G̃, π ∗ (α) is left invariant. So, for every g̃ ∈ G̃,
d[F ◦ L(g̃)] = dF. Since G̃ is connected, for every g̃, g̃ in G̃, F(g̃g̃ ) = F(g̃ ) + f (g̃).
Where f is a smooth real function. But since F(1G ) = 0, f (g̃) = F(g̃), and F is
a smooth homomorphism from G̃ to R. So, for every closed momentum ζ ∈ Z,
there exists a unique homomorphism F ∈ Hom∞ (G̃, R) such that ζ = π∗ (dF). The
homomorphism k is thus injective, and it is obviously surjective. Now, if ζ is exact,
that is if ζ = df , then F = π ∗ (f ). So, k(B) = π ∗ (Hom∞ (G, R)) Hom∞ (G, R).
2) Thanks to Subsection 2.7 we can assume that G is connected. Now, for every
g̃, g̃ in G̃, F(g̃g̃ g̃ −1 ) = F(g̃ ). That is, F ◦ Ad(g̃) = Ad(g̃)∗ (F) = F, for all g̃ ∈ G̃.
So, d[Ad(g̃)∗ (F)] = dF, or Ad∗ (g̃)(π ∗ (ζ)) = π ∗ (ζ), or (π ◦ Ad(g̃))∗ (ζ) = π ∗ (ζ). But
π ◦ Ad(g̃) = Ad(g) ◦ π, where g = π(g̃). So, π ∗ (Ad(g)∗ (ζ)) = π ∗ (ζ). And since π
is a subduction, Ad(g)∗ (ζ) = ζ. That is, Ad∗ (g)(ζ) = ζ.
2.12. Equivalence between right and left momenta. Let G be a diffeo-

logical group, and let G denote the space of right momenta of the group G. That
is, the space of 1-forms of G, invariant by the right multiplication.
G = {α ∈ Ω1 (G) | For all g ∈ G, R(g)∗ (α) = α}.
There exists a natural linear isomorphism flip : G∗ → G equivariant with respect
to the coadjoint action. That is, the following diagram commutes.
flip -
G∗ G
Ad∗ (g) Ad∗ (g)
? ?
G∗ - G
flip
In other words, there is no reason to prefer left or right momenta of a diffeological
group. The particularization of left momenta comes because we are dealing with
actions of groups and not anti-actions.
Proof. Let us denote by a dot the multiplication in G. Let α be any left

p-momentum of G. Let P : U → G be a n-plot. Let ᾱ(P) be defined by

ᾱ(P)(r) = α s → P(s) · P(r)−1 (s = r).
where r belongs to U. Let us show that ᾱ defines a p-form of G. First of all let us
remark that ᾱ(P) is the restriction of the 1-form α((s, r) → P(s) · P(r)−1 ) to the
diagonal s = r. Thus, ᾱ(P) is a smooth 1-form of U.
Now, let us prove that ᾱ is a well defined 1-form on G, according to the
definition of differential forms in diffeology. let F : V → U be a smooth m-
parametrization. Let v be a point of V, and δv be a vector of Rm . We have:

ᾱ(P ◦ F)v (δv) = α s → (P ◦ F)(s) · (P ◦ F)(v)−1 v (δv)

= α s → F(s) → (P ◦ F)(s) · (P ◦ F)(v)−1 v (δv)

= α s → r = F(s) → P(r) · P(F(v))−1 v (δv)

= α r → P(r) · P(F(v))−1 ◦ F v (δv)

= F∗ α r → P(r) · P(F(v))−1 v (δv)

= α r → P(r) · P(F(v))−1 F(v) (D(F)(v)(δv))
= ᾱ(P)F(v) (D(F)(v)(δv))
= F∗ [ᾱ(P)]v (δv).
Then, let us check that ᾱ is right-invariant, that is ᾱ ∈ G . For all g ∈ G, we have:
R(g)∗ (ᾱ)(P)r (δr) = ᾱ(R(g) ◦ P)r (δr)

= α s → (R(g) ◦ P)(s) · (R(g) ◦ P)(r)−1 r (δr)

= α s → P(s) · g · (P(r) · g)−1 r (δr)

= α s → P(s) · g · g −1 · P(r)−1 r (δr)

= α s → P(s) · P(r)−1 r (δr)
= ᾱ(P)r (δr)
So, we have defined a map flip : α → ᾱ, from G∗ to G . Let us prove now that flip
is bijective. Let β = ᾱ. Let P : U → G be a plot, and let us define β̄ by
β̄(P)(r) = β[s → P(r)−1 · P(s)](s = r),
for all r ∈ U. So, we have:

β̄(P)(r) = β s → P(r)−1 · P(s) (s = r)

= ᾱ s → P(r)−1 · P(s) (s = r)

= α s → P(r)−1 · P(s) · P(r)−1 · P(r) (s = r)

= α s → P(r)−1 · P(s) (s = r)
= L(P(r)−1 )∗ (α) [s → P(s)] (s = r)
= α(P)(r).
Hence, β̄ = α. Thus, flip is bijective. And, flip is clearly linear. Therefore, flip
is a linear isomorphism from G∗ to G . It is easy to check that it is a smooth
isomorphism.
Finally, let us check that flip is equivariant under the coadjoint action. Let
α ∈ G∗ , let P : U → G be a plot and r ∈ U. On one hand we have,
flip[Ad(g)∗ (α)](P)r = flip[R(g)∗ (α)](P)r
= R(g)∗ (α)[s → P(s) · P(r)−1 ]r
= α(s → P(s) · P(r)−1 · g)r .
And, on the other hand:

[Ad(g)∗ (flip(α))](P)r = [L(g)∗ (flip(α))](P)r
= flip(α)(L(g −1 ) ◦ P)r
= α[s → (L(g −1 ) ◦ P)(s) · (L(g −1 ) ◦ P)(r))−1 ]r
= α[s → g −1 · P(s) · P(r)−1 · g]r
= L(g −1 )∗ (α)[s → P(s) · P(r)−1 · g]r
= α[s → P(s) · P(r)−1 · g]r
Therefore, flip ◦ Ad(g)∗ = Ad(g)∗ ◦ flip for all g ∈ G.
CHAPTER 3
The paths moment map
We shall now introduce the notion of moment map step by step. The first step
consists to define the paths moment map.
3.1. Definition of the paths moment map. Let X be a diffeological space

and ω be a closed 2-form defined on X. Let G be a diffeological group and ρ : G →
Diff(X) be a smooth action. Let us denote by the same letter the natural action
of G on Paths(X), induced by the action ρ of G on X. That is, for all g ∈ G, for
all p ∈ Paths(X),
ρ(g)(p) = ρ(g) ◦ p = [t → ρ(g)(p(t))].
Let us assume now that the action ρ of G on X preserves ω. That is, for all g ∈ G,
ρ(g)∗ (ω) = ω or ρ ∈ Hom∞ (G, Diff(X, ω)).
Let K be the chain-homotopy operator, so Kω is a 1-form of Paths(X), and the
action of G on Paths(X) preserves the 1-form Kω. This is a consequence of the
variance of the chain-homotopy operator, see Subsection 1.7. Thus, for all g ∈ G,
ρ(g)∗ (Kω) = Kω.
Now, let p be any paths of X, and let p̂ : G → Paths(X) be the orbit map. So, the
pullback p̂∗ (Kω) is a left-invariant 1-form of G, that is an element of G∗ . The map
Ψ : Paths(X) → G∗ defined by Ψ(p) = p̂∗ (Kω),
is smooth with respect to the functional diffeology, Ψ ∈ C∞ (Paths(X), G∗ ). The
map Ψ will be called the paths moment map.
3.2. Evaluation of the paths moment map. Let X be a diffeological space

and ω be a closed 2-form defined on X. Let G be a diffeological group and ρ be
a smooth action of G on X, preserving ω. Let p be a path in X. Thanks to the
explicit expression of the chain-homotopy operator given in Subsection 1.7, we get
the evaluation of the momentum Ψ(p) on any n-plot P of G,
1
s 1 0
(♥) Ψ(p)(P)r (δr) = ω → (ρ ◦ P)(u)(p(s + t)) dt,
0 u s=0
( u=r ) 0 δr
for all r in dom(P) and all δr in Rn . Now, as a differential 1-form, Ψ(p) is char-
acterized by its values on the 1-plots [Piz05]. So, let f : t → ft be a 1-plot of G
centered at the identity 1G , that is f ∈ Paths(G) and f (0) = 1G . For any t ∈ R,
let Ft be the path in Diff(X, ω) — centered at the identity 1X — defined by
Ft : s → ρ(ft−1 ◦ ft+s ).
17
So, we have
1
(♣) Ψ(p)(f )t (1) = − iFt (ω) = − iFt (ω)(p)s (1)ds,
p 0
where iFt (ω) is the contraction of ω by Ft , see Subsection 1.6.

But, as an invariant 1-form on G the moment Ψ(p) is characterized by its value
at the identity, that is for t = 0,
1
(♦) Ψ(p)(f )0 (1) = − iF (ω) = − iF (ω)(p)t (1) dt with F = ρ ◦ f.
p 0
Note — Let f ∈ Hom∞ (R, G), so Ψ(p)(f ) is an invariant 1-form on R whose

coefficient is just p iF (ω). That is,

Ψ(p)(f ) = hf (p) × dt where hf (p) = − iF (ω).
p
The smooth map hf : Paths(X) → R is the hamiltonian of f , or the hamiltonian

of the 1-parameter group f (R). Note also that, the map h : Hom∞ (R, G) →
C∞ (Paths(X), R), defined above, is smooth.
Proof. Let us prove ♥. Let us remind that for every p ∈ Paths(X) and every
g ∈ G, p̂(g) = ρ(g)(p) = [t → ρ(g)(p(t))]. So, by definition
Ψ(p)(P)r (δr) = p̂∗ (Kω)r (δr)

= Kω(p̂ ◦ P)r (δr)
1
s 1 0
= ω → p̂ ◦ P(r)(s + t) dt
0 r ( r0 ) 0 δr
1
s 1 0
= ω → (ρ ◦ P)(r)(p(s + t)) dt.
0 r 0
(r) 0 δr
Let us prove ♣. Let us apply the general formula ♥ for P = f . Introducing

u = u − t and s = s + s , using the compatibility property of ω(P ◦ Q) = Q∗ (ω(P))
3. THE PATHS MOMENT MAP 19
and the ρ(ft ) invariance of ω, we get

1
s 1 0
Ψ(p)(f )t (1) = ω → ρ(fu )(p(s + s )) ds
0 u s=0
( u=t ) 0 1
1
s 1 0
= ω → ρ(ft+u )(p(s )) ds
0 u s =s 0 1

u =0
1
s −1 1 0
= ω →
ρ(f ◦ f ◦ f )(p(s )) ds
0 u t t t+u
s =s 0 1
u =0
1
s 1 0
= ω → ρ(ft ) Ft (u )(p(s )) ds
0 u s =s 0 1

u =0
1
s 1 0
= ω → Ft (u )(p(s )) ds
0 u s =s

0 1
u =0
1
u 0 1
= ω → Ft (u )(p(s )) ds
0 s u =0 1 0

s =s
1
u 1 0
= − ω →
F t (u )(p(s )) ds
0 s u =0 0 1
s =s
1
= − iFt (ω)(p)s (1)ds
0
= − iFt (ω).
p
Let us prove the Note. Let f ∈ Hom∞ (R, G). By definition of differential forms
and pullbacks, Ψ(p)(f ) = f ∗ (Ψ(p)), but since f is an homomorphism from R
to Diff(X, ω) and Ψ(p) is a left-invariant 1-form on Diff(X, ω), f ∗ (Ψ(p)) is an
invariant 1-form of R, so Ψ(p)(f ) = f ∗ (Ψ(p)) = a × dt, for some real a. So,
Ψ(p)(f )r = Ψ(p)(f )0 (1) × dt = hf (p) × dt, with hf (p) = Ψ(p)(f )0 (1) = − p iF (ω),
and dt is the canonical 1-form on R.
3.3. Variance of the paths moment map. Let X be a diffeological space

a smooth action of G on X, preserving ω. The paths moment map Ψ, defined in
Subsection 3.1, is equivariant under the action of G. That is, for all g ∈ G,
Ψ ◦ ρ(g)∗ = Ad(g)∗ ◦ Ψ.
Proof. Let us denote here the orbit map p̂ of every path p ∈ Paths(X) by L(p).
That is, L(p)(g) = ρ(g)∗ (p) = ρ(g) ◦ p. So, Ψ(ρ(g)∗ (p)) = Ψ(ρ(g) ◦ p) = (L(ρ(g) ◦
p)∗ (Kω). But, L(ρ(g) ◦ p)(g ) = ρ(g )(ρ(g) ◦ p) = ρ(g g) ◦ p = L(p)(g g) = L(p) ◦
R(g)(g ). Thus, L(ρ(g) ◦ p) = L(p) ◦ R(g), and Ψ(ρ(g)∗ (p)) = (L(p) ◦ R(g))∗ (Kω) =
R(g)∗ (L(p)∗ (K(p)) = R(g)∗ (Ψ(p)). But since Ψ(p) is left-invariant, R(g)∗ (Ψ(p)) =
Ad(g)∗ (Ψ(p)), and Ψ(ρ(g)∗ (p)) = Ad(g)∗ (Ψ(p)).
3.4. Additivity of the paths moment map. Let X be a diffeological space

a smooth action of G on X, preserving ω. The paths moment map Ψ, defined in
Subsection 3.1, satisfies the following additive property: for any two juxtaposable
paths p and p in X,
Ψ(p ∨ p ) = Ψ(p) + Ψ(p ) and Ψ(p̄) = −Ψ(p), with p̄(t) = p(1 − t).
Proof. This is a direct application of the expression given in Subsection 3.2

♦, and of the additivity of the integral of differential form on paths.
3.5. Differential of the paths moment map. Let X be a diffeological space

a smooth action of G on X, preserving ω. Let p be a path in X. So, the exterior
differential of the paths momentum Ψ(p) is given by
d(Ψ(p)) = x̂∗1 (ω) − x̂∗0 (ω),
where x0 = p(0) and x1 = p(1), and the x̂i denote the orbit maps.
Proof. This is a direct application of the main property of the chain-homotopy

operator, d ◦ K + K ◦ d = 1̂∗ − 0̂∗ . Since dω = 0, we have d(Kω) = 1̂∗ (ω) − 0̂∗ (ω),
composed with p̂∗ , we get p̂∗ ◦ d(Kω) = p̂∗ ◦ 1̂∗ (ω) − p̂∗ ◦ 0̂∗ (ω). That is d(p̂∗ (Kω)) =
(1̂ ◦ p̂)∗ (ω) − (0̂ ◦ p̂)∗ (ω). Thus, d(Ψ(p)) = x̂∗1 (ω) − x̂∗0 (ω).
3.6. Homotopic invariance of the paths moment map. Let X be a dif-

feological space and ω be a closed 2-form defined on X. Let G be a diffeological
group and ρ be a smooth action of G on X, preserving ω. Let p0 and p1 be any two
paths in X. If p0 and p1 are fixed ends homotopic, then Ψ(p0 ) = Ψ(p1 ).
Proof. Let s → ps be a fixed ends homotopy connecting p0 to p1 , for example

let ps (0) = x0 and ps (1) = x1 , for all s. Let f be a 1-plot of G centered at the
identity 1G , that is f (0) = 1G , and let F = ρ ◦ f . We use the fact that the moment
of paths is characterized by its value at the identity, Ψ(ps )(f )0 (1) = − iF (ω),
ps
see Subsection 3.2 ♦. Let us differentiate this equality with respect to s,

∂ ∂
Ψ(ps )(f )0 (1) = −δ iF (ω), with δ = .
∂s ps ∂s
The variation of the integral of differential forms on chains gives

1 1
δ iF (ω) = d [iF (ω)](δps ) + iF (ω)(δps ) .
ps 0 0
See [Piz05] for the definition of δps and for the proof of this formula in diffeology.
Since the homotopy s → ps is a fixed end homotopy, δps (0) = 0 and δps (1) = 0,
thus the second summand of the right term vanishes. Now, the Cartan formula
writes £F (ω) = d[iF (ω)] + iF (dω), see Subsection 1.6. But ω is invariant under the
action
of G, so £F (ω) = 0, and since dω = 0 we get d[iF (ω)] = £F (ω) = 0. So,
δ iF (ω) = 0 and Ψ(p0 ) = Ψ(ps ) = Ψ(p1 ), for all s.
ps
3. THE PATHS MOMENT MAP 21
3.7. The holonomy group. Let X be a connected diffeological space, and

let ω be a closed 2-form defined on X. Let G be a diffeological group and ρ be a
smooth action of G on X, preserving ω. Let Ψ be the paths moment map defined
in Subsection 3.1. We define the holonomy Γ of the action ρ as
Γ = {Ψ() | ∈ Loops(X)}.
(1) The holonomy Γ is an additive subgroup of the subspace of closed mo-
menta, Γ ⊂ Z (see Subsection 2.11). That is, for every elements γ and γ
of Γ,
dγ = 0 and γ − γ ∈ Γ.
(2) The paths moment map Ψ, restricted to Loops(X), factorizes through an
homomorphism from π1 (X) to G∗ . Thus, Γ is an homomorphic image of
π1 (X), or its abelianized Ab(π1 (X)).
(3) In particular, every element γ of Γ is invariant by the coadjoint action of
G on G∗ . For all g in G,
Ad∗ (g)(γ) = γ.
The holonomy Γ is the obstruction for the action ρ to be « hamiltonian ». Precisely,
the action of G on X will be said to be hamiltonian if and only if Γ = {0}. Note that,
if the group G has no Ad∗ -invariant 1-forms except 0, the action ρ is necessarily
hamiltonian, see Subsection 2.11.
Proof. We get immediately that γ ∈ Γ is closed, by application of the differ-
ential of a path momentum: for all path p ∈ Paths(X), d(Ψ(p)) = x̂∗1 (ω) − x̂∗0 (ω),
where x0 = p(0) and x1 = p(1), see Subsection 3.5. So, for any loop of X,
(0) = (1) and d(Ψ()) = 0. Now, let x0 be any point of X. Thanks to Sub-
section 3.6, for every loop ∈ Loops(X, x0 ), the momentum Ψ() depends on
only through the its homotopy class. So Γ is the image of π1 (X, x0 ). And, thanks
to the additive property of Ψ, see Subsection 3.4, the map class() → Ψ() is an
homomorphism. Now, since X is connected, for every other point x1 of X, there
exists a path c connecting x0 to x1 , and let c̄ = t → c(1 − t). Thanks to the
additive property, Ψ(c̄ ∨ ∨ c) = Ψ(c̄) + Ψ() + Ψ(c) = −Ψ(c) + Ψ() + Ψ(c) = Ψ().
And, since the map class() → class(c̄ ∨ ∨ c) is a conjugation from π1 (X, x0 ) to
π1 (X, x1 ), Γ is the same homomorphic image of π1 (X, x), for every point x ∈ X. So,
we proved the points 1 and 2, the third one is a direct consequence of Subsection
2.11.
CHAPTER 4
The 2-points moment map
The definition of the paths moment map leads immediately to the 2-points
moment map. The 2-points moment map satisfies a cocycle condition inherited
from the additive property of the paths moment map. This is the second step in
our general construction.
4.1. Definition of the 2-points moment map. Let X be a connected diffe-
ological space and ω be a closed 2-form defined on X. Let G be a diffeological group
and ρ be a smooth action of G on X, preserving ω. Let Ψ be the paths moment
map and Γ be the holonomy of the action ρ, see Subsection 3.1 and Subsection 3.7.
So, there exists a smooth map ψ : X × X → G∗ /Γ such that the following diagram
commutes.
Paths(X) Ψ- G∗
ends pr
? ?
X×X - G∗/Γ
ψ
where pr is the canonical projection from G∗ onto its quotient, and ends = 0̂ × 1̂,
that is ends(p) = (p(0), p(1)). The map ψ ∈ C∞ (X × X, G∗/Γ) will be called the
2-points moment map.
(1) The 2-points moment map ψ satisfies the Chasles cocycle relation, for any
three points x, x , x of X,
(♥) ψ(x, x ) = ψ(x, x ) + ψ(x , x ).
(2) The 2-points moment map ψ is equivariant under the action of G. That
is, for any g ∈ G, and any pair of points x and x of X,
ψ(ρ(g)(x), ρ(g)(x)) = AdΓ∗ (g)(ψ(x, x )).
Proof. By construction ψ is defined by ψ(x, x ) = classΓ (Ψ(p)), where p ∈
Paths(X), x = p(0), x = p(1), and classΓ (α) denotes the class of α ∈ G∗ in G∗/Γ.
The map ψ is smooth simply by general properties of subductions in diffeology.
Now, the first point is a direct consequence of the additive property of the paths
moment map, see Subsection 3.4. The second point is a direct consequence of the
equivariance of the paths moment map of the Ad∗ invariance of Γ, see Subsection
3.3, and of the definition of the AdΓ∗ action, see Subsection 2.10.
Note — T. Ratiu and A. Weinstein have kindly pointed out that Condevaux,
Dazord and Molino [CDM88] proposed a similar construction in the case where X
is a manifold, G is a Lie group, and Γ is closed in G∗ .
23
CHAPTER 5
The moment maps
From the construction of the paths moment map of Subsection 3.1 and the 2-
points moment map of Subsection 4.1 we get the notion of (1-point) moment map.
This is the third step of our general construction, and the generalization of the
notion of moment map coming from classical symplectic geometry.
5.1. Definition of the moment maps. Let X be a connected diffeological
space and let ω be a closed 2-form defined on X. Let G be a diffeological group and
ρ be a smooth action of G on X, preserving ω. Let ψ be the 2-points moment map
defined in Subsection 4.1. There exists always a smooth map μ : X → G∗/Γ, called
a primitive of ψ, such that, for any two points x and x of X,
ψ(x, x ) = μ(x ) − μ(x).
For every point x0 ∈ X, for every constant c ∈ G∗/Γ, the map μ defined by
μ(x) = ψ(x0 , x) + c.
is a primitive of ψ. Every primitive μ of ψ is of this kind, and any two primitive μ
and μ of ψ differ only by a constant.
The 2-points moment map ψ will be said to be exact if there exists a primitive
μ, equivariant by the action of G. That is, if there exists a primitive μ such that
μ ◦ ρ(g) = AdΓ∗ (g) ◦ μ,
for all g ∈ G. The primitives μ of ψ, equivariant or not, will be called the moment
maps1 .
Note — By the identity ♥ of Subsection 4.1, ψ is a 1-cocycle of the G-
equivariant cohomology of X with coefficients in G∗/Γ, twisted by the coadjoint
action. Two cocycles ψ and ψ are cohomologous if and only if, there exists a
smooth equivariant map μ : X → G∗/Γ, such that ψ (x, x ) = ψ(x, x ) + Δμ(x, x )
where Δμ(x, x ) = μ(x ) − μ(x), Δμ is a coboundary. So, the 2-points moment map
ψ defines a class belonging to H1G (X, G∗/Γ) which depends only on the form ω and
the action ρ of G on X. If the moment map ψ is exact, that is if class(ψ) = 0,
we shall say that the action ρ of G on X is exact, with respect to ω. In this case,
there exists a point x0 of X and a constant c such that μ : x → ψ(x0 , x) + c is an
equivariant primitive for ψ.
Proof. Let x0 be a chosen point of X. Since X is connected, for any x ∈ X
there exists always a path p ∈ X such that p(0) = x0 and p(1) = x. Thus, defining
μ(x) = ψ(x0 , x) = class(Ψ(p)), and thanks to the cocycle properties of ψ, we have
ψ(x, x ) = ψ(x, x0 ) + ψ(x0 , x ) = ψ(x0 , x ) − ψ(x0 , x) = μ(x ) − μ(x). Now, since ψ
1 These maps should have been called the 1-point moment maps. But to conform with the
usual denomination we chose to call them simply moment maps.
25
is smooth, μ is smooth. Therefore, the equation ψ(x , x) = μ(x ) − μ(x) has always
a solution in μ.
Now, let μ and μ be two primitives of ψ. For each pair x, x of points of X we
have μ (x ) − μ (x) = μ(x ) − μ(x). That is, μ (x ) − μ(x ) = μ (x) − μ(x). So, the
map x → μ (x)−μ(x) is constant. There exists c ∈ G∗/Γ such that μ (x)−μ(x) = c,
that is μ (x) = μ(x) + c.
Since, the maps x → ψ(x0 , x), where x0 is a fixed point of X, is a special solution
of the equation in μ, ψ(x , x) = μ(x )−μ(x), any solution writes μ(x) = ψ(x0 , x)+c
for some point x0 ∈ X and some constant c ∈ G∗/Γ.
5.2. Souriau’s cocycles. Let X be a connected diffeological space and ω be

a closed 2-form defined on X. Let G be a diffeological group and ρ be a smooth
action of G on X, preserving ω. Let ψ be the 2-points moment map defined in
Subsection 4.1 and let μ be a primitive of ψ as defined in Subsection 5.1. So there
exists a map θ ∈ C∞ (G, G∗/Γ) such that
μ(ρ(g)(x)) = AdΓ∗ (g)(μ(x)) + θ(g).

The map θ is a (G∗/Γ)-cocycle, as defined in Subsection 2.10. For all g, g ∈ G,
θ(gg ) = AdΓ∗ (g)(θ(g )) + θ(g).

We shall call the cocycle θ, Souriau’s cocycle of the moment μ.
(1) Two Souriau’s cocycles θ and θ , associated to two moment maps μ and
μ are cohomologous. That is, they differ by a coboundary
Δc : g → AdΓ∗ (g)(c) − c, where c ∈ G∗/Γ.
(2) For the affine coadjoint action of G on G∗/Γ defined by θ, see Subsection
2.10, the moment map μ is equivariant. For all g ∈ G,
∗ (g) ◦ μ.
μ ◦ ρ(g) = AdΓ,θ
(3) For every cocycle θ, associated to some moment μ, there exists always a
point x0 ∈ X and a constant c ∈ G∗/Γ such that, for all g in G
θ(g) = ψ(x0 , ρ(g)(x0 )) + Δc(g).
(4) The cohomology class σ of θ belongs to a cohomology group denoted by
H1 (G, G∗/Γ). And, it depends only on the cohomology class of the 2-points
moment map ψ. This class σ will be called Souriau’s cohomology class.
Note 1 — Let x0 by some point of X. The 2-moment map (1-cocycle) ψ defines
a 1-cocycle f from G to G∗/Γ by f (g, g ) = ψ(ρ(g)(x0 ), ρ(g )(x0 )). The cocycle f
associated to another point x0 will differ just by a coboundary. So, Souriau’s cocycle
σ represents just the class of this pullback f = x̂∗0 (ψ) by the orbit map x̂0 , where
x̂∗0 : H1ρ (X, G∗/Γ) → H1 (G, G∗/Γ). And, by the way, depends only of the restriction
of ω on any one orbit of G on X. So, a good choice of the point x0 can simplify
sometimes the computation of σ.
Note 2 — The nature of the action ρ has strong consequences on Souriau’s
class. For example, thanks to the third item, if the group G has a fixed point x0 ,
that is ρ(g)(x0 ) = x0 for all g in G, then Souriau’s class vanishes. So, the cocycle
ψ is exact, and there exists an equivariant primitive μ of ψ.
5. THE MOMENT MAPS 27
Proof. Thanks to Subsection 5.1, every moment map μ writes μ(x) = ψ(x0 , x)
+c, where x0 is some fixed point of X and c ∈ G∗/Γ. So, μ(ρ(g)(x))−AdΓ∗ (g)(μ(x)) =
ψ(x0 , ρ(g)(x)) + c − AdΓ∗ (g)(ψ(x0 , x) + c) = ψ(x0 , ρ(g)(x)) + c − AdΓ∗ (g)(ψ(x0 , x)) −
AdΓ∗ (g)(c) = ψ(x0 , ρ(g)(x)) − ψ(ρ(g)(x0 ), ρ(g)(x)) − Δc(g) = ψ(x0 , ρ(g)(x)) +
ψ(ρ(g)(x), ρ(g)(x0)) − Δc(g) = ψ(x0 , ρ(g)(x0 )) − Δc(g). Therefore, μ(ρ(g)(x)) −
AdΓ∗ (g)(μ(x)) is constant with respect to x. That proves the points 1) and 4).
Now, the variance of θ with respect to the multiplication of G is a classical result of
cohomology (see for example [Kir74]). It is then obvious that two moment maps
μ and μ differing just by a constant, the associated cocycles θ and θ differ by a
coboundary. The remaining items are just the results of elementary, or well known,
algebraic computations.
CHAPTER 6
The moment maps for exact 2-forms
The special case where the closed 2-form is the exterior differential of an in-
variant 1-form deserves a special care, since it justifies the constructions above, by
analogy with the moment maps of classical symplectic geometry.
6.1. The exact case. Let X be a connected diffeological space and let ω be
a closed 2-form defined on X. Let G be a diffeological group and ρ be a smooth
action of G on X, preserving ω. Let us assume that ω = dα and that α is also
invariant under the action of G, that is ρ(g)∗ (α) = α for all g in G. Let Ψ be the
paths moment map defined in Subsection 3.1, and ψ be the 2-points moment map
defined in Subsection 4.1. So, for every p ∈ Paths(X)
Ψ(p) = ψ(x, x ) = x̂∗1 (α) − x̂∗0 (α),
where x1 = p(1) and x0 = x0 . Moreover, the 2-points moment map ψ is exact, and
every equivariant moment map is cohomologous to
μ : x → x̂∗ (α).
The action of G is hamiltonian, Γ = {0} and exact σ = 0, see Subsection 3.7 and
Subsection 5.2. So, this shows in particular the coherence of the general construc-
tions developed until now.
Proof. By definition of the paths moment map, Ψ(p) = p̂∗ (Kω). So, Ψ(p) =
p̂ (K(dα)). But, K(dα) + d(Kα) = 1̂∗ (α) − 0̂∗ (α), thus K(dα) = p̂∗ [1̂∗ (α) − 0̂∗ (α) −
∗
d(Kα)]. And, Ψ(p) = (1̂ ◦ p̂)∗ (α) − (0̂ ◦ p̂)∗ (α) − d[p̂∗ (K(α))]. But, 1̂ ◦ p̂ = x̂1 , and
0̂ ◦ p̂ = x̂0 . So Ψ(p) = x̂∗1 (α) − x̂∗0 (α) − d[p̂∗ (Kα)]. Now, Kα is the real function

Kα : p → α.
p
Since p̂∗ (Kα) = Kα ◦ p̂, we have for all g ∈ G,

∗
Kα(p̂(g)) = α = ρ(g) (α) = α.
ρ(g)◦p p p

So, the function p̂ (Kα) : G → R is constant and equal to p α. So, d[p̂∗ (Kα)] = 0,
∗
and Ψ(p) = x̂∗1 (α) − x̂∗0 (α). Thus, Ψ(p) = ψ(x0 , x1 ) and Γ = {0}.
Now, the function μ : x → x̂∗ (α) is clearly a primitive of ψ. That is, ψ(x0 , x1 ) =
μ(x1 ) − μ(x0 ). But R(ρ(g)(x)) = x̂ ◦ R(g), where R(ρ(g)(x)) denotes the orbit
map of ρ(g)(x), with g ∈ G. So, μ(ρ(g)(x)) = (x̂ ◦ R(g))∗ (α) = R(g)∗ (x̂∗ (α)) =
R(g)∗ (μ(x)) = Ad∗ (g)(μ(x)). Thus, μ is an equivariant primitive of ψ. And,
Souriau’s class σ vanishes.
29
CHAPTER 7
Functoriality of the moment maps
We inspect now, the behavior of the moment maps and the various associated
objects under natural transformations.
7.1. Images of the moment maps by morphisms. Let X be a connected
diffeological space and ω be a closed 2-form defined on X. Let G be a diffeological
group and ρ be a smooth action of G on X, preserving ω. Let G be another
diffeological group, and let h : G → G be a smooth homomorphism. Let ρ = ρ ◦ h
be the induced action of G on X. Let us remind that the pullback h∗ : G∗ → G∗ is
a linear smooth map.
(1) Let Ψ : Paths(X) → G, and Ψ : Paths(X) → G be the paths moment
map with respect to the actions of G and G on X. So, Ψ = h∗ ◦ Ψ.
(2) Let Γ and Γ be the holonomy groups with respect to the actions of G and
G on X. So, Γ = h∗ (Γ).
(3) The linear map h∗ projects on a smooth homomorphism h∗Γ : G/Γ →
G∗ /Γ , such that the following diagram commutes.
h∗ - ∗
G∗ G
pr pr
? ?
G∗/Γ - G∗ /Γ
∗
hΓ

(4) Let ψ and ψ be the 2-points moment maps with respect to the actions of
G and G . So, ψ = h∗Γ ◦ ψ.
(5) Let μ be a moment map relative to the action ρ of G. So μ = h∗Γ ◦ μ is a
moment map relative to the action ρ of G .
(6) Let μ be a moment map relative to the action ρ of G, and let μ = μ ◦ h∗Γ
be the associated moment map relative to the action ρ of G . So, the
associated Souriau’s cocycles satisfy θ = h∗Γ ◦ θ ◦ h, summarized by the
following commutative diagram.
G
h
G
θ θ
? ?
G∗/Γ - G∗ /Γ
∗
hΓ
Said differently, if θ is Souriau’s cocycle associated to a moment μ of the
action ρ of G, and μ is a moment of the action ρ of G , so θ and h∗Γ ◦ θ ◦ h
are cohomologous.
Note — Thanks to the identification between the space of momenta of a
diffeological group and any of its extensions by a discrete group, stated in Subsection
31
2.7, the moment maps of the action of a group or the moment map of the restriction
of this action to its identity component coincide. Said differently, the moment maps
doesn’t say anything about actions of discrete groups.
Proof. To avoid confusion, let us denote by R(p) and R (p) the orbit maps of
G and G of p ∈ Paths(X). That is, R(p)(g) = ρ(g) ◦ p and R (p)(g) = ρ (g) ◦ p. So,
we have, R (p)(g) = ρ (g) ◦ p = ρ(h(g)) ◦ p = (R(p) ◦ h)(g)). Thus, R (p) = R(p) ◦ h.
1. By definition of the paths moment map, we have Ψ (p) = R (p)∗ (Kω) =
(R(p) ◦ h)∗ (Kω) = h∗ (R(p)∗ (Kω)) = h∗ (Ψ(p)). Thus, Ψ = h∗ ◦ Ψ.
2. Since Γ = Ψ (Loops(X)), and thanks to item 1, we have Γ = h∗ (Γ).
3. The map h∗Γ is defined by classΓ (α) → classΓ (h∗ (α)), for all α ∈ G∗ . If
β = α + γ, with γ ∈ Γ, then h∗ (β) = h∗ (α) + γ , with γ = h∗ (γ) ∈ Γ (item 2). So,
classΓ (h∗ (β)) = classΓ (h∗ (α)). And, h∗Γ is well defined. Thanks to the linearity
of h∗ , h∗Γ is clearly an homomorphism. And, for G∗/Γ and G∗ /Γ equipped with the
quotient diffeologies, h∗Γ is naturally smooth.
4. With to the notations above, ψ and ψ are defined by, pr ◦ Ψ = ψ ◦ ends and
pr ◦ Ψ = ψ ◦ ends, where ends(p) = 0̂ × 1̂(p) = (p(0), p(1)), with p ∈ Paths(X).

So, by item 1 and 3, we have pr ◦h∗ ◦Ψ = h∗Γ ◦ψ ◦pr. That is, pr ◦Ψ = (h∗Γ ◦ψ)◦pr.
So, h∗Γ ◦ ψ = ψ .
5. Let μ = h∗Γ ◦ μ, and let x, y ∈ X. So, μ (y) − μ (x) = h∗Γ ◦ μ(y) − h∗Γ ◦ μ(y) =
h∗Γ (μ(y) − μ(x)) = h∗Γ ◦ ψ(y, x) = ψ (y, x). So, μ is a moment map for the action
ρ of G.
6. According to Subsection 5.2, there exists a point x0 ∈ X such that, for
all g ∈ G , θ (g ) = ψ (x0 , ρ (g )(x0 )). So, thanks to the previous items we have,
θ (g ) = (h∗Γ ◦ ψ)(x0 , ρ(h(g ))(x0 )) = h∗Γ (ψ(x0 , ρ(h(g ))(x0 ))) = h∗Γ (θ(h(g ))) = (h∗Γ ◦
θ ◦ h)(g ). Thus, we get θ = h∗Γ ◦ θ ◦ h
7.2. Pushing forward moment maps. Let X and X be two connected

diffeological spaces. Let ω and ω be two closed 2-forms defined respectively on
X and X . Let G be a diffeological group, let ρ be a smooth action of G on X,
preserving ω, and let ρ be a smooth action of the same group G on X , preserving
ω . Let f : X → X be a smooth map such that ω = f ∗ (ω ), and f ◦ ρ(g) = ρ (g) ◦ f ,
for all g ∈ G.
(1) Let f∗ : Paths(X) → Paths(X ) defined by f∗ (p) = f ◦ p. So, the paths
moment maps Ψ and Ψ relative to the action ρ and ρ are related by
Ψ = Ψ ◦ f∗ ,
and the associated holonomy groups Γ and Γ satisfy
Γ = {Ψ (f ◦ ) | ∈ Loops(X)} ⊂ Γ .
(2) Let φ : G∗/Γ → G∗/Γ be the projection induced by the inclusion Γ ⊂ Γ .
Let ψ and ψ be the 2-points moment maps relative to the actions ρ and
ρ . So, for all pairs of points x1 , x2 of X,
ψ (f (x1 ), f (x2 )) = φ(ψ(x1 , x2 )).
(3) For every moment map μ relative to the action ρ, there exists a moment
map μ relative to the action ρ , such that
μ ◦ f = φ ◦ μ.
7. FUNCTORIALITY OF THE MOMENT MAPS 33
(4) Let θ and θ be two Souriau’s cocycles relative to the actions ρ and ρ .
So, the map φ ◦ θ is a Souriau cocycle, cohomologous to θ . Thus, the
two Souriau’s classes σ and σ satisfy σ = φ∗ (σ). Where φ∗ denotes the
action of φ on cohomology, φ∗ (class(θ)) = class(φ ◦ θ).
Proof. 1. By definition Ψ(p) = p̂∗ (Kω), that is Ψ(p) = p̂∗ (K(f ∗ (ω ))). And
thanks to the variance of the chain-homotopy operator K ◦ f ∗ = (f∗ )∗ ◦ K , see
Subsection 1.7, we have Ψ(p) = p̂∗ ◦ (f∗ )∗ (K ω ) = (f∗ ◦ p̂)∗ (K ω ). But, for all
g ∈ G, f∗ ◦ p̂(g) = f ◦ ρ(g) ◦ p = ρ (g) ◦ f ◦ p = p̂ (g), where p = f ◦ p. So,
Ψ(p) = p̂∗ (K ω ) = Ψ (p ) = Ψ (f∗ (p)). Therefore, Ψ = Ψ ◦ f∗ . Now, by defi-
nition of the holonomy groups, Γ = Ψ(Loops(X)) = Ψ (f∗ (Loops(X))), and since
f∗ (Loops(X)) ⊂ Loops(X ), we get Γ ⊂ Γ .
2. Since Γ ⊂ Γ , the map φ : classΓ (α) → classΓ (α), from G∗/Γ → G∗/Γ ,
is well defined. Now, let x1 = f (x1 ) and x2 = f (x2 ), there exists p ∈ Paths(X)
connecting x1 to x2 . So the path f∗ (p) connects x1 to x2 . Thus, by definition
of ψ , ψ (x1 , x2 ) = classΓ (Ψ (p )) = classΓ (Ψ ◦ f∗ (p)), and thanks to the first
item, classΓ (Ψ (p )) = classΓ (Ψ(p)) = φ(classΓ (Ψ(p))). But classΓ (Ψ(p)) =
ψ(x1 , x2 ). So, ψ (x1 , x2 ) = φ(ψ(x1 , x2 )), that is ψ (f (x1 ), f (x2 )) = ψ(x1 , x2 ).
3. According to Subsection 5.1, for every moment map μ there exists a point
x0 ∈ X and a constant c ∈ G∗/Γ such that μ(x) = ψ(x0 , x) + c . Let us define μ by
μ (x ) = ψ (x0 , x ) + c , where x0 = f (x0 ) and c = φ(c). So, thanks to the item 2,
ψ (f (x0 ), f (x)) = φ(ψ(x0 , x)), so μ (f (x)) = φ(ψ(x0 , x)) + φ(c) = φ(ψ(x0 , x) + c) =
φ(μ(x)). Thus, μ satisfies μ ◦ f = φ ◦ μ.
4. Let θ be a Souriau cocycle for the action ρ. According to Subsection 5.2,
θ is cohomologous to ϑ : g → ψ(x0 , ρ(g)(x)), where x0 is some point of X. So, let
x0 = f (x0 ), and ϑ : g → ψ (x0 , ρ (g)(x0 )). Thus, ϑ (g) = ψ (f (x0 ), ρ (g)(f (x0 ))) =
ψ (f (x0 ), f (ρ(g)(x0 ))) = φ(ψ(x0 , ρ(g)(x0 ))) = φ ◦ ϑ(g). Now since all Souriau’s
cocycles, with respect to a given action of G, are cohomologous, the cocycle θ is
cohomologous to ϑ , and then cohomologous to φ ◦ ϑ, and thus to φ ◦ θ. Therefore,
σ = class(θ ) = class(φ ◦ θ) = φ∗ (class(θ)) = φ∗ (σ).
CHAPTER 8
The universal moment maps
The theory of moment maps developed in the previous paragraph applies in

particular to the whole group of automorphisms Diff(X, ω) of a closed 2-form ω
defined on a diffeological space X. We will describe, in this paragraph, the relation-
ships between the « universal » moment maps and associated objects obtained by
considering the whole group Diff(X, ω) and the equivalent objects associated to a
smooth action of some other group G on X, preserving ω.
8.1. Universal moment maps. Let X be a connected diffeological space and

let ω be a closed 2-form defined on X. Let us remind that the group Diff(X, ω) of
all the automorphisms of (X, ω) is equipped with the functional diffeology of group
of diffeomorphisms. Let us denote also this group by Gω . Every constructions
defined above, the moment space, the paths moment map, the holonomy group,
the 2-points moment map, the moment maps, Souriau’s cocycle and Souriau’s class,
apply for Gω . We shall distinguish these objects by the index ω. So, we denote by
G∗ω the momenta space of Gω , by Ψω : Paths(X) → G∗ω the paths moment map, by
Γω = Ψω (Loops(X)) the holonomy group, by ψω the 2-points moment map, by μω
the moment maps, by θω Souriau’s cocycles, and by σω Souriau’s class. Since Gω
and its action on X are uniquely defined by ω, these objects depend only on the
2-form ω.
Now, let G be a diffeological group and ρ be a smooth action of G on X,
preserving ω. That is, a smooth homomorphism ρ from G to Gω . The values of
the various objects Ψ, Γ, ψ, μ, θ, with respect to the action ρ of G on X, depend
only on ρ∗ , Ψω , Γω , ψω , μω , and θω , as described in Subsection 7.1. And, we have:
⎧
⎨ Ψ = ρ∗ ◦ Ψω
∗ μ ρ∗Γω ◦ μω
Γ = ρ (Γω ) &
⎩ θ ρ∗Γω ◦ θω ◦ ρ.
ψ = ρ∗Γω ◦ ψω
In this sense the objects Gω , Γω , Ψω , Γω , ψω , μω , θω and σω are universal. So,
we shall call Ψω the universal paths moment map, Γω the universal holonomy, ψω
the universal 2-points moment map, μω the universal moment maps, θω universal
Souriau’s cocycles, and σω universal Souriau’s class of ω.
Note that in particular, this gives us a notion of hamiltonian spaces, those for
which, for one reason or another, the universal holonomy is trivial Γω = {0}.
8.2. The group of hamiltonian diffeomorphisms. Let X be a connected

diffeological space equipped with a closed 2-form ω. There exists a largest con-
nected subgroup Ham(X, ω) ⊂ Diff(X, ω) whose action is hamiltonian, that is
whose holonomy vanishes. The elements of Ham(X, ω) are called hamiltonian dif-
feomorphisms. An action ρ of a diffeological group G on X is hamiltonian if and
only if, restricted to the identity component of G, ρ takes its values in Ham(X, ω).
35
The construction of Ham(X, ω) is actually given as follows. Let us denote by Gω

the group Diff(X, ω) and by G◦ω its identity component. Let π : G ◦ω → G◦ω be the
universal covering. Since the universal holonomy Γω is made up of closed momenta,
according to Subsection 2.11 every γ ∈ Γω defines a unique homomorphism k(γ)
from G ◦ω to R such that π ∗ (γ) = d[k(γ)]. Let

Hω = ker(k(γ)),
γ∈Γω
◦ω be its identity component. So,

and let H
◦ω ).
Ham(X, ω) = π(H
Note 1 — The map f : G ◦ω → Hom(π1 (X), R) defined by f(g̃) = [τ → k(γ)(g̃)],
with τ = class() and γ = Ψ(), is an homomorphism. And, H ω = ker(f). In
classical symplectic geometry, the image F = val(f) is called, by some authors, the
group of flux of ω.
Note 2 — Since to be hamiltonian for a group of automorphisms depends only
on its connected component, see Subsection 2.7 and Subsection 2.8, any extension
H ⊂ Diff(X, ω) of Ham(X, ω), such that H/Ham(X, ω) is discrete1 , is hamiltonian.
ω ) is hamiltonian, or if Γω = {0} then Diff(X, ω) is hamiltonian,
In particular π(H
and Ham(X, ω) is the identity component of Diff(X, ω).
Note 3 — Let us choose a point x0 in X and let μ be the moment map with
respect to the group Ham(X, ω), defined by μ(x0 ) = 0. Let f be a 1-parameter
subgroup of Ham(X, ω). Applying the note of Subsection 3.2, we get for all x ∈ X
the expression of μ(x), evaluated on f
x
μ(x)(f ) = hf (x) × dt with hf (x) = − if (ω).
x0
The smooth function hf : X → R is the hamiltonian (vanishing at x0 ) of the
1-parameter subgroup f .
Proof. Let us remark, first of all, that for every γ ∈ Γω , π ∗ (γ) H ω = 0.
∗
Indeed, π (γ) Hω = d[k(γ)] Hω = d[k(γ) Hω ]. But, by the very definition of
ω , k(γ) H
H ω = 0, so π ∗ (γ) H
ω = 0.
a) Let us prove that the holonomy of Ham(X, ω) is trivial. Let Hω = π(H ω)

and let us denote by jHω the inclusion Hω ⊂ Gω , by jH ω the inclusion Hω ⊂ G ◦ω ,
and by πH : H ω → Hω the projection. So, jH ◦ πH = π ◦ j . Let ΓH be the
ω ω ω Hω ω
∗
holonomy of Hω , so according to Subsection 7.1, ΓHω = jH ω
(Γω ). Thus, for every
∗
γ̄ ∈ ΓHω there exists γ ∈ Γω such that γ̄ = γ Hω = jHω (γ). So, for all γ̄ ∈ ΓHω ,
∗ ∗ ∗
πH ω
(γ̄) = πH ω
(jH ω
(γ)) = (jHω ◦ πHω )∗ (γ) = (π ◦ jH ω )∗ (γ) = jH ∗ ∗ ∗
ω (π (γ)) = π (γ)
ω . But, π ∗ (γ) H
H ω = 0, so π ∗ (γ̄) = 0. And since πH is a subduction, γ̄ = 0.
Hω ω
Therefore, the holonomy of Hω vanishes, ΓHω = {0}.
b) Let us prove now that every connected subgroup H ⊂ Gω whose action is
hamiltonian is a subgroup of Ham(X, ω). Let H = π −1 (H) and H ◦ be its identity
component. Let jH be the inclusion H ⊂ Gω , and jH ◦ be the inclusion H ◦ ⊂ G ◦ω .
Let πH = π H . So, jH ◦ πH = π ◦ j ◦ . Let ΓH be the holonomy of H. Since
◦
H
1 Where H and Ham(X, ω) are equipped with the subset diffeology of the functional diffeology
of Diff(X, ω).
8. THE UNIVERSAL MOMENT MAPS 37
∗ ∗
ΓH = jH (Γω ) and ΓH = {0}, for all γ ∈ Γω , jH (γ) = 0. Thus, for all γ ∈ Γω ,
πH (jH (γ)) = 0. But, πH (jH (γ)) = (jH ◦ πH ) (γ) = (π ◦ jH ◦ )∗ (γ) = jH
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
◦ (π (γ)) =
π ∗ (γ) H ◦ . So, for all γ ∈ Γω , π ∗ (γ) H
◦ = 0. But π ∗ (γ) = d[k(γ)], hence
d[k(γ) H ◦ ] = 0. So, since H◦ is connected, k(γ) is constant on H ◦ , and since k(γ)
is an homomorphism to R, this constant is necessarily 0. Thus, H ◦ ⊂ ker(k(γ)),
◦ ◦
for all γ ∈ Γω , that is H ⊂ Hω . But, since H is connected H ⊂ H ◦ ◦ω ⊂ Hω and
thus H = π(H ) ⊂ Ham(X, ω) = π(H
◦ ω ).
◦

8.3. Time-dependent hamiltonian. Let X be a connected diffeological

space and ω be a closed 2-form defined on X. A diffeomorphism f of X belongs to
Ham(X, ω) if and only if:
(1) There exists a smooth path t → ft in Diff(X, ω) connecting the identity
1M = f0 to f = f1 .
(2) There exists a smooth path t → Φt in C∞ (X, R) such that for all t,
iFt (ω) = −dΦt with Ft : s → ft−1 ◦ ft+s .
According to the tradition of classical symplectic geometry, the path t → Φt can

be called a time-dependent hamiltonian of the 1-parameter family of hamiltonian
diffeomorphisms t → ft .
Proof. Let us assume first that f satisfies the condition above. That is, there
exists a smooth path t → ft in Diff(X, ω) such that f0 = 1M , f1 = f , and there
exists a smooth path t → Φt in C∞ (X, R) such that iFt (ω) = −dΦt for all t where
Ft : s → ft−1 ◦ ft+s . Let us remind that Ham(X, ω) = π(H ◦ω ), with H
◦ω the identity
˜ ◦
component of Hω = ∩γ∈Γω ker(k(γ)), and let f ∈ Gω be the homotopy class of the
path t → ft , notations of Subsection 8.2. So, let γ ∈ Γω , that is γ = Ψω () where
is some loop in M. By definition, we have
1
k(γ)(f˜) = γ= Ψω () = Ψω ()([t → ft ])t (1)dt
[t→ft ] [t→ft ] 0
Now, thanks to Subsection 3.2 ♣, we have

Ψω ()([t → ft ])t (1) = − iFt (ω) = dΦt = Φt = 0.
∂
So, k(γ)(f˜) = 0 for all γ ∈ Γω and f˜ belongs to H ω and more precisely in the

identity component of Hω . Therefore f ∈ Ham(X, ω).
Conversely, let f ∈ Ham(M, ω). Since Ham(M, ω) is connected there exists
a path t → ft in Ham(M, ω) connecting 1M to f . And, since the projection
πH ◦ω → Ham(M, ω) is a covering, there exists a (unique) lifting t → f˜t of
◦ω : H
t → f in H ◦ω , such that f˜0 = 1 . This lifting is actually given by
◦ω , along π H
Hω
◦ω ⊂ H
f˜t = class(pt ), with pt : s → fst . So, for all t, f˜t ∈ H ω = ∩γ∈Γ ker(k(γ)).
ω
That is, for all γ ∈ Γω , k(γ)(f˜t ) = 0, or in other words, for all ∈ Loops(M),
k(Ψω ())(f˜t ) = 0. But,

k(Ψω ())(f˜t ) = Ψω ()
pt
1
= Ψω ()(s → fst )s (1)ds
0
1
= Ψω ()(s → st → fst )s (1)ds
0
1
dst
= [Ψω ()(u → fu )]u=st ds
0 ds
t
= Ψω ()(u → fu )u (1)du.
0
So, t
1
k(Ψω ())(f˜t ) = 0 ⇒ Ψω ()(u → fu )u (1)du = 0,
t 0
and taking the limit for t → 0 we get,
k(Ψω ())(f˜t ) = 0 ⇒ Ψω ()(t → ft )t (1) = 0.

But, Ψω ()([t → ft ])t (1) = − iFt (ω), see Subsection 3.2 ♣. So, for all t and all

∈ Loops(X)
iFt (ω) = 0.

But Ft is a path in Diff(X, ω) centered at the identity, so the Lie derivative of ω
by Ft vanishes, and applying the Cartan formula given in Subsection 1.6, we get
£Ft ω = 0 ⇒ d[iFt (ω)] + iFt (dω) = d[iFt (ω)] = 0.
So, the 1-form iFt (ω) is closed and its integral on any loop of X vanishes, therefore
iFt (ω) is exact [Piz05]. Thus, for all real t there exists a real function Φt ∈
C∞ (X, R) such that iFt (ω) = −dΦt . The fact that t → Φt is a smooth map
from R to C∞ (X, R), for the functional diffeology, is a consequence of the explicit
construction of the function Φt by integration along the paths, see [Piz05].
CHAPTER 9
About symplectic manifolds
The case of symplectic manifolds (M, ω) deserves a special care: any universal
moment map μω is injective and therefore identifies M with a coadjoint orbit — in
the general sense given in Subsection 2.10 — of Diff(M, ω).
9.1. Value of the moment maps for manifolds. Let M be a connected

manifold equipped with a closed 2-form ω. In this context, the paths moment map
Ψω takes a special expression. Let p be a path in M, let F : U → Diff(M, ω) be a
n-plot, we have
1
(♦) Ψω (p)(F)r (δr) = ωp(t) (ṗ(t), δp(t)) dt
0
for all r ∈ U and δr ∈ Rn , where δp is the lifting in the tangent space TM of the
path p, defined by
∂F(r)(p(t))
(♥) δp(t) = [D(F(r))(p(t))]−1 (δr).
∂r
Proof. By definition, Ψ(p)(F) = p̂∗ (Kω)(F) = Kω(p̂ ◦ F). The explicit expres-
sion of the operator K given in Subsection 1.7, applied to the plot p̂◦F : r → F(r)◦p
of Paths(X), gives
1
s 1 0
(Kω)(p̂ ◦ F)r (δr) = ω → (p̂ ◦ F)(u)(s + t) dt.
0 u s=0
(u=r) 0 δr
But (p̂ ◦ F)(u)(s + t) = F(u)(p(s + t)), let us denote temporarily by Φt the plot
(s, u) → F(u)(p(s + t)), so F(u)(p(s + t)) writes Φt (s, u). Now, let us denote by I
the integrand of the right term of this expression. We have,

s 1 0
I = ω → Φt (s, u)
u s=0
(u=r) 0 δr

1 0
= Φ∗t (ω)(0)
r 0 δr

1 0
= ωΦt (0) D(Φt )(0) , D(Φt )(0)
r r 0 r δv

∂ ∂
= ωF(r)(p(t)) F(r)(p(s + t)) , F(r)(p(t)) (δr) .
∂s s=0 ∂r
But,

∂ ∂p(s + t)
F(r)(p(s + t)) = D(F(r))(p(t)) = D(F(r))(p(t))(ṗ(t)).
∂s s=0 ∂s s=0
39
So, using this last expression and the fact that F is a plot of Diff(M, ω), that is for
all r in U, F(r)∗ ω = ω, we have

s ∂F(r)(p(t))
ω → Φt (s, u) = ωF(r)(p(t)) D(F(r))(p(t))(ṗ(t)), (δr)
u s=0
(u=r ) ∂r

∂F(r)(p(t))
= ωp(t) ṗ(t), [D(F(r))(p(t))]−1 (δr)
∂r
= ωp(t) (ṗ(t), δp(t)).
1
Therefore, Ψω (p)(F)r (δr) = Kω(p̂ ◦ F)r (δr) = ωp(t) (ṗ(t), δp(t)) dt.
0
9.2. The paths moment maps for symplectic manifolds. Let M be a

Hausdorff manifold and ω be a non degenerate closed 2-form defined on M. Let
m0 and m1 be two points of M connected by a path p. Let f ∈ C∞ (M, R) with
compact support. Let F be the exponential of the symplectic gradient1 gradω (f ),
F is a 1-plot of Diff(M, ω), and precisely a 1-parameter homomorphism. So, the
universal paths moment map Ψω , computed at the path p, evaluated to the 1-plot
F, is the constant 1-form of R,
Ψω (p)(F) = [f (m1 ) − f (m0 )] × dt with F : t → et gradω (f ) ,
and dt the standard 1-form of R. Note that we are in the special case where F
is actually a 1-parameter homomorphism of Ham(M, ω) ⊂ Diff(M, ω), and the
function f is one hamiltonian of F.
Proof. Let us remark that, in our case, the lift δp defined by ♥ of Subsection
9.1 writes simply
∂erξ (p(t))
δp(t) = [D(erξ )(p(t))]−1 (δr) = ξ(p(t)) × δr with ξ = gradω (f ),
∂r
where r and δr are reals. So, the expression ♦ of Subsection 9.1 becomes
1
Ψω (p)(F)r (δr) = ωp(t) (ṗ(t), ξ(p(t)) dt × δr
0
1
= ωp(t) (ṗ(t), gradω (f )(p(t)) dt × δr
0
1
dp(t)
= df dt × δr
0 dt
= [f (p(1)) − f (p(0))] × δr
That is, Ψω (p)(F) = [f (m1 ) − f (m0 )] × dt.
9.3. Moment maps for symplectic manifolds. Let M be a connected

Hausdorff manifold and ω be a closed 2-form defined on M. The form ω is non-
degenerated, that is symplectic, if and only if
(1) The manifold M is an homogeneous space of Diff(M, ω).
(2) Any one of its universal moment maps μω : M → G∗ω /Γω is injective.
1 Let us remind that the symplectic gradient is defined by ω(gradω (f ), ·) = −df .

9. ABOUT SYMPLECTIC MANIFOLDS 41
Note that, if one of the universal moment maps μω is injective so are every ones.
Note also that, if ω is symplectic, then the image of the moment map, Oω =
μω (M) ∈ G∗ω /Γω , is a (Γω , θω )-coadjoint orbit of Diff(M, ω). And, μω identifies M
to Oω , where Oω is equipped with the quotient diffeology of Diff(M, ω). In other
words, every symplectic manifold is a coadjoint orbit.
Remark — Let us consider the example M = R2 and ω = (x2 + y 2 ) dx ∧ dy.
This form is non degenerate on R2 − {0}, but degenerates at the point (0, 0). Thus,
(0, 0) is an orbit of the group Diff(X, ω), and actually R2 − {0} is the other orbit.
Since R2 is contractible the holonomy Γω is trivial and the universal moment map
μω defined by μω (0, 0) = 0G∗ω is equivariant. Now, μω is injective, and ω is not
symplectic. So, the hypothesis of transitivity of Diff(M, ω) on M is not superfluous
is this proposition.
Proof. Let us assume first that ω is nondegenerate, that is symplectic. So,

the group Diff(M, ω) is transitive on M [Boo69]. Moreover, for every m ∈ M,
the orbit map m̂ : ϕ → ϕ(m) is a subduction [Don84]. So, the image of moment
moment map μω is one orbit Oω of the affine coadjoint action of Gω on G∗ω /Γω ,
associated to the cocycle θω . Thus, for the orbit Oω equipped with the quotient
diffeology of Gω , the moment map μω is a subduction.
Now, let m0 and m1 two points of M such that μω (m0 ) = μω (m1 ), that is
ψω (m0 , m1 ) = μω (m1 ) − μω (m0 ) = 0. Let p ∈ Paths(M) such that p(0) = m0
and p(1) = m1 . Thus, ψω (m0 , m1 ) = 0 is equivalent to Ψω (p) = Ψω (), where
is some loop of M, we can choose (0) = (1) = m0 . Now, let us assume that
m0 = m1 . Since M is Hausdorff there exists a smooth real function f ∈ C∞ (M, R),
with compact support, such that f (m0 ) = 0 and f (m1 ) = 1. Let us denote by ξ the
symplectic gradient field associated to f and by F the exponential of ξ. Thanks to
Subsection 9.2, on one hand we have Ψ(p)(F) = [f (m1 ) − f (m0 )]dt = dt, and on the
other hand Ψω ()(F) = [f (m0 ) − f (m0 )]dt = 0. But dt = 0, thus ψω (m0 , m1 ) = 0,
and the moment map μω is injective. Therefore, μω is an injective subduction on
Oω , that is a diffeomorphism.
Conversely, let us assume that M is an homogeneous space of Diff(M, ω) and
μω is injective. Let us notice first that, since Diff(M, ω) is transitive, the rank of
ω is constant. In other words, dim ker ω = const. Now, let us assume that ω is
degenerated, that is dim(ker ω) ≥ 1. Since m → ker ωm is a smooth foliation, for
any point m of M there exists a smooth path p of M such that p(0) = m and for
t belonging to a small interval around 0 ∈ R, ṗ(t) = 0 and ṗ(t) ∈ ker ωp(t) for all
t in this interval. So, we can re-parametrize the path p and assume now that p
is defined on the whole R and satisfies p(0) = m, p(1) = m with m = m , and
ṗ(t) ∈ ker ωp(t) for all t. Now, since ṗ(t) ∈ ker ωp(t) for all t, using the expression
♦ given in Subsection 9.1, we get Ψω (p) = 0G∗ω and thus μω (m) = μω (m ). But
m = m and we have assumed that μω is injective. So the kernel of ω is reduced to
{0}, ω is nondegenerate, that is symplectic.
Let us finish by proving the remark. That is, the universal moment map μω of
ω = (x2 + y 2 ) dx ∧ dy is injective. First of all μω (0, 0) = 0G∗ . Now if z = (x, y) and
z = (x , y ) are two different points of R2 and different from (0, 0), there is a smooth
function with compact support contained in a small ball not containing (0, 0) nor z
and such that f (z ) = 1. So the 1-parameter group generated by gradω (f ) belongs
to Diff(R2 , ω), and then a similar argument as the one of the proof above shows
that μω (z) = μω (z ). Now it remains to prove that if z = (0, 0), μω (z) = 0G∗ . Let
us consider p(t) = tz and F(r) be the positive rotation of angle 2πr, where r ∈ R.
The application of the formula ♦ of Subsection 9.1, computed at the point r = 0
and applied to the vector δr = 1 gives (2π/3)(x2 + y 2 )2 which is not zero. So, the
moment map μω is injective.
9.4. Restriction to hamiltonian diffeomorphisms. Let (M, ω) be a con-

nected Hausdorff symplectic manifold. Let Ham(M, ω) be the group of hamiltonian
diffeomorphisms, and let Hω∗ be the space of its momenta. Let μω : M → Hω∗ be
any moment map associated to the action of Ham(M, ω), and let θω be the associ-
ated Souriau cocycle. So, μω is injective, and identifies M to a θω -coadjoint orbit
of Ham(M, ω) in Hω .
Proof. It is known also that the group Ham(M, ω) acts transitively on M

[Boo69]. With respect to that group, and by construction, the holonomy is trivial:
the associated paths moment map Ψω and the moment maps μω take their values in
the space Hω∗ . Let j : Ham(M, ω) → Diff(M, ω) be the inclusion, so the universal
holonomy Γω is in the kernel of j ∗ , and we get a natural mapping jΓ∗ω : G∗ω /Γω →
Hω∗ . Now, the paths moment maps satisfy Ψω = jΓ∗ω ◦ Ψω , and μω = jΓ∗ω ◦ μω , see
Subsection 8.1. Then, since the Subsection 9.2 involves only plots of Ham(X, ω), the
first part of the proof of Subsection 9.3 applies mutatis mutandis to the hamiltonian
case and we deduce that the moment maps μω are injective and identify M with
some θω -coadjoint orbits of Ham(M, ω).
9.5. Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of symplectic manifolds. Let (M, ω)

be a connected Hausdorff symplectic manifold. According to Banayaga, a diffeo-
morphism f is said to be hamiltonian if it can be connected to the identity 1M by
a smooth path t → ft in Diff(M, ω) such that

˙ ˙ d −1
ω(ft , ·) = dφt with ft (x) = fs ◦ ft (x) ,
ds s=t
where (t, x) → φt (x) is a smooth real function, see [Ban78]. If, according to
this definition, f is hamiltonian then it is an element of Ham(M, ω), as defined
in Subsection 8.2. Conversely, any element f of Ham(M, ω) satisfies the condition
above. So, the definition of hamiltonian diffeomorphisms given in Subsection 8.2 is a
faithful generalization of the classical definition for symplectic manifolds. Note that
the technical requirement of compacity of the original definition op. cit. doesn’t
play any role in this characterization of hamiltonian diffeomorphisms.
Proof. This proposition is a direct consequence of the general statement given

in Subsection 8.3 and the following comparison between the above 1-parameter
family of vector fields f˙t and the family Ft of the Subsection 8.3.
Since ft ◦ ft−1 = ft ◦ (ft−1 ◦ ft ) ◦ ft−1 , the vector fields f˙t and Ft are conjugated
by ft , precisely:
f˙t = (ft )∗ (Ft ) or f˙t (x) = D(ft )(ft−1 (x))(Ft (ft−1 (x))).
This implies in particular that if the vector field f˙t satisfies Banyaga’s condition
for the function φt then the vector field Ft satisfies Banyaga’s condition for the
function Φt = −φt ◦ ft , and conversely. That is:
ω(f˙t , ·) = dφt ⇔ ω(Ft , ·) = −dΦt with Φt = −φt ◦ ft .
9. ABOUT SYMPLECTIC MANIFOLDS 43
Indeed, let x ∈ M, x = ft (x), δx ∈ Tx M, and δx = D(ft )(x)(δx), we have:

ωx (f˙t (x ), δx ) = [dφt ]x (δx )
ωft (x) (f˙t (ft (x)), D(ft )(x)(δx)) = [dφt ]ft (x) (D(ft )(x)(δx))
ωft (x) (D(ft )(x)(Ft (x)), D(ft )(x)(δx)) = [ft∗ (dφt )]x (δx)
[ft∗ (ω)]x (Ft (x), δx) = d[ft∗ (φt )]x (δx)
ωx (Ft (x), δx) = d[φt ◦ ft ]x (δx).
Thus, we get Φt = −φt ◦ ft .
CHAPTER 10
The homogeneous case
As it is suggested by Subsection 9.3, the case of an homogeneous action of a

diffeological group G on a space X, preserving a closed 2-form ω, deserves a special
attention.
10.1. The homogeneous case. Let X be a connected diffeological space
equipped with a closed 2-form ω. Let ρ be a smooth action of a diffeological group
G on X, preserving ω. Let us assume that X is homogeneous for this action, see
Subsection 2.3. Let Γ be the holonomy of the action ρ, let μ be a moment, and let
θ be the cocycle associated to μ. Let x0 be any point of X, and let μ0 = μ(x0 ).
Let StAdΓ,θ
∗
(μ0 ) be the stabilizer of μ0 for the affine coadjoint action of G on G∗/Γ.
Thanks to the equivariance of the moment map μ, with respect to the affine coad-
joint action of G on G∗/Γ, μ ◦ ρ(g) = AdΓ,θ ∗ (g) ◦ μ, the image O = μ(X) is a
(Γ, θ)-orbit of G. Let us equip O with the quotient diffeology of G, such that
O G/StAdΓ,θ ∗
(μ0 ). So, the orbit map x̂0 : G → X is a principal fibration with
structure group Stρ (x0 ), the orbit map μ̂0 : G → O is a principal fibration with
structure group StAdΓ,θ ∗
(μ0 ), and Stρ (x0 ) ⊂ StAdΓ,θ
∗
(μ0 ). So, the moment map
μ : X → O is a fibration with fiber, the homogeneous space StAdΓ,θ ∗
(μ0 )/Stρ (x0 ).
G G
@ @
@ @ St Γ,θ (μ )
x̂0 @μ̂0 Stρ (x0 ) @ Ad∗ 0
@ @
R
@ R
@
X -O X -O
μ StAdΓ,θ (μ 0 )/Stρ (x 0 )
∗
Note — The moment maps μ are defined up to a constant, but the character-
istics of μ, that is the subspaces defined by μ(x) = const, are not. They are the
solutions of the equation ψ(x0 , x) = 0, where const = μ(x0 ) and ψ is the 2-points
moment map.
Proof. This is just an application of standard diffeological relations.
10.2. Symplectic homogeneous diffeological spaces. Let X be a con-
nected diffeological space and ω be a closed 2-form defined on X.
Definition. We say that (X, ω) is an homogeneous symplectic space if it is
homogeneous under the action of Diff(X, ω) and if a universal moment map μω is
a covering onto its image.
The homogeneous situation where the moment maps μω are not coverings onto
their images can be regarded as the homogeneous pre-symplectic case.
Now, let G be some diffeological group, and let ρ be a smooth action of G
on X, preserving ω. So, if the action ρ of G on X is homogeneous, then X is
45
an homogeneous space of Diff(X, ω). And, if a moment map μ : X → G∗/Γ is a

covering onto its image, then any universal moment map μω : X → G∗ω /Γω is a
covering onto its image.
Thus, to check that an homogeneous pair (X, ω) is symplectic it is sufficient to
find a smooth homogeneous smooth action of some diffeological group G for which
one moment map is a covering onto its image.
Proof. To be homogeneous under the action of G means that, for some point
(and thus for any point) x ∈ X, the orbit map x̂ : G → X, defined by x̂(g) = ρ(g)(x),
is a subduction. So, x̂ is surjective and, for any plot P : U → X, for any r0 ∈ U,
there exists a superset V of r0 and a plot Q : V → G such that P V = x̂ ◦ Q.
That is, P(r) = ρ(Q(r))(x) for all r ∈ V. Since ρ is smooth, Q̄ = ρ ◦ Q is a plot
of Diff(X, ω), and P V = x̂ ◦ Q̄. Since, x̂ : Diff(X, ω) → X is surjective, it is a
subduction and X is an homogeneous space of Diff(X, ω).
Now, let us remark that, since the moment maps differ just by a constant,
if a moment map μ is a covering onto its image O equipped with the quotient
diffeology of G, then every other moment map μ = μ + const is a covering onto
its image O = O + const. So, let x0 be a point of X, and let μ(x) = ψ(x0 , x),
where ψ is the 2-points moment map. Let μω = ψω (x0 , x). According to Subsection
8.1, μ = ρ∗Γω ◦ μω . Let O = μ(X) and Oω = μω (X), equipped with the quotient
diffeologies of G and Gω = Diff(X, ω). So, O = ρ∗Γω (Oω ). Let m ∈ O and mω ∈ Oω
such that ρ∗Γω (mω ) = m. So, μ−1
ω (mω ) = {x ∈ X | μω (x) = mω } ⊂ μ
−1
(m) = {x ∈
X | μ(x) = ρΓω (μω (x)) = m}. Thus, if μ (m) is discrete, a fortiori μ−1
∗ −1
ω (mω ) ⊂
μ−1 (m). Thus, if μ is a fibration onto its image, then μω is a fibration onto its
image too. And of course if μ is injective, a fortiori μω .
CHAPTER 11
Examples of moment maps in diffeology
This short list of examples shows how the theory of moment map in diffeology
can be applied to the folklore of infinite dimensional situations, but also to the less
familiar cases of singular spaces.
11.1. The moments of imprimitivity. Let X be a diffeological space. Let
us remind, and make some preliminary remarks on, the construction of the cotan-
gent bundle and the definition of the Liouville form [Piz05]. Let Ω1 (X) denotes the
vector space of 1-form of X, equipped with the functional diffeology. The mapping
Taut, which associates to each n-plot Q × P of the product X × Ω1 (X) the 1-form
Taut(P × Q) : r → P(r)(Q)r
of dom(Q × P), is a 1-form of X × Ω1 (X). We call it the tautological form.
Now, let us consider the value equivalence relation. Let α and α be two 1-
forms of X, let x be a point of X. We say that α and α have the same value at
the point x, and we denote value(α)(x) = value(α )(x), if and only if, for every
plot Q of X centered1 at x , α(Q)0 = α (Q)0 . Then, the cotangent bundle of X is
defined as the quotient X × Ω1 (X) by the relation value, and denoted2 by T∗ X,
T∗ X = X × Ω1 (X)/value.
This notion of value, for smooth forms on numerical domains, coincides with the
ordinary definition. So, when there will be no risk of confusion3 , we shall denote
simply by α(x) the value of α at the point x, that is α(x) = value(α)(x).
Let pr : X × Ω1 (X) → T∗ X be the canonical projection. So, there exists a
1-form on T∗ X, denoted by Liouv and called the Liouville form such that
Taut = pr∗ (Liouv) or Liouv = pr∗ (Taut), Liouv ∈ Ω1 (T∗ X).
The characteristic property of the Liouville form is the following. Let α be a 1-
form of X, let ᾱ be the section of the canonical projection π : T∗ X → X defined
by ᾱ : x → value(α)(x), so α = ᾱ∗ (Liouv). Note also that, the group Diff(X)
acts naturally on the product X × Ω1 (X) by ϕ̄(x, α) = (ϕ(x), ϕ∗ (α)), where ϕ
is a diffeomorphism of X. So, the tautological form is invariant by this action.
Moreover, this action is compatible with the relation value, and the group Diff(X)
has a natural projected action on T∗ X. By equivariance, the Liouville form is
invariant by this action. Note that, the moment map for the action of Diff(X) on
(T∗ X, dLiouv) is given by the general construction of Subsection 6.1. This can be
compared to Donato’s construction for manifolds in [Don88].
1 We say that a plot Q is centered at x if and only if 0 ∈ dom(Q) and Q(0) = x.
2 Note that, as well as for the notation G∗ of the space of momenta of a diffeological group,
the star in T∗ X do not rely to any kind of duality a priori.
3 This notation α(x) has not to be mixed up with the notation α(Q) for the value of α in the
plot Q. But the different nature of x: a point of X, and Q: a plot of X, makes the difference.
47
Now, let us introduce the additive diffeological group of smooth functions

C∞ (X, R), acting smoothly on X × Ω1 (X) by,
f¯ : (x, α) → (x, α + df ),
for all f ∈ C∞ (X, R). This action projects naturally on the cotangent T∗ X into an
action, denoted by the same way,
f¯ : (x, a) → (x, a + df (x)),
for all (x, a) ∈ T∗ X. So,
(1) For all f ∈ C∞ (X, R), the variance of the tautological form and the Liou-
ville form are given by,
f¯∗ (Taut) = Taut + pr∗ (df ) and f¯∗ (Liouv) = Liouv + π ∗ (df ).
1
So, the exterior differentials dTaut and ω = dLiouv are invariant by the
action of C∞ (X, R).
(2) Let p be a path of T∗ X, connecting (x0 , a0 ) = p(0) to (x1 , a1 ) = p(1). So,
the paths moment map Ψ and the 2-points moment map ψ, with respect
to the 2-form ω = dLiouv, are given by
Ψ(p) = ψ((x0 , a0 ), (x1 , a1 )) = d[f → f (x0 )] − d[f → f (x1 )].
(3) For every x ∈ X, the real function [f → f (x)] is smooth. We call it the
Dirac function of the point x, and we denote it by δx .
δx = [f → f (x)] ∈ C∞ (C∞ (X, R), R).
The differential dδx = d[f → f (x)] is an invariant 1-form4 of the additive
group C∞ (X, R). Every moment map of the action of C∞ (X, R) on T∗ X
is cohomologous to the invariant moment map
μ : (x, a) → −dδx .
Note that, the moment μ is constant on the fibers T∗x X = π −1 (x). And, if
the real smooth functions separate5 the points of X, the image of the mo-
ment map μ is the space X, identified with the space of Dirac’s functions.
(4) The action of C∞ (X, R) on (T∗ X, ω) is hamiltonian and exact. That is,
Γ = {0} and σ = 0.
This example has been drawn to my attention by François Ziegler. This moment
appears informally in Ziegler’s construction of a symplectic analogue for « systems
of imprimitivity » in representation theory [Zie96]. It is why the moment map μ
will be called the moment of imprimitivity. The diffeological framework gives it so
a full formal status.
Proof. First of all let us check the variance of Taut by the action of C∞ (X, R).
Let f be a smooth real function defined on X, let Q × P be a plot of X × Ω1 (X).
We have f¯∗ (Taut)(P × Q)r = Taut(f¯ ◦ (Q × P))r = (P(r) + df )(Q)r = P(r)(Q)r +
df (Q)r = Taut(Q × P)r + df (pr1 ◦ (Q × P))r = Taut(Q × P)r + pr∗1 (df )(Q × P)r .
So, f¯∗ (Taut) = Taut + pr∗1 (df ). Now let us check that this action is compatible
with the value relation. Let (x, α) and (x , α ) be two elements of X × Ω1 (X) such
that value(α)(x) = value(α )(x ). That is, x = x and for every plot Q of X
4 This differential has nothing to do with the derivative of the Dirac distributions in the sense
of De Rham’s currents.
5 That is, f (x) = f (x ) for all smooth real function f if and only if x = x .
11. EXAMPLES OF MOMENT MAPS IN DIFFEOLOGY 49
centered at x, α(Q)0 = α (Q)0 . So, (α + df )(Q)0 = (α + df )(Q)0 and value(α +

df )(x) = value(α)(x) + value(df )(x), or (α + df )(x) = α(x) + df (x). Thus, the
action of C∞ (X, R) projects on T∗ X as the action f¯ : (x, a) → a + df (x). Now,
since f¯∗ (Taut) = Taut + pr∗1 (df ), clearly f¯∗ (Liouv) = Liouv + π ∗ (df ). Or, in
another way, f¯∗ (Liouv) = Liouv + dF(f ) with F ∈ C∞ (C∞ (X, R), C∞ (T∗ X, R))
and F(f ) = π ∗ (f ) = f ◦ π.
Let us denote by R(x, a) the orbit map f → a + df (x). Let p be a path of T∗ X
such that p(0) = (x0 , a0 ) and p(1) = (x1 , a1 ). We get
Ψ(p) = p̂∗ (KdLiouv)
= p̂∗ (1̂∗ (Liouv) − 0̂∗ (Liouv) − dKLiouv)
= (1̂ ◦ p̂)∗ (Liouv) − (0̂ ◦ p̂)∗ (Liouv) − d[(KLiouv) ◦ p̂]
= R(x1 , a1 )∗ (Liouv) − R(x0 , a0 )∗ (Liouv) − d[f → KLiouv(p̂(f ))].
Let us consider first the term [f → KLiouv(p̂(f ))]. Let p(t) = (xt , at ), so p̂(f ) =
[t → (xt , at + df (xt ))]. Thus,
1 1
KLiouv(p̂(f ))) = at [s → xs ]s=t dt + df [t →
xt ] dt
0 0
1
= at [s → xs ]s=t dt + f (x1 ) − f (x0 ).
0
Thus,
1
d[f → KLiouv(p̂(f ))] = d[f → at [s → xs ]s=t dt + f (x1 ) − f (x0 )]
0
= d[f → f (x1 ) − f (x0 )].
Let us compute now R(x, a)∗ (Liouv), for any (x, a) ∈ T∗ X. Let P : U → C∞ (X, R)
be a plot. We have
R(x, a)∗ (Liouv)(P) = Liouv(R(x, a) ◦ P)
= Liouv(r → P(r)(x, a))
= Liouv(r → a + d[P(r)](x))
= (a + d[P(r)](x))(r → x)
= 0
because the 1-form a + d[P(r)](x) is evaluated on the constant plot r → x. And,
every form evaluated to a constant plot vanishes. So, we get finally
Ψ(p) = d[f → f (x0 )] − d[f → f (x1 )].
Now, clearly Ψ() = 0 for every loop of T∗ X, and the action of C∞ (X, R) is
hamiltonian Γ = {0}. So, ψ((x0 , a0 ), (x1 , a1 )) = μ(x1 , a1 ) − μ(x0 , a0 ), with the
moment map
μ : (x, a) → −d[f → f (x)] = −dδx .
Let us check now the invariance of the moment map μ. Note that, for every h ∈
C∞ (X, R), we have δx ◦ L(h) = [f → f (x) + h(x)]. So, for every h ∈ C∞ (X, R) we
have ĥ∗ (μ)(x, a) = ĥ∗ (−dδx ) = −d(δx ◦ L(h)) = −d[f → f (x) + h(x)] = −d[f →
f (x)] = −dδx = μ(x, a). Hence, μ is invariant. The 2-points moment map ψ is
exact. Souriau’s class of the action of C∞ (X, R) on T∗ X vanishes.
11.2. On the intersection 2-form of a surface I. Let Σ be a closed surface

oriented by a 2-form Surf, chosen once and for all. Let us consider Ω1 (Σ), the
infinite dimensional vector space of 1-forms of Σ, equipped with the functional
diffeology. Let us consider the antisymmetric bilinear map defined on Ω1 (Σ) by

(α, β) → α ∧ β,
Σ
for all α, β in Ω (Σ). Since the wedge-product α ∧ β is a 2-form of Σ, there exists a

1
∞
smoothfunction ϕ ∈ C (Σ, R) such that α ∧ β = ϕ × Surf. So, by definition,
real
Σ
α ∧ β = Σ ϕ × Surf.
1) To the above bilinear form is naturally associated a well defined differential
2-form ω of Ω1 (X). For every n-plot P : U → X, for all r ∈ U, δr and δ r in Rn ,

∂P(r) ∂P(r)
ω(P)r (δr, δ r) = (δr) ∧ (δ r)
Σ ∂r ∂r
2) The 2-form ω is the differential of the 1-form λ defined on Ω1 (Σ) by,

∂P(r)
λ(P)r (δr) = 1 P(r) ∧ (δr) and ω = dλ.
2 Σ ∂r
3) Let us consider now the the additive group (C∞ (Σ, R), +) of smooth real
functions of Σ. And, let us define the following action of C∞ (Σ, R) on Ω1 (Σ).
For all f ∈ C∞ (Σ, R), f → f¯ = [α → α + df ].
So, the additive group C∞ (Σ, R) acts by automorphisms on the pair (Ω1 (Σ), ω).
For all f in C∞ (Σ, R), f ∗ (ω) = ω.
Note that the kernel of the action f → f¯ is the subgroup of constant maps. And,
the image of C∞ (Σ, R) is just the group B1DR (Σ) of exact 1-forms of Σ.
4) Let p ∈ Paths(Ω1 (Σ)) be a path connecting α0 to α1 . The paths moment
map Ψ(p) is given by

∗
Ψ(p) = α̂1 (λ) + d f → 1 f × dα1 ∗
− α̂0 (λ) + d f → 1 f × dα0 .
2 Σ 2 Σ
On this expression, we check immediately that the 2-points moment map is just
given by ψ(α0 , α1 ) = Ψ(p), for any path p connecting α0 to α1 . Note that, since
Ω1 (Σ) is contractible the holonomy of the action of C∞ (Σ, R) vanishes, Γ = {0},
the action of C∞ (Σ, R) is hamiltonian.
5) The moment maps of this action of C∞ (Σ, R) on Ω1 (Σ) are, up to a constant,
equal to

μ : α → d f → f × dα .
Σ
Moreover, the moment map μ is equivariant. That is, invariant, since the group
C∞ (Σ, R) is abelian.
For all f ∈ C∞ (Σ, R), μ ◦ f¯ = μ.
So, the action of C∞ (Σ, R) on Ω1 (Σ) is exact and hamiltonian.
Note — The moment map μ(α) is fully characterized by dα. This is why we
find in the mathematical literature on the subject that, the moment map for this
action is the exterior derivative (or curvature, depending on the authors) α → dα.
But, as we see again on this example, diffeology gives to this sketchy assertion a
precise meaning.
Let us remark also that, the moment map μ is linear, for all t, s reals and all α
and β in Ω1 (Σ), μ(t α + s β) = t μ(α) + s μ(β). And, the kernel of μ is the subspace
of closed 1-forms,

ker(μ) = Z1DR (Σ) = α ∈ Ω1 (Σ) | dα = 0
If we consider the orbit of the zero form 0 ∈ Ω1 (Σ) by C∞ (Σ, R), this is just
the subspace B1 (Σ, R), which is included in ker(μ) = Z1DR (Σ). The quotient
ker(μ)/C∞ (Σ, R) is just Z1DR (Σ)/B1DR (Σ) = H1DR (Σ), and the 2-form ω ker(μ)
is just the pullback of the usual intersection form on H1DR (Σ). I will discuss, in a
future work, the notion of « symplectic reduction » in diffeology.
Proof. 1) Let us check that ω defines a differential 1-form on Ω1 (Σ). Note

that, for any r ∈ U = dom(P), P(r) is a section of the ordinary cotangent bundle
T∗ Σ. That is, P(r) = [x → P(r)(x)] ∈ C∞ (Σ, T∗ Σ), where P(r)(x) ∈ T∗x (Σ). So,
∂P(r) ∂P(r)(x) ∂P(r)(x)
(δr) = [x → (δr)] and (δr) ∈ T∗x (Σ)
∂r ∂r ∂r
where ∂P(r)(x)/∂r denotes the tangent linear map D(r → P(r)(x)(r). And, the
formula giving ω is well defined. Now, ω(P)r is clearly antisymmetric and depends
smoothly on r. So, ω(P) is a smooth 2-form of U. Let us check that P → ω(P)
defines a 2-form on Ω1 (Σ). That is, satisfies the compatibility condition ω(P ◦ F) =
F∗ (ω(P)), for all F ∈ C∞ (V, U), where V is a numerical domain. Let s ∈ V, δs and
δ s two tangent vectors at s at V, let r = F(s):

∂P ◦ F(s) ∂P ◦ F(s)
ω(P ◦ F)s (δs, δ s) = (δs) ∧ (δ s)
∂s ∂s
Σ
∂P(r) ∂F(s) ∂P(r) ∂F(s)
= (δs) ∧ (δ s)
Σ ∂r ∂s ∂r ∂s
= ω(P)F(s) (DFs (δs), DFs (δ s))
= F∗ (ω(P))s (δs, δ s)
Thus ω(P ◦ F) = F∗ (ω(P)), and ω is a well defined 2-form on Ω1 (Σ).
2) First of all, the proof that the map P → λ(P) is a well defined differential
1-form of Ω1 (Σ) is analogous to the proof of the first item. Now, let us remind that
ω = dλ is and only if d(λ(P)) = ω(P) for all plot P of Ω1 (Σ). Let us apply the
usual formula of differentiation of 1-form on numerical domain,
dr (δr, δ r) = δ(r (δ r)) − δ (r (δr))
where δ and δ are to commuting variations. For the sake of simplicity let us denote
∂P(r) ∂P(r)
α = P(r), δα = (δr), δα = (δ r).
∂r ∂r
So,

d(λ(P))r (δr, δ r) = 1 δ
α∧δ α−δ
α ∧ δα
2
Σ Σ

= 1
δα ∧ δ α + α ∧ δδ α −
δ α ∧ δα + α ∧ δ δα .
2 Σ Σ
but, δδ α = δ δα. So,

d(λ(P))r (δr, δ r) = 1
δα ∧ δ α −
δ α ∧ δα
2
Σ Σ

= 1 δα ∧ δ α +
δα ∧ δ α
2 Σ
Σ
= δα ∧ δ α
Σ
= ωr (δr, δ r).
3) Let us compute the pullback of λ by the action of f ∈ C∞ (Σ, R). Let
P : U → Ω1 (Σ) be a n-plot, let r ∈ U and δr ∈ Rn .
f¯∗ (λ)(P)r (δr) = λ(f¯ ◦ P)r (δr)

= λ(r →
P(r) + df )r (δr)

∂P(r)
= 1 (P(r) + df ) ∧ (δr)
2 Σ ∂r

∂P(r) ∂P(r)
= 1 P(r) ∧ (δr) + 1 df ∧ (δr)
2 Σ ∂r 2 Σ ∂r

∂ 1
= λ(P)r (δr) + df ∧ P(r) (δr)
∂r 2 Σ

∂ 1
= λ(P)r (δr) − f × d(P(r)) (δr)
∂r 2 Σ
So, for every f ∈ C∞ (Σ, R), let us define the map ϕ(f ) : Ω1 (Σ) → R by,

ϕ(f ) : α → 1 f × dα.
2 Σ
So,

∂ 1
d(ϕ(f ))(P)r (δr) = f × d(P(r)) (δr).
∂r 2 Σ
Thus,
f¯∗ (λ)(P)r (δr) = λ(P)r (δr) − (dϕ(f ))(P)r (δr).
That is,
f¯∗ (λ) = λ − d(ϕ(f )).
Therefore, differential ω = dλ is invariant by the action of C∞ (Σ, R).
4) Let p be a path of Ω1 (Σ) connecting α0 to α1 . By definition Ψ(p) = p̂∗ (Kω).
Applying the property of the chain-homotopy operator d ◦ K + K ◦ d = 1̂∗ − 0̂∗ to
ω = dλ, we get
Ψ(p) = p̂∗ (Kdλ)
= p̂∗ (1̂∗ (λ) − 0̂∗ (λ) − d(Kλ))
= (1̂ ◦ p̂)∗ (λ) − (0̂ ◦ p̂)∗ (λ) − d[(Kλ) ◦ p̂]
= α̂1∗ (λ) − α̂0∗ (λ) − d[f → Kλ(p̂(f ))]

But, Kλ(p̂(f )) = Kλ(f¯ ◦ p) = f¯◦p λ = p f¯∗ (λ), and since f¯∗ (λ) = λ − d(ϕ(f )) we

have Kλ(p̂(f )) = p λ − p d(ϕ(f )) = p λ − ϕ(f )(α1 ) + ϕ(f )(α0 ). Therefore,
Ψ(p) = α̂1∗ (λ) − α̂0∗ (λ) − d[f → −ϕ(f )(α1 ) + ϕ(f )(α0 )]

∗ ∗
= α̂1 (λ) − α̂0 (λ) + d f → 1 f × dα1 − 1 f × dα0
2 Σ 2 Σ
And, finally we get the paths moment map Ψ given by

∗
Ψ(p) = α̂1 (λ) + d f → 1 f × dα1 ∗
− α̂0 (λ) + d f → 1 f × dα0
2 Σ 2 Σ
For the the 2-points moment map ψ, we have clearly ψ(α0 , α1 ) = Ψ(p) for any path
connecting α0 to α1 .
5) The 1-point moment maps are given by μ(α) = ψ(α0 , α) for any origin α0 .
Let us choose α0 = 0. So,

μ(α) = α̂∗ (λ) + d f → 1 f × dα − 0̂∗ (λ).
2 Σ
But 0̂∗ (α) is not necessarily zero. Let us compute generally α̂∗ (λ). Let P : U →
Ω1 (Σ) be a n-plot. We have, α̂∗ (λ)(P) = λ(α̂ ◦ P) = λ(r → α̂(P(r)) = λ(r →
α + d(P(r))). But,

∂
λ(r → α + d(P(r))) = 1 (α + P(r)) ∧ (α + d(P(r)))
2 Σ ∂r

∂d(P(r))
= 1 (α + P(r)) ∧
2 Σ ∂r

1 ∂d(P(r)) 1 ∂d(P(r))
= α∧ + P(r) ∧ .
2 Σ ∂r 2 Σ ∂r
So,
∂d(P(r))
(α̂ (λ) − 0̂ (λ))(P) = 1
∗ ∗
α∧ .
2 Σ ∂r
Therefore,

μ(α)(P)r = (α̂∗ (λ) − 0̂∗ (λ))(P)r + d f → 1 f × dα (P)r
2 Σ

∂d(P(r)) ∂
= 1 α∧ + 1 P(r) × dα
2 Σ ∂r ∂r 2 Σ

∂
= 1 α ∧ d(P(r)) + P(r) × dα
2 ∂r
Σ
∂
= P(r) × dα .
∂r Σ
So, we get finally,
μ(α) = d f → f × dα .
Σ
∞
variance of μ. Let f ∈ C (Σ, R), and let F(α) be the real
Now, let us express the
function F(α) : f → Σ f × dα, such that μ(α) = dF(α). We have, μ(f¯(α)) = μ(α +
df ) = dF(α + df ). But, for every h ∈ C∞ (Σ, R), F(α + df )(h) = Σ h × d(α + df ) =

Σ
h × dα = F(α)(h). So, for all f ∈ C∞ (Σ, R), we have μ ◦ fˆ = μ. The moment
map μ is invariant by the group C∞ (Σ, R). Souriau’s class vanishes. Thus, the
action of C∞ (Σ, R) is exact and hamiltonian.
Let us compute finally the kernel of the moment map μ. We have: μ(α) = 0 if
and only if dF(α) = 0. But since C∞ (Σ, R) is connected (actually contractible as
a diffeological vector space) dF(α) = 0 if and only if F(α) = const = F(α)(0) = 0.
But F(α) = 0 if and only if, for all f ∈ C∞ (Σ, R), Σ f × dα = 0. That is, if and
only if dα = 0.
11.3. On the intersection 2-form of a surface II. We continue with the

example of Subsection 11.2, using the same notations. Let us introduce the group
G of positive diffeomorphisms of (Σ, Surf). That is,
∗
g (Surf)
G = g ∈ Diff(Σ)
Surf > 0 .
The group G acts by pushforward on Ω1 (Σ). For all g ∈ G, for all α ∈ Ω1 (Σ),
g∗ (α) ∈ Ω1 (Σ), and for all pair g, g of elements of G, (g ◦ g )∗ = g∗ ◦ g∗ . And, this
action is smooth. Now,
(1) The pushforward action of G on Ω1 (Σ) preserves the 1-form λ, and thus
the 2-form ω. For all g ∈ G, (g∗ )∗ (λ) = λ, and (g∗ )∗ (ω) = ω. So, the
action of G is exact, σ = 0, and hamiltonian, Γ = {0}.
(2) The moment maps are, up to a constant, equal to the moment μ, given
by

∂P(r)∗ (α)
μ(α)(P)r (δr) = 1 α ∧ P(r) ∗
(δr) ,
2 Σ ∂r
for all α ∈ Ω1 (Σ), for all n-plot P, where r ∈ dom(P) and δr ∈ Rn . In

particular, applied to any 1-plot F centered at the identity 1G , that is
F(0) = 1G , we get the special expression

μ(α)(F)0 (1) = − 1 α ∧ £F (α) = − iF (α) × dα,
2 Σ Σ
where £F (α) is the Lie derivative of α along F, and iF (α) the contraction
of α by F.
So, we find again, through the diffeological formalism of the moment map, what is
asserted informally in the literature. The vague assertion « the moment map of the
group of diffeomorphism is the Lie derivative » makes here sense.
Proof. 1) Let us compute the pullback of λ by the action of g ∈ G, that is

(g∗ )∗ (λ). Let P : U → Ω1 (Σ) be a n-plot, let r ∈ U, and δr ∈ Rn . We have,
(g∗ )∗ (λ)(P)r (δr) = λ(g∗ ◦ P)r (δr)

1 ∂g∗ (P(r))
= g (P(r)) ∧ (δr)
2 Σ ∗ ∂r

1 ∂P(r)
= g∗ (P(r)) ∧ g∗ (δr)
2 Σ ∂r

1 ∂P(r)
= g∗ P(r) ∧ (δr)
2 Σ ∂r

1 ∂P(r)
= P(r) ∧ (δr)
2 g∗ (Σ) ∂r

1 ∂P(r)
= P(r) ∧ (δr)
2 Σ ∂r
= λ(P)r (δr)
Thus, λ is invariant by G, and so do ω = dλ.

2) Since the 1-form λ is invariant by the action of G, we can use directly the
results of the exact case detailed in Subsection 6.1. Thus, the moment maps are,
up to a constant, equal to μ : α → α̂∗ (λ). So, let P : U → G be a n-plot, let r ∈ U
and δr ∈ Rn . We have,
μ(α)(P)r (δr) = α∗ (λ)(P)r (δr)

= λ(α̂ ◦ P)r (δr)
= λ(r → P(r)∗ (α))r (δr)

∂P(r)∗ (α)
= 1 P(r)∗ (α) ∧ (δr)
2 Σ ∂r

∂P(r)∗ (α)
= 1 α ∧ P(r)∗ (δr) .
2 Σ ∂r
Now, let P = F be a 1-plot centered at the identity, F(0) = 1G . Let us change
the variable r for the variable t. The previous expression, computed at t = 0 and
applied to the vector δt = 1 gives immediately

1 ∂F(t)∗ (α)
μ(α)(F)0 (1) = α∧ .
2 Σ ∂t t=0
But, by definition of the Lie derivative, we have

∂F(t)∗ (α) ∂(F(t)−1 )∗ (α)
= = −£F (α).
∂t t=0 ∂t t=0
So, we get the first expression of the moment map μ applied to F

μ(α)(F)0 (1) = − 1 α ∧ £F (α).
2 Σ
Now, on a surface α ∧ dα = 0, and iF (α ∧ dα) = iF (α) × dα − α ∧ iF (dα). So, iF (α) ×

dα = α ∧ iF (dα). Then, using the Cartan-Lie formula £F (α) = iF (dα) + d(iF (α)),
we get

α ∧ £F (α) = α ∧ [iF (dα) + d(iF (α))]
Σ
Σ
= iF (α)dα + α ∧ d(iF (α))
Σ
Σ

= iF (α)dα + iF (α)dα − d[α ∧ iF (α)]

Σ Σ Σ
= 2 iF (α)dα
Σ
And finally, we have the second expression for the moment map:

μ(α)(F)0 (1) = − iF (α) × dα,
Σ
for any 1-plot of the group of positive diffeomorphisms of the surface Σ, centered
at the identity.
11.4. On the intersection 2-form of a surface III. We continue again
with the example of Subsection 11.2, using the same notations. Let us consider the
space Ω1 (Σ) as an additive group acting onto itself by translations. Let us denote
by tβ the translation tβ : α → α + β, where α and β belong to Ω1 (Σ).
(1) The 2-form ω is invariant by translation. That is, t∗α (ω) = ω for all
α ∈ Ω1 (Σ). This action of Ω1 (Σ) onto itself is hamiltonian but not exact.
(2) The moment maps of the additive action of Ω1 (Σ) onto itself are equal,
up to a constant to

μ : α → d β → α∧β .
Σ
In other words, μ(α) = d[ω(α)], where ω is regarded as the smooth linear

function ω(α) : β → ω(α, β), defined on Ω1 (Σ). Moreover, the moment
map μ is linear and injective.
(3) The moment map μ is its own Souriau cocycle, θ = μ. The moment map
μ identifies Ω1 (Σ) with the θ-affine coadjoint orbit of 0 ∈ Ω1 (Σ)∗ . Be
aware that Ω1 (Σ)∗ denotes the space of invariant 1-forms of the abelian
group Ω1 (Σ), and not its algebraic dual.
Note — This situation is analogous to what happens for finite dimension
symplectic vector spaces. The 2-form ω can be regarded as a real 2-cocycle of the
additive group Ω1 (Σ). This cocycle build up a central extension by R,

(α, t) · (α , t ) = α + α , t + t + α ∧ α
Σ
for all (α, t) and (α , t ) in Ω1 (Σ) × R. This central extension acts on Ω1 (Σ),
preserving ω. This action is hamiltonian, but now exact. The lack of equivariance,
characterized by Souriau’s class, has been absorbed in the extension. This group
could be named as the Heisenberg group of the oriented surface (Σ, Surf).
Note also that, according to Subsection 10.2, the space Ω1 (Σ) equipped with the
2-form ω is an homogeneous symplectic space. Thus, we have a first simple example
of infinite dimensional symplectic diffeological space, avoiding any discussion on the
« kernel » of ω.
Proof. Let us compute the pullback of λ by a translation. Let P : U → X be

a n-plot, let r ∈ U, and δr ∈ Rn . We have,
t∗α (λ)(P)r (δr) = λ(tα ◦ P)r (δr)
= λ[r → P(r) + α]r (δr)

= 1 (P(r) + α) ∧ ∂(P(r) + α) (δr)
2 Σ ∂r

1 ∂P(r) ∂P(r)
= P(r) ∧ (δr) + 1 α∧ (δr)
2 Σ ∂r 2 Σ ∂r

= λ(P)r (δr) + d β → 1 α ∧ β (P)r (δr)
2 Σ
So, let us define, for all α ∈ Ω1 (Σ), the smooth real function F(α) by

F(α) : β → 1 α ∧ β.
2 Σ
Such that
t∗α (λ) = λ + d(F(α)) and t∗α (ω) = ω.
Then, Ω1 (Σ), as an additive group, acts on itself by automorphisms. Let us compute
the moment maps. Let p be a path of Ω1 (Σ), connecting α0 to α1 . We have

Ψ(p) = α̂1∗ (λ) − α̂0∗ (λ) − d β → d(F(β))
p
= α̂1∗ (λ) − α̂0∗ (λ) − d[β → F(β)(α1 ) − F(β)(α0 )]
= {α1∗ (λ) − d[β → F(β)(α1 )]} − {α0∗ (λ) − d[β → F(β)(α0 )]}
= {α̂1∗ (λ) + d(F(α1 ))} − {α̂0∗ (λ) + d(F(α0 ))}.
So, the 2-points moment map Subsection 4.1 is given by ψ(α0 , α1 ) = Ψ(p). Now,
the moment maps are, up to a constant equal to
μ(α) = ψ(0, α) = α̂1∗ (λ) + d(F(α)) − 0̂∗ (λ).
But, for any plot P : U → Ω1 (Σ), we have
α̂∗ (λ)(P) − 0̂∗ (λ)(P) = λ(α̂ ◦ P) − λ(0̂ ◦ P)
= λ(r → P(r) + α) − λ(r → P(r))

= d β → 1 α ∧ β (P)
2 Σ
= d(F(α))(P).
∗ ∗
Thus, α̂ (λ)(P) − 0̂ (λ) = d(F(α)) and the moment map μ is finally given by

μ(α) = 2d(F(α)) = d β → α∧β .
Σ
The moment map μ is not equivariant, and Souriau’s cocycle θ is given by,
μ(t∗α (β)) = μ(α + β) = μ(β) + θ(α) with θ(α) = μ(α).
So, the moment map μ is clearly smooth and linear. Let α ∈ ker(μ), μ(α) = 0 if
and only if d(F(α)) = 0, that is if and only if F(α) = const = F(α)(0) = 0. Thus,
F(α)(β) = 0 for any β ∈ Ω1 (Σ), hence α = 0. Therefore, the moment map μ is
injective.
11.5. On symplectic irrational tori. Let us consider the numerical space

Rn , for some integer n. For all u ∈ Rn , let us denote by tu the translation by u.
That is, tu : x → x + u. Let ω be a 2-form of Rn invariant by translations. That
is, for all u ∈ Rn , t∗u (ω) = ω. Thus, ω is a constant bilinear 2-form, necessarily
closed, dω = 0. Let us consider the moment maps associated to the translations
(Rn , +). Since Rn is simply connected, the holonomy vanishes, Γ = {0}. Let p be
a path of Rn connecting x = p(0) to y = p(1), the paths moment map Ψ(p), and
the 2-points moment map ψ(p) are given by
Ψ(p) = ψ(x, y) = ω(y − x),
where ω(u) is regarded as the linear 1-form ω(u) : v → ω(u, v). So, the moment
maps are, up to constant, equal to the linear map
μ : x → ω(x).
And therefore, Souriau’s cocycle θ associated to μ is equal to μ. For all u ∈ Rn ,
θ(u) = μ(u) = ω(u).
Let us consider now a discrete diffeological subgroup K ⊂ Rn . Let us denote by
Q the quotient Q = Rn /K and by π : Rn → Q the canonical projection. Let us
continue to denote by tu the translation on Q, by u ∈ Rn . That is tu (q) = π(x + u)
for any x such that q = π(x). Now, since ω is invariant by translations, ω is
invariant by K, and since K is discrete, ω projects on Q as a Rn -invariant closed
2-form denoted by ωQ . That is,
ωQ = π∗ (ω) or ω = π ∗ (ωQ ).
Note that, the translation by any vector u of Rn on Q is still an automorphism of
ωQ , that is t∗u (ωQ ) = ωQ .
(1) The holonomy ΓQ of the action of (Rn , +) on (Q, ωQ ) is the image of the
subgroup K by μ.
ΓQ = μ(K), ΓQ ⊂ Rn∗ .
Thus, if ω = 0 and if K is not reduce to {0}, then the action of (Rn , +)
on (Q, ωQ ) is not hamiltonian and not exact.
(2) The moment map μ : Rn → Rn∗ projects on a moment μQ such that the
following diagram commutes.
μ - Rn∗
Rn
π pr
? ?
Q = Rn /K - n∗
μQ R /μ(K)
That is, for all q ∈ Q, μQ (q) = pr(ω(x)) for any x such that q = π(x).
Souriau’s cocycle θQ associated to μQ , for all u ∈ Rn , is given by
θQ (u) = μQ (π(u)).
So, if we consider the space Q as an additive group acting on itself by
translations, then the moment map μQ , of this action, coincide with its
Souriau cocycle θQ .
(3) The map μ is a fibration onto its image whose fiber is the kernel of μ. That
is val(μ) Rn /E, E = ker(μ). And, the map μQ is a fibration onto its
image μ(Rn )/μ(K) whose fiber is ker(μQ ) = E/(K ∩ E). If ω : Rn → Rn∗
is injective (which implies that n is even) then the moment map μQ is a
diffeomorphism which identifies Q with its image Rn∗/μ(K).
Note 1 — Regarded as a group Q = Rn/K acts onto itself by projection of

the translations of Rn . Since the pullback by π : Rn → Q is an isomorphism from
Q∗ to Rn∗ (Rn is the universal covering of Q), the moment maps computed above
give the moment maps associated to this action.
Note 2 — This construction applies to the torus T2 = R2 /Z2 . The action
of (R2 , +), is obviously not hamiltonian, but the moment map μT2 is well defined.
And, μT2 identifies T2 with the quotient of R2∗ — the (ΓQ , θQ )-coadjoint orbit
of the point 0 — by the holonomy ΓQ = ω(Z2 ) ⊂ R2∗ . In the meaning we gave
above of the notion of coadjoint orbit, the torus T2 , equipped with the standard
symplectic form ω, is a coadjoint orbit of R2 , or even a coadjoint orbit of itself.
This is a special case of the the Subsection 9.3 discussion.
Note 3 — All this construction above can be also applied to situations which
are regarded as more singular that the simple quotient of Rn by a lattice. It
can by applied as well to the product of any irrational tori. An (n-dimensional)
irrational torus TK is the quotient of Rn by any generating discrete strict subgroup
K of Rn . See for example [IL90] for an analysis of 1-dimensional irrational tori.
For example, we can consider the product of two 1-dimensional irrational torus
Q = TH × TK , quotient of R2 = R × R by the discrete subgroup αH (Zp ) × αK (Zq ),
where αH : Rp → R and αK : Rq → R are two linear 1-forms. In this case, the
moment map μQ will also identify TH × TK with the quotient of R2∗ — (ΓQ , θQ )-
coadjoint orbit of 0 — by ΓQ = ω(αH (Zp ) × αK (Zq )). This is the simplest example
of totally irrational symplectic space, and totally irrational coadjoint orbit. Note
that, these cases escape completely to the usual analysis, but also to the analysis
in terms of Sikorski’s or Frölicher’s spaces.
Proof. First of all, the fact that there exists a closed 2-form ωQ on R/K such
that π ∗ (ωQ ) = ω is an application of the criterion of pushing forward forms, in
the special case of a covering [Piz05]. Now, the computation of the moment map
of a linear antisymmetric form ω on Rn is well know, and independently of the
method gives the same result μ(x) = ω(x). The additive constant is fixed here by
the condition μ(0) = 0. But, the value of the paths moment map Ψ(p) can be found
as well by the method described above, applying the particular expression
1
dp(t)
Kωp (δp) = ωp(t) (ṗ(t), δp(t))dt with ṗ(t) = .
0 dt
of the chain-homotopy operator for manifold. Where p is a path and δp is a

« variation » of p. So, since the result depends only on the ends of the path, let us
choose, for any points x and y in Rn , the connecting path p : t → x + t(y − x). Let
us remind that Ψ(p) = p̂∗ (Kω). Let u and δu in Rn . Note that p̂∗ (tu ) = tu ◦ p =
[t → p(t) + u]. So,

Ψ(p)u (δu) = p̂∗ (Kω)u (δu)
= (Kω)tu ◦p (δ(tu ◦ p)), with δp = 0
1
= ω(ṗ(t), δu) d t
0
= ω(y − x, δu)
So Ψ(p) = ψ(x, y) = ω(y − x) = ω(y) − ω(x). And, μ : x → ω(x), for all x in Rn .
Now, let us consider ωQ . Since Rn is the universal covering of Q, every loop
∈ Loops(Q, 0) can be lifted into a path p of Rn starting at 0 and ending in K. In
other words,
Γ = {Ψ() | ∈ Loops(Q)} = {Ψ(t → tk) | k ∈ K} = ω(K)
The other propositions are then a direct application of the functoriality of the
moment map described in Subsection 7.2, and standard analysis on quotients and
fibrations.
11.6. The corner orbifold. Let us consider the quotient Q of R2 by the
action of the finite subgroup K {±1}2 , embedded in GL(2, R) by

ε 0
K= ε, ε ∈ {±1} .
0 ε
The space Q = R2 /K is an orbifold, according to [IKZ05]. It is diffeomorphic
to the quarter space [0, ∞[×[0, ∞[⊂ R2 , equipped with the pushforward of the
standard diffeology of R2 by the map π : R2 → [0, ∞[×[0, ∞[, defined by,
π(x, y) = (x2 , y 2 ) and Q π∗ (R2 ).
So the letter Q will denote indifferently the quotient R2 /K or the quarter space
x′ x
oy
0 ox
x′′ x′′′
Plane Corner Orbifold
Figure 1. The corner orbifold Q
π∗ (R2 ). And the meaning of the letter π follows. Now, let us remark that, the
decomposition of Q in terms of point’s structure is given by,
Str(0, 0) = {±1}2 , Str(x, 0) = Str(0, y) = {±1} and Str(x, y) = {1},
where x and y are positive real numbers. So, since the structure of a point is
preserved by diffeomorphisms [IKZ05], there are at least three orbits of Diff(Q),
the point 0Q = (0, 0), the regular stratum Q̇ =]0, ∞[2 and the union of the two
axes, ox and oy. So, in particular any diffeomorphism of Q preserves the origin 0Q .
Actually, these are exactly the orbits of Diff(Q). Let us remark that, dim(Q) = 2
[Piz06-b]. So, every 2-form is closed. Now,
1) Every 2-form of Q is proportional to the 2-form ω defined on Q by

x
π ∗ (ω) : → 4xy × dx ∧ dy.
y
That is, for any other 2-form ω there exists a smooth function φ ∈ C∞ (Q, R) such
that ω = φ × ω.
2) The space (Q, ω) is hamiltonian Γω = {0}. And, the action of Gω is exact,
that is σω = 0. In particular, the universal moment map μω defined by μω (0Q ) = 0,
is equivariant.
3) The universal equivariant moment map μω vanishes on the singular strata
{0}, ox and oy, and is injective on the regular stratum Q̇. So, the image μω (Q) is
diffeomorphic to an open disc with a point attached on the boundary.
Proof. 1) Let ω be a 2-form on Q and let ω̃ be its pullback by π, ω̃ =

π ∗ (ω ). So, there exists a smooth real function F such that ω̃ = F × dx ∧ dy.
But, since π ◦ k = π, for all k ∈ K we get εε F(εx, ε y) = F(x, y), for all (x, y) ∈
R2 and all ε, ε in {±1}. Thus, F(−x, y) = −F(x, y) and F(x, −y) = −F(x, y).
In particular, F(0, y) = 0 and F(x, 0) = 0. Therefore, since F is smooth, there
exists f ∈ C∞ (R2 , R) such that F(x, y) = 4xyf (x, y), with f (εx, ε y) = f (x, y).
Therefore, ω̃ = f × ω̃, with ω̃ = 4xy × dx ∧ dy. Now ω̃ = d(x2 ) ∧ d(y 2 ), but x → x2
and y → y 2 are invariant by K so, they are the pullback by π of some smooth
real functions on Q. Thus, d(x2 ) and d(y 2 ) are the pullback of 1-forms on Q, let
us say d(x2 ) = π ∗ (ds) and d(y 2 ) = π ∗ (dt), so ω̃ = π ∗ (ω), where ω = ds ∧ dt is a
well defined 2-form on Q. Now, since f (x, y) = f (x, y) means just that f is the
pullback of a smooth real function φ on Q, it follows that any 2-form ω on Q is
proportional to ω, that is ω = φ × ω, with φ ∈ C∞ (Q, R).
2) The orbifold is contractible. The deformation retraction (s, x, y) → (sx, sy)
of R2 to {(0, 0)} projects on a smooth deformation retraction of Q. So, there is no
holonomy, Γ = {0}. Now, since the origin 0Q is the only point with structure {±1},
every diffeomorphism of Q preserves the origin 0Q . So, the 2-point moment map is
exact, see the note 2 of Subsection 5.2, Souriau’s cocycle vanishes, σω = 0. Let q
be any point of Q and let μω (q) = ψ(0Q , q). This is an equivariant moment map
and μω (0Q ) = ψ(0Q , 0Q ) = 0.
3) Let q ∈ Q, thus μω (q) = Ψ(p) for any path p connecting 0Q to q. Now, let
q belongs to a semi-axis ox or oy, and let us choose p = t → λ(t)q, where λ is a
smashing function equal to 0 on ] − ∞, 0] and equal to 1 on [1, +∞[. Thus for all
t ∈ R, p(t) belongs to the same semi-axis than q. Thanks to the expression ♥ of
Subsection 3.2, we have for any 1-plot φ of Diff(Q, ωω ), centered at the identity,
1
s 1 0
Ψ(p)(φ)0 (1) = ω → φ(r)(λ(s + t)q) dt,
0 r 0
(0) 0 1
But, now (s, r) → φ(r)(λ(s + t)q) is a plot of the semi-axis, and thanks to the
item 1, the form ω vanishes on the semi-axis. So, the integrand vanishes and
Ψ(p)(φ)0 (1) = 0. Now, since 1-forms are characterized by 1-plots and since mo-
menta are characterized by centered plots, μω (q) = 0 for all q ∈ Q belonging to any
semi-axis.
On the other hand, let q and q be two points of the regular stratum Q̇. Since
π {(x, y) | x > 0 & y > 0} is a diffeomorphism, and since ω̃ {(x, y) | x > 0 & y >
0} is symplectic there exists always a symplectomorphism φ with compact support
S ⊂ {(x, y) | x > 0 & y > 0} which exchange q and q . So, the image of this
diffeomorphism on Q̇ can be extended by the identity on the whole Q. Therefore,
the automorphisms of ω are transitive on the regular stratum.
11.7. The cone orbifold. Let Qm be the quotient of the smooth complex
plane C by the action of the cyclic subgroup
Zm {ζ ∈ C | ζ m = 1} with m > 1.
The space Qm is an orbifold, according to [IKZ05]. We identify Qm to the complex
plane C, equipped with the pushforward of the standard diffeology by the map
πm : z → z m . That is, a plot of Qm is any parametrization P of C which writes
locally P(r) = φ(r)m , where φ is a smooth parametrization of C. Let us remark
x′
x x
0 0
x′′
Plane Cone Orbifold
Figure 2. The cone orbifold Q3
first that the decomposition of Qm , in terms of structure group, is given by

Str(0) = Zm , and Str(z) = {1} if z = 0.
And secondly that there is two orbits of Diff(Qm ), the point 0 and the regular
stratum Q̇m = C − {0}. In particular any diffeomorphism of Qm preserves the
origin 0. It is not difficult to check that dim(Qm ) = 2 [Piz06-b], so every 2-form
on Qm is closed. Now,
1) Every 2-form of Qm is proportional to the 2-form ω uniquely defined by
∗
πm (ω) : z → dx ∧ dy with z = x + iy.
That is, for any other 2-form ω there exists a smooth function f ∈ C∞ (Qm , R)

such that ω = f × ω.
2) The space (Q, ω) is hamiltonian Γω = {0}. And, the action of Gω is exact,
that is σω = 0. In particular, the universal moment map μω defined by μω (0) = 0,
is equivariant.
3) The universal moment map μω is injective. Its image is the reunion of two
coadjoint orbits, the point 0 ∈ G∗ω , value of the origin of Qm , and the image of the
regular stratum Q̇m .
Proof. Let us first prove that the usual surface form Surf = dx ∧ dy is the
pullback of a 2-form ω defined on Qm . We shall apply the standard criterion and
prove that for any two plots φ1 and φ2 of C such that πm ◦ φ1 = πm ◦ φ2 we have
Surf(φ1 ) = Surf(φ2 ). That is, φ1 (r)m = φ2 (r)m implies Surf(φ1 ) = Surf(φ2 ).
First of all let us recall that, since we are dealing with 2-forms, is is sufficient to
consider 2-plots. So, let the φi be defined on some numerical domain U ⊂ R2 . Let
r0 ∈ U, we split the problem into 2 cases.
1) φ1 (r0 ) = 0 — Thus φ2 (r0 ) = 0, there exists a open disk B centered at r0
on which the φi do not vanishes. Thus, the map r → ζ(r) = φ2 (r)/φ1 (r) defined
on B is smooth with values in Zm . But, since Zm is discrete there exists ζ ∈ Zm
such that φ2 (r) = ζ × φ1 (r) on B. Now, Surf is invariant by U(1) ⊃ Zm . Therefore
Surf(φ1 ) = Surf(φ2 ) on B.
2) φ1 (r0 ) = 0 — Thus, φ2 (r0 ) = 0. Now, we have Surf(φi ) = det(D(φi ))×Surf,
where D(φi ) denotes the tangent map of φi . We split this case into two sub-cases:
2.a) D(φ1 )r0 is non-degenerate — Thus, thanks to the implicit function the-
orem, there exists a small open disk B around r0 where φ1 is a local diffeomor-
phisms onto its image. Since φ1 (r)m = φ2 (r)m , the common zero r0 of both φ1
and φ2 is isolated. Thus, the map r → ζ(r) = φ2 (r)/φ1 (r) defined on B − {r0 }
is smooth, and for the same reason than in the first case, ζ is constant. So,
φ2 (r) = ζ × φ1 (r) on B − {r0 }. But, since φi (r0 ) = 0, this equality extends on
B. Therefore Surf(φ1 ) = Surf(φ2 ) on B.
2.b) D(φ1 )r0 is degenerate — Let u be in the kernel of D(φ1 )r0 . We have φ1 (r0 +
su)m = φ2 (r0 + su)m for enough small real s. Then, differentiating this equality
m times with respect to s, for s = 0 we get 0 = D(φ1 )r0 (u)m = D(φ2 )r0 (u)m .
Therefore, D(φ2 )r0 is also degenerate at r0 and thus 0 = Surf(φ1 )r0 = Surf(φ2 )r0 .
So, we have proved that for any r ∈ U, Surf(φ1 )r = Surf(φ2 )r . Therefore, there
∗
exists a 2-form ω on Qm such that πm (ω) = Surf, and this form ω is completely
defined by its pullback. Now, since the pullback by πm of any other 2-form ω on
Qm is proportional to Surf, the form ω is proportional to ω.
Now, for the same reasons than in Subsection 11.6 the universal holonomy
Γω and Souriau’s class σω vanish, and the universal moment map μω defined by
μω (0) = 0G∗ is equivariant. Moreover, the regular stratum Q̇ is just a symplectic
manifold for the restriction of ω. Any symplectomorphism with compact support
which doesn’t contain 0 can be extended to an automorphism of (Q, ω). Thus, since
the compactly supported symplectomorphisms of a connected symplectic manifold
are transitive, the regular stratum Q̇ is an orbit of Diff(Q, ω). Therefore, the
moment map μω maps Q onto two orbits, {0G∗ } and μω (Q̇).
11.8. The infinite projective space. This example of the symplectic struc-
ture of the infinite projective space is extracted from [Piz06-a], everything not
proved here can be found there. Let H be the Hilbert space of the square summa-
ble complex series.

∞
n
H = Z = (Zi )i=1 Zi · Zi < ∞ .
i=1
Where the dot denotes the hermitian product. The space H is equipped with
the fine structure of complex diffeological vector space. That is, its diffeology is
generated by the linear injections from Cn to H, or if we prefer, let P : U → H be
a plot, then for every r0 ∈ U, there exists an integer n, an open superset V ⊂ U of
∞
r0 , a finite family F = {(λ
a , Za )}a∈A , where the Za ∈ H, and the λa ∈ C (V, C )
n
such that P V : r → a∈A λa (r) × Za . Such a family {(λa , Za )}a∈A is called a

local family of P at the point r0 . We defined the symbol dZ which associates to
every local family F = {(λa , Za )}a∈A defined on the domain V, the complex valued
1-form of V
dZ(F) : r → dλa (r)Za .
a∈A
For every λa = xa + iya , where xa and ya are real smooth parametrizations, dλa =
dxa + idya . Now, there exists on H a 1-form α defined by
α = 1 [Z · dZ − dZ · Z].
2i
1) As an additive group (H, +) acts on itself, preserving dα. Let Z ∈ H and let
tZ be the translation by Z, then t∗Z (dα) = dα. This action is hamiltonian but not
exact. Let μ be the moment map of the translations (H, +), defined by μ(0H ) = 0.
So
μ(Z) = 2d[w(Z)] with w(ζ) : Z → 1 [ζ · Z − Z · ζ] ∈ C∞ (H, R).
2i
The moment map μ is injective and (H, dα) is an homogeneous symplectic space.
2) Let U(H) be the group of unitary transformations of H, equipped with the
functional diffeology. The group U(H) acts on H preserving α. The action of U(H)
on (H, dα) is exact and hamiltonian. Let P : U → U(H) be a n-plot. The value of
the moment map μ of the action of U(H) on (H, dα), evaluated on P is given by

1 ∂P(r)(Z) ∂P(r)(Z)
μ(Z)(P)r (δr) = P(r)(Z) · (δr) − (δr) · P(r)(Z) ,
2i ∂r ∂r
where, r ∈ U , δr ∈ Rn and:
∂P(r)(Z) ∂λα (r)
If P(r)(Z) =loc λα (r)Zα , then (δr) =loc (δr)Zα .
∂r ∂r
α∈A α∈A
3) The unit sphere S ⊂ H is an homogeneous space of U(H). The fibers of the

equivariant moment map μ of the action of U(H) on (S, dα S) are the fibers of
the infinite Hopf fibration π : S → P = S/S1 , where S1 ∈ C acts multiplicatively
on S. There exists a symplectic form ω on P, such that π ∗ (ω) = dα S. The
equivariant moment map of the induced action of U(H) on P is injective. So, the
infinite projective space P, equipped with the Fubini-Study form, is an homogeneous
symplectic space and can be regarded as a coadjoint orbit of U(H).
Proof. Many of what is asserted here has been proved in [Piz06-a]. So, we
shall just check what is not in this paper.
1) Since H is contractible, there is no holonomy. Now, let ζ ∈ H and tζ be
the translation tζ (Z) = Z + ζ. A direct computation shows that, t∗ζ (α) = α +
d[w(ζ)]. Thus, dα is invariant by translation t∗ζ (dα) = dα. Now, let p be any path
connecting 0H to Z, we have μ(Z) = Ψ(p) = p̂∗ K(dα) = Ẑ∗ (α) − 0̂∗H (α) − d[Kα ◦ p̂].
But, on one hand we have Ẑ = tZ , thus Ẑ∗ (α) − 0̂∗H (α) = t∗Z (α) − 1∗H (α) = α +
d[w(Z)] − α = d[w(Z)]. And, on the other hand we have, p̂(ζ) = tζ ◦ p, and

thus Kα ◦ p̂ = tζ ◦p α = p t∗ζ (α) = p α + p d[w(ζ)] = p α + w(ζ)(Z), since
w(ζ)(0H ) = 0. So, μ(Z) = d[w(Z)] − d[ζ → w(ζ)(Z)]. But, w(ζ)(Z) = −w(Z)(ζ)
so μ(Z) = d[w(Z)] − d[ζ → −w(Z)(ζ)] = 2d[w(Z)]. Now, let Z be in the kernel of
μ, so w(Z) = const = w(0H ) = 0. But w(Z)(Z ) = 0 for all Z ∈ H if and only if
Z = 0H , we have just to decompose Z into real and imaginary parts and use the
fact that the hermitian norm on H is not degenerated. Therefore, μ is injective.
2) Since the 1-form α is invariant by U(H), this statement is a direct application
of Subsection 6.1.
11.9. The Virasoro coadjoint orbits. Let Imm(S1 , R2 ) be the space of all
the immersions of the circle S1 = R/2πZ into R2 , equipped with the functional
diffeology. For every n-plot P : U → Imm(S1 , R2 ) let us defined the 1-form α(P)
on U by
2π
1 ∂P(r) (t)
α(P)r (δr) = P(r)
(t) (δr) dt.
P(r) (t)2 ∂r
0
for every r ∈ U and δr ∈ Rn . Where the prime denotes the derivative with respect
to the parameter t, and the bracket · | · denotes the ordinary scalar product of
the vector space R2 .
1. As defined above, α is a 1-form of Imm(S1 , R2 ).
Let us consider now the group Diff+ (S1 ) of positive diffeomorphisms of the circle,
and its action on Imm(S1 , R2 ) by re-parametrization. For every ϕ ∈ Diff+ (S1 ),
for every x ∈ Imm(S1 , R1 ), let us denote by ϕ̄(x) the pushforward of x by ϕ,
ϕ̄(x) = ϕ∗ (x) = x ◦ ϕ−1 .
And, let F : Diff+ (S1 ) → C∞ (Imm(S1 , R2 ), R) be the map defined, for all ϕ ∈
Diff+ (S1 ), by
2π
F(ϕ) : x → log x (t) d log(ϕ (t))
0
2. The map F is smooth and for every ϕ ∈ Diff(S1 ),
ϕ̄∗ (α) = α − d[F(ϕ)].
So, the 2-form ω = dα, defined on Imm(S1 , R2 ), is closed and invariant by
the action of Diff(S1 ). Moreover, the action of Diff(S1 ) is hamiltonian.
3. Let x0 : class(t) → (cos(t), sin(t)) be the standard immersion from S1 =
R/2πZ to R2 . The moment maps for ω, of Diff+ (S1 ) on the connected
component of x0 ∈ Imm(S1 , R2 ), are translated by a constant from
2π
x (u)2 d2
μ(x)(r → ϕ)r (δr) = − 2 log x (u) δu du.
2
0 x (u)2 du
Where r → ϕ is any plot of Diff+ (S1 ) defined on some n-domain U, r is
a point of U, δr ∈ Rn , u = ϕ−1 (t), and δu = D(r → u)(r)(δr).
4. With the same conventions as in item 3,Souriau’s cocycles of the Diff+ (S1 )
action on Imm(S1 , R2 ) are cohomologous to θ defined by,
2π 2
3γ (u) − 2γ (u)γ (u)
θ(g)(r → ϕ)r (δr) = δu du,
0 γ (u)2
where g ∈ Diff+ (S1 ) and γ = g −1 . We recognize the integrand of the
right hand side as the so-called Schwartzian derivative of γ.
5. Let β be the function for all g and h in Diff+ (S1 ) by

2π
β(g, h) = log(g ◦ h) (t) d log h (t).
0
So, for all g and h in Diff+ (S1 ) we have

F(g ◦ g ) = F(g) ◦ ḡ + F(g ) − β(g, g ).
This function β is known as Bott’s cocycle [Bot78]. The central exten-
sion of Diff+ (S1 ) by β is the so-called Virasoro group. Its action on
Imm(S1 , R2 ), through Diff+ (S1 ), is still hamiltonian, but now exact.
This is a well known construction which will be not more developed here.
This example which has been built on purpose [Igl95], gathers the main ingredients
found in the literature on the construction of Virasoro’s group. I regard this example
as a nice illustration of the whole theory.
Proof. The proof is actually a long and tedious series of computations. To

make it as clear as possible, we shall split the computations in a few steps.
The 1-form α — We prove first that α is a well defined 1-form on Imm(S1 , R2 ).
Let F : U → U be a smooth m-parametrization. We have, for all s ∈ V and all
δs ∈ Rm ,
2π
1 ∂(P ◦ F)(s) (t)
α(P ◦ F)(s)(δs) =
(P ◦ F)(s) (t) (δs) dt
0 (P ◦ F)(s) (t)2 ∂s
That is,

2π
1 ∂P(F(s)) (t)
α(P ◦ F)(s)(δs) = P(F(s)) (t) (δs) dt.
P(F(s)) (t)2 ∂s
0
Let us denote by r the point F(s). We get,

2π
1 ∂P(r) (t) ∂F(s)
α(P ◦ F)(s)(δs) = P(r) (t) (δs) dt
P(r) (t)2 ∂r ∂s
0

∂F(s)
= α(P)r=F(s) (δs)
∂s
= F∗ (α(P))s (δs).
So, α(P ◦ F) = F∗ (α(P)), and α satisfies the differential form axiom.
Let us consider now the action of Diff+ (S1 ) on Imm(S1 , R2 ). This action is
obviously smooth from the very definition of the functional diffeology of Diff+ (S1 ).
Let us denote ϕ−1 by φ such that
ϕ̄∗ (α)(P) = α(ϕ̄ ◦ P) = α[r → P(r) ◦ ϕ−1 ] = α[r → P(r) ◦ φ].
Note that Diff+ (S1 ) acts on speed and acceleration of any immersion x, by
(x ◦ φ) (t) = x (φ(t)) · φ (t)
(♥)
(x ◦ φ) (t) = x (φ(t)) · φ (t)2 + x (φ(t)) · φ (t).
Let us denote by Q the plot ϕ̄ ◦ P, that is Q = [r → P(r) ◦ φ]. Such that,
2π
1 ∂Q(r) (t)
α(ϕ̄ ◦ P)r (δr) =
Q(r) (t) (δr) dt
0 Q(r) (t)2 ∂r
for all r ∈ U and all δr ∈ Rn . But, from ♥,

Q(r) (t) = (P(r) ◦ φ) (t) = P(r) (φ(t)) · φ (t)
Q(r) (t) = (P(r) ◦ φ) (t) = P(r) (φ(t)) · φ (t)2 + P(r) (φ(t)) · φ (t)
So, α(ϕ̄ ◦ P)r (δr) is equal to the sum A + B of the two following integrals, related
to the decomposition of Q(r) (t),
2π
1

2 ∂P(r) (φ(t)) · φ (t)
A= P(r) (φ(t)) · φ (t) (δr) dt,
0 P(r) (φ(t)) · φ (t)2 ∂r
2π
1 ∂P(r) (φ(t)) · φ (t)
B= P(r)
(φ(t)) · φ
(t) (δr) dt.
P(r) (φ(t)) · φ (t)2 ∂r
0
The first integral is equal to

2π
1 ∂P(r) (φ(t))
A= P(r) (φ(t)) (δr) φ (t)dt.
P(r) (φ(t))2 ∂r
0
And, since ϕ, and thus φ, is a positive diffeomorphism, after the change of variable
t → φ(t), we get
A = α(P)r (δr).
The second integral is given by
2π
1 ∂P(r) (φ(t)) φ (t)
B= P(r) (φ(t)) (δr) dt
P(r) (φ(t))2 ∂r φ (t)
0
Let us denote for short,

∂P (r)(t)
x = P(r), x = P(r) , and δx = t → (δr) ,
∂r
such that the last integral writes
2π
1 φ (t)
B=
x (φ(t)) | δx (φ(t)) dt.
0 x (φ(t))2 φ (t)
Let us remind that, for any variation δ
1 1 1
δv = v | δv ⇒ δ log v = δv = v | δv.
v v v2
So, the integrand in the last expression of B writes,
1
x (φ(t)) | δx (φ(t)) = δ log x (φ(t)).
x (φ(t))2
Thus, the term B becomes
2π
B = δ log x (φ(t)) d log(φ (t))
0
2π
= δ log x (φ(t)) d log(φ (t))
0
2π
= δ log x (ϕ−1 (t)) d log((ϕ−1 ) (t))
0
Let us make the change of variable s = ϕ−1 (t), we get,

2π
B = +δ log x (s) d log[(ϕ−1 ) (ϕ(s))]
0
2π
= −δ log x (s) d log(ϕ (s))
0
2π
∂
= − log P(r) (s) d log(ϕ (s)) (δr)
∂r
0
∂
= − F(ϕ)(P(r)) (δr)
∂r
= − d[F(ϕ)](P)r (δr).
Coming back to α(ϕ̄ ◦ P)r (δr) we get finally,
α(ϕ̄ ◦ P)r (δr) = α(P)r (δr) − d[F(ϕ)](P)r (δr) that is ϕ̄∗ (α) = α − d[F(ϕ)].
Thus, the exterior differential ω = dα is invariant by the action of Diff+ (S1 ). And
since the difference ϕ̄∗ (α) − α is exact, this action is hamiltonian.
The 2-point moment map — Now, let us compute the 2-points moment maps
ψ of the action of Diff+ (S1 ) on (Imm(S1 , R2 ), ω). Let p be a path connecting two
immersions x0 and x1 . We have Ψ(p) = p̂∗ (Kω) = p̂∗ (Kdα) = p̂∗ (1̂∗ (α) − 0̂∗ (α) −
d(Kα)) = x̂∗1 (α) − x̂∗0 (α) − d(Kα ◦ p̂). But, for all ϕ ∈ Diff+ (S1 ),

Kα ◦ p̂(ϕ) = α = ϕ̄∗ (α) = α − dF(ϕ) = α − F(ϕ)(x1 ) + F(ϕ)(x0 ).
ϕ̄(p) p p p p
So, we get finally

Ψ(p) = ψ(x0 , x1 ) = {x̂∗1 (α) + d[ϕ → F(ϕ)(x1 )]} − {x̂∗0 (α) + d[ϕ → F(ϕ)(x0 )]}.
But notice that, x̂∗ (α) + d[ϕ → F(ϕ)(x) is not a momentum of Diff+ (S1 ).
The 1-point moment maps — Let us compute the moment map ψ(x0 , x). Let
m = {x̂∗ (α) + d[ϕ → F(ϕ)(x)]}(r → ϕ)r (δr).
And, let us denote for short
A = x̂∗ (α)(r → ϕ)r (δr)
∂F(ϕ)(x)
B = d[ϕ → F(ϕ)(x)](r → ϕ)r (δr) = δr.
∂r
We shall use the notation m0 , A0 and B0 for the immersion x0 . Thus,
ψ(x0 , x)(r → ϕ)r (δr) = m − m0 = A + B − A0 − B0 .
We have, x̂∗ (α)(r → ϕ) = α(x̂ ◦ [r → ϕ]) = α(r → x ◦ ϕ−1 ). Let φ = ϕ−1 , so
2π
1 ∂(x ◦ φ) (t)
A= (x ◦ φ)
(t) (δr) .
(x ◦ φ) (t)2 ∂r
0
Let us introduce now,

u = φ(t), u = φ(t) and u = φ (t).
So, the decomposition given by ♥, writes
(x ◦ φ) (t) = x (u) · u and (x ◦ φ) (t) = x (u) · u2 + x (u) · u .
Then, we shall use the prefix δ for every variation associated to δr, that is δ =
D(r → )(r)(δr). So,
∂(x ◦ φ) (t)
(δr) = δ[x (u) · u ] = x (u) · δu · u + x (u) · δu .
∂r
Thus,
2π
1
A = x (u)u2 + x (u)u | x (u)u δu + x (u)δu dt
0 x (u)2 u2
2π 2π
2π
x (u)2 x (u), x (u) u u
=
δu u dt +
δu +
δu dt + δu dt
0 x (u) 2
0 x (u) 2 u 0 u
Now,
∂F(ϕ)(x) ∂ F̄(φ)(x)
B= δr = − δr = −δ[F̄(φ)(x)],
∂r ∂r
with
2π 2π
F̄(φ)(x) = log x (φ(t)) d log φ (t) = log x (u) d log(u ).
0 0
So, after the variation with respect to δr and an integration by part, we get
2π 2π
x (u), x (u) u
B = − (u)2
δu
dt − log x (u) δd log(u )
0 x u 0
2π 2π
x (u), x (u) u x (u), x (u)
= − δu dt + u δ log(u ) dt
0 x (u)2 u 0 x (u)2
2π 2π
x (u), x (u) u x (u), x (u)
= − δu dt + δu dt
0 x (u)2 u 0 x (u)2
Therefore, grouping the terms and integrating again by part, we get
2π 2π 2π
x (u)2 x (u), x (u) u
A+B =
δu du + 2
δu dt + δu dt
0 x (u) 2
0 x (u) 2
0 u
2π 2π 2 2π
x (u)2 d u
=
δu du − 2 log x (u)δu du + δu dt
0 x (u) 2
0 du 2
0 u
2π 2π
x (u)2 d2 u
= (u)2
− log x (u) 2
δu du +
δu dt
0 x du 2
0 u
Now, since x0 (t) = 1 we get the value of the 2-point moment map,
2π 2π
x (u)2 d2
ψ(x0 , x)(r → ϕ)r (δr) = − 2 log x (u) δu du −
2
δu du.
0 x (u)2 du 0
The second term of the right hand side of the equality is a constant momentum
of Diff+ (S1 ), so it can be avoided. And, every moment map is, up to a constant,
equal to the moment μ announced.
Souriau’s cocycles — Souriau’s cocycle associated to immersion x0 is defined
by θ(g) = ψ(x0 , ḡ(x0 )), see Subsection 5.2. So, we have to replace, in the expression
of ψ above, x by ḡ(x0 ) = x0 ◦ g −1 , that is x = x0 ◦ γ. So, θ(g)(r → ϕ)r (δr) =
ψ(x0 , x0 ◦ γ). So, note first that
(x0 ◦ γ) (u) = x0 (γ(u))γ (u) and (x0 ◦ γ) (u) = x0 (γ(u))γ (u)2 + x0 (u)γ (u).
And, let us remind that x0 = x0 = 1 and x0 | x0 = 0. We get,
x (u)2 = γ (u)2 and x (u)2 = γ (u)4 + γ (u)2 .
This gives
x (u)2 γ (u)2 d2 γ (u)γ (u) − γ (u)2
= γ (u) 2
+ and log x (u)2
= 2 .
x (u)2 γ (u)2 du2 γ (u)2
Thus,

3γ (u)2 − 2γ (u)γ (u)
2π
θ(g)(r → ϕ)r (δr) = δu du
0 γ (u)2
2π 2π
+ γ (u)2 δu du − δu du.
0 0
But, after a change of variable u → v = γ(u), we get
2π 2π 2π
γ (u)2 δu du = (δuγ (u)) γ (u)du = δv dv.
0 0 0
So the two last terms cancel each other, and we get the value announced for
Souriau’s cocycle θ.
Bott’s cocycle — The real function F(g ◦ h) − F(g) ◦ h̄ − F(h) is constant since X
is connected, and its differential is equal to (ḡ ◦ h̄)∗ (α) − h̄∗ (ḡ ∗ (α)), that is 0. Now,
to explicit β(g, g ) = F(g) ◦ ḡ + F(g ) − β(g, g ) − F(g ◦ g ), it is sufficient to compute
the right hand member on the standard immersion x0 , for which the speed norm is
equal to 1, and thus log x (t) = 0 for all real t. So we get,
β(g, h) = F(g)(x0 ◦ h−1 ) − F(h)(x0 ) − F(g ◦ h)(x0 )
2π
= + log (x0 ◦ h−1 ) (t) d log g (t)
0
2π
= + log(h−1 ) (t) d log g (t)
0
2π
= − log h (h−1 (t)) d log g (t)
0
2π
= − log h (s) d log g (h(s))
0
2π
= + log(g ◦ h) (t) d log h (t)
0
And this is the standard expression of Bott’s cocycle.
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933 Luchezar Stoyanov, Scattering resonances for several small convex bodies and the
Lax-Phillips conjuecture, 2009
932 Jun Kigami, Volume doubling measures and heat kernel estimates of self-similar sets,
2009
931 Robert C. Dalang and Marta Sanz-Solé, Hölder-Sobolv regularity of the solution to
the stochastic wave equation in dimension three, 2009
930 Volkmar Liebscher, Random sets and invariants for (type II) continuous tensor product
systems of Hilbert spaces, 2009
929 Richard F. Bass, Xia Chen, and Jay Rosen, Moderate deviations for the range of
planar random walks, 2009
928 Ulrich Bunke, Index theory, eta forms, and Deligne cohomology, 2009
927 N. Chernov and D. Dolgopyat, Brownian Brownian motion-I, 2009
926 Riccardo Benedetti and Francesco Bonsante, Canonical wick rotations in
3-dimensional gravity, 2009
925 Sergey Zelik and Alexander Mielke, Multi-pulse evolution and space-time chaos in
dissipative systems, 2009
924 Pierre-Emmanuel Caprace, “Abstract” homomorphisms of split Kac-Moody groups,
2009
923 Michael Jöllenbeck and Volkmar Welker, Minimal resolutions via algebraic discrete
Morse theory, 2009
922 Ph. Barbe and W. P. McCormick, Asymptotic expansions for infinite weighted
convolutions of heavy tail distributions and applications, 2009
921 Thomas Lehmkuhl, Compactification of the Drinfeld modular surfaces, 2009
920 Georgia Benkart, Thomas Gregory, and Alexander Premet, The recognition
theorem for graded Lie algebras in prime characteristic, 2009
919 Roelof W. Bruggeman and Roberto J. Miatello, Sum formula for SL2 over a totally
real number field, 2009
918 Jonathan Brundan and Alexander Kleshchev, Representations of shifted Yangians
and finite W -algebras, 2008
For a complete list of titles in this series, visit the

AMS Bookstore at www.ams.org/bookstore/.
ISBN 978-0-8218-4709-1
9 780821 847091
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MEMOIRS of the

American Mathematical Society

The Moment Maps in Diffeology

American Mathematical Society

The Moment Maps in Diffeology

Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society

Chapter 10. The homogeneous case 45

This memoir presents a generalization of the moment maps to the category

Received by the editor October 4, 2007.

dimensional (heuristic) examples, see Donaldson’s paper [Dnl99]. By the way, I

Note — Diﬀeology is a maximal extension of the local category of smooth real

Few words about diﬀeology

1.1. Domains and parametrizations. We call numerical space any power

1.2. Diffeology and diffeological spaces. Let X be a set. A diffeology on

1.3. Smooth maps and diﬀeomorphisms. Let X and X be two sets e-

1.4. Quotients and subspaces. The category {Diﬀeology} is stable by set

1.5. Functional diﬀeology. Let X and X be two diﬀeological spaces. There

1.6. Differential forms. Let X be a diffeological space. A differential k-form

k-form on X, called the Lie derivative of α by F, deﬁned by

The chain-homotopy operator satisﬁes a natural equivariance relation. Let X be

Diﬀeological groups and momenta

Diffeological groups have been first introduced as « groupes différentiels » by

2.1. Diﬀeological groups. Let G be a group equipped with a diﬀeology D.

[(g, g ) → gg ] ∈ C∞ (G × G, G) and [g → g −1 ] ∈ C∞ (G, G).

2.2. Covering diﬀeological groups. Let Ĝ and G be two diﬀeological

are locally constant.

◦ . Now, this lifting is an homomorphism

r0 in U. Let Gi be the component of P ◦ F(s0 ) = P(r0 ) in G. We have, ᾱ((P ◦ F)

2) Let G be any diﬀeological group connected or not. Let ζ ∈ G∗ , if ζ is closed

Proof. 1) Let π : G̃ → G be the universal covering deﬁned in Subsection

2.12. Equivalence between right and left momenta. Let G be a diﬀeo-

Proof. Let us denote by a dot the multiplication in G. Let α be any left

And, on the other hand:

The paths moment map

3.1. Deﬁnition of the paths moment map. Let X be a diﬀeological space

3.2. Evaluation of the paths moment map. Let X be a diﬀeological space

where iFt (ω) is the contraction of ω by Ft , see Subsection 1.6.

Note — Let f ∈ Hom∞ (R, G), so Ψ(p)(f ) is an invariant 1-form on R whose

The smooth map hf : Paths(X) → R is the hamiltonian of f , or the hamiltonian

Ψ(p)(P)r (δr) = p̂∗ (Kω)r (δr)

Let us prove ♣. Let us apply the general formula ♥ for P = f . Introducing

and the ρ(ft ) invariance of ω, we get

3.3. Variance of the paths moment map. Let X be a diﬀeological space

3.4. Additivity of the paths moment map. Let X be a diﬀeological space

Proof. This is a direct application of the expression given in Subsection 3.2

3.5. Diﬀerential of the paths moment map. Let X be a diﬀeological space

d(Ψ(p)) = x̂∗1 (ω) − x̂∗0 (ω),

Proof. This is a direct application of the main property of the chain-homotopy

3.6. Homotopic invariance of the paths moment map. Let X be a dif-

Proof. Let s → ps be a ﬁxed ends homotopy connecting p0 to p1 , for example

The variation of the integral of diﬀerential forms on chains gives

3.7. The holonomy group. Let X be a connected diﬀeological space, and

The 2-points moment map

The moment maps

usual denomination we chose to call them simply moment maps.

5.2. Souriau’s cocycles. Let X be a connected diﬀeological space and ω be

μ(ρ(g)(x)) = AdΓ∗ (g)(μ(x)) + θ(g).

θ(gg ) = AdΓ∗ (g)(θ(g )) + θ(g).

The moment maps for exact 2-forms

Since p̂∗ (Kα) = Kα ◦ p̂, we have for all g ∈ G,

Functoriality of the moment maps

7.2. Pushing forward moment maps. Let X and X be two connected

The universal moment maps

Note — Let f ∈ Hom∞ (R, G), so Ψ(p)(f ) is an invariant 1-form on R whose

◦ω be its identity component. So,

k(Ψω ())(f˜t ) = 0. But,