Class 10 English Language Set 9

Queston 1
A despotic sultan who was blind in one eye invited three artists to paint his picture. “If you ……………..
(do) a bad portrait, I …………….. (punish) you,” he warned, “but if you do a good one I will reward you.
Now …………….. (start)”. The first artist produced a picture that showed the sultan as he …………….. (be),
blind in one eye. The sultan had him …………….. (executed) for …………….. (show) desrespect to his
monarch. The second artist showed him with both eyes intact. The sultan had him flogged for trying
…………….. (flatter) him. The third artist drew him in profile, showing only his good eye. The sultan,
…………….. (please), rewarded him with gold.

Question 2
a. His lack of puntuality will be held …………….. him.
b. The manager has dispensed …………….. his services.
c. The lawyer funrinshed me …………….. a copy of the order.
d. We were astonished …………….. her sudden visit.
e. He does not want to part …………….. his money.
f. I refrained …………….. giving my opinion.
g. The ship is bound …………….. Austria.
h. He was running too fast. I could not keep …………….. with him.

Question 3
a. Some things will happen. But they will not change my decision.
b. His eyesight was damaged. A small object had got into his eye while he was swimming.
c. Mike says many thing. None of them have any value.
d. You see a lot of things in that glasscase. They are all valuable.

Question 4
1. His suggestion was received well by the members. (Use: went down…)
2. Only a fool would believe you. (Begin: None…)
3. The old lady had no other company but of her old maid. (Begin: Apart…)
4. As soon as she heard the news, she collapsed. (Begin: Hardly….)
5. Mangla is the cleaverest pupil in the class. (Use: clever…)
6. Admitting that he is clever, he is proud. (Begin: In spite of……)
7. It is a good habit to maintain a diary. (End: …..good habit.)
8. Why don’t you meet me to discuss the point? (Begin: I suggest…..)
 CLASS- X MATHEMATICS SET 9
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

Arithmetic Progression:
We would able to determine the general term of natural numbers, whole numbers and integers. However
it is difficult to do that for rational numbers. Ever wondered why? It is because the difference between any
two consecutive natural or whole numbers or integers is a constant. It is not so in case of rational numbers.
Natural numbers, whole numbers and integers are examples of arithmetic progressions. An arithmetic
progression (AP) is a sequence of numbers such that the difference between the consecutive terms is
constant. How do we find the sum of the first 10 terms? It is not convenient to add all the individual terms
to obtain the sum. There is a formula to find the sum of the first 'n' terms of an AP.

An arithmetic progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by adding a fixed number to
the preceding term, except the first term.

This fixed number is called the common difference of the AP. It can be positive, negative or zero
Eg: 1, 2, 3, 4, . . . is an arithmetic progression.

Each of the numbers in the list is called a term.

The common difference in this case is equal to 1 = 2 – 1= 3 – 2 = 4 – 3 = ….

An arithmetic progression having finite number of terms is called a finite arithmetic progression.
An arithmetic progression having infinite number of terms is called an infinite arithmetic progression.
General form of an A.P.

For an arithmetic progression (AP) a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d……..a + (n-1)d we know that

(a+d)-d=(a+3d)-(a+2d)=…..(a+nd)-[a+(n-1)d]=d, where d is the common difference.

The nth term an of the AP with first term a and common difference d is given by 𝒂𝒏 =a+(n-1)d
▪ The second term is 𝒂𝟐 =a+(2-1)d
▪ The third term is 𝒂𝟑 =a+(3-1)d
▪ 𝑎𝑛 is also called the general term of the AP.
Infinite AP’s do not have a last term. For instance if the first term a is 6 and the common difference d is 3
then the infinite AP is 6, 9,12, 15, . . .
Formula for finding the sum of first n terms of an AP
10 Mathematics Set 9 Page 1
 𝑛 𝑛
▪ The sum S = [2a + (n – 1)d] or, S = (a + l) where,
2 2
▪ a is the first term,
▪ n is the number of terms of the AP,
▪ l is the last term of the AP,
▪ d is the common difference
▪ 𝑎𝑛 =𝑠𝑛 -𝑠𝑛−1
▪ 𝑎𝑛 is the nth term of the AP,
▪ 𝑠𝑛 is the sum of the first n terms,
▪ 𝑠𝑛−1 is the sum of the first (n – 1) terms

Arithmetic Mean

▪ If three numbers a, A and b are in arithmetic progression, then A is called arithmetic mean (A.M.)
between a and b.
𝑎+𝑏
▪ Arithmetic mean between a and b is A=
2

EXERCISE

Q1. The nth term of sequence is (2n - 3), find its fifteenth term.
Q2. Find the 24th term of the sequence: 12, 10, 8, 6,……
Q3. How many terms are there in the series: 4, 7, 10, 13, …………, 148?
Q4. If 5th and 6th terms of an A.P are respectively 6 and 5. Find the 11th term of the A.P
Q5. The sum of the 4th and the 8th terms of an A.P. is 24 and the sum of the 6th and the 10th terms of the
same A.P. is 34. Find the first three terms of the A.P.
Q6. Determine the A.P. whose 3rd term is 16 and the 7th term exceeds the 5th term by 12.
Q7. The sum of three consecutive terms of an A.P. is 21 and the sum of their squares is 165. Find these
terms.
Q8. Find the sum of 28 terms of an A.P. whose nth term is 8n - 5.
Q9. Find the sum of first 51 terms of an A.P. whose 2nd and 3rd terms are 14 and 18 respectively.
Q10. In an A.P, the first term is 25, nth term is -17 and the sum of n terms is 132. Find n and the common
difference.

10 Mathematics Set 9 Page 2

Class 10 Physics Set 9
SOUND
Sound waves are longitudinal in nature.

Longitudinal waves:

When during the propagation of sound waves, medium particles vibrate along the direction of the
propagation of the wave. These waves are termed as longitudinal waves.

Mechanism of the propagation of sound wave:

Propagation of a sound wave takes place due to the formation of large number of compression and
rarefaction.

During compression molecules of the medium stores energy and during each rarefaction molecules
expands energy to the next set of molecules, This process continues and sound wave propagates from
sound source to the listener.

Reflection of a sound wave:

• When a sound wave returns after striking with a surface such as wall,sheet,or rigid surface. It is
said to be the reflected sound.
• A sound wave does not require a smooth surface to be reflected. It may reflect from any kind of
surface.
• But the size of the surface should be bigger than the wavelength of the sound wave.

Echo:

The sound heared due to the reflection from a cliff or a rigid surface after the original sound ceases is
known as echo.

10 Physics Set 9 Page 1

Condition for the formation of an echo:

Let Vis the speed of the sound wave.

Let the distance travelled by the original wave from sound source to the obstacle be d.

The reflected wave will cover the same distance to come back from the obstacle.

Total distance travelled = d + d = 2d

According to our sensitivity of hearing, our ears receive a fresh sound wave after each 0.1 second

It means time taken to hear an echo, t = 0.1 second

So
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
t=
𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

2𝑑
t=
𝑉

𝑉𝑡
d==
2

If we put t = 0.1 sec, V = 340 m/sec in air

d = 17 m

• Thus to hear an echo distinctly, the reflecting surface should be at a minimum distance of 17 m.
• Size of the reflecting body should be bigger than the wavelength of the sound
• Intensity of the original sound and hence the reflected sound should be sufficient enough to be
audible.

Use of echoes:

• Dolphins, bats and fisherman send ultrasonic waves and hear their echo. By doing so they are able
to detect the location and distance of the reflecting object or other animals.
• SONAR: Sound navigation and ranging technique is used to detect the rocks or the obstacles below
the surface of the water by the ships. (By the use of ultrasonic waves which have high frequency
and hence are very energetic.)
• In medical field, phenomenon of echo is used for imaging human organs. Process is termed as
ultrasonography.

10 Physics Set 9 Page 2

Natural vibrations:

When vibrations of a body takes place in absence of any resistive force body is said to perform Natural
vibrations and its frequency is termed as Natural frequency.

• Ideally, natural vibrations take place in vacuum only.

• Once such vibrations start ina body, it keeps vibrating forever and its amplitude will remain
cinstant forever as shown in the picture.

Damped vibrations:

Vibration which take place in presence of some resistive force are termed as damped vibrations.

• Amplitude of vibrating body reduces gradually with respect to the time

• Finally amplitude of body becomes zero.
• Process is known as damping.

Forced vibrations:

When a body vibrates under the influence of an external periodic force, its vibrations are known as forced
vibrations.

• External periodic force should be there for these vibrations to occur.

10 Physics Set 9 Page 3

 • We observe in the pic above. Periodic vibrations of pendulum produces vibrations in pendulum
B,C and D.
• Vibrations in the pendulum B,C and D are termed as forced vibrations.

Resonance:

When frequency of external applied force becomes equal to the natural frequency, the amplitude of
vibration of body becomes maximum. This condition is called resonance.

• Bodies under resonance are said to be resonating bodies.

• Occurs only when frequency of external periodic force matches with the natural frequency of the
vibrating body.
Examples:
• In Radio communication, matching of frequencies of two radio station results in increase in the
intensity.
• Damage in a building during bomb blast at nearby place.

WORKSHEET

10 Physics Set 9 Page 4

10 Physics Set 9 Page 5
10 Physics Set 9 Page 6
10 Physics Set 9 Page 7
Class 10 Chemistry Set 9
Sulphuric Acid

Properties of Sulphuric Acid:

▪ Sulphuric Acid has molecular formula H2SO4 and molecular mass of 98.
▪ Sulphuric acid is called 'King of Chemicals' because of its extensive use in a
large number of industries.
▪ Sulphuric acid is a powerful protonating agent.
▪ It is also a moderately strong oxidizing agent.
▪ Sulphuric acid is also a powerful dehydrating agent and is used to remove a
molecule of water from many organic compounds.
▪ Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4, is a dibasic acid because it contains two

hydrogens atoms which ionise in aqueous solution.

▪ H2SO4 ==> 2 H(+) + SO4(2 -)
Preparation of Sulphuric Acid:
The Contact Process is used for manufacturing sulphuric acid and fuming
sulphuric acid from sulphur dioxide, which is made by burning sulphur or by
roasting sulphide ores and oxygen (in the form of air) which combine to form
sulphur trioxide in the presence of a catalyst.

Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid by Contact process

Sulphuric acid is produced from sulphur, oxygen and water via the
conventional contact process or the wet sulphuric acid process (WSA).
The Contact process can be divided into five stages:
1. Combining of sulphur and oxygen (O2) to form sulphur dioxide
2. Purifying the sulphur dioxide in a purification unit
3. Adding an excess of oxygen to sulphur dioxide in the presence of the
catalyst vanadium pentoxide, under temperatures of 450 °C and pressure of 1-
2 atm
4. The sulphur trioxide formed is added to sulphuric acid which gives rise
to oleum (disulphuric acid)
5. The oleum is then added to water to form sulphuric acid which is very
concentrated.
Class 10 Geography Set 9 1
 Chemical Properties of Sulphuric acid

1. Pure sulphuric acid does not ionise and cannot be considered an acid. Dilute
sulphuric acid ionises to form hydronium ions and sulphate ions. It is dibasic in
nature (forms 2 H+ ions on dissociation)
o H2SO4 ↔↔ H3O + HSO4
+ –

o HSO4 + H2O ↔↔ H3O + SO4

– + 2-

2. With metal: (forms corresponding sulphate salt and hydrogen; reacts with
metals above H in the reactivity series)

o Mg + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2↑

o Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2↑
o Ni + H2SO4 → NiSO4 + H2↑

3. With metal oxide: (forms salt and water)

o CuO + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + H2O

o FeO + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2O

4. With metal hydroxides: (forms salt and water)

o NaOH + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + H2O

o 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O

5. With metal carbonates and bicarbonates: (forms salt, carbon dioxide and
water)

o ZnCO3 + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2O + CO2↑

o MgCO3 + H2SO4 → MgSO4 + H2O + CO2 ↑
o 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2 ↑
o 2KHCO3 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2 ↑

6. With metal sulphite: (forms salt, water and SO2)

o Na2SO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2O + SO2↑

o K2SO3 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + H2O + SO2 ↑
Class 10 Geography Set 9 2
7. With metal sulphides: (forms salt and hydrogen sulphide)

o Na2S + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + H2S↑

o ZnS + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2S↑
o FeS + H2SO4 →FeSO4 + H2S↑

8. Concentrated sulphuric acid as oxidizing agent

On thermal decomposition, H2SO4 → H2O +SO2 + [O]

Nascent oxygen is responsible for oxidizing action of conc. H2SO4

o Oxidation of Carbon
C + 2H2SO4 → CO2 + 2H2O +2SO2↑

o Oxidation of sulphur
S + 2H2SO4 → 3SO2 + 2H2O

9. Concentrated sulphuric acid as dehydrating agent.

It readily removes water from other compounds due to high affinity for water
o Dehydration of sugar: (sugar gets charred as only Carbon is left when water

is removed from it)

C6H12O6conc sulphuric acid> 6C + 6H2O
C12H22O11(s)conc.sulphuric acid> 12C(s) (sugar charcoal) + 11H2O

o Dehydration of copper(II) sulphate: (removes water of crystallization, blue

crystals turn white)
CuSO4.5H2O conc.sulphuric acid> CuSO4(s) + 5H2O

10. Non-volatile nature of sulphuric acid

Reaction with sodium chloride and potassium chloride
o NaCl (s) + H2SO4 (l) → NaHSO4 (s) + HCl ↑
KCl (s) + H2SO4 (l) → KHSO4 (s) + HCl↑
o 2NaNO3 + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 +HNO3
2KNO3 + H2SO4 → K2SO4 +HNO3

Class 10 Geography Set 9 3

There are mainly two types of tests are performed for Sulphuric Acid,
1. Test for Dilute sulphuric acid.
2. Test for Concentrated sulphuric acid.

Test for dilute Sulpluric acid

1. Barium chloride Test:

Barium chloride when added to dilute H2SO4, a white precipitate of Barium
Sulphate (BaSO4) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) are formed.

BaCl2 + H2SO4 → BaSO4 + 4HCl

2. Lead Nitrate Test:

Lead nitrate when added to dilute H2SO4, a white precipitate of Lead Sulphate
(PbSO4) and Nitric Acid (HNO3) are formed.

Pb(NO3)2 + H2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2HNO3

Test for Concentrated Sulpluric acid

1. Addition of copper:

Concentrated sulphuric acid oxidises copper to copper sulphate.

Cu + 2H2SO4 → CuSO4 + SO2 + H2O

Copper Hot Copper Sulphur Water
sulphuric acid sulphate dioxide
2. An addition of common salt (sodium chloride):

Common salt is added to concentrated Sulphuric acid, hydrogen chloride, a

colourless, pungent-smelling acid gas is evolved

NaCl + H2SO4 → NaHSO4 + HCl

Class 10 Geography Set 9 4

Uses of sulphuric acid

1. Sulphuric acid, because of its wide applications, is referred as the king of

chemicals.
2. It is used in the manufacture of:
▪ Fertilizers like ammonium sulphate and superphosphate.

▪ Dyes, pigments and paints.

▪ Explosives such as TNT.

▪ Other important chemicals like hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid

and sodium carbonate.

3. It is used in the refining of petroleum.
4. As a pickling agent.

Worksheet
Q1. Why is water not added to concentrated H2SO4 in order to dilute it?

Q2. Give one balance reaction of each type to show the following properties of
sulphuric acid:
(a) Acidic nature
(b) Oxidising nature
(c) Dehydrating nature
(d) Non Volatile nature

Q3. Write one test for the identification of Dilute Sulphuric acid.

Q4. Give a chemical test to distinguish between, dilute sulphuric acid and concentrated
sulphuric acid.

Q5. Write the balance chemical equation when sulphuric acid reacts with the following:
(a) NaOH
(b) Sugar
(c) Copper
(d) CaCO3

Class 10 Geography Set 9 5

CLASS 10 BIOLOGY SET 9
POPULATION

• Human is the most intelligent animal among the species inhibiting in the world. He has learnt the
way in which he can protect himself from natural calamities, diseases etc. This leads to undue
increase in human population.
• To understand the causes, effects and control of population explosion, one should know about the
basic terms and definitions, which are discussed below:
• Population density: The population density is defined as the number of individuals of a species
inhibiting a unit area.
• Growth rate of population: It is defined as the difference between the birth rate and death rate in
a given amount of population in a given time.
• Population growth: It is the change in the population over a period of time. It is the collection of
inter-breeding organisms of a particular species.
• Demography: The scientific statistical study of human population is called demography. It deals
with three phenomena;

▪ The changes in population size (growth or decline)

▪ The composition of population and
▪ The distribution of population in space.
• Population Explosion: The increase in population size over a relatively short period is called
population explosion. It is due to increase in birth rate and decrease in death rate.
• Carrying capacity: It is defined as feeding capacity of an environment for a population of a species
under set of conditions. It depends upon
• Productive system (b) Protective system
• Birth rate (Natality): It is defined as the total number of live births per thousand individuals of a
population per year. It results in increased population size and population density.
• Death rate (Mortality) : Mortality is the death rate per thousand individuals per year. Death rate
has fallen in most countries. It is due to improved personal hygiene, sanitation and modern medical
facilities.
• Vital index: The percentage ratio of natality and mortality in a unit population in a unit time is
called vital index. Formula for calculating vital index is
▪ Natality
• Vital Index = ×100
▪ Mortality
• Major cause of population explosion in the world are :
o Decline in death rate, maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate.
o Control of diseases has reduced the death rate.
o Advancement in agriculture, improvement in food storage conditions, better means of
transport and better medical facilities decreases death rate.

10 BIOLOGY SET 9 PAGE 1

• Consequences of population explosion:– Population explosion has become serious world concern.
The continuous population growth will result in misery, poor health and increase in urban slums
due to following reasons :
o It will lead to food crisis resulting in famines, hunger and poor health.
o There will be acute shortage of clothing and shelter.
o Shortage of drinking water.
o Pollution of air, water and land.
o Danger of epidemic diseases.
o Acute shortage of natural resources.
• Urbanization causing serious pressure on resources. Rapid growth of population has led to
urbanization which has adversely affected environment. Due to population pressure, natural
resources in the cities are depleted at a fast rate due to population pressure.

• Man has established new housing colonies, markets, hospitals; National highways and hydropower
projects and forests have been wiped out. These destructive activities have increased and led to
ecological imbalance.
• Environmental degradation is also due to transport development in the different parts of the world.
For example, means of conveyance (i.e. using car, bikes etc), using more and more household
equipments and buying more clothes, shoes, accessories etc.
• Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The sustainable
development can be achieved by taking following measures :
o Process of recycling and reusing natural resources.
o Increase in use of renewable resources such as solar energy, wind power etc.
o Judicial use of available natural resources.

• It is necessary to control the rate of population for better future of mankind, because the rise in
population density causes many problems, such as decline in general health and per capita income
and depletion of natural resources.
• Population growth can be checked through – (i) Family planning (ii) Mass media
• Family planning – Efficient, cheap, safe, reversible and acceptable methods should be employed for
birth control. Following are the scientific methods for birth control –
▪ By taking oral contraceptive pills. These pills suppress the pregnancy by suppressing
the production of ovum by hormones.
▪ Following are the methods to prevent fertilization of ovum by sperm:
▪ Use of intra-uterine contraceptive devices (IUCD) like copper-T or loop.
▪ Use of condoms, diaphragm or spermicidal cream.
▪ Vasectomy i.e. cutting of sperm duct in males and tubectomy i.e. cutting of oviduct
in females.
• Mass Media or Communication: Radio, television, newspapers, magazines, hoardings and posters
should be employed to spread the message of family planning and birth control and its advantages.
• Family Welfare: The government has opened family welfare department and dispensaries to
provide necessary help for birth control. The inverted red triangle is the popular sign of Family
Welfare Centre Department. Family welfare centres have three aspects which includes :

10 BIOLOGY SET 9 PAGE 2

 o Family planning in terms of having small family.
o Advantages of small family, including diet and nutrition of the child and of the pregnant
mother.
o Providing care of children by immunization and oral rehydration therapy so as to ensure
survival of young ones.
• Measures to control population explosion are :
o By educating people of reproductive age.
o Raising the age of marriage.
o Family planning.
o To provide recreation to public at subsidized rate.
• Drawbacks of large family :
o Difficult to afford even the basic requirements of a large family.
o Children often fall victim to malnutrition.
o Children born at a late stage are physically weak and mentally retarded.
• Advantages of small family :
o It helps in the upgradation of the quality of life.
o It increases the per capita income, i.e. reduces the economical pressure.
o It improves the education and medical facilities provided to the family members. (d)
It ensures good health of the mother and the child.
• Know the Terms
• Maximum carrying capacity: It is the support, food, space etc. provided by the environment to
maximum population size.
• Life supportive capacity: It is the productive and protective system which support life.
• Productive system: It consists of croplands, orchards etc. which provide food to life.
• Protective system: It is the second component of the environment which comprises climate,
forests, oceans etc. and buffers air and water cycles and moderates temperature.
• Exponential growth: When the population increases nearly a fixed proportion of its size during any
period of time and utilization of resources and generation of wastes also grows exponentially.
• Doubling time: It is the time required for the population to become double of its time.
• Fertility: It is the ability of reproductive active individuals to produce young ones.
• Total fertility rate: It is the average number of individuals that can be born after to a birth rate of
given woman during her lifespan assuming age specific.
• Replacement level: It is number of children produced to a couple which must replace them.
• Zero birth rate: If the death rate and birth rate are equal then zero birth rate occurs.

10 BIOLOGY SET 9 PAGE 3

 WORKSHEET-9
Answer the following questions:

1. Distinguish between the following.

A. Natality and mortality

B. Population density and population explosion

C. Immigration and emigration

2. Define the following terms: (i) Demography, (ii) Growth Rate

3. Write at least three reasons for population explosion in India.

4. What is Census?

5. Explain Vasectomy and tubectomy. Draw the diagram also.

6. Give the advantages of a small family.

7. Explain various methods of population control.

8. Write a note on family welfare?

9. What is recourse?

10 BIOLOGY SET 9 PAGE 4

 Class 10 History SET 9
First Phase of Indian National Movement
In the early years (1885-1905) the Congress was led by a group of leaders, who were called ‘Early
Nationalists or ‘Moderates’
Beliefs of Early Nationalists:
• They had faith in sense of justice, honesty, fair play and integrity of the British.
• According to them the main obstacle in India’s progress was its social and economic backwardness
and not Colonial British rule.
• They hoped that British will grant ‘Home Rule’ to Indians and relied on solemn pledges made by
British Government.
• They believed that British rule has many benefits as it aided in cleaning of many social ills like sati,
untouchability etc.
Constitutional Demands
• Abolition of Indian Council
• Self-government
• Increase in membership of the Councils
• Increase in powers of the Legislative Councils
Economic Demands
• Reduction in land revenue and protection of peasants from unjust demands of zamindars.
• Availability of cheap credits to peasants through Agricultural banks.
• Total abolition of salt tax and duties on sugar
• Reduction in expenditure on army and using the saved money in public welfares such as building
schools and hospitals.
Administrative Demands
• Indianisation of services through simultaneous Indian Civil Service examination in India and
England.
• Improvement of police system to make it honest, efficient and popular.
• Complete separation of executive from judiciary.
• Repeal of Arms Act
Defence of Civil Rights
• Abolition of Preventive Detention Act and restoration of individual liberties.
• Removal of restriction on the freedom of speech and freedom of press.
• Restoration of right to assemble and to form associations.
Methods of Early Nationalists:
To achieve their aims the Moderates resorted to a three-pronged strategy of prayers, petitions and
protests. They sent petitions and letters to the British Government to look into the problems of the Indians
and organized protest marches to mobilize public opinion.
Many eminent Indians went to London to create awareness among the English about the problems of
Indians. Dadabhai Naoroji spent many years in England to carry out active propaganda against the
economic exploitation of the country by the British rulers.

10 History Set 9 Page 1

Achievement of the Moderates:

• Sowed the seed of nationalism. They helped in developing and consolidating feelings of national
unity.
• Helped in popularizing demarcation and modern ideas and outlook, civil liberties, secularism, etc.
• Exposed the explorative nature of the British rule in India.
• Laid the firm foundation of a vigorous National Movement.
• In 1886, the Public Service Commission was appointed by the British.
• A resolution was passed by the House of Commons in 1893 for simultaneous acceptance of the ICS
in London and India.
• In 1892 the Indian Council Act was passed by the British.

Criticism of the Moderates/Early Nationalists:

• They were dependent on the generosity of British rather than relying on their own strength to fight
the Imperial might.
• They failed to realize that interests of Britishers and Indians clashed with each other. British was
using India’s resources to increase their wealth.
• They failed to draw masses into mainstream. Their area of influence was only limited to urban
educated Indians.

British Attitude towards the Moderates:

In the initial stage of the Congress, the British Government favored the Congress. In fact, a few
Government officials like Sir William Wedderbwin, Sir Henry Cotton also attended the First Session of the
Congress.

In 1887, Lord Dufferin attacked the National Congress in his speech and ridiculed it as representing only a
microscopic minority of the people. British officials criticized the National Congress and branded its leaders
as ‘disloyal babus’ and ‘violent villains’.

Prominent Early Nationalist Leaders

Dadabhai Naoroji (1825-1917)

Dadabhai Naoroji generally known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’ was looked upon as India’s unofficial
ambassador during his stay in England. He was elected to the Bombay Municipal Corporation and later, to
the Town Council. He was the founder of Bombay Association. The newspaper Rast Goftar was edited by
him.

In 1865, he founded the London India Society in collaboration with WC Bonnerjee. The theory of Drain was
presented by him in his book ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India.’ After spending years collecting
statistics, Dadabhai propounded that “The inevitable consequences of foreign domination is the drain of
wealth of the subject nation to the country of the rulers.” Dadabhai proved that the average annual
income of an Indian was barely Rs.20.

Naoroji was thrice elected as the President of Congress. The credit for demanding Swaraj from the
Congress platform for the first time (1906) goes to him. In England during the year 1892, he presented the
cause of the Indians in the house. In 1866, he established the East India Association in London. The East
India Association soon became popular and its branches were set-up in Calcutta, Bombay and Madras.

Gopal Krishna Gokhle (1866-1915)

10 History Set 9 Page 2

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was influenced by the ideas of Justice Ranade. He joined the Deccan Education
Society, which was founded by Justice Ranade.

Gokhale presided over the Varanasi Session of the INC in 1905. In year 1905, he founded the ‘Servants of
India Society’ and went to England and Africa. Srinivas Shastri and Hridayanath Kunzru were some of the
important members of the society.

Surendranath Banerjee (1848 – 1925)

Surendranath Banerjee was a nationalist leader, popular journalist and also a dedicated educationist, who
advocated the use of constitutional methods for the attainment of India’s goals.

He was the first Indian to qualify for the Indian Civil Services Examination, and was elected from the Bengal
Council four times. The Arms Act, the Vernacular Press Act and the lowering of age for appearing in the ICS
Examination from 21 to 19 years were all opposed by him. He also opposed the Morely-Minto Reforms and
the Partition of Bengal.

Also Known As!

• DadabhaiNaoroji à India’s unofficial Ambassador , Grand old man of India

• Gopal Krishna Gokhale à Mentor of Gandhi ji
• Surendranath Bannerjee à Father of Indian Nationalism
• Rajaram Mohan Roy à Father of Indian Renaissance , Prophet of nationalism

Short Answer Questions

1. Why the early nationalists were called ‘Moderates’?
2. State two convictions shared by the Moderates about the British rule in India.
3. Which period of the Freedom Struggle is termed as the ‘Moderate period’?
4. Name four eminent leaders of the Moderate period.
5. State three important objectives of the Moderate period.
6. Mention two constitutional reforms demanded by the Moderates.
7. State two civil rights demanded by the Moderates.
8. What was the attitude of the British Government towards the Indian National Congress on its
inception?
9. Name the British Officers who attended the first session of the INC at Mumbai in 1885.
10. State the reasons for the change in the British attitude towards the Congress.
11. What were the objectives of the East India Association?
12. Who was called the ‘Grand Old Man of India’? Name the book written by him on India’s economic
problems.
13. When and by whom was the Servants of India Society started?
14. State the three methods of political activity of the Moderates.
15. Who is popularly called the ‘Father of Indian Nationalism?
Structured Questions
16. Mention five Economic Reforms demanded by the Moderates.
17. State four Administrative Reforms demanded by the Moderates.
18. What did the British authorities do to counter the threat of the growing nationalist movement?
19. State and explain four achievements of the Moderates.
20. State the two main features of the Government of India Act of 1909.

10 History Set 9 Page 3

Class 10 Geography Set 9

Assignment Questions

1. What are the types of map based on its purpose?

2. What are the major elements of a map?

3. Distinguish between Northing and Easting.

4. Define contour interval and horizontal equivalent.

5. What is watershed?

6. What is relative height and depth?

7. Draw V-shape and U-shaped valley with the help of contour lines.

8. If the length of a bridge is 2.6cm in Toposheet. Calculate the length of bridge in

ground. (Scale of toposheet is 1:50,000)

Class X Economics Application Set 9
Factors of Production
Production

It is a process of combining various inputs to make something for consumptions. Production is an outcome
of economic activity. For making or producing something, we need some tangible and intangible materials.

These materials are the various factors of production. Consider a simple example of paper crafting. To make
an origami, we need paper, money to buy it, and the most important technique of folding.

Let us understand what we mean by the factors of production and their types.

Factors of Production
Anything that helps in production is the factor of production. These are the various factors by mean any
resource is transformed into a more useful commodity or service.

They are the inputs for the process of production. They are the starting point of the production process.
Factors of production are the parameters which
affect the output of production.

Types of Factors of Production

Factors of production have been categorized into

four types.

Land

It refers to all natural resources. All natural

resources either on the surface of the earth or
below the surface of the earth or above the surface
of the earth is Land.

One uses the land to produces goods. It is the

primary and natural factor of production. All gifts
of nature such as rivers, oceans, land, climate,
mountains, mines, forests etc. are land.

The payment for land is rent.

10 Eco App Set 9 Page 1

Characteristics of Land as a Factor of Production

• The land is a free gift of nature.

• The land has no cost of production.

• It is immobile.

• The land is fixed and limited in supply.

Types of Land

1. Residential

2. Commercial

3. Recreation

4. Cultivation

5. Extraction

6. Uninhabitable

Labour
All human effort that assists in production is labour. This effort can be mental or physical. It is a human
factor of production. It is the worker who applies their efforts, abilities, and skills to produce.
The payment for labour is the wage.
Characteristic
• It is a human factor.
• One cannot store labour.
• No two types of labour are the same.
Types of Labour
1. Unskilled
2. Semi-skilled
3. Skilled
4. Professional

Capital
Capital refers to all manmade resources used in the production process. It is a produced factor of
production. It includes factories, machinery, tools, equipment, raw materials, wealth etc.

The payment for capital is interest.

10 Eco App Set 9 Page 2

Characteristics

• Capital is a manmade factor of production.

• It is mobile.

• It is a passive factor of production.

Types of Capital

1. Fixed

2. Working

3. Venture

Entrepreneur
An entrepreneur is a person who brings other factors of production in one place. He uses them for the
production process. He is the person who decides

• What to produce

• Where to produce

• How to produce
A person who takes these decisions along with the associated risk is an entrepreneur.

The payment for land is profit.

Characteristics

• He has imagination.

• He has great administrative power.

• An entrepreneur must be a man of action.

• An entrepreneur must have the ability to organize.

• He should be a knowledgeable person.

• He must have a professional approach.

Assignment
• Explain the factors of production in your own words.
• With your own understanding explain the factor of production which is most active.

10 Eco App Set 9 Page 3

 JAVA J​ AVA - ​- ​PACKAGES P
​ ACKAGES ​http://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_packages.htm ​Copyright ©
tutorialspoint.com

Packages are used in Java in order to prevent naming conflicts, to control access, to make searching/locating and usage of
classes, interfaces, enumerations and annotations easier, etc.

A Package can be defined as a grouping of related types ​classes​, ​interfaces​, ​enumerationsandannotations ​providing access
protection and name space management.

Some of the existing packages in Java are::

java.lang ​- bundles the fundamental classes

java.io ​- classes for input , output functions are bundled in this package

Programmers can define their own packages to bundle group of classes/interfaces, etc. It is a good practice to group related
implemented by you so that a programmer can easily determine that the classes, interfaces, enumerations, annotations are r

Since the package creates a new namespace there won't be any name conflicts with names in other packages. Using packag
is easier to provide access control and it is also easier to locate the related classes.

Creating a package:

While creating a package, you should choose a name for the package and include a ​package ​statement along with that nam
top of every source file that contains the classes, interfaces, enumerations, and annotation types that you want to include in t
package.

The ​package ​statement should be the first line in the source file. There can be only one package statement in each source fi
and it applies to all types in the file.

If a package statement is not used then the class, interfaces, enumerations, and annotation types will be placed in the curren
default package.

To compile the Java programs with package statements you have to do use -d option as shown below.

javac ​-​d D
​ estination_folder ​file_name​.​java

Then a folder with the given package name is created in the specified destination, and the compiled class files will be
placed in that folder

Example:

Let us look at an example that creates a package called ​animals​. It is a good practice to use names of packages with lower
case letters to avoid any conflicts with the names of classes, interfaces.
Below given package example contains interface named ​animals​:

/* File name : Animal.java */ ​package ​animals​; ​interface

Animal ​{

public void ​eat​(); ​public void t​ ravel​(); }​Now, let us implement the above interface in the same package

animals​:

package ​animals​;

/* File name : MammalInt.java */

​ ammalInt ​implements A
public class M ​ nimal​{

public void ​eat​(){

System​.​out​.​println​(​"Mammal eats"​); } public

​ void ​travel​(){

System​.​out​.​println​(​"Mammal travels"​); } public

​ int ​noOfLegs​(){

return ​0;​ } public

​ static void ​main​(​String ​args​[]){

​ ​= n
MammalInt m ​ ew ​MammalInt​(); m
​ ​.​eat​(); m
​ ​.​travel​(); } } ​Now compile

the java files as shown below:

$ javac -d . Animal.java $ javac -d . MammalInt.java

Now a package/folder with the name ​animals ​will be created in the current directory and these class files will be placed in it a
shown below.
You can execute the class file with in the package and get the result as shown below.

$ java animals.MammalInt ammal eats ammal

travels

The import Keyword:

If a class wants to use another class in the same package, the package name does not need to be used. Classes in the same
package find each other without any special syntax.

Example:

Here, a class named Boss is added to the payroll package that already contains Employee. The Boss can then refer to the
Employee class without using the payroll prefix, as demonstrated by the
following Boss class.

package ​payroll​;

​ oss ​{
public class B
public void ​payEmployee​(​Employee e
​ ​) {

e​.​mailCheck​(); } }​What happens if the Employee class is not in the payroll package? The Boss class must then use
one of the following techniques for referring to a class in a different package.

The fully qualified name of the class can be used. For example:
payroll​.​Employee

The package can be imported using the import keyword and the wild card ∗ . For example:

import ​payroll​.*;

The class itself can be imported using the import keyword. For example:

import ​payroll​.​Employee​;

Note: ​A class file can contain any number of import statements. The import statements must appear after the package
statement and before the class declaration.

The Directory Structure of Packages:

Two major results occur when a class is placed in a package:

The name of the package becomes a part of the name of the class, as we just discussed in the previous section.

The name of the package must match the directory structure where the corresponding bytecode resides.

Here is simple way of managing your files in Java:

Put the source code for a class, interface, enumeration, or annotation type in a text file whose name is the simple name of the
type and whose extension is ​.java​. For example:

// File Name : Car.java

package ​vehicle​;

​ ar {​
public class C

// Class implementation. ​}​Now, put the source file in a directory whose name reflects the name of the package to w

the class
​ belongs:

....​\vehicle\Car​.​java

Now, the qualified class name and pathname would be as below:

Class name -> vehicle.Car

Path name -> vehicle\Car.java ​inwindows

In general, a company uses its reversed Internet domain name for its package names. Example: A company's Internet doma
name is apple.com, then all its package names would start with com.apple. Each component of the package name correspon
a subdirectory.

Example: The company had a com.apple.computers package that contained a Dell.java source file, it would be contained in a
series of subdirectories like this:

....​\com\apple\computers\Dell​.j​ ava

At the time of compilation, the compiler creates a different output file for each class, interface and enumeration defined in it. T
base name of the output file is the name of the type, and its extension is ​.class

For example:

// File Name: Dell.java

package ​com​.​apple​.​computers​; ​public class D

​ ell​{

}​class U
​ ps​{

}​Now, compile this file as follows using -d option:

$javac ​-​d .​ ​Dell​.​java

This would put compiled files as follows:

.​\com\apple\computers\Dell​.​class
.​\com\apple\computers\Ups​.​class

You can import all the classes or interfaces defined in ​\com\apple\computers\ ​as follows:

import ​com​.​apple​.​computers​.*;

Like the .java source files, the compiled .class files should be in a series of directories that reflect the package name. Howeve
path to the .class files does not have to be the same as the path to the .java source files. You can arrange your source and c
directories separately, as:

<path-one>​\sources\com\apple\computers\Dell.java

<path-two>​\classes\com\apple\computers\Dell.class

By doing this, it is possible to give the classes directory to other programmers without revealing your sources. You also need
manage source and class files in this manner so that the compiler and the Java Virtual Machine ​JVM ​can find all the types yo
program uses.
The full path to the classes directory, <path-two>\classes, is called the class path, and is set with the CLASSPATH sy
variable. Both the compiler and the JVM construct the path to your .class files by adding the package name to the class path.

Say <path-two>\classes is the class path, and the package name is com.apple.computers, then the compiler and JVM will loo
for .class files in <path-two>\classes\com\apple\compters.

A class path may include several paths. Multiple paths should be separated by a semicolon ​Windows ​or colon ​Unix​. By defau
compiler and the JVM search the current directory and the JAR file containing the Java platform classes so that these directo
are automatically in the class path.

Set CLASSPATH System Variable:

To display the current CLASSPATH variable, use the following commands in Windows and UNIX
Bourneshell​:

In Windows -> C:\> set CLASSPATH

In UNIX -> % echo $CLASSPATH

To delete the current contents of the CLASSPATH variable, use :

In Windows -> C:\> set CLASSPATH=

In UNIX -> % unset CLASSPATH; export CLASSPATH

To set the CLASSPATH variable:

In Windows -> set CLASSPATH=C:\users\jack\java\classes

In UNIX -> % CLASSPATH=/home/jack/java/classes; export CLASSPATH ​Loading

[MathJax]/jax/output/HTML-CSS/jax.js
What is BufferedReader in Java?

BufferedReader is a Java class that reads text from the input stream. It buffers the characters so that it can get the efficient reading of

characters, arrays, etc. It inherits the reader class and makes the code efficient since we can read the data line-by-line with the

readline() method. There are a few pointers we have to keep in mind while working with BufferedReader class in Java.

We may have to specify the buffer size even though the default is large enough for any purpose.

With each request made of a reader a corresponding, a read request is also made of an underlying character.

It is always advised to wrap a BufferedReader class around any reader such as InputStreamReaders.

For the programs that use DataInputaStreams for textual input, an appropriate BufferedReader replaces the DataInputStream to

localize it.

Method Description

int read() Reads a single character

String readLine() It reads a line of text

Difference Between Scanner And BufferedReader

BufferedReader Scanner

Synchronous and should be used with multiple threads Not synchronous and not used with multiple threads

Buffer memory is larger Buffer memory is smaller

Faster than Scanner Slower because it does parsing of the input data
There is no ambiguity related to nextline() method There are a lot of problems with the nextline() method.

Uses buffering to read characters from the character-input stream It is a simple text scanner which parses primitive types and strings
CLASS 10 COMMERCIAL STUDIES SET 9
Chapter 9 and 10

Q.1. WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY BUDGET?

• A BUDGET IS A QUANTITATIVE PLAN PREPARED IN ADVANCE FOR A FUTURE TIME PERIOD.
• IT IS AN ESTIMATE OF NEEDS AND EXPECTED RESULTS PREPARED IN ADVANCE
• SALES BUDGET, PRODUCTION BUDGET, CAPITAL BUDGET, CASH BUDGET AND MASTER BUDGET
ARE THE MAIN TYPES OF BUDGET.
BUDGETS ARE IMPORTANT TOOL FOR PLANNING, COORDINATION, CONTROL AND MOTIVATION
Q.2. Define BUDGET.
DEFINITION
• A BUDGET IS A FINANCIAL AND /OR QUANTITATIVE STATEMENT, PREPARED PRIOR TO A DEFINED
PERIOD OF TIME, OF THE POLICY TO BE PURSUED DURING THAT PERIOD FOR THE PURPOSE OF
ATTAINING A GIVEN OBJECTIVE.
INSTITUTE OF COST AND MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTS ENGLAND
BUDGETING AND FORECASTING.
Q.3. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BUDGETING AND FORECASTING?

Q.5. WHAT ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BUDGETS?

TYPES OF BUDGETS ((only meaning)
1. Sales budget
2. Production budget
3. Cash budget
4. Purchases budget
5. Master budget

10 CST SET 9 PAGE 1

Q.6. WHAT IS A SALES BUDGET (BRIEF)?
SALES BUDGET…
• A sales budget provides an estimate of the volume of goods and services that a company proposes
to sell in a future period.
• It is usually made for the following year. Most sales budgets include monthly and quarterly figures
as well.
• Additionally, the budget provides details in both Rupees/Dollar and units.

Q.7 WHAT IS PRODUCTION BUDGET?

The production budget calculates the number of units of products that must be manufactured, and
is derived from a combination of the sales forecast and the planned amount of finished goods
inventory to have on hand (usually as safety stock to cover for unexpected increases in demand)

Q.8. WHAT IS A CASH BUDGET?

Cash budget is the budget which is prepared under the finance budget. It is an estimation of the
expected cash receipts and cash payments during the budget period. By preparing cash budget it
becomes possible for the organization to predict whether at any point of time there will be excess
or shortage of cash. Two main points should be remembered before preparing cash budget: Time
period of the cash budget and the items to be included in the cash budget.
10 CST SET 9 PAGE 2
Q.9 WHAT IS A PURCHASE BUDGET?
• A purchases budget contains the amount of inventory that a company must purchase during
each budget period. The amount stated in the budget is the amount needed to ensure that there is
sufficient inventory on hand to meet customer orders for products
• Following points are required to be considered before preparing the purchase budget:
- Opening and Closing balances of stocks
• - Materials purchased and reserved for specific purpose
- Orders already placed
- Quantity required by the production
- Prices of materials.
- Storing facilities and Economic order quantity.
- Availability of funds
Q.10. What is a master budget?
• The master budget is the aggregation of all lower-level budgets.
• It is the summary of all budgets.
• The master budget is typically presented in either monthly/quarterly format and usually covers a
company's entire fiscal year.
• The budgets that roll up into the master budget include:
• Direct labour budget
• Direct materials budget
• Ending finished goods budget
• Manufacturing overhead budget
• Production budget
• Sales budget
• Selling and administrative expense budget
• This budget requires the approval of the Budget Committee before it is put into operation.
• The Steps in preparation of master budget are:
• First→ sales budget is prepared
• Next → production budget
• Cash budget
• Projected income statement can be prepared
• Finally, projected Balance sheet can be prepared.
10 CST SET 9 PAGE 3
 Q.11 WHAT IS THE UTILITY OF BUDGETS? (Long answer type. Explain any 4)
The utility of budget is for:
• Sound Planning
• Coordination and
• Control
• Higher efficiency
• Sense of responsibility
• Source of motivation
• Delegation of authority
UTILITY of budgets…
1. Sound Planning
a. Budgets make planning purposeful and precise.
b. Objectives and programmes are expressed in physical or monetary units in budgets.
c. Budgets are based on forecasts therefore they force the managers to plan ahead.
d. It helps in taking wise and realistic judgements rather than being rash and impulsive.
e. They are automatic checks.
2. Coordination
a. Budgets are prepared in consultation with each department therefore they help in achieving
coordination between various departments of the company.
b. It further helps in moving towards a common goal and facilitates uniformity of policies.
3. Effective Control
a. Use of budgets for evaluation and control of performance is known as budgetary control.
b. Actual performance can be controlled and compared with the targets
c. Eliminates any type of overspending and wastage and misuse of funds can be checked.
4. Higher efficiency
a. They bring efficiency and economy to the working of firm
b. Help in optimum utilization of resources, men and material.
5. Sense of responsibility
a. They help to establish divisional and departmental responsibility.
b. They also prevent any type of “buck-passing” and blame game.
c. All this helps in creating a sense of responsibility.
6. Source of motivation
a. Budgets represent the milestones to be reached.
b. They become the goals or aims to be achieved.
7. Delegation of authority.
a. Budgets allow delegation of authority without loss of control.
b. Since the expectation from each division, department and individual is known before hand the
managers can freely delegate.
– It helps the mangers to do more jobs rather than supervision

10 CST SET 9 PAGE 4

 CHAPTER 10

Q.1 WHAT IS A CAPITAL MARKET?

THE CAPITAL MARKET IS AN ORGANISED MARKET CONSISTING OF THE SUPPLIERS AND USERS OF
FUNDS AND THE AGENCIES AND INSTITUTIONS WHICH ASSIST IN THE FLOW OF FUNDS.
• SUPPLIERS AND USERS
• Suppliers include all banks, financial institutions, investing public, provident funds, mutual funds
and insurance companies.
• Users can be any one who requires any type of loan or capital.
(So users are public, government, business enterprises etc.)
• The following assist in the flow of funds underwriters, share brokers, stock exchanges, merchant
bankers etc. help and assist in the flow of funds.

Q.2 WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF CAPITAL MARKET.

The following are the functions of capital market.
• promotes thrift
• investment avenue
• liquidity
• availability of capital
• ready market
• transfer of funds.
• balance between demand and supply
• stability
• capital formation
(Learn 2 for short answer and 4 for long answer and write just 2 lines for each one of them from the
book)

Q.3 WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY PRIMARY MARKET AND SECONDARY MARKET?

PRIMARY MARKET
• New securities (shares and debentures) are issued by companies (new and existing ).
• SECONDARY MARKET
Existing securities are traded

Q.4 WHAT ARE THE LONG TERM AND SHORTTERM SOURCES OF FINANCE.
• LONG TERM SOURCES ARE
1. SHARES:
• EQUITY AND PREFERENCE SHARES
2. DEBENTURES
3. RETAINED EARNINGS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS (NOT IN SYLLABUS)

10 CST SET 9 PAGE 5

SHORT TERM SOURCES ARE
1. Term loans
2. Cash credit
3. Discounting of Bills of Exchange
4. Overdraft.
------------------------------------------
(NOT IN SYLLABUS)
1. PUBLIC DEPOSIT
2. TRADE CREDIT
3. INTER- CORPORATE DEPOSITS

Q.5. EXPLAIN SHARES

Definition of Shares
Smallest division of the company’s capital is known as shares.
The shares are offered for sale in the open market, i.e. stock market to raise capital for the
company.
The rate on which the shares are offered is known as share price.
It represents the portion of ownership of the shareholder in the company. The shareholders are
entitled to the dividend (if any) declared by the company on the shares.
The shares are movable i.e. transferable and consist of a distinctive number.

Q.6 EXPLAIN EQUITY SHARES AND PREFERENCE SHARES.

The shares are broadly divided into two major categories:
Equity Shares:
The shares which carry voting rights AND on which the rate of dividend is not fixed.
They are irredeemable in nature.
In the event of winding up of the company equity, shares are repaid after the payment of all the
liabilities.
Preference Shares
The shares which do not carry voting rights, but the rate of dividend is fixed. They are redeemable
in nature.
In the event of winding up of the company, preference shares are repaid before equity shares.

Q.7 WHAT DO YOU UNDERSTAND BY DEBENTURES.

Definition of Debentures
A long-term debt instrument issued by the company under its common seal, to the debenture
holder showing the indebtedness of the company.
The capital raised by the company is the borrowed capital; that is why the debenture holders are
the creditors of the company.
The debentures can be redeemable or irredeemable in nature.
They are freely transferable.
The return on debentures is in the form of interest at a fixed rate.
Debentures are secured by a charge on assets, although unsecured debentures can also be issued.
They do not carry voting rights.
10 CST SET 9 PAGE 6
Q.8 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SHARE AND DEBENTURES.
• [Key Differences Between Shares and Debentures][do any 4-5]
• The following are the major differences between Shares and Debentures:
1. The holder of shares is known as a shareholder while the holder of debentures is known as
debenture holder.
2. Share is the capital of the company, but Debenture is the debt of the company.
3. The shares represent ownership of the shareholders in the company. On the other hand,
debentures represent indebtedness of the company.
4. The income earned on shares is the dividend, but the income earned on debentures is interest.
5. Unlike debenture holders, shareholders have voting rights.
6. The payment of dividend can be made only out of current profits of the business and not otherwise.
Unlike the interest on debentures which has to be paid by the company to debenture holders, no
matter company has earned profit or not.

Extra points:
1. Dividend is not a business expense and so is not allowed as deduction. On the contrary, interest on
debentures is a expense and so allowed as a deduction.
2. In the event of winding up, debentures get priority of repayment over shares.
3. Shares cannot be converted as opposed to debentures are convertible.
4. There is no security charge created for payment of shares. Conversely, security charge is created for
the payment of debentures.
5. A trust deed is not executed in case of shares whereas trust deed is executed when the debentures
are issued to the public.
6. Shares are issued at a discount subject to some legal compliance. Debentures can be issued at a
discount without any legal compliance.

Q.9. EXPLAIN SHORT TERM SOURCES OF FINANCE IN BRIEF.

1. TERM LOAN
• Term loans can be given on an individual basis, but are often used for small business loans. The
ability to repay over a long period of time is attractive for new or expanding enterprises, as the
assumption is that they will increase their profit over time. Term loans are a good way of quickly
increasing capital in order to raise a business’ supply capabilities or range. For instance, some new
companies may use a term loan to buy company vehicles or rent more space for their operations.
2. CASH CREDIT
A cash credit is a short-term cash loan to a customer. A bank provides this type of funding, but only
after the required security is given to secure the loan. In cash credit, the bank advances a cash loan
up to a specified limit to the customer against a bond or other security. Once a security for
repayment has been given, the business that receives the loan can continuously draw from the
bank up to a certain specified amount.
3. OVER DRAFT
• An overdraft occurs when money is withdrawn from a bank account and the available balance goes
below zero. In this situation the account is said to be "overdrawn". If there is a prior agreement
with the account provider for an overdraft, and the amount overdrawn is within the authorized
overdraft limit, then interest is normally charged at the agreed rate.
10 CST SET 9 PAGE 7
3. Bills of Exchange
• According to the Negotiable Instruments Act 1881,
• ‘a bill of exchange is defined as an instrument in writing containing an unconditional order, signed
by the maker, directing a certain person to pay a certain sum of money only to, or to the order of a
certain person or to the bearer of the instrument.’

Assignment
[only for 2 marks each, so be brief]
1. What do you understand by Capital Market?
2. What are the sources of raising capital?
3. What is owned capital and what is borrowed capital?
4. What is the difference between?
1. Shares and debentures?
2. Equity shares and preference shares.
5. Explain in brief:
1. Overdraft
2. Bills of exchange.
3. Cash credit.
4. Primary market and secondary market.
6. Define budget
7. What is the difference between budgeting and forecasting?
8. Briefly explain: [2 each]
Sales budget
Cash budget and
Master budget
9. Explain the utility of budget. [5]

10 CST SET 9 PAGE 8

 Class 10 Hindi Set 9

mÉëzlÉ 1. ÌlÉqlÉÍsÉÎZÉiÉ zÉÏwÉïMüÉåÇ mÉU ÌlÉoÉÇkÉ ÍsÉÎZÉL:-

i. MüÉåUÉålÉÉ qÉWûÉqÉÉUÏ Måü MüÉUhÉ qÉeÉSÕUÉåÇ MüÐ SzÉÉ
ii. zÉWûUÏMüUhÉ xÉÇxMüÉUÉåÇ LuÉÇ mÉËUuÉÉUÉåÇ Måü ÌuÉbÉOûlÉ (OÕûOûlÉå) MüÉ MüÉUhÉ Wæû | mÉ¤É LuÉÇ ÌuÉmÉ¤É qÉå Ç ÌuÉcÉÉU
ÍsÉÎZÉL|
iii. rÉÉåaÉ LuÉÇ mÉëhÉÉrÉÉqÉ xÉå sÉÉpÉ
iv. mÉUÉåmÉMüÉU xÉoÉxÉå oÉÄQûÉ kÉqÉï Wæû
v. mÉËUuÉÉU xÉÇxMüÉUÉåÇ MüÐ lÉÏÇuÉ Wæû

mÉëzlÉ 2. ÌlÉqlÉÍsÉÎZÉiÉ EmÉxÉaÉÉåïÇ xÉå cÉÉU cÉÉU zÉoS oÉlÉÉrÉåÇ:-

ESÉWûUhÉ - xÉÑsÉåZÉ (xÉÑ + sÉåZÉ)
AÌiÉ, AuÉ, AlÉÑ, A, AlÉ, MÑü, xÉÑ, ÌlÉ, AkÉ, ElÉ

mÉëzlÉ 3. ÌlÉqlÉÍsÉÎZÉiÉ mÉëirÉrÉÉåÇ xÉå SÉå SÉå zÉoS oÉlÉÉrÉåÇ:-

AMü , AÉ, AÉD, iÉÉ, AlÉÏrÉ
ESÉWûUhÉ sÉåZÉ + AMü= sÉåZÉMü