Class 10 Set 7

Class 10 English Language Set 7
Practice Paper
Read carefully the passage given below and then answer the questions that follow:
My son Bill, aged fourteen, wanted to leave home. He said he was sick and tired of the needless
incompetence and lack of imagination with which his mother and I ran the house. He added that, if we
were not so lazy and old-fashioned, the house could be a different place in a fortnightly, and really worth
living in. It was a question of youth and energy.
One evening he was going on in this style, polishing off the fruit cake (his fourth slice), while his mother
was getting ready to wash up.
‘Leave that to me’, he said, not very politely, and strode across to the sink. ‘You take ever so long. A little
intelligent planning would sort things out in ten minutes.’
I said to my wife: “Your inefficiency has been discovered by your son. Caroline, therefore, I suggest that
you let him get on with the dishes.” This tongue-in-cheek remark was reciprocated by my wife’s quick
assent and we both went to watch a show on T.V.
Five minutes later Caroline returned to the kitchen for a glass of water. Hearing raised voices from that
quarter, I followed her to see what was up.
In his eagerness for hygiene, Bill had scalded two heat-resistant plates and then immediately plunged them
into a basin of cold water to rinse them. As I took the broken pieces from the basin to the dustbin, I
explained to him the difference between ‘heat-resistant’ and ‘heat-proof.’
A little later, I noticed a thin trickle of water coming out from beneath the kitchen door. I looked in. Bill was
not there, the cold tap was on, and the sink was full of water and dishes and cups. But it was more than
full. Bill had left the plug in, and the water was overflowing down the front of the sink and across the floor
to the hallway.
Having turned the tap off and pulled the plug out, I began to mop up the water on the floor. Bill
reappeared. He asked if anything was wrong. It seems that he had left the dishes and the cups under the
cold water tap for a few minutes, so that they would be free of soapy water when he dried them. He was
unaware that he had left the plug in the sink, and had gone away and forgotten the lot. Seeing me mop the
floor, he remarked that it was the dishes that needed washing up not the floor!
Bill has decided not to leave home. He has promised to stay with us for a little while yet. He says he’s afraid
we wouldn’t manage at all without his help.
b) Give the meaning of each word as used in the passage. (3)
i. Incompetence
ii. Strode
iii. Quarter
c) Answer the following questions briefly in your own words.
ii. Why did Bill want to leave home? (2)
iii. What was the first task he took upon himself? (2)
iv. What do you understand by a tongue-in-cheek remark? (2)
v. Why did the writer follow Caroline into the kitchen? (3)
vi. Is Bill still leaving home? Why? (3)
d) In not more than 50 words of your own, recount the story of Bill’s helpfulness. (8)
CLASS 10 Mathematics Set 7
(Ratio Proportion and Factorization)
When two or more

For ratios a : b and c :
ratios are multiplied
d,
Compound ratio term wise, the ratio
the compound ratio is
thus obtained is called
(a × b) : (c × d)
compound ratio
It is the compound
Duplicate ratio ratio of two equal 𝑎2 :𝑏 2
ratios
It is the compound
Triplicate ratio ratio of three equal 𝑎3 :𝑏 3
ratios
It is the ratio of the

square root of the
Sub-duplicate ratio √𝑎:√𝑏
terms of the original
ratio

3 3
Sub-triplicate ratio cube root of the terms √𝑎 : √𝑏
of the original ratio

Reciprocal 1 1
reciprocal of the terms :
ratio 𝑎𝑏
of the original ratio
PROPORTION AND ITS PROPERTIES
Proportion
Four non-zero quantities, a, b, c and d are said to be in proportion (or, are proportional)
if a : b = c : d
▪ This is often expressed as a : b :: c : d
▪ It is read as "a is to b is the same as c is to d"
10 Mathematics Set 7 page 1
Continued proportion
Three non-zero quantities of the same kind and in the same unit are said to be in continued proportion, if
the ratio of the first to the second is the same as the ratio of the second to the third
▪ a, b, c are in continued proportion if a : b = b : c

▪ a, b, c, d, e, … are in continued proportion if a : b = b : c = c : d = d : e = …
Important properties of proportion
Invertendo a:b=c:d=b:a=d:c
Alternendo a:b=c:d=a:c=b:d
Componendo a:b=c:d=a+b:b=c+d:d
Dividendo a : b =c : d= a −b : b =c−d : d
Componendo and Dividendo a : b =c:d=a+b:a−b=c+d:c−d
REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREM

The Factor theorem is used to link factors and zeros of a polynomial. It is a special case of the polynomial
remainder theorem. Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree n>1 and 'a' be a real number.
If p(a) = 0, then (x – a) is a factor of p(x). Conversely if (x – a) is a factor of p(x), p(a) = 0.
Remainder Theorem
If f (x), a polynomial in x, is divided by (x – a); the remainder is equal to f (a)
For example:
▪ If f (x) is divided by (x – 3), the remainder is f (3)
▪ If f (x) is divided by (x + 3), the remainder is f (-3)
Steps for finding the remainder:
▪ Find the remainder when the polynomial f (x) = x2 – 8x + 4 is divided by (x – 1)
Step 1: Equate the divisor to zero and solve the equation so obtained to get the value of the variable.
Here (x – 1) is the divisor. Equating x − 1 = 0, we get x = 1.
Step 2: Substitute the value of the variable obtained in step 1, in the given polynomial and simplify it to get
the required remainder.
Remainder = f (1) = (1)2(1)2 – 8 (1) + 4 = –3

Factor Theorem
When a polynomial f (x) is divided by (x – a), the remainder is equal to f (a). If the remainder f (a) is equal to
0, then (x – a) is a factor of the polynomial f(x).
For example: Consider the polynomial f (x) = x2 – 5x + 6 divided by (x – 3)

The remainder obtained is equal to f (3) = 9 – 15 + 6 = 0
Therefore, (x – 3) is a factor of the given polynomial.
Factor theorem can be used to factorize a given polynomial
If for a polynomial f (x), f (a) is equal to 0, then (x – a) is a factor of the polynomial
For example: Consider the polynomial f (x) = x2 – 7x + 10
f (2) = 4 – 14 + 10 = 0
so (x – 2) is a factor of the given polynomial
Similarly f (5) = 25 – 35 + 10 = 0
so (x – 5) is another factor of the given polynomial
∴f (x) = x2 – 7x + 10 = (x – 2) (x – 5)

EXERCISE
1. If A: B = 3: 4 and B: C = 6: 7, find:
i. A: B: C
ii. A: C
4𝑎+3𝑏
2. If a: b = 3: 8, find the value of:
6𝑎−𝑏
7 8 4
3. Find the number which bears the same ratio to that does to .
33 21 9
4. A school has 630 students. The ratio of the number of boys to the number of girls is 3: 2. This ratio
changes to 7: 5 after the admission of 90 new students. Find the number of newly admitted boys.
5. (i) find the Duplicate ratio of 3: 4
(ii) Find the Duplicate ratio of 3√3:2√5
6. If (x + 3) : (4x + 1) is the duplicate ratio of 3 : 5, find the value of x.
7. If x + 5 is the mean proportional between x + 2 and x + 9; find the value of x.
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎3 𝑐+𝑎𝑐 3 (𝑎+𝑐)4
8. If 𝑏 =𝑑 prove that𝑏3𝑑+𝑏𝑑3 = (𝑏+𝑑)4
9. If a : b = c : d, prove that:(6a + 7b) (3c - 4d) = (6c + 7d) (3a - 4b).
√𝑥+5+√𝑋−16 7
10. Using properties of proportion, solve for x: =
√𝑋+5−√𝑋−16 3
11. If 2x + 1 is a factor of 2x2 + ax - 3, find the value of a.
12. Find the value of a, if the division of ax3 + 9x2 + 4x - 10 by x + 3 leaves a remainder 5.
13. If (x - 2) is a factor of the expression 2x3 + ax2 + bx - 14 and when the expression is divided by (x - 3), it
leaves a remainder 52, find the values of a and b.
14. Using the Factor Theorem, show that:
(x - 2) is a factor of x3 - 2x2 - 9x + 18. Hence, factorize the expression x3 - 2x2 - 9x + 18 completely.
15. Using Remainder Theorem, factorize: x3 + 10x2 - 37x + 26 completely.

CLASS 10 PHYSICS SET 7
Exercises on Chapters: (1) Machines & (2) Refraction of light at plane surfaces
Short Answer Type

(a) Shears and scissors are levers of same order.
I. Which amongst them has a mechanical advantage less than one?
II. State the usefulness of the lever named by you which has mechanical advantage less than
one?
(b) A person draws water from a well using a single fixed pulley. The mass of bucket together with water
is 30 kg. If the force applied by the person is 350 N. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the pulley
(g = 10 ms-2).
(c) A resistance of 2000 N is overcome by a machine of velocity ratio 5 and efficiency 75%. Find M.A.
and effort required overcoming the resistance.
(d) Give two reasons why the efficiency of a single fixed pulley cannot be 100 %.
(e) A pulley system comprises of three pulleys, two fixed and one movable.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram of the arrangement and show clearly the direction of all the forces
acting on it.
(ii) Write the mechanical advantage of such pulley system.
(f) Identify the kind of lever in following.
Nut cracker (ii) Sugar tong
(g) Name two factors on which the refractive index of a medium depends? State how does it depend on
the factors stated by you?
(i) Complete the path of the ray till it emerges
out of the slab. And label the diagram.
(ii) State two factors on which
Lateral displacement depends.
(h) The speed of light in diamond is 125000 km s-1. What is its refractive index?
Speed of light in air = 3 x 108 ms-1
(i) Derive a relation among mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency of a machine.
Draw i-δ graph for a prism. Write two factors on which angle of deviation depend.
10 Physics Set 7 Page 1 of 2

LONG ANSWER TYPE
(a) Prove that for a prism, the angle of prism, angle of deviation, angle of incidence and emergent
are related as
i1 +i2 = A +δ
Draw necessary labelled diagram for the above.
(b) PQ and PR are two light rays emerging from the object P as shown in the figure:
AIR
R Q
WATER
N’
P
(i) What is the special name given to the angle of incidence PQN of ray PQ?
(ii) Copy the ray diagram and complete it to show position of the image of the object P when seen
obliquely from above.
Name the phenomenon that occurs if the angle of incidence PQN is increased still further.
(c) In figure, a ray of light PQ is incident normally on the face AB of an equilateral prism.
Complete the ray diagram showing its emergence into air after passing through prism.
(i) Write the angles of incidence

A
at the faces AB and AC of the prism. P
(ii) Name the phenomenon which the ray of light
900
suffers at the face AB, AC and BC of the prism.
10 Physics Set 7 Page 2 of 2

Class – 10 Chemistry Set - 7
(Kindly see the study material of set 1 to 6 for help)
Que-1: Choose the correct answer from the option given below:
(i) In second period, the element which has high electron affinity is :
(a) Li (b) C
(c) Cl (d) F
(ii) Identify the compound that has all three bonds.

(a) Ammonia (b) Ammonium chloride
(c) Sodium hydroxide (d) Calcium chloride.
(iii) Which of these will act as a non electrolyte?

(a) liquid carbon tetra chloride (b) Acetic acid.
(b) NaOH solution (d) KCl solution.
(iv) Identify the metallic oxide which is amphoteric in nature

(a) Calcium oxide (b) Barium oxide
(c) Zinc oxide (d) Copper oxide.
(v) The number of C-H bonds in ethane molecule are:

(a) four (b) Six
(c) Eight (d) Ten
(vi) Which of the following properties is not match with ionic compounds?
(a) High melting point.
(b) Conduct electricity in molten and aqueous form.
(c) They are insoluble in water.
(d) They exist as oppositely charged ions in the solid state.
(vii) The unsaturated hydrocarbon undergoes:

(a) A substitution reaction
(b) An oxidation reaction
(c) An addition reaction
(d) None of the above
Que-2: Write balance chemical equation for each of the following:

(i) Sodium Sulphide is reacted with dilute nitric acid.
(ii) Calcium bi-carbonate is reacting with dilute hydrochloric acid.
(iii) Lead nitrate solution is added to Ammonium hydroxide solution.
(iv) Dilute Sulphuric acid is poured over Zinc Sulphide
(v) Aluminium is heated with dilute hydrochloric acid.
10 Chemistry Set 7 page 1

Que-3: Identify the following substances which are underlined:
1. The element which has the highest atomic radius in period second.
2. The element which has the highest electronegativity in period second.
3. The element with three shells and three valance electron.
4. The element which has the highest number of valence electron in period three.
5. The element which has the highest ionization potential in 17th group.
Que-4: Match the atomic number 2, 4, 8, 15, and 19 with each of the following:
a. A solid non metal belonging to the third period;

b. A metal of valence 1.
c. A gaseous element with valence 2.
d. An element belonging to Group 2.
e. A rare gas.
Que-5: Define the following terms:

(i) Hydrolysis
(ii) Efflorescence
(iii) Deliquescence
(iv) Hydra acid
(v) Hygroscopic
Que-6: Draw the electron dot diagram of CH4, H3O+, SO4-2, NH4+,
Que-7: Two non-metals combine with each other by the sharing of electrons to form a compound X.
(a) What type of chemical bonding is present in X?
(b) State whether X will have high melting point or low.
(c) Will it good conductor of electricity or not?
(d) Will it dissolve in water or not.
Que-8: Match the following compounds with their uses given:
Compounds Uses
1.Oxalic acid (a) Production of Oxyacetylene flame.

2.Ethanol (b) Component of fruit juices.
3.Butane (c) Remove ink stains.
4.Ethyne (d) Component of L.P.G.
5.Citric acid (e) Thermometric liquid.

Que-9: Complete and balance the following equation state the condition wherever necessary write the
name of each reactants and product:
(i) C2H5COONa + NaOH →

(ii) CH3I + 2[H] →
(iii) C2H5Br + KOH(alcoholic) →
(iv) CO + 2H2→
(v) CaC2 + 2H2O →
Que-10:
Group IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA ZERO

No
nd
2 period Li D O J Ne
3rdPeriod A Mg E Si H M
4thPeriod R T I Q u y
➢ In the given Table H does not represent hydrogen.

➢ Some elements are given in their own symbol and position in the periodic table.
➢ While other are shown with a letter.
• With reference to the table answer the following questions:
(i) Identify the most electronegative element.
(ii) Identify the most reactive element of group I
(iii) Identify the element from period 3 with least atomic size.
(iv) How many valence electrons are present in Q?
(v) Which element from group 2 would have the least ionization potential?
(vi) Identify the noble gas of fourth period.
(vii) In the compound between A and H what type of bound would be formed and give the molecular
formula for the same.
(viii) How many valence electrons are present in j?
Que-11: Write the I.U.P.A.C.name of the following compound.
(i) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 (ii) CH3-CH2-COOH (iii) CH2=CH-CH2-C≡CH
(iv) CH3-CH2-COOH (v) CH3-CH2-O-CH3 (vi) CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO
Que-12: Compare the compounds carbon tetra chloride with regards to solubility in water and electrical
conductivity.
Carbon tetra-chloride Sodium chloride
Solubility in water
Electrical conductivity

Class 10 Biology Set 7
Chapter: Circulatory System-Part- I
• Circulatory system is one of the most important System of the body because it ensure the exchange
of substances between cells of the body and external environment and transport them from one
part to another.
• Body fluids are the medium of transport in the body. These fluids have the ability to pick up
substances and distribute them to various parts of the body.
• Blood is fluid connective tissue. It is opaque, viscous and has pH 7.3 – 7.4. Blood has two
components – Plasma and formed elements.
• Plasma is a faint yellow having 90 – 92 % water, 1 – 2 % salts, 7 – 8 % proteins, absorbed food, urea
etc.
• Formed elements are of two types – Blood Corpuscles and Platelets.
• Blood Corpuscles are of two types – RBCs and WBCs
• RBCs or erythrocytes are the most abundant cells in the human body. The RBC is bounded by
plasmalemma. It is non-nucleated and lack of endoplasmic reticulum which makes them more
flexible thus, increasing the surface area to volume ratio for carrying more oxygen.
• RBCs are red in colour due to the presence of a red coloured pigment called haemoglobin which
acts as a oxygen carrier molecule.
• One molecule of haemoglobin is made-up of four heme molecule and four globin molecules. One
molecule of haemoglobin combines with four oxygen molecules
• Hb4 + 4O2= Hb4O8
• The average life-span of RBC is 120 days, after which it gets destroyed in the spleen.
• Main function of RBC is to transport O2 and CO2.
• WBCs or Leucocytes are most active and motile constituent of blood. They differ from RBCs as they
are nucleated and lack of coloured pigment haemoglobin.
• WBCs are irregular in shape and are generally short lived i.e only for 12-14 days. They are of the
following two types – Granulocytes and Agranulocytes.
• Granulocytes are WBC with granules in cytoplasm. These are further divided into three types –
o Basophils (b) Eosinophils (c) Neutrophils
o Basophils are 0.5 – 1% of WBCs and are stained by basic dyes. They produce anticoagulant.
o Eosinophils are 1.5% of total WBCs are stained by acidic dyes. They neutralize the toxic
substances produced by pathogens.
o Neutrophils are 70% of WBCs and are equally stained by acidic and basic dyes. The
neutrophils squeeze out from blood capillaries and fight with the foreign bacteria.
• Agranulocytes are the WBCs without granules in the cytoplasm. These are two types-
o Monocytes (b) Lymphocytes
o Monocytes engulf bacteria thus they are for defence.
o Lymphocytes are 20-35% of WBCs. These secrete antibodies.
• Immunity: WBC’s protect our body from infections – where any foreign particles or pathogen
enters in the body’s WBC’s like neutrophils & manacles can phagocytose them. Also, WBC’s can
squeeze out through the capillary wall by the process caused diapedesis. The WBC’s engulf &
destroy foreign particles. They also produce antibodies against the foreign particles (antigen).
Hence, they are also called “Soldiers of the body.”
10 Biology Set 7 page 1
• Thrombocytes or blood platelets are minute oval or round, enucleated structure found floating in
the blood. Their life-span is 3-5 days and gets destroyed in the spleen along with RBC. The main
function is to help in clotting or coagulation of blood.
• Extracellular fluid or tissue fluid is a solution which accumulates in the intercellular spaces. During
blood flows through the capillaries, plasma and leucocytes from the blood gets leaked out through
their walls and form a tissue fluid.
• Tissue fluid acts as a fuelling station in terms of cell nutrients and it contains glucose, fatty acids,
salts and minerals such as calcium, potassium and magnesium.
• Lymph is the fluid along with some WBCs in intercellular spaces. Lymph acts as a middle man
between blood and cells of tissues.
• Blood clotting is the natural device to check bleeding. Normal blood clotting time is 4-10 minutes.
• Blood platelets accumulates at the site of injured tissue cells release thromboplastins or factor ‘X’.
Then thromboplastin with the help of Ca2+ convert inactive form prothrombin to active form
thrombin. Thrombin acts as enzyme (Prothrombinase) along with Ca ++ reacts with soluble
fibrinogen and convert it into soluble form or fibrine, a solid substance that forms threads and
finally form a clot.
• Landsteiner (1900) discovered three blood groups in human, for which he was awarded by Nobel
Prize.
• The main blood groups are A, B, AB and O. This grouping is mainly based on the type of antigen and
antibodies present on the surface of red blood corpuscles (RBC). The representation of different
antigens and antibodies are depicted in the table given below :
• S. No • Blood • Antigen • Antibodies

groups
• 1 • A • A • B
• 2 • B • B • A
• 3 • AB • A and B • None
• 4 • O • None • Both A and B
• Blood of group A may be transfused to persons with Blood group A and AB.
• Blood of group B may be transfused to persons with Blood group B and AB.
• Blood of AB group may be transfused to persons with Blood group AB only.
• Blood of O group may be transfused to persons with Blood group A, B, AB and O.
• O blood group can donate blood to all and hence is termed universal donor. AB Blood group
persons can receive blood from all persons and hence are universal recipients.
• Landsteiner (1940) discovered a protein in the RBC of Rhesus monkey. Later it was discovered in
some human beings also. This protein was named as Rh factor Rh antigen.
• Persons having Rh antigen are described as Rh+ and those without this are described as Rh–. 93% of
Indian people are Rh+ and 7% are Rh–.
• If Rh+ blood is transfused to Rh– person, agglutination takes place. First transfusion is not serious,
repeated transfusion with brief gap cause death of the recipient.

Incompatibility during Pregnancy: A serious problem arises if an Rh–ve foetus. The Rh+ve blood of the foetus
will stimulate the formation of anti Rh factors or antibodies in the mother’s blood. During the first
pregnancy, enough antibodies are not produced to harm the foetus. During the second pregnancy, if the
foetus is Rh+ve more antibodies will be produced in mother’s blood, a large number of RBC’s of the foetus
are destroyed. This causes death of the foetus. This is called erythroblastosis fetalis.
ASSIGNMENT
Answer the following questions.
1-Define the following terms-
a. Oxyhaemoglobin
b. Haemoglobin
c. Erythrocytes
d. Inflammation
e. Diapedesis
2-Differentiate between the following:
i. Lymphocytes and monocytes

ii. Closed circulatory system and open circulatory system
3- Give three functions of blood.
4-What is carbon monoxide poisoning?
5-Write short notes on the following-
a. ABO group system

b. Rh system

Class X HISTORY Set 7
The First War of Independence, 1857
Key Terms
• Revolt of 1857 is also known as the First War of National Independence.

• As the sepoys refused to use fat-plated cartridges, unrest emerged and uprisings started in Meerut,
Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi and many other places.
• Military, economic, political and religious causes were responsible for the Revolt of 1857
• This war was unsuccessful, but it paved the way for India’s Independence on 15th August, 1947.
• End of the Company Rule, Queen Victoria’s Proclamation, religious freedom, and reorganization of
army, end of Peshwaship & Mughal rule, economic exploitation and Rise of Nationalism were the
major consequences of the Revolt of 1857.
Know the terms

Mutiny – When soldiers as a group disobey their officers in the Army.
Doctrine of Lapse – Policy of Annexation introduced by Lord Dalhousie When a ruler of subsidiary state
died without a natural heir, the state was passed on to the English.
Subsidiary Alliance – Policy of annexation introduced by Lord Wellesley.
Government of India Act 1858 – An Act according which the power to govern India was transferred from
the East India Company to the British Crown.
Queen Victoria’s Proclamation – This was issued by the Queen on, November 1858. It was read by Lord
Canning. Under this Proclamation, provincial alliances were made with the Zamindars.
Know the Dates

1857 – The First Freedom Revolt against the British. It is also known as Sepoy Mutiny or India’s First war of
independence
1878 – Vernacular Press Act
1883 – The Ilbert Bill
Know the Main Personalities

Mangal Pandey – He was a Brahmin sepoy at Barrackpore who headed the protest of discontented sepoys.
Nana Saheb – The adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II. He led the War of Independence at Kanpur.
Tatya Tope – He was the Commander of Nana Sahib’s forces.
Rani Laxmibai – She was the Queen of Jhansi.
Lord Dalhousie – He carried out the Annexation of Oudh.
Queen Victoria – The Queen of England at the time of India’s First War of independence.
10 History set 7 page 1

Causes and Events of the First War of Independence Quick Review
1. In 1857, there occurred a series of events which were referred to as Sepoy Mutiny by the British and the
First War of Independence by Indians. It was much more than mutiny, as a large number of civilians,
peasants, rulers, etc. joined the uprising.
2. The Revolt first began at Barrackpore, when most of the Indian soldiers refused to use the cartridges
which were rumoured to have been greased with the fat of pigs and cows.
3. As a result, a Brahmin soldier named Mangal Pandey led an attack on the adjutant of the 34th Native
Infantry on 29 March, 1857. He was arrested and hanged on 8th April 1857. Within a month of this
incidence, uprising started in Meerut, Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi and at many other places. The Revolt
started at Meerut on 10th May 1857.
Causes of Revolt
Military Causes:
Several factors contributed to a change in the attitude of the Indian soldiers toward the Company.
1. The Indian and British soldiers were not treated equally. The salary was too meager to support their
families, while the duties of both the British and the Indian soldiers were more or less similar.
2. The Indian soldiers could only rise to the position of Subedar.
3. According to the General Service Enlistment Act of 1856, Indian soldiers could be sent overseas on
duty. Indian soldiers dreaded sea voyage and considered it against their customs.
4. Numerical strength of the Indian soldiers which was much higher than the number of the European
soldiers which gave courage to them to fight against the British.
5. Indians were of the belief that, the British were invincible, but the British were beaten in the First
Afghan War (1838–42). This made the Indian soldiers feel that if the Afghans could defeat the
British, why couldn’t they.
Social and Religious Causes:

1. The British Government’s attempts to interfere in the social and religious life of the Indians led to
wide spread fear among the masses.
2. The work of missionaries, who were spreading education and Christianity, upset the masses.
3. The combined effect of the British Expansionist Policy, economic exploitation and administrative
changes adversely affected the Indian society as a whole.
4. The British Social reforms – Abolition of Sati (1829), Legislation of Widow Remarriage (1856) etc.;
hurt the sentiments of the orthodox and conservative people.
5. The British looked down on the Indians and laughed at their customs. At all times, they kept a
distance from the Indians and treated them with indignity. All this caused a great hatred in the
minds of the Indians.
6. Even the positive works of the British, like the introduction of the railway, was misinterpreted by the
Indians. The orthodox Indians felt humiliated to note that in the railway compartments Brahmins
and people from backward classes were made to sit side by side. z Taxes were imposed on temples
and mosques.
7. The importance of traditional educational institutions like ‘Gurukuls’ and ‘Madarsas’ was reduced
due to the establishment of the English school. Thus, Indians felt hurt.
Political Causes:
1. Lord Dalhousie’s Policy of Annexation and the Doctrine of Lapse made British very unpopular, the
rulers of the different states became bitter enemies of the British.
2. The British refused to grant pension to Nana Sahib, as he was the adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II.
This act of British turned Nana Sahib into a strong enemy of the British.
3. In 1849, Lord Dalhousie announced that after Bahadur Shah his successor would not be permitted
to use the Red Fort as their palace. In 1856, Lord Canning announced that Bahadur Shah’s successor
will not be allowed to use the imperial titles with their names. This enraged the Muslims;
consequently, Bahadur Shah began plotting against the British.
4. The Annexation of Oudh, on the theory that it was not ruled well and then the disbanding of its
army, added to the resentment against the British. z To add to this, the Indians preferred being ruled
by Indians rulers, who at least understood them rather than by the British who did not make any
effort to mix with Indians.
Economic Causes:
1. The resources from India were exploited for the good of the British people and growth of
industries in Britain. Raw materials were exported and finished goods were imported. It ruined
the Indian industries and handicrafts.
2. Indian handicraft slowly died. Machine-made British cloth was cheaper. Therefore, the looms at
homes were shut.
3. People moved to cities to find employment, which was very difficult to get. Peasants were forced
to pay tax in cash, which pushed them into the hands of the moneylenders, as tax was collected
even during the famines.
4. Indigo, tea, jute, cotton and opium were crops which the British wanted the Indians to grow. If
the peasants planted anything else, their crops were destroyed. Thus, there was less food,
people suffered through the ever increasing and spreading famine.
5. The Inam Commission, appointed in 1852 in Bombay, confiscation as many as 20,000 estates.
This drove the landed aristocracy to poverty without benefitting the peasantry, which suffered
due to the exorbitant land revenue. It was claimed by the merchant, moneylenders and the new
owners of these estates.
6. Annexation of native states resulted in loss of jobs of millions of people attached to the royal
courts. The British also disbanded the Army of the Nawabs. Soldiers who lost their jobs became
bitter enemies of the British.
Immediate Cause of the Revolt

The immediate cause of the Uprising of 1857 was the ‘greased cartridge affair’.
Important Events of the First War of Independence

1. Trouble started in Barrackpore, soon spread to Meerut where 85 sepoys disobeyed orders to
use the new greased cartridges, were stripped of their uniforms and awarded 10 years of
imprisonment.

2. Their colleagues freed them, murdered the British soldiers, burnt their houses and marched
to Delhi. They seized the city and proclaimed the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar as the
Emperor of India.
3. The loss of Delhi lowered the respect of the British Army. So in order to achieve their respect
again, Sir John Nicholson, with the help of loyal Sikh soldiers, besieged Delhi. In the end,
surmounted Delhi, Bahadur Shah Zafar’s sons were killed and he and his wife were exiled to
Rangoon.
4. Begum Hazrat Mahal, the wife of the Nawab of Awadh led the uprising at Lucknow on, 30
May, 1857. The city was recaptured by the British in March 1858. Begum Hazrat Mahal fled
toward the Nepal Frontier.
5. In Jhansi, rebellion was led by Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi who fought against Sir Hugh Rose.
After leaving Jhansi, she met Tantya Tope at Kalpi. She fought courageously but died while
fighting.
6. In Kanpur, rebellion was led by Nana Sahib with his commander Tantya Tope. It was General
Havelock and General Colin Campbell who subdued the rebellion.
7. There were uprisings in other parts of India also but by the end of 1858 the rebellions had
been completely controlled.
Causes of Failure
1. The Indians had no common defined goal e g. Rani Laxmibai fought for Jhansi and Nana
Saheb fought as he had been refused pension.
2. The efforts were not planned and well co-ordinated.
3. Only a few Indian leaders helped each other. One such incident was that of Tantya Tope who
went to help Rani Jhansi in trouble while the British were always helping each other.
4. The British had experienced military Generals like General Havelock, General Colin Campbell.
Indian leaders were brave but few were expert in military planning.
5. The British had the latest guns and ammunition and money to finance their efforts, while the
Indians did not have enough guns and hardly any money to finance them.
Consequences of the First War of Independence

Political and Administrative effects
1. The first significant result of the Revolt was the end of the rule of the East India Company by the Act
for Better Government to India passed in August 1858. India came under the rule of the British
Monarch, Queen Victoria and Lord Canning was the first Viceroy of India.
2. The Policy of Annexation was put on hold; the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ was abolished. It was declared that
all the treaties would be honoured. The proclamation declared that the British would not interfere in
the social and religious affairs of the Indians.
3. After 1858, the British continued their policy of ‘Divide and Rule’ by giving special protections and
concessions to the Princely States, encouraging hatred and ill feelings among the Hindus and Muslims,
so that the people of India could never challenge to the British authority.
4. After the revolt, the Army was thoroughly reorganized and built up on the policy of ‘division and
counterpoise” the strength of European troops in India were increased on the other hand the number
of Indian troops were reduced.
Economic Exploitation
1. Now onwards, India was slowly made in to an economic colony of the British who used all possible
methods to drain India of her wealth.
2. Not just the East India Company, but other traders also made India into a supplier of raw materials and
a place where they dumped their manufactured goods.
3. Money was sent to England as profits, as salaries and as savings.
4. Indians like Dadabha iNaoroji realized what the British were doing and openly criticized the British
policy of economic exploitation of India.
Rise of Nationalism
Though the rebellions were short-lived, it enthused the youth as the youth wanted to emulate or
copy the leaders of the First War of Independence. Many leaders of the rebellion became the subject of
many poems and songs which were very popular. Their sacrifices inspired others to sacrifices and the seed
of nationalism was sown by this event.

EXERCISE
Short Answer Questions
1. What is known as the 1st War of Independence?
2. Who introduced the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’? What did it contain?
3. What is the importance of the Government of India Act, 1858?
4. Which policy of annexation was introduced by Lord Wellesley?
5. Who were the following personalities of the Revolt of 1857:
a. Mangal Pandey b. Nana sahib c. Queen Victoria
6. How did the British describe the Great Revolt of 1857?
7. What was the immediate cause of the Great Revolt of 1857?
8. When and where did the Revolt of 1857 first start?
9. State two Military causes of the Great Revolt of 1857.
10.Mention two political causes of the Great Uprising of 1857.
11.Why did the Sepoys in Barrackpore rebel against their British officers?
12.Who led the Uprising at Lucknow and Jhansi respectively?
13.Name two British Generals who subdued the rebellions in different parts of the
country.
14.Mention two significant consequences of the Great Revolt.
15.How was the seed of nationalism sown by the Revolt of 1857?
Long Answer Questions

16.Trace the events that eventually led to the outbreak of the Revolt at Meerut on 10th
May, 1857.
17. Mention four social and religious causes of the Great Revolt of 1857.
18.Describe any four economic causes of the 1st War of Independence.
19. State four causes for the failure of the Revolt of 1857.
20.How did the British economically exploit India after the Revolt of 1857?

Class 10 Geography Set 7
Natural Vegetation
FOREST TYPES OF INDIA
10 Geography set 7 page 1

Tropical Evergreen Forests
Climatic Conditions
This vegetation type is found in areas
experiencing an annual rainfall of over 200 cm. The
average temperature range is between 24 °C and 27
°C in such areas. A hot and humid climate with
relative humidity more than 70% is ideal for the
growth of tropical evergreen forests.
Characteristic Features
The forest looks green throughout the year. Different trees shed their leaves during different times
of the year. There is no fixed season for the shedding of leaves. The trees are tall, 45 m high; the tallest
trees have broad leaves and form a thick canopy. This prevents the penetration of sunlight and the floor is
quite dark. Growth of herbs and grasses is not encouraged. The forest floor remains damp and swampy
which supports an undergrowth of cane, bamboo, climbers, ferns and epiphytes.
Species of Trees
The main trees are ebony, mahogany, rosewood, ironwood, bamboo, cane and shisham.
Rosewood: The wood is hard and fine grained and is used for making expensive furniture, gun carriage
wheels, wagon parts and floorboards of ships.
Ebony: The wood is hard, tough and durable. It is of greenish-black colour and used for making expensive
cabinets and furniture, inlay work and wall panelling.
Mahogany: The wood is tough and durable, has high decay resistance and does not splinter. It is used to
make expensive furniture.
Sissoo/Shisham: The wood is very hard and takes a high polish. It is widely used for making carriages, carts,
boats, and as building construction material.
Gurjan: The wood is less durable and after treatment is used for making railway sleepers, furniture and as
house building material.
Chaplas: The timber is strong and durable and hence is in great demand for ship building and making
furniture and packing boxes.
Distribution
Tropical evergreen forests are found chiefly in the western parts of the Western Ghats covering
Kerala, Karnataka and Maharashtra, northeast India, comprising the Lushai, Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills,
the Terai region of Assam and West Bengal and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Meghalaya, Nagaland,
Manipur and Tripura.

Tropical Monsoon Deciduous Forests
Climatic Conditions
This vegetation type is found in areas where rainfall ranges between 100 cm and 200 cm annually.
Rainfall is seasonal alternating with dry summers. The temperature requires ranges between 25°C and 27°C
with relative humidity between 60% and 80%.
The chief characteristic feature is that the dominant trees are deciduous, that is, they shed their
leaves 6 to 8 weeks during summers due to water shortage. Subsoil water is not enough for these trees
and leaves are shed to minimize the need for water. The trees reach a height between 30 m and 45m and
their bark is rough and fissured.
Species of Trees
The dominant species are teak, sal, sandalwood, semul, myrobalan, arjun, Andaman padauk,
mahua, palash, dhaank, amla and jamun.
Teak: The wood is durable, contains oils and resins that protect it from moisture. The wood does not
shrink, is termite resistant and non-corrosive. It is thus excellent for making furniture, ships and boats,
railway sleepers and bridges.
Sal: The wood is very hard, heavy and tough, extremely durable and immune from attacks of white ants. It
is used for making railway sleepers, beams and rafters, door and window posts and tool handles.
Sandalwood: The wood is hard and strongly scented and is used for making boxes, decoration pieces and
carvings. The wood provides perfumed sandalwood oil and the base for perfumes, traditional medicines
and cosmetics.
Myrobalan: The pulp of the fruit is used as a remedy for diarrhoea. The fruit provides material for dyeing
and tanning.
Semul: The timber is soft and white and is used for making toys and packing cases. The oil is used for soap
making.
Mahua: Oil extracted from the fruit has medicinal properties. A local brew called mahua is distilled from
the flowers.
Distribution
These forests are distributed in a narrow belt along the Himalayan foothills, on the eastern side of the
Western Ghats, Chotanagpur Plateau, moist areas of Kerala, Karnataka, southern Madhya Pradesh,
Chattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Bihar and Uttarakhand.

Tropical Deserts/Dry Forests
Climatic Conditions
These forests evolve where annual rainfall is less than 25 cm. The rainy season is short, the amount
of rainfall is scanty and very little moisture is held in the soil. Temperature ranges between 25°C and 27°C,
with low relative humidity throughout the
year.
The trees are xerophytic in nature.

The region abounds in thorny bushes and
cacti. The plants have special adaptations
to tide over the long hot dry season and
presence of low soil moisture. They have
long roots which penetrate deep into the
soil to absorb moisture. The leaves are
modified into spines to prevent excessive
loss of water through evapo-transpiration.
Species of Trees
Some of the most valuable plant species found in these forests include babul, kikar, khair, khejri,
neem, wild date palm and coarse grasses.
Babul: This is an extremely valuable tree that yields timber, fuel, fodder and tannin. The gum of the tree
has immense medicinal value.
Kikar: This is used for treating cancer, cough and sore throat, liver and spleen problems. It provides timber
for construction and furniture making. Its leaves are used as fodder.
Khair: Katha is obtained from the heartwood of khair trees. It is used for dyeing fishing nets, as a boiler
compound.
Distribution
Tropical desert or dry forests are distributed in western Rajasthan, parts of Maharashtra, Kachchh
region of Gujarat, south western Punjab and the rain shadow region of the Deccan Plateau.

Littoral/Mangrove/Tidal Forests
Mangrove swamps are found in and around tropical and subtropical tidal creeks and river deltas,
where saline water inundates the land.
The mangrove biome is a distinct saline woodland habitat characterized by depositional coastal
environment, where fine sediments (rich in organic matter) collect in areas protected from high energy
wave action. Climatic Conditions
Mangrove vegetation grows only in the tropics. The daytime temperature requirement is generally
24°C and annual rainfall ranges between 150 cm
and 200 cm.
Mangrove vegetation has breathing roots

to absorb oxygen as the Soil is poor in oxygen. The
stilt roots improve the stability of the tree by
providing a wide base and support in the soft and
unstable mud. They also help in aeration.
Species of Trees
The important trees found here are sundari, keora,

red mangrove, mangrove date palm and Nipah palm.
Sundari: It is used mainly for boat building, manufacture of hard board, furniture. It also has medicinal
value. The wood is strong, durable and water resistant.
Keora: This tree is also known as Screw Pine or Pandanus. A fragrant essence is distilled from the flowers
and is used in the making of keora water.
Nypafruticans: The leaves are used for thatching and basketry. Ethanol, a biofuel, is manufactured by
fermenting the sugar-rich sap.
Mangrove date palm: It provides ornamental timber, fruits and nuts.
Distribution
The Sundarbans in West Bengal have the largest mangroves in the Ganga delta region. Apparently
the forest has got its name from the Sundari tree which means 'beautiful'. Tidal forests also occur along the
deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri, and the Andaman and Nicobar coast.
Importance of Mangroves
Protects the shore from erosion caused by wind, water and waves, Protects coral reefs, Supplies
wood and other forest products, habitat to various types of organisms supports coastal fisheries and
related sources of livelihood

Montane Vegetation
In altitude, the Himalayan ranges show a succession of vegetation types from tropical in the
foothills to alpine at greater heights. Different types of forests occur at varying heights due to decreasing
temperature with increasing altitude and variation in amount of precipitation received.
Distribution
In India, there are two distinct zones of montane vegetation The Himalayan region in the North and
The Nilgiris, Palni and Anaimalai Hills in Peninsular India.
The Himalayan Region
Tropical monsoon deciduous forests of sal, teak bamboo and cane grow abundantly in the foothill
zone. Between 1,000 m and 2,000 m altitude, the wet
temperate belts consisting of oak, birch and chestnut are
found. Between 2000 m and 3000 m altitude, moist
temperate forests are found. In this belt, oak, laurel and
chestnut are found mixed with coniferous trees such as
pine, cedar, silver fir, spruce and deodar. In the upper part
of this zone lies the belt of coniferous trees in pure stands
for eg, Chir pine, blue pine and spruce. Between 2,900 m
and 3,500 m, alpine forests of stunted juniper and fir,
rhododendron and birch are found.
Nilgiri, Palni and Anaimalai Hills of Peninsular India
The slopes are covered with subtropical broadleaf hill forests in which evergreen species dominate.
Such forests are called shola' in South India, for example, laurel, giant tree fern, Rhododendron arboreum
and the kurinji plant. Extensive areas have been planted with eucalyptus, wattle and pines during the
colonial period.
Species of Trees
Deodar: The wood is hard, oily and durable. Used in construction of houses and making support beams,
furniture etc
Cedar: The wood is decay-resistant, light weight and durable. The wood is fire resistant and immune to
termite attacks.
Spruce: The wood is used to make furniture, light- weight aircraft and pulpwood for manufacture of paper.
Blue pine: The wood is pink in colour and is moderately hard. Used for making railway sleepers.
Chir: The wood is moderately hard and used to extract resin and turpentine. The timber is used for making
tea chests.
Silver fir: The timber is soft but not durable. Mostly used for making packing boxes, wood pulp, paper and
matchstick.
Oak: The wood is used for manufacturing sports goods.
Bamboo: The wood is used for making scaffoldings, thatched roofs, temporary bridges and rafters.

Significance of Forests
• Forests purify air by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen in the atmosphere during
photosynthesis.
• It provide us with timber, a major forest produce, and a host of minor products, such as lac, honey,
resin, medicinal herbs, grasses like khus, lemon grass and ginger grass. Bamboo, cane, tendu leaves,
tanning materials, edible mushrooms are other important minor products.
• Many industries depend on forests for raw materials, for example, paper, plywood, paint, varnish,
rubber products and match sticks.
• Forests cause rain, thereby regulating climate. Release of water vapour in the atmosphere during
transpiration condenses and causes rain.
• In forests, organic matter in the soil soaks the rain water, helps recharge groundwater levels and
releases water into rivers during dry season.
• Forest help to prevent floods. The roots binding the soil increase infiltration of rain water thereby
reducing run-off and reducing river discharge.
• Forests also prevent soil erosion. The roots of the trees bind the soil firmly and do not allow
rainwater to wash away the top soil.
• Forests are a habitat to a large variety of flora and fauna, which help to maintain ecological balance.
• Forests check the spread of deserts. The roots of the plants and trees bind the soil, add humidity to
the atmosphere and act as a barrier in the path of windblown sand from the deserts.
THE NATIONAL FOREST POLICY

India is one of the very few countries of the world where forest policy is in operation since 1894. In
1952 and 1988, revisions were made in the forest policy of 1894. The National Forest Policy of 1952
recommended that the country should aim at coverage of one-third of the total land area under forest (60
per cent in hilly and mountainous areas, and 25 per cent in the plains). It has suggested the extension of
tree-lands on river/canal banks, roads, railways, culturable waste and in such areas which are not suitable
for cultivation.
The National Forest Policy 1952 classified the forests of the country into four categories:
(i) Protected forests essential for physical and climatic needs.
(ii) National forests to be utilized for the economic needs of the country.
(iii) Village forests to meet the fuel and domestic needs of villages and neighboring towns.
(iv) Tree lands: The policy envisaged the annual organization of Van-Mahotsava and tree plantation week
in the month of July/August.
The National Forest Policy 1952 lays emphasis on:
(i) Weaning the tribal people by persuasion to desist from shifting cultivation.
(ii) Implementation of forest laws more effectively.
(iii) To provide i equate facilities for the management of forest resources.
(iv) To control grazing of cattle, sheep and goats in forest areas.
(v) Providing fuel-wood to rural areas.
(vi) To improve the availability of timber wood for industrial purposes.
(vii) To increase the area under social forestry.
(viii) To promote research in forestry.

The National Forest Policy 1988
The main emphasis of the National Forest Policy 1988 is on the protection, conservation, regeneration and
development of forests. The main points of the National Forest Policy 1988 are:
(a) Maintenance of environmental stability through the preservation and restoration of ecological
balance.
(b) Conservation of forests as a national heritage with vast varieties of flora and fauna.
(c) Control of soil erosion and denudation in catchment areas of rivers, lakes and reservoirs.
(d) Check on the extension of sand-dunes in desert areas of Rajasthan and along sea-coasts.
(e) Substantial increase in forest cover through massive afforestation and social forestry programmes.
(f) To meet the needs of fuel-wood, fodder and minor forest products for the rural and tribal people.
(g) Augment the productivity of the forests to meet national needs.
(h) Encouragement of efficient utilization of forest produce and optimum substitution of wood.
(i) Steps to create massive movement of people with the involvement of women folk to achieve
these objectives and to minimize pressure on existing forests.
(j) Involvement of people in forest management under joint forest management.
FOREST CONSERVATION
The utility of forests, their social relevance and climatic importance have been discussed in the
preceding paragraphs. The conservation of forest resources is imperative for our survival. Some of the
steps which can go a long way in making forests healthy and sustainable are as under:
(i) Afforestation: There should be massive afforestation programmes with main emphasis being on
the production of fuel-wood, timber, grasses, and small trees to cover up degraded and
denuded lands.
(ii) Plantation of trees along the roads, railway lines, rivers, and canal banks, and along lakes and
ponds.
(iii) Development of Green-belts in the urban areas and plantation of trees on community lands.
(iv) Plantation of community forests on Gram-Sabha lands.
(v) Villagers should be given loans at easy interest rates to revive degraded forest.
(vi) Encroachment of agriculture in forests should be made punishable.
(vii) The customary rights and concessions like grazing, collection of fuel-wood and fodder from
forests by the local people should not be allowed to exceed the carrying capacity of the forests.
(viii) Rural population should be provided alternate sources of fuel-wood and wood-based products.
(ix) The development projects including mining and industrial activities should be so planned to
cause minimum damage to forest ecosystems.
(x) Mining contracts should have an obligatory clause of reforestation when the process of mining
is over.
(xi) Industries should adopt anti-pollution devices and must develop and compensate the forest loss
by new plantation.
(xii) Tribal and local people should be directly involved in the protection, regeneration, and
management of forests.
(xiii) Shifting cultivation should be gradually replaced by terraced farming and orchards development
and silviculture.
(xiv) Scientific methods should be adopted to check and contain forest fires. There should be strict
control in issuing license for the establishment of industries in forest areas
(xv) There should be more research on forestry in agricultural universities, for which facilities and
funds should be provided by the Central and State governments. Forestry should be made an
important part of the course structures in schools, colleges and universities.
(xvi) There should be arrangements to protect the forests from pests and diseases for which
trimming and spraying of the trees should be a regular practice.
(xvii) There should be perfect co-ordination between the forest department and other departments
of the government for effective and judicious utilization of forests and their conservation.
(xviii) People should be encouraged to participate in the Van Mahotsav and should be made aware
about the Chipko Movement.
QUESTIONS
1. Describe Mountain forest type.
2. What are the characteristics of tropical evergreen forest?
3. Which tree species found in Tropical Monsoon Deciduous Forests?
4. Which type of climatic conditions found in Tropical Dry forest?
5. Explain National Forest Policy.
6. Briefly explains the forest conservation measures.
7. Explain type of forest found in coastal regions of India.

Class 10 Computer Application Set 7
Call by value and Call by reference in Java
Call by Value means calling a method with a parameter as value. Through this, the argument value is passed
to the parameter.
While Call by Reference means calling a method with a parameter as a reference. Through this, the argument
reference is passed to the parameter.
In call by value, the modification done to the parameter passed does not reflect in the caller's scope while in
the call by reference, the modification done to the parameter passed are persistent and changes are reflected
in the caller's scope.
Following is the example of the call by value −
The following program shows an example of passing a parameter by value. The values of the arguments
remain the same even after the method invocation.
Example - Call By Value

public class Tester{
public static void main(String[] args){
int a = 30;
int b = 45;
System.out.println("Before swapping, a = " + a + " and b = " + b);
// Invoke the swap method
swapFunction(a, b);
System.out.println("\n**Now, Before and After swapping values will be same
here**:");
System.out.println("After swapping, a = " + a + " and b is " + b);
}
public static void swapFunction(int a, int b) {
System.out.println("Before swapping(Inside), a = " + a + " b = " + b);
// Swap n1 with n2
int c = a;
a = b;
b = c;
System.out.println("After swapping(Inside), a = " + a + " b = " + b);
}
Output
This will produce the following result −
Before swapping, a = 30 and b = 45

Before swapping(Inside), a = 30 b = 45
After swapping(Inside), a = 45 b = 30
**Now, Before and After swapping values will be same here**:
After swapping, a = 30 and b is 45
1
Example - Call By Reference
Java uses only call by value while passing reference variables as well. It creates a copy of references and
passes them as value to the methods. As reference points to the same address of the object, creating a copy
of reference is of no harm. But if a new object is assigned to reference it will not be reflected.
class IntWrapper {
public int n;
public IntWrapper(int a)
{
n = a;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
IntWrapper a = new IntWrapper(30);
IntWrapper b = new IntWrapper(45);
System.out.println("Before swapping, a = " + a.n + " and b = " + b.n);
// Invoke the swap method
swapFunction(a, b);
System.out.println("\n**Now, Before and After swapping values will be
different here**:");
System.out.println("After swapping, a = " + a.n + " and b is " + b.n);
}
public static void swapFunction(IntWrapper a, IntWrapper b) {
System.out.println("Before swapping(Inside), a = " + a.n + " b = " + b.n);
// Swap n1 with n2
IntWrapper c = new IntWrapper(a.n);
a.n = b.n;
b.n = c.n;
System.out.println("After swapping(Inside), a = " + a.n + " b = " + b.n);
}
Output
Before swapping, a = 30 and b = 45
Before swapping(Inside), a = 30 b = 45
After swapping(Inside), a = 45 b = 30
**Now, Before and After swapping values will be different here**:
After swapping, a = 45 and b is 30
// Program to calculate Bill Amount using slabs
import java.util.*;
class Atransport
{
String name;
int w;
double charges;
2
void accept()
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.println("Enter Customer name");
name=sc.nextLine();
System.out.println("Enter parcel's weight");
w=sc.nextInt();
}
void calculate()
{
if(w<=10)
charges=w*25;
else if(w>10 && w<=30)
charges=250 + (w-10)*20;
else
charges=250 + 400 + (w-30)*10;
charges=charges + charges * 5/100;
}
void print()
{
System.out.println("Name\tWeight\tBill Amount");
//System.out.println("Name"+"\t"+"Weight"+"\t"+"Bill Amount");
System.out.println(name +"\t" + w +"\t" + charges);
public static void main(String ar[])

{
Atransport obj=new Atransport();
obj.accept();
obj.calculate();
obj.print();
}
}
Page
Page
3
Java if statement
The if statement has the following general form:
if (expression) {
statement; }
The if keyword is used to check if an expression is true. If it is true, a statement is then executed. The
statement can be a single statement or a compound statement. A compound statement consists of multiple
statements enclosed by a block. A block is code enclosed by curly brackets. The brackets are optional if we
have only one statement in the body.
import java.util.Random;
public class IfStatement {
Random r = new Random(); int num = r.nextInt();
if (num > 0) {
System.out.println("The number is positive"); } }}
A random number is generated. If the number is greater than zero, we print a message to the terminal.
These two lines generate a random integer. The number can be positive or negative.
if (num > 0) {
System.out.println("The number is positive"); }
Using the if keyword, we check if the generated number is greater than zero. The if keyword is followed by
a pair of round brackets. Inside the brackets, we place an expression. The expression results in a boolean
value. If the boolean value is true, then the block enclosed by two curly brackets is executed. In our case,
4
the string "The number is positive" is printed to the terminal. If the random value is negative, nothing is
done. The curly brackets are optional if we have only one expression.
Java else keyword
We can use the else keyword to create a simple branch. If the expression inside the parentheses following
the if keyword evaluates to false, the statement following the else keyword is automatically executed.
public class Branch {
if (num > 0) {
System.out.println("The number is positive");
} else {
System.out.println("The number is negative"); } }}
Either the block following the if keyword or the block following the else keyword is executed.
if (num > 0) {
System.out.println("The number is positive");
} else {
System.out.println("The number is negative"); }
The else keyword follows the right curly bracket of the if block. It has its own block enclosed by a pair of
curly brackets.
$ java The number is positive $ java The number is negative $ java The number is negative
Multiple branches with if else

We can create multiple branches using the else if keyword. The else if keyword tests for another condition if
and only if the previous condition was not met. Note that we can use multiple else if keywords in our tests.
The previous program had a slight issue. Zero was given to negative values. The following program will fix
this.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class MultipleBranches {
System.out.print("Enter an integer:");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); int num = sc.nextInt();
if (num < 0) {
System.out.println("The integer is negative"); } else if (num == 0) {
System.out.println("The integer equals to zero"); } else {
System.out.println("The integer is positive"); } }}
We receive a value from the user to test if it is a negative number or positive, or if it equals to zero.
System.out.print("Enter an integer:");
A prompt to enter an integer is written to the standard output.

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); int num = sc.nextInt();
Using the Scanner class of the java.util package, we read an integer value from the standard input.
if (num < 0) {
System.out.println("The integer is negative"); } else if (num == 0) {
System.out.println("The integer equals to zero"); } else {
System.out.println("The integer is positive"); }
5
If the first condition evaluates to true, e.g. the entered value is less than zero, the first block is executed and
the remaining two blocks are skipped. If the first condition is not met, then the second condition following
the if else keywords is checked. If the second condition evaluates to true, the second block is executed. If
not, the third block following the else keyword is executed. The else block is always executed if the
previous conditions were not met.
$ java Enter an integer:4 The integer is positive $ java Enter an integer:0 The integer equals to zero $ java
Enter an integer:-3 The integer is negative
We run the example three times so that all conditions are tested. The zero is correctly handled.
Java switch statement
The switch statement is a selection control flow statement. It allows the value of a variable or expression to
control the flow of a program execution via a multi-way branch. It creates multiple branches in a simpler
way than using the combination of if and else if statements. Each branch is ended with the break keyword.
We use a variable or an expression. The switch keyword is used to test a value from the variable or the
expression against a list of values. The list of values is presented with the case keyword. If the values
match, the statement following the case is executed. There is an optional default statement. It is executed if
no other match is found.
import java.util.Scanner;
public class SwitchStatement {
System.out.print("Enter a domain:");
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); String domain = sc.nextLine();
domain = domain.trim().toLowerCase();
switch (domain) {
case "us": System.out.println("United States"); break;
case "de": System.out.println("Germany"); break;
case "sk": System.out.println("Slovakia"); break;
case "hu": System.out.println("Hungary"); break;

default: System.out.println("Unknown"); break; } }}
The user is requested to enter a domain name. The domain name is read and stored in a variable. The
variable is tested with the switch keyword against a list of options. In our program, we have a domain
variable. We read a value for the variable from the command line. We use the case statement to test for the
value of the variable. There are several options. If the value equals for example to "us", the "United States"
string is printed to the console.
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); String domain = sc.nextLine();
The input from the user is read from the console.

domain = domain.trim().toLowerCase();
The trim() method strips the variable from potential leading and trailing white spaces. The toLowerCase()
converts the characters to lowercase. Now the "us", "US", or "us " are viable options for the us domain
name.
switch (domain) { ... }
In the round brackets, the switch keyword takes an input which is going to be tested. The input can be of
byte, short, char, int, enum, or String data type. The body of the switch keyword is placed inside a pair or
curly brackets. Inside the body, we can place multiple case options. Each option is ended with the break
keyword.
6
case "us": System.out.println("United States"); break;
In this case option, we test if the domain variable is equal to "us" string. If true, we print a message to the
console. The option is ended with the break keyword. If one of the options is successfully evaluated, the
break keyword terminates the switch block.
default: System.out.println("Unknown"); break;
The default keyword is optional. If none of the case options is evaluated, then the default section is
executed.
$ java Enter a domain:us United States
Java while statement

The while statement is a control flow statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a
given boolean condition.
This is the general form of the while loop:
while (expression) {
statement; }
The while keyword executes the statements inside the block enclosed by the curly brackets. The
statements are executed each time the expression is evaluated to true.
public class WhileStatement {

int i = 0; int sum = 0;
while (i < 10) {
i++; sum += i; }
System.out.println(sum); } }
In the code example, we calculate the sum of values from a range of numbers.
The while loop has three parts: initialization, testing, and updating. Each execution of the statement is
called a cycle.
int i = 0;
We initiate the i variable. It is used as a counter.

while (i < 10) { ... }
The expression inside the round brackets following the while keyword is the second phase, the testing. The
statements in the body are executed until the expression is evaluated to false.
i++;
The last phase of the while loop is the updating. We increment the counter. Note that improper handling of
the while loops may lead to endless cycles.
$ java 55
The program calculated the sum of 0, 1, ..., 9 values.

There is a modified version of the while statement. It is the do while statement. It is guaranteed that the
statements inside the block are run at least once, even if the condition is not met.
public class DoWhile {

7
int count = 0;
do { System.out.println(count); } while (count != 0); }}
First the block is executed and then the truth expression is evaluated. In our case, the condition is not met
and the do while statement terminates.
Java for statement
When the number of cycles is known before the loop is initiated, we can use the for statement. In this
construct we declare a counter variable, which is automatically increased or decreased in value during
each repetition of the loop.
public class ForStatement {

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(i); } }}
In this example, we print numbers 0..9 to the console.

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
System.out.println(i); }
There are three phases in a for loop. First, we initiate the counter i to zero. This phase is done only once.
Next comes the condition. If the condition is met, the statement inside the for block is executed. Then
comes the third phase: the counter is increased. Now we repeat 2 and 3 phases until the condition is not
met and the for loop is terminated. In our case, when the counter i is equal to 10, the for loop stops
executing.
A for loop can be used for easy traversal of an array. From the length property of the array, we know the
size of the array.
public class ForStatement2 {

String[] planets = {"Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Pluto"};
for (int i = 0; i < planets.length; i++) {
System.out.println(planets[i]); }
System.out.println("In reverse:");
for (int i = planets.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
System.out.println(planets[i]); } }}
We have an array holding the names of planets in our Solar System. Using two for loops, we print the
values in ascending and descending orders.
for (int i = 0; i < planets.length; i++) {
The arrays are accessed by zero-based indexing. The first item has index 0. Therefore, the i variable is
initialized to zero. The condition checks if the i variable is less than the length of the array. In the final
phase, the i variable is incremented.
for (int i = planets.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
This for loop prints the elements of the array in reverse order. The i counter is initialized to array size. Since
the indexing is zero based, the last element has index array size-1. The condition ensures that the counter
is greater or equal to zero. (Array indexes cannot be negative). In the third step, the i counter is
decremented by one.
8
More expressions can be placed in the initialization and iteration phase of the for loop.
import java.util.Arrays; import java.util.Random;

public class ForStatement3 {
Random r = new Random();
int[] values = new int[10]; int num; int sum=0;
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++, sum += num) {
num = r.nextInt(10); values[i] = num; }
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(values)); System.out.println("The sum of the values is " +
sum); } }
In our example, we create an array of ten random numbers. A sum of the numbers is calculated.
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++, sum += num) {
num = r.nextInt(10); values[i] = num; }
In the third part of the for loop, we have two expressions separated by a comma character. The i counter is
incremented and the current number is added to the sum variable.
$ java com.zetcode.ForStatement3 [1, 9, 2, 9, 0, 9, 8, 5, 5, 3] The sum of the values is 51
This is sample execution of the program.

Java enhanced for statement
The enhanced for statement simplifies traversing over collections of data. It has no explicit counter. The
statement goes through an array or a collection one by one and the current value is copied to a variable
defined in the construct.
public class EnhancedFor {

String[] planets = { "Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus",
"Pluto"
};
for (String planet : planets) {
System.out.println(planet); } }}
In this example, we use the enhanced for statement to go through an array of planets.
for (String planet : planets) {
System.out.println(planet); }
The usage of the for statement is straightforward. The planets is the array that we iterate through. A planet
is the temporary variable that has the current value from the array. The for statement goes through all the
planets and prints them to the console.
$ java Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Pluto
Running the above Java program gives this output.

Java break statement
The break statement can be used to terminate a block defined by while, for, or switch statements.
public class BreakStatement {
Random random = new Random();
while (true) {
9
int num = random.nextInt(30); System.out.print(num + " ");
if (num == 22) {
break; } }
System.out.print('\n'); }}
We define an endless while loop. We use the break statement to get out of this loop. We choose a random
value from 1 to 30 and print it. If the value equals to 22, we finish the endless while loop.
while (true) { ... }
Placing true in the brackets of the while statement creates an endless loop. We must terminate the loop
ourselves. Note that such code is error-prone. We should be careful using such loops.
if (num == 22) {
break; }
When the randomly chosen value is equal to 22, the break statement is executed and the while loop is
terminated.
$ java 23 12 0 4 13 16 6 12 11 9 24 23 23 19 15 26 3 3 27 28 25 3 3 25 6 22 $ java 23 19 29 27 3 28 2 2
26 0 0 24 17 4 7 12 8 20 22 $ java 15 20 10 25 2 19 26 4 13 21 15 21 21 24 3 22
Here we see three sample executions of the program.

Java continue statement
The continue statement is used to skip a part of the loop and continue with the next iteration of the loop. It
can be used in combination with for and while statements.
In the following example, we will print a list of numbers that cannot be divided by 2 without a remainder.
public class ContinueStatement {

int num = 0;
while (num < 100) {
num++;
if ((num % 2) == 0) { continue; }
System.out.print(num + " ");
}
System.out.print('\n'); } }
We iterate through numbers 1..99 with the while loop.

if ((num % 2) == 0) { continue; }
If the expression num % 2 returns 0, the number in question can be divided by 2. The continue statement is
executed and the rest of the cycle is skipped. In our case, the last statement of the loop is skipped and the
number is not printed to the console. The next iteration has started.
10
SOLVE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS…
1. Design a class to overload a function Sum( ) as follows:

(i) int Sum(int A, int B) – with two integer arguments (A and B) calculate and return sum of all the
even numbers in the range of A and B. Sample input: A=4 and B=16 Sample output: sum = 4 +
6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16
(ii) double Sum( double N ) – with one double arguments(N) calculate and return the product of the
following series: sum = 1.0 x 1.2 x 1.4 x …………. x N
(iii) int Sum(int N) - with one integer argument (N) calculate and return sum of only odd digits of the
number N. Sample input : N=43961 Sample output : sum = 3 + 9 + 1 = 13
Write the main method to create an object and invoke the above methods.
2. Define a class taximeter having the following description:

Data members/instance variables
int taxino - to store taxi number String name - to store passenger's name
int km - to store number of kilometres travelled
Member functions:
taximeter() -- constructor to initialize taxino to 0, name to “ ”and b to 0.
input() - to store taxino,name,km
calculate() - to calculate bill for a customer according to given conditions
kilometers travelled(km) Rate/km

For 1st km Rs 25
>1 km upto 6 Rs 10
>6 < km upto 12 Rs 15
>12 < km upto 18 Rs 20
>18 km Rs 25
display()- To display the details in the following format Taxino Name Kilometres travelled Bill amount
----
Create an object in the main method and call all the above methods in it.
11
Class 10 Economics Applications Set 7
Commercial Bank and its functions
Functions of Commercial Banks
Commercial banks are authorized to provide a variety of financial services which includes loans, savings
accounts, etc. In this article, we will talk about various functions that a commercial bank performs.
Primary Functions of Commercial Banks:
The primary functions of a commercial bank are as follows:
1. Accepting Deposits
Commercial banks accept deposits from people, businesses, and other entities in the form of:
• Savings deposits – The commercial bank accepts small deposits, from households or persons, in order
to encourage savings in the economy.
• Time deposit – The bank accepts deposits for a fixed time and carries a higher rate of interest as
compared to savings deposits.
• Current deposits – These accounts do not offer any interest. Further, most current accounts offer
overdrafts up to a pre-specified limit. The bank, therefore, undertakes the obligation of paying all
cheques against deposits subject to the availability of sufficient funds in the account.
2. Lending of Funds
Another important activity is lending funds to customers in the form of loans and advances, cash credit,
overdraft and discounting of bills, etc.
Loans are advances that a bank extends to his customers with or without security for a specified time and at
an agreed rate of interest. Further, the bank credits the loan amount in the customers’ account which he
withdraws as per his needs.
Under the cash credit facility, the bank offers its customers a facility to borrow cash up to a certain limit
against the security of goods. Further, an overdraft is an arrangement that a bank offers to customers
wherein a temporary facility is offered to overdraw from the current account without any security.
Overdraft is a special feature where a bank may allow its customers to withdraw more than the balance
they have in their account. It must be noted that the bank has the sole right to decide and for the customer
must have strong goodwill.
The limit is pre-specified. Additionally, banks also discount and purchase bills. In both of these cases, a bank
credits the amount of the bill in the customer’s account after deducting discounts and commissions.
Subsequently, this amount is recovered from the debtors on the maturity of the instrument.
10 Eco App Set 7 page 1
Secondary Functions of Commercial Banks:
The secondary functions of a commercial bank are as follows:
Bank as an Agent
A bank acts as an agent to its customers for various services like:
• Collecting bills, draft, cheques, etc.
• Paying the insurance premium, rent, loan instalments, etc.
• Working as a representative of a customer for purchasing or redeeming securities, etc. in the stock
exchange.
• Acting as an executor, administrator, or trustee of the estate of a customer
• Also, preparing income tax returns, claiming tax refunds, etc.

General Utility Services
There are several general utility services that commercial banks offer like:
• Issuing traveller cheques
• Offering locker facilities for keeping valuables in safe custody
• Also, issuing debit cards and credit cards, etc.
EXERCISE
1. Explain the functions of commercial bank.
2. What is an overdraft?
3. Give two examples of commercial bank.
10 Eco App Set 7 page 2

Class 10 COMMERCIAL STUDIES SET 7
Chapter 5: E-COMMERCE
Question 1. What do you understand by E-Commerce?

E-COMMERCE
E-commerce means electronic commerce.
It means commercial transactions conducted over a network using computers and
telecommunications.
Definition:
“E-commerce means commercial transactions in which an order is placed electronically and goods or
services are delivered in tangible or electronic form.”
-International Fiscal Association.
Question 2.Are e-business and e-commerce same?
E-business and e-commerce
1. E-business is a wider term.
2. E-business includes e-commerce and other electronically conducted business transactions
such as product development, production, inventory management, accounting, finance and
human resource management.
3. E-commerce covers a firm’s interaction with its customers and suppliers over Internet.
Question 3. What are the benefits of e-commerce over

traditional commerce?
BENEFITS OF E-CCOMMERCE OVER TRADITIONAL COMMERCE
Global reach/global choice.
1. Speed
2. Convenience
3. Paperless society.
4. Shorten or Eradicate Supply Chains
5. Rapid Response to needs.
6. Improved quality /competitiveness of Service.
7. Lower investment.
10 CST set 7 page 1
1. Global reach/ Global choice
There are no boundaries for e-business. Even a small supplier can have a global presence catering to
worldwide customers.
Customers have a global choice and can order a product or service, regardless of their geographical
location.
2. Speed
Buying and selling involves exchange of information. In e-business it can be done at the click of a mouse
and the transaction is completed within minutes. The cycle time of a transaction is reduced substantially.
3. Convenience
Shops have a fixed time of opening and closing, but internet shops are open 24*7 throughout the year. We
can access anything from anywhere at any time. Such flexibility provides great convenience to sellers,
buyers and employees. (During lock-down..How are you studying? )
4. Paperless society
We can place an order electronically, file our Income Tax returns, apply for jobs and driving license, book
gas cylinder, do all banking, study a course and get notes …all electronically. E-business reduces
independence on paperwork.
5. Shorten or Eradicate Supply Chains
Supply chain is the link or path between the manufacturer and the final customer. It includes all
middlemen. E-business reduces the need for wholesalers, agents and retailers.
If the product or service can be delivered electronically then the supply chain can be eradicated entirely,
the cycle time of transaction is reduced due to high speed of e-business.
6. Rapid Response to needs
Consumer is also not dependent on the availability of the product and can rapidly obtain the precise
product.
7. Improved quality /competitiveness of Service.
Many companies are offering pre and post sales support. with increased level of product information,
guidance on product use, and rapid response to customer inquiries the quality of service has improved.
Even the complaints and grievances can be made electronically.
8. Lower investment
E-business can be started easily. Capital requirement and need for middlemen is much less
In e-business, networked firms are more efficient than net worthed firms.
10 CST set 7 page 2

Question 4. How E-Commerce Can Reduce Business Transaction Costs:
1. Advertising & Marketing Cost
If you choose e-commerce, you will not have to spend your money on advertising and marketing. However,
biological search engine traffic, social media traffic, and pay-per-click are some advertising channels that
are cost effective.
2. Personnel
A complete automation of check-out, billing, inventory management, payments and other types of
operating costs reduces the total number of employees required to run your e-commerce business.
3. Eliminate Travel Cost
Now, customers do not have to travel long distances to reach their desired store because e-commerce
allows them to go to e-store without traveling. With a few mouse clicks, customers can make their
purchases and experience great shopping.
4. Other Reduced Costs
An e-commerce business is capable of reducing labor and other costs in many areas, including document
preparation, reconciliation, mail preparation, telephone calls, data entry, overtime, and supervising
expenses.. The use of email and electronic invoicing is tremendous savings in traditional ways.
(ONLY MEANING)
What do you mean by:
(i) E-tailing (ii) E-advertising
(iii) E-marketing (iv) E-security
(i) E-tailing:
• It stands for electronic retailing.
• It means selling goods in retail on the
INTERNET.
• It represents B2C..business to consumer side
of e-commerce.
• It is very convenient and very fast.
• E.g. Amazon.com, Flipkart.com, Myntra.com etc.
(ii) E-advertising
• It stands for electronic advertising
• It means sending advertising messages to consumers over Internet.
10 CST set 7 page 3

• Other names are online advertising, Internet advertising or Web advertising.
• Advertising agencies prepare the advertising copy and an Ad server technologically delivers it and track
data.
• E-advertising provides a hyperlink that redirects to the company's website.
• E.g., Cookie, Web banner, Pop ups.
E-advertisements: some terms
a. Cookie: It is a file on some computer that records specific information from their search history to
promote relevant ad rotation.
b. Web banner: The advertisements of products and services which rolls across the screen or in flashes.
c. Pop ups: It is a type of ad that pops up in a small box on the user’s screen.
E-marketing
E-marketing or Electronic Marketing is the process of marketing a product or service on the Internet, via
e-mail and wireless media.
Also called Internet Marketing, Web marketing, digital and Online Marketing
E-Marketing types:
1 Social media marketing 4 Content marketing
2 Affiliate marketing 5 Paid advertising
3 Email marketing
Social Media Marketing

Social media marketing is the process of acquiring attention and sales through the use of social media
platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, or Twitter.
Now, social media marketing can be split into two camps: organic (free) or paid.
CONTENT MARKETING
Content marketing is the process of consistently creating, distributing, and promoting relevant online
materials in a way that’s strategically designed to attract, engage, and convert your target market into
customers.
There are countless forms of content that businesses use to do this, such as:
Article marketing is a form marketing/advertisement in which companies/businesses write articles
about their products, services, their company and their core competencies. The basic purpose of
10 CST set 7 page 4
article marketing is to promote their business, increase awareness and to give users some knowledge
based contents
Blog posts: Blog marketing includes the creation of textual, audio or video content on your blog site.
Videos (that are often shared to social media platforms like Facebook and YouTube)
• Industry reports and studies

• Infographics summarizing reports and studies
• Ebooks
• Case studies
• Webinars
• Email marketing is the process of using email to send direct marketing messages to people in an
effort to gain new customers and retain existing ones
Affiliate Marketing
• Affiliate marketing is essentially just online referral marketing.

• A business will set up a program that pays commissions to external websites or individuals for the
traffic or sales they generate.
• This allows internet marketers and influencers to earn money promoting another business’s
products or services.
E-security
Electronic security means network security, browser security and computer security.
It involves setting up measures (checks) and rules against attacks over the Internet.
There is high risk of intrusion or fraud (e.g. hacking, phishing, etc) in exchanging information on the
Internet.
Some methods used to protect are Encryptions, digital signatures, from the ground-up engineering etc.
Protection of the data and information stored in computers and travelling across the Internet is very
important.
Some common threats which require e-security are:

1 Malware - Malicious software.
2 Computer viruses are used to steal information or corrupt the data.
10 CST set 7 page 5

3 Computer worms are programs that can replicate themselves throughout a computer network and
causing harm.
4 Trojan horse is a general term for malicious software which if downloaded can corrupt the software
and steal the information.
5 Keylogger, Ransomeware, Scareware etc.
Remedies
Do not share your OTP
keep changing your password every 15 days.
Network layer security
Internet Protocol Security
Security Token
(No need to do them in detail)
10 CST set 7 page 6

E-COMMERCE part III
ERP and its modules
• ERP means ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING.

• ERP is a computer software or system used to manage all the resources of an organization.
• The system can manage and track everything.
• The business processes of different departments are managed through centralised application.
• ERP provides information for making all major decisions.
• ERP system can have the following modules:
1 Purchase
2 sales and marketing
3 Inventory
4 Human resource planning
5 Finance and accounting
6 Custom relationship management
7 Supply chain management
8 Production engineering.
Human Resource Module (HR):

Human Resource module helps to HR team for efficient management of human resources.
HR module helps to manage employee information, track employee records like performance
reviews, designations, job descriptions, skill matrix, time & attendance tracking.
One of the important sub modules in the HR module is Payroll System which helps to manage
salaries, payment reports etc.
It can also include Travel Expenses & Reimbursement tracking. Employee Training tracking can
also be managed by ERP.
Inventory Module:
Inventory module can be used to track the stock of items. Items can be identified by unique serial
numbers. Using that unique numbers inventory system can keep track of item and trace its
current location in the organization. For e.g. you have purchased 100 hard disks, so using
10 CST set 7 page 7

inventory system you can track how many hard disks are installed, where they are installed, how
many hard disks are remaining etc.
Inventory module includes functionalities like inventory control, master units, stock utilization
reporting etc.
There may be an integration of the inventory module with the purchase module of ERP.
Sales Module:
Typical sales process includes processes like Sales queries & inquiry analysis & handling,
quotation drafting, accepting sales orders, drafting sales invoices with proper taxation,
dispatch/Shipment of material or service, tracking pending sales order.
All these sales transactions are managed by the sales module of ERP. CRM module can take
the help of the Sales module for future opportunity creation & lead generation.
Purchase Module:
As the name indicates, purchase modules take care of all the processes that are part of the
procurement of items or raw materials that are required for the organization.
Purchase module consists of functionalities like supplier/vendor listing, supplier & item linking,
sending quotation request to vendors, receiving & recording quotations, analysis of quotations,
preparing purchase orders, tracking the purchase items, preparing GRNs(Good Receipt Notes)
& updating stocks & various reports.
Purchase module is integrated with Inventory module & Engineering/production module for
updating of stocks.
Finance & Accounting module:

Whole inflow & outflow of money/capital is managed by the finance module. This module keeps
track of all account-related transactions like expenditures, Balance sheet, account ledgers,
budgeting, bank statements, payment receipts, tax management etc.
Financial reporting is an easy task for this module of ERP. Any Financial data that is required for
running the business is available on one click in Finance module.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM) module:

CRM department is helping to boost the sales performance through better customer service &
establishing a healthy relationship with customers. All the stored details of the customer are
available in the CRM module.
10 CST set 7 page 8
CRM module helps to manage & track detailed information of the customer like communication
history, calls, meetings, details of purchases made by the customer, contract duration etc. CRM
module can be integrated with the Sales module to enhance sales opportunities.
Engineering / Production module:

Production module is a great help for the manufacturing industry for delivering the product.
This module consists of functionalities like production planning, machine scheduling, raw material
usage,(Bill of material)preparation, track daily production progress production forecasting & actual
production reporting.
Supply Chain Management (SCM):

SCM module manages the flow of product items from manufacturer to consumer & consumer to
manufacturer.
Common roles involved are a manufacturer, Super Stockiest, Stockiest, distributors, retailers etc.
SCM involves demand & supply management, sales returns & replacing process, shipping &
transportation tracking etc.
Today many SMBs face challenges in their process automation. ERP is a great help for such
organizations. ERP can efficiently streamline the business operations of the organization. Above
introduction of modules can help you to choose & customize the ERP modules depending on your
organization’s requirements.
Chapter 6
CAPITAL and REVENUE Expenditure/Income

Think about some expenses of any business...
Where the company spends...
Buying of capital assets
Paying rent
Paying Salaries
Buying vehicles
Spending on Advertisements....
And the list goes on.....
Question - Is the nature of the above expenditures the same?
Can buying of Building be compared with paying rent for the same?
Answer - NO
10 CST set 7 page 9

Therefore a clear distinction between capital and revenue items is necessary. WHY? To ascertain the true
financial position of the company and to know the amount of spent and income generated to derive at
correct profit or loss for that year.
All revenue items (income and expenditure) are shown in Profit and Loss A/c and all Capital Items in
Balance Sheet.
CAPITAL EXPENDITURE
Capital expenditure means the expenditure the benefit of which is not exhausted within the current year
but is enjoyed over a long period. E.g. building purchased or vehicle bought would be used (enjoyed) in
coming years too...
Main features:-
1. Capital expenditure results in the acquisition of permanent assets (buildings, vehicles, furniture, plant
and machinery).
2. The intention of buying or acquiring such assets is for future income generation or reducing some
expenditure.
3. The benefits are reaped over a long time period.
To start a business/commence a business, heavy expenditure is incurred. Such expenditure will also be-
Capital Expenditure.
4. Expenses incurred to establish a business, e.g. preliminary expenditure for Incorporation of a company.
5. Expenses incurred on issuing shares and debentures.
6. Expenses incurred on raising loan and for the business.
7. Capital expenditure includes the expenses incurred to acquire the right to carry on business e.g. cost of
license, legal fees and brokerage paid to acquire an asset.
To make the asset functional some expenses might be incurred.
8. Capital expenditure includes expenses incurred for making the asset ready for use. E.g. wages paid for
erecting machines.
9. Expenditure incurred for the extension of or improvement in fixed assets is also capital expenditure. E.
G. Overhauling of second hand machinery.
Apart from the above mentioned expenditure capital expenditure includes
10. Expenses incurred to acquire intangible assets such as goodwill, patents etc.
11. Expenses incurred to reduce operating costs e. G. Conversion of hand driven machinery into power
driven machinery.
12. Any kind of development expenditure incurred in case of plantation and horticulture.
10 CST set 7 page 10
REVENUE EXPENDITURE
Revenue expenditure means the expenditure the benefits of which is exhausted within the current year.
Such expenditure is of recurring nature and does not result in acquiring of an asset.
The following types of expenses are included in revenue expenditure..
1. Expenses incurred for the day to day running of the business. E.g. rent, Salaries, wages, power and fuel
etc.
2. Expenses incurred for the upkeep of fixed assets... Like repairs and maintenance. Legal expenses
incurred to defend the ownership of fixed asset are also revenue expenditure. (Why?)
3. Expenses incurred on purchase of stock if materials and goods. These include the goods purchased for
resale and raw materials purchased for converting them into finished goods.
4. Depreciation on fixed assets.. Every year the value of an asset reduces due to wear and tear and also
due to passage of time. It happens every year and is of recurring nature.
5. Loss from sale of fixed assets
6. Replacement if worn-out parts of existing machines.
7. Interest in loan and interest on capital.
Distinction between Capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure

1. Purpose
2. Earning Capacity
3. Period of benefit
4. Accounting Treatment
5. Nature
6. Effect on Assets.
1. Purpose
Capital expenditure is incurred for acquisition or erection of fixed assets. Revenue expenditure is incurred
for day to day running of the business.
2. Earning Capacity
Capital expenditure increases the earning capacity of the business and revenue expenditure helps in
maintenance.

3. Period of benefit
Benefit of capital expenditure extends to more than one year but for revenue expenditure the benefit is
exhausted within that year.
4. Accounting Treatment
Capital expenditure is shown in the Balance Sheet and revenue expenditure feature in the P & L a/c.
5. Nature
Capital expenditure is of non- recurring nature but revenue expenditure is of recurring nature because it is
incurred on day to day operations.
6. Effect on Assets
Capital expenditure leads to increase in the value of fixed assets but this is not the case with revenue
expenditure.
DEFERRED REVENUE EXPENDITURE

It is expenditure which has the features of both kinds of expenditures.
The benefits of such expenditure are enjoyed over a long period of time. (Like capital expenditure) but it
does not result in acquisition of any asset (like revenue expenditure).
The main examples are:-

1. Heavy advertising expenses
2. Heavy repairs.
3. Expenses incurred to remove the business to a more convenient place.
4. Research expenses.
CAPITAL RECEIPTS AND REVENUE RECEIPTS

Capital receipts refer to receipts of non-recurring nature such as additional capital from owners, loans
raised by the firm and money obtained from sale of fixed assets.
These receipts involve creation of a liability or reduction in the value of asset.
These are shown in the liabilities side of the Balance Sheet.

Example:
i) Amount received by way of loans
ii) Capital raised by an issue of shares and debentures
iii) Amount received from the sale of assets.
iv) Life subscriptions and entrance fees received.
v) Government grants and endowments.
Revenue receipts are of recurring nature and are obtained during the normal course of business.
These are the incomes and are shown in the credit side of P & L a/c
Examples:
Sale of goods. Annual sales are also called turnover.
Interest received, dividend received, rent received and commission received.
Any kind of fees received.
(Any kind of income to the business of recurring nature is revenue receipt)

Class X
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Class 10 Set 7

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Class 10 Set 7

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Class 10 English Language Set 7

When two or more

It is the ratio of the

It is the ratio of the

It is the ratio of the

▪ a, b, c are in continued proportion if a : b = b : c

Componendo and Dividendo a : b =c:d=a+b:a−b=c+d:c−d

REMAINDER AND FACTOR THEOREM

10 Mathematics Set 7 page 2

For example: Consider the polynomial f (x) = x2 – 5x + 6 divided by (x – 3)

10 Mathematics Set 7 page 3

5. (i) find the Duplicate ratio of 3: 4

(ii) Find the Duplicate ratio of 3√3:2√5

6. If (x + 3) : (4x + 1) is the duplicate ratio of 3 : 5, find the value of x.

7. If x + 5 is the mean proportional between x + 2 and x + 9; find the value of x.

9. If a : b = c : d, prove that:(6a + 7b) (3c - 4d) = (6c + 7d) (3a - 4b).

11. If 2x + 1 is a factor of 2x2 + ax - 3, find the value of a.

leaves a remainder 52, find the values of a and b.

14. Using the Factor Theorem, show that:

(x - 2) is a factor of x3 - 2x2 - 9x + 18. Hence, factorize the expression x3 - 2x2 - 9x + 18 completely.

15. Using Remainder Theorem, factorize: x3 + 10x2 - 37x + 26 completely.

10 Mathematics Set 7 page 4

Short Answer Type

(ii) Write the mechanical advantage of such pulley system.

(f) Identify the kind of lever in following.

Nut cracker (ii) Sugar tong

out of the slab. And label the diagram.

(ii) State two factors on which

Lateral displacement depends.

10 Physics Set 7 Page 1 of 2

(i) Write the angles of incidence

10 Physics Set 7 Page 2 of 2

(ii) Identify the compound that has all three bonds.

(iii) Which of these will act as a non electrolyte?

(iv) Identify the metallic oxide which is amphoteric in nature

(v) The number of C-H bonds in ethane molecule are:

(vii) The unsaturated hydrocarbon undergoes:

Que-2: Write balance chemical equation for each of the following:

10 Chemistry Set 7 page 1

a. A solid non metal belonging to the third period;

Que-5: Define the following terms:

Que-8: Match the following compounds with their uses given:

1.Oxalic acid (a) Production of Oxyacetylene flame.

10 Chemistry Set 7 page 2

(i) C2H5COONa + NaOH →

Group IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA ZERO

➢ In the given Table H does not represent hydrogen.

Que-11: Write the I.U.P.A.C.name of the following compound.

(i) CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 (ii) CH3-CH2-COOH (iii) CH2=CH-CH2-C≡CH

(iv) CH3-CH2-COOH (v) CH3-CH2-O-CH3 (vi) CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO

10 Chemistry Set 7 page 3

• S. No • Blood • Antigen • Antibodies

10 Biology Set 7 page 2

Answer the following questions.

1-Define the following terms-

2-Differentiate between the following:

i. Lymphocytes and monocytes

3- Give three functions of blood.

4-What is carbon monoxide poisoning?

5-Write short notes on the following-

a. ABO group system

10 Biology Set 7 page 3

• Revolt of 1857 is also known as the First War of National Independence.