PRASHANT JAIN SIR

1 BASICS OF ALGEBRA

Pre-requisites
 Basics of ratio and proportion
 Division algorithm
 Factorization of polynomials
 Factorization using identities
 Solving Linear equation in one variable

Learning Outcomes

• Comparison of Ratios
• Types of ratios
• Variation (Direct, Indirect, Joint)
• Polynomials (Value of a polynomial, Remainder Theorem, Factor Theorem)
• Factorization of Polynomials
• Algebraic Identities and their value forms
• Understating Symmetric and homogeneous expressions
• Solving linear equation in two variable and condition of solvability

A. RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION

(a) Ratio :
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers (quantities) by division. The ratio of a to b is written as a : b or
a
. In the ratio a : b, a and b are called terms of the ratio. 'a' is the antecedent and 'b' is the consequent.
b
A ratio is a number, so to find the ratio of two quantities they must be expressed in the same units.
 Properties of ratio
(i) In a ratio, two quantities are compared. So, the quantities must be of the same kind i.e. they must be
expressed in the same units.
(ii) The order of the terms in a ratio a : b is very important, since 2 : 3 is not same as 3 : 2.
(iii) The value of a ratio remains unaltered, if the given ratio is multiplied or divided by the same non-
zero quantity. If a, b and m are non-zero real numbers then a : b = ma : mb and a : b = a/m : b/m.
(iv) If the ratio of any two quantities can be expressed exactly by the ratio of two integers, the quantities
are said to be commensurable otherwise incommensurable.
 To divide a number into parts in a given ratio
Let 'X' be the given number, the given ratio is x1 : x2.
X is to be divided into two parts such that the Value of first part : Value of second part = x1 : x2
Therefore
 x1   x2 
First part =   × X ; Second part =   ×X
 x1  x 2   x1  x 2 
 Comparison of ratio
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
Let a : b and c: d are two given ratios, then
(i) a : b > c : d if ad > bc
(ii) a : b < c : d if ad < bc
(iii) a : b = c : d if ad = bc
(iv) Ratios can also be compared by expressing the ratios as fractions and then converting them to
decimal numbers.
(v) They can also be compared by converting them to their equivalent fraction of common denominator.

 Ratio of greater inequality or lesser inequality

(i) A ratio a : b is called a ratio of greater inequality if a > b e.g. 5 : 2 is a ratio of greater inequality.
A ratio of greater inequality is decreased if the same positive number is added to both the terms of
the ratio and increased if the same positive number is subtracted from both of its terms.
(ii) A ratio a : b is called ratio of less inequality if a < b
A ratio of less inequality is decreased if the same positive number is subtracted from both the terms
of the ratio and increased if the same positive quantity is added to both of its terms.

 Other types of ratio

(i) Compounded Ratio : The compounded ratio of a : b and c : d is ac : bd.
(ii) Duplicate Ratio : The duplicate ratio of a : b is a2 : b2
(iii) Triplicate Ratio : The triplicate ratio of a : b is a3 : b3
(iv) Sub-duplicate Ratio : The sub-duplicate ratio of a : b is a: b
3
(v) Sub-triplicate Ratio : The sub-triplicate ratio of a : b is a:3 b
1 1
(vi) Inverse Ratio : The inverse ratio or reciprocal ratio of a : b is : i.e., b : a
a b
 If an equation is homogeneous with respect to certain quantities, we may substitute these quantities in
the equation any others proportional to them. For instance, the equation
x3y + mxy2z + ny2z2 = 0
is homogeneous in x, y, z. Let , ,  be three quantities proportional to x, y, z respectively.
x y z
Put k =   , so that x = k, y = k, z = k
  
then 3k4 + m2k4 + n22k4 = 0
that is 3 + m2 + n22 = 0
an equation of the same form as the original one, but with , , in the places of x, y, z respectively.

a1 a 2 a 3 a
 If , , , ......... n be unequal fractions, of which the denominators are all of the same sign, then
b1 b 2 b3 bn
a1  a 2  a 3  .........  a n
the fraction lies in magnitude between the greatest and least of them.
b1  b2  b3  .........b n

 If we have two equations containing three unknown quantities in the first degree, such as
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 ...... (1)
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 ...... (2)
We cannot solve these completely; but by writing them in the form
x y
a 1   + b1   + c 1 = 0
z z
x y
a 2   + b2   + c 2 = 0
z z
x y
we can, by taking and as the unknowns, solve in the ordinary way and obtain
z z
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
x b1c2  b 2c1 y c1a 2  c2 a1
 ,  ;
z a1b 2  a 2 b1 z a1b 2  a 2 b1
or, more symmetrically,
x y z
  ...... (3)
b1c2  b2c1 c1a 2  c2a1 a1b 2  a 2 b1
It thus appears that when we have two equations of the type represented by (1) and (2) we may always
by the above formula write down the ratios x : y : z in terms of the coefficients of the equations by the
following rule. Write down the coefficients of x, y, z in order, beginning with those of y; and repeat
these as in the diagram.

Multiply the coefficients across in the way indicated by the arrows, remembering that in forming the
products any one obtained by descending is positive, and any one obtained by ascending is negative.
The three results
b1c2 – b2c1, c1a2 – c2a1, a1b2 – a2b1
are proportional to x, y, z respectively.
This is called the Rule of Cross Multiplication.

(b) Proportion :
Equality of two ratios is called proportion.
If a : b = c : d, then a, b, c and d are in proportion, a : b = c : d is also represented as a : b :: c : d.
(i) Each quantity a, b, c and d of a proportion a : b :: c : d is called a term or proportional. a, b, c and d
are respectively called first, second, third and fourth term or proportional of the proportion a: b :: c : d.
(ii) The first and the fourth (last) terms are called extremes and the second and third terms are called
middle terms or means.
(iii) In a proportional a : b :: c : d.
product of extremes = product of means.
(iv) In a proportion, fourth term is called fourth proportional of the other three terms.
a c b d
(v) If a : b :: c : d then b : a :: d : c or   
b d a c
This is known as Invertendo.
a c a b
(vi) If a : b :: c : d then a : c :: b : d or   
b d c d
This result is known as Alternendo.
(vii) If a : b :: c : d
a c ab cd
  1   1  
b d b d
or a : b :: c : d  (a + b) : b :: (c + d) : d ...... (1)
This result is known as Componendo.
(viii) If a : b :: c : d
a c a b cd
 1  1  
b d b d
or a : b :: c : d  (a – b) : b :: (c – d) : d ...... (2)
This result is known as Dividendo.

(ix) Dividing equation (1) and (2) we get

 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
ab cd
b  d  (a + b) : (a – b) :: (c + d) : (c – d)
a b cd
b d
or a : b :: c : d  (a + b) : (a – b) :: (c + d) : (c – d)
This result is known as Componendo and Dividendo.
(x) a, b, c, d are said to be in continued proportion
a b c
If  
b c d
(xi) if a, b, c are in continued proportion then
a b
  b2 = ac  b = ± ac
b c
b is called mean proportional of 'a' and 'c' and its value is ac .
The first is to the third is the duplicate ratio of first to the second.
a b

b c
a a b a a a2
    
c b c b b b2
(xii) If a : b = c : d and e : f = g : h, then ae : bf = cg : dh
If a : b = c : d , b : x = d : y,
then a : x = c : y,
This is the theorem known as ex aequali in Geometry.

(c) Variation :
(i) Direct Variation : If two quantities are related to each other such that an increase (or decrease) in
the first quantity results in a corresponding proportionate increase (or decrease) in the second
quantity, then the two quantities are said to vary directly with each other. E.g.
(I) At constant speed, distance covered varies directly as time.
(II) This is expressed as, distance travelled  time.

(ii) Indirect Variation : If two quantities are related to each other such that an increase (or decrease)
in the first quantity results in a corresponding proportionate decrease (or increase) in the second
quantity, then the two quantities are said to vary inversely with each other. E.g..
Number of men working together to complete a job is inversely proportional to the time taken by
them to finish the job. When the number of men increases, the time taken to finish the same job
decreases.
 The number of men (n) working together to complete a job is inversely proportional to the time
taken (t) by them to finish it.
1
This is expressed as, n  .
t

(iii) Joint Variation :

When a change in a quantity depends on the changes in two or more quantities, it is said to vary
jointly with those quantities.
When a quantity A varies directly as B, when C is constant and varies directly as C, when B is
constant, then A varies directly as the product of B and C.
It is represented as A  B (C is constant) and A  C (B is constant)

 A  BC or A = k. BC, where k is the constant.

 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
When a quantity A varies directly as B, when C is constant and varies inversely as C, when B is
B
constant, then varies as .
C
1
It is represented as A  B (C is constant) and A  (B is constant)
C
B B
 A  or A = k . , where k is constant
C C
When a quantity A varies inversely as B, when C is constant and A varies inversely as C, when B is
constant, then A varies inversely as BC.
1 1
It is represented as A  (C is constant) and A  (B is constant)
B C
1 1
 A  or A = k . , where k is constant
BC BC
The following is an illustration of inverse variation : If 6 men do a certain work in 8 hours, 12 men
would do the same work in 4 hours, 2 men in 24 hours; and so on. Thus it appears that when the
number of men is increased, the time is proportionately decreased; and vice–versa.
 One quantity is said to vary jointly as a number of others, when it varies directly as their product.
Thus A varies jointly as B and C, when A = mBC. For instance, the interest on a sum of money varies
jointly as the principal, the time, and rate percent.
B
 A is said to vary directly as B and inversely as C, when A varies as .
C
If A varies as B when C is constant, and A varies as C when B is constant, then will A vary as BC when
both B and C vary.
The variation of A depends partly on that of B and partly on that of C. Suppose these latter variations to
take place separately each in its turn producing its own effect on A; also let a, b, c be certain
simultaneous values of A, B, C.
(i) Let C be constant while B changes to b; then A must undergo a partial change and will assume
some intermediate value a', where
A B
 . ..... (1)
a' b

(ii) Let B be constant, that is, let it retain its value b, while C changes to c; then A must complete its
change and pass from its intermediate value a' to its final value a, where
a' C
 . ..... (2)
a c
A a' B C
From (1) and (2)    ;
a' a b c
a
that is , A = . BC,
bc
or A varies as BC.

 The amount of work done by a given number of men varies directly as the number of days they work,
and the amount of work done in a given time varies directly as the number of men; therefore when the
number of days and the number of men are both variable, the amount of work will vary as the product
of the number of men and the number of days.

 Again, in Geometry the area of a triangle varies directly as its base when the height is constant, and
directly as the height when the base is constant; and when both the height and base are variable, the
area varies as the product of the numbers representing the height and the base.
The variations may be either direct or inverse. The principle is interesting because of its frequent
occurrence in Physical Science. For example in the theory of gases it is found by experiment that the
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
pressure (p) of a gas varies as the "absolute temperature" (t) when its volume (v) is constant, and that
the pressure varies inversely as the volume when the temperature is constant; that is
p  t , when v is constant.
1
and p  , when t is constant
v
From these results we should expect that, when both t and v are variable, we should have the formula
t
p  , or pv = kt, where k is constant;
v

Solved Examples

Example.1 If a : b = 5 : 9 and b : c = 4 : 7, find a : b : c.

 9  9 63
Solution : a : b = 5 : 9 and b : c = 4 : 7 =  4   :  7    9 :
 4  4 4
63
a : b : c = 5 : 9 : = 20 : 36 : 63.
4

Example.2 Find out :

(i) the fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12.
(ii) the third proportional to 16 and 36.
(iii) the mean proportional between 0.08 and 0.18.
Solution : (i) Let the fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12 be x.
9  12
Then, 4 : 9 : : 12 : x 4 × x = 9 × 12 x = 
4
 Fourth proportional to 4, 9, 12 is 27.
(ii) Let the third proportional to 16 and 36 is x.
36  36
Then, 16 : 36 : : 36 : x 16 × x = 36 × 36 x = 
16
   Third proportional to 16 and 36 is 81.
(iii) Mean proportional between 0.08 and 0.18
8 18 144 12
= 0.08  0.18      0.12
100 100 100  100 100

Example.3 The monthly incomes of two persons are in the ratio 4 : 5. The monthly expenditure of them are
in the ratio 7 : 9. If each saves Rs. 1000 per month find their income.
Solution : Given : The incomes are in the ratio 4 : 5.
 Their incomes are 4K and 5K (say)
Their expenditures are 4K – 1000 and 5k – 1000.
4K  1000 7
Given   36K – 9000 = 35K – 7000  K = 2000.
5K  1000 9
Their incomes are Rs. 8,000 and Rs. 10, 000.

a c e a 3b  2c2e  3ae2f ace

Example.4 If   , show that 4  
b d f b  2d 2 f  3bf 3 bdf
a c e
Solution : Let   = k;
b d f
then a = bk, c = dk, e = fk;
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
a b  2c e  3ae f b k  2d fk  3bf k
3 2 2 4 3 2 3 3 3
 
b4  2d 2 f  3bf 3 b4  2d 2 f  3bf 3
a c e ace
= k3    
b d f bdf

x y z x 2  a 2 y2  b2 z 2  c2 (x  y z) 2  (a  b c) 2
Example.5 If   ; prove that   =
a b c xa yb zc xyzabc
x y z
Solution : Let   = k, so that x = ak, y = bk, z = ck;
a b c
x2  a2 a 2k   a 2 (k   1)a
then = =
xa ak  a k 1
x 2  a 2 y2  b2 z 2  c2 (k   1)a (k   1)b (k   1)c
 + + =  
xa yb zc k 1 k 1 k 1
(k   1)(a  b c)
= Multiply and divide by a + b + c
k 1
k 2 (a  b  c)2  (a  b c)2 (k a  kb  kc)2  (a  b c) 2 (x  y  z) 2  (a  b c) 2
= = =
k(a  b  c)  a  b c (k a  kb  kc)  a  b c x  y  z  a  b c

x y z x  y  z x(y z)  y(z x)  z(x  y)

Example.6 If   , prove that 
bca ca b a bc abc 2(ax  by cz)
sumof numerators
Solution : Each of the given fractions =
sumof denominators
xyz
= ...... (i)
abc
Again, if we multiply both numerator and denominator of the three given fractions by
y + z, z + x, x + y respectively,
each fraction
x(y z) y(z  x) z(x  y)
=  
(y z)(b c a) (z  x)(c  a  b) (x  y)(a  b  c)
sumof numerators
=
sumof denominators
x(y z)  y(z x)  z(x  y)
= ...... (ii)
2ax  2by  2cz
 from (i) and (ii).
xyz x(y z)  y(z x)  z(x  y)
=
abc 2ax  2by  2cz

3
m 1  3 m 1
Example.7 If x = . Solve that x3 – 3mx2 + 3x – m = 0
3
m 1  3 m 1
x 3 m 1  3 m 1
Solution : We have 
1 3 m 1  3 m 1
By componedo and dividendo we get
x 1 2 3 m 1

x 1 2 3 m 1
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
(x  1) m 1
3
 
(x  1) 3
m 1
Again by componendo and dividendo, we get
(x  1)3  (x  1)3 m 1  m 1 m
 
(x  1)  (x  1)
3 3
m  1  (m  1) 1
x 3  3x 2  3x  1  x 3  3x 2  3x  1 m

x 3  3x 2  3x  1  (x 3  3x 2  3x  1) 1
2x 3  6x
m
6x 2  2
x(x 2  3)
m
(3x 2  1)
x2 + 3x = 3mx2 + m
 x3 – 3mx2 + 3x – m = 0

x 2  y 2 xy x p
Example.8 If  . Prove that  .
p q
2 2
pq y q

Solution : From the given equation we get

x 2  y2 p2  q 2

xy pq
x 2  y2 p2  q 2
   
2xy 2pq
By Componendo and dividendo
x 2  y2  2xy p 2  q 2  2pq

x 2  y2  2xy p 2  q 2  2pq
(x  y) 2 (p  q) 2
 
(x  y)2 (p  q) 2
xy pq
 
x y pq
again by componendo and dividendo
xyxy pqpq

x  y  (x  y) p  q  (p  q)
2x 2p
 
2y 2q
x p
  .
y q

1
Example.9 The cube root of x varies inversely as the square of y; if x = 8 when y = 3, find x when y = 1 .
2
m
Solution : By supposition 3
x , where m is constant
y2
m
Putting x = 8, y = 3, we have 2 = ,
9
m = 18
18
and 3
x ;
y2
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
3
hence, by putting y = , we obtain x = 512.
2

Example.10 The square of the time of a planet's revolution varies as the cube of its distance from the Sun;
find the time of Venus' revolution, assuming the distance of the Earth and Venus from the Sun
1
to be 91 and 66 millions of miles respectively.
4
Solution : Let P be the periodic time measured in days, D the distance in millions of miles; we have
P2 D3,
or P2  k D3,
where k is some constant.
1 1 1
For the Earth, 365 × 365 = k × 91 × 91 × 91 ,
4 4 4
4 4 4
hence k=
365
4 4 4 3
 P2 = D
365
4 4 4
For Venus, P2 = × 66 × 66 × 66 ;
365
264
hence P = 4 × 66
365
= 264 × 0.7233 , approximately,
= 264 × 0.85
= 224.4
1
Hence the time of revolution is nearly 224 days.
2

Example.11 The volume of a right circular cone varies as the square of radius of the base when the height is
constant, and as the height when the base is constant. If the radius of the base is 7 cm and the
height 15 cm the volume is 770 cubic cm find the height of a cone whose volume is 132 cubic
cm and which stands on a base whose radius is 3 cm.
Solution : Let h and r denote respectively the height and radius of the base measured in cm.; also let V be
the volume in cubic cm.
Then V = mr2h, where m is constant.
By supposition, 770 = m × 72 × 15;
22
hence m = ;
21
22 2
 V= rh
21
 by substituting V = 132, r = 3, we get
22
132 = ×9×h
21
hence h = 14;
and therefore the height is 14 cm.

Example.12 The duration of a railway journey varies directly as the distance and inversely as the velocity;
the velocity varies directly as the square root of the quantity of coal used per km, and inversely
as the number of carriages in the train. In a journey of 50 km, in half an hour with 18 carriages
100 kg of coal is required; how much coal will be consumed in a journey of 42 km. in
28 minutes with 16 carriages?
Solution : Let t = the time expressed in hours.
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
d = the distance in kilometres,
v = the velocity in km per hour,
q = the number of kg of coal used per km
c = the number of carriages.
d q
We have t and v
v c
cd kcd
hence t or t , where k is constant.
q q
Substituting the values given, we have (since q = 2)
1 k  18  50 1
 that is, k=
2 2 2  18  50
cd
Hence t =
2  18  50 q
Substituting now the value of t, c, d given in the second part of the question.
28 16  42 4 2
we have  that is q
60 2  18  50 q 5
hence q = 1.28
Hence the quantity of coal is 42 × 1.28 = 53.76 kg.

B. POLYNOMIALS AND IMPORTANT THEOREMS RELATED TO IT

(a) Definition :
An algebraic expression f(x) of the form f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ..........+ anxn, Where a0 ,a1, a2.....an are
real numbers and all the indices of x are non negative integers is called a polynomial in x and the
highest index n is called the degree of the polynomial, if an  0. Here a0 , a1x, a2x2 .....,anxn are called the
terms of the polynomial and a0, a1, a2, ...... an are called various co-efficients of the polynomial f(x).
A polynomial in x is said to be in its standard form when the terms are written either in increasing order
or decreasing order of the indices of x in various terms.

Examples :
(i) 2x3 + 4x2 + x + 1 is a polynomial of degree 3.
(ii) x7 + x5 + x2 + 1 is a polynomial of degree 7.
(iii) x3/2 + x2 +1 is not a polynomial as the indices of x are not all non negative integer
(iv) x2 + 2 x + 1 is a polynomial of degree 2.
(v) x–2 + x + 1 is not a polynomial as –2 is not non negative.

(b) Types of Polynomial :

(i) Polynomial Based on Degree :
There are five types of polynomials based on degree.
(I) Constant polynomial :
A polynomial of degree zero is called a zero degree polynomial or constant polynomial.
e.g. f(x) = 4 = 4x0

(II) Linear polynomial :

A polynomial of degree one is called a linear polynomial. The general form of a linear polynomial
is ax + b, where a and b are any real numbers and a  0
e.g. 4x + 5, 2x + 3, 5x + 3 etc.

(III) Quadratic polynomial :

 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
A polynomial of degree two is called a quadratic polynomial. The general form of a quadratic
polynomial is ax2 + bx + c where a  0
e.g. x2 + x + 1, 2x2 + 1, 3x2 + 2x + 1 etc.

(IV) Cubic polynomial :

A polynomial of degree three is called a cubic polynomial. The general form of a cubic polynomial
is
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, where a  0
e.g. x3 + x2 + x + 1, x3 + 2x + 1, 2x3 + 1 etc.

(V) Biquadratic polynomial :

A polynomial of degree four is called a biquadratic or quartic polynomial. The general form of
biquadratic polynomial is ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e where a  0
e.g. x4 + x3 + x2 + x + 1 , x4 + x2 + 1 etc.

Note : A polynomial of degree five or more than five does not have any particular name. Such a polynomial is
usually called a polynomial of degree five or six or ..... etc.

(ii) Polynomial Based on Terms :

There are three types of polynomial based on number of terms.

(I) Monomial : A polynomial is said to be a monomial if it has only one term.

For example, x, 9x2, – 5x2 are all monomials

(II) Binomial : A polynomial is said to be a binomial if it contains two terms.

For example 2x2 + 3x, 3 x + 5x4, – 8x3 + 3 etc are all binomials.

(III) Trinomial : A polynomial is said to be a trinomial if it contains three terms.

5
For example 3x3 – 8x + , 7 x10 + 8x4 – 3x2 etc are all trinomials.
7
REMARKS :
(i) A polynomial having four or more than four terms does not have any particular name. They are
simply called polynomials.
(ii) A polynomial whose coefficients are all zero is called a zero polynomial, degree of a zero
polynomial is not defined.

(c) Zeroes or roots of a polynomial

(i) Value of a Polynomial :
The value of a polynomial f(x) at x =  is obtained by substituting x =  in the given polynomial
and is denoted by f().
Consider the polynomial f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6,
If we replace x by 2 everywhere in f(x), we get
f(– 2) = (– 2)3 – 6(– 2)2 + 11(– 2) – 6
f(– 2) = – 8 – 24 – 22 – 6
f(– 2) = – 60  0.
So, we can say that value of f(x) at x = –2 is –60.

(ii) Zero or root of a Polynomial :

The real number  is a root or zero of a polynomial f(x), if f( = 0.
Consider the polynomial f(x) = 2x3 + x2 – 7x – 6,
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
If we replace x by 2 everywhere in f(x), we get
   f(2) = 2(2)3 + (2)2 – 7(2) – 6 = 16 + 4 – 14 – 6 = 0
Hence, x = 2 is a root of f(x).

(d) Remainder Theorem

Let 'p(x)' be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and a be any real number and if p(x)
is divided by (x – a), then the remainder is equal to p(a).

(e) Factor Theorem

Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and 'a’ be a real number such that p(a) = 0,
then (x – a) is a factor of p(x). Conversely, if (x – a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.

(f) Division Algorithm For Polynomials

If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with g(x)  0, then we can find polynomials r(x) and q(x) such
that p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
i.e. Dividend = (Divisor x Quotient) + Remainder
where r(x)=0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).
(i) If r(x) = 0, g(x) is a factor of p(x)
(ii) If deg(p(x)) > deg(g(x)),
then deg(q(x)) = deg(p(x)) –deg(g(x))
(iii) If deg(p(x)) = deg(g(x)),
then deg(q(x)) = 0 and deg(r(x)) < deg(g(x))

Solved Examples

Example.13 If x = 2 & x = 0 are zeros of the polynomials f(x) = 2x3 – 5x2 + ax + b, then find the values of a
and b.
Solution : f(2) = 2(2)3 – 5(2)2 + a(2) + b = 0
 16 – 20 + 2a + b = 0  2a + b = 4 ......(i)
 f(0) = 2(0)3 – 5(0)2 + a(0) + b = 0
b = 0
 2a = 4  a = 2, b = 0.

Example.14 Find the sum of all the coefficients in f(x) = (x – 2)(x + 3)(x – 4)(x – 5)(x + 6).
Solution: The sum of all the coefficients is given by f(1)
f(1) = (1 – 2)(1 + 3)(1 – 4)(1 – 5)(1 + 6) = – 336

 1 1
Example.15 If f  2 x    x 2  2  1(x  0) , then find the value of f(x).
 x 4x
2
 1 1 1 1  1 1
Solution: f  2 x    x2  2  1   4 x2  2  4    2 x  
 x 4x 4 x  4 x
1
 f (x)  x 2
4

Example.16 Find the remainder, when f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 2x – 4 is divided by g(x) = 1 – 2x.
Solution : f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 2x – 4
1
Let, 1 – 2x = 0  2x = 1 x=
2
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
1
Remainder = f  
2
3 2
1 1 1 1
f  =   – 6  + 2  – 4
2 2 2 2
1 3 1  12  8  32 35
=  1 4   .
8 2 8 8

Example.17 Find the remainder, when f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 6 is divided by g(x) = x2 – 1

Solution : f(x) = g(x)  q(x) + r(x)
    x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 6 = (x2 – 1) q(x) + (ax + b)
(since divisor is quadratic, remainder should be linear or constant)
 x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 6 = (x – 1) (x + 1) q(x) + (ax + b) … (i)
Putting x = 1 in (i), we get a + b = 8
Putting x = –1 in (i), we get –a + b = 10
Upon solving, a = –1, b = 9
Hence remainder is (–x + 9)

Example.18 Show that x + 1 and 2x – 3 are factors of P(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12.
Solution : To prove that (x + 1) and (2x – 3) are factors of 2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12 it is sufficient to show that
3
p(–1) and p   both are equal to zero.
2
p(–1) = 2 (–1)3 – 9 (– 1)2 + (–1) + 12 = – 2 – 9 – 1 + 12 = – 12 + 12 = 0.
3 2
3  3  3  3 27 81 3 27  81  6  48 81  81
and p    2    9       12     12 = = = 0.
2  2  2  2 4 4 2 4 4
Hence, (x + 1) and (2x – 3) are the factors 2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12.

Example.19 Find the values of a and b so that the polynomials x3 – ax2 – 13x + b has (x – 1) and (x + 3) as
factors.
Solution : Let f(x) = x3 – ax2 – 13x + b
Because (x – 1) and (x + 3) are the factors of f(x),
 f(1) = 0 and f(– 3) = 0
f(1) = 0  (1)3 – a(1)2 – 13(1) + b = 0  1 – a – 13 + b = 0
 – a + b = 12 .... (i)
f(–3) = 0
    (– 3)3 – a(– 3)2 – 13(– 3) + b = 0
   – 27 – 9a + 39 + b = 0
   – –9a + b = –12 ...(ii)
Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i)
(–a + b) – (–9a + b) = 12 + 12  – –a + 9a = 24  8a = 24 a = 3.
Put a = 3 in equation (i)
– –3 + b = 12 b = 15.
Hence, a = 3 and b = 15.

Example.20 What must be subtracted from x3 – 6x2 – 15x + 80 so that the result is exactly divisible by
x2 + x–12.
Solution : Let ax + b be subtracted from p(x) = x3 – 6x2 – 15x + 80 so that it is exactly divisible by
x2+x–12.
 s(x) = x3 – 6x2 – 15x + 80 – (ax + b) = x3 – 6x2 – (15 + a)x + (80 – b)
Dividend = Divisor × quotient + remainder
But remainder will be zero.
 Dividend = Divisor × quotient
 s(x) = (x2 + x – 12) × quotient s(x) = x3 – 6x2 – (15 + a)x + (80 – b)
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR

Hence, x (4 – a) + (– 4 – b) = 0.x + 0
 4 – a = 0 & (– 4 – b) = 0  a = 4 and b = – 4
Hence, if in s(x) we subtract 4x – 4 then it is exactly divisible by x2 + x – 12.

Example.21 If x2 – x – 1 = 0, then find the value of x3 – 2x +1

Solution : x3 – 2x +1 = x(x2 – x – 1) + (x2 – x – 1) + 2
Putting x2 – x – 1 = 0, we get x3 – 2x +1 = 2
3
Example.22 Find all the zeros of the polynomial f(x) = 2x4 – 2x3 – 7x2 + 3x + 6, if two of its zeros are –
2
3
and .
2
3 3
Solution : Since, – and are zeros of f(x).
2 2
 3  3   2 3  2x 2  3
Therefore,  x    x   =  x   = or 2x2 – 3 is a factor of f(x).
 2   2   2  2

 2x4 – 2x3 – 7x2 + 3x + 6 = (2x2 – 3) (x2 – x – 2) = (2x2 – 3) (x – 2) (x + 1)

 3  3
= 2  x    x   (x – 2) (x + 1)
 2  2 
3 3
So, the zeros are – , , 2, –1.
2 2

Example.23 If x2 + x – 1 is a factor of x4 + px3 + qx2 – 1, then find the values of p and q

Solution x4 + px3 + qx2 – 1 = (x2 + x – 1)( x2 + bx + c)
 x4 + px3 + qx2 – 1 = x4 + (b + 1) x3 + (b + c – 1) x2 + (c – b) x – c
Upon comparing coefficients, we get
b+1=p;b+c–1=q;c–b=0;–c=–1
Upon solving, c = 1 = b, p = 2, q = 1

C. ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES, FACTORIZATION AND SIMPLIFICATION

(a) Some important identities :
(i) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(ii) (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(iii) a2 – b2 = (a + b) (a – b)
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
2 2 2 2
(iv) (a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(v) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
(vi) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
(vii) (a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(viii) (a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
(ix) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac) = 1  a  b 2   b  c 2   c  a 2 
 2 

Special case : if (a + b + c – ab – bc – ac) = 1  a  b 2   b  c 2   c  a 2  = 0 then a = b = c

2 2 2
 2 
(x) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
1
(xi) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c)  a  b 2   b  c 2   c  a 2 
2  
3 3 3
Special case I : if a + b + c = 0 then a + b + c = 3abc.
Special case II : if a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0 then either a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c

 Value Form :
(i) a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab, if a + b and ab are given.
(ii) a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab, if a – b and ab are given.
(iii) a + b = (a  b)2  4ab , if a – b and ab are given.

(iv) a – b = (a  b)2  4ab , if a + b and ab are given.

2
1  1 1
(v) a2 + =  a   – 2, if a + is given.
 a
2
a a
2
1  1 1
(vi) a2 + =  a   + 2, if a – is given.
 
2
a a a
(vii) a + b = (a + b) – 3ab (a + b), if (a + b) and ab are given.
3 3 3

(viii) a3 – b3 = (a – b)3 + 3ab (a – b), if (a – b) and ab are given.

3
1  1  1 1
(ix) a3 + = a   – 3  a   , if a + is given
 a  a
3
a a
3
1  1  1 1
(x) a3 – =  a   + 3  a   , if a – is given
 a  a
3
a a
(xi) a – b = (a + b ) (a – b ) = [(a + b) – 2ab](a + b) (a – b).
4 4 2 2 2 2 2

(b) HCF and LCM of Polynomials

A polynomial D(x) is a divisor of the polynomial P(x) if it is a factor of P(x). Where Q(x) is another
polynomial such that P(x) = D(x) × Q(x)
(i) HCF/GCD (Greatest Common Divisor) : A polynomial h(x) is called the HCF or GCD of two or
more given polynomials, if h(x) is a polynomial of highest degree dividing each of one of the given
polynomials.
(ii) L.C.M. (Least Common Multiple) : A polynomial P(x) is called the LCM of two or more given
polynomials, if it is a polynomial of smallest degree which is divided by each one of the given
polynomials. For any two polynomials P(x) and Q(x), we have :
P(x) × Q(x) = [HCF of P(x) and Q(x)] × [LCM of P(x) and Q (x)]

Solved Examples

Example.24 Expand :
2
 1 
(i)  2x   (ii) (3x2 + y)2
 3x 
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
2
1 1 
(iii) ( 2 x – 3y) ( 2 x + 3y) (iv)  a  b  1
4 2 
2
 1   1  1 4 1
Solution : (i)  2x   = (2x)2 – 2(2x)    = 4x2 –  2 .
 3x   3x  (3x)
2
3 9x
(ii) (3x + 5y) = (3x ) + 2(3x )(5y) + (5y) = 9x + 30x2y + 25y2
2 2 2 2 2 2 4

(iii) (2x – 3y)( 2x + 3y) = (2x)2 – (3y)2 = 4x2 – 9y2

2 2 2
1 1  1   1   1  1   1  1 
(iv)  a  b  1 =  a     b  + (1)2 + 2  a   b  + 2   b  (1) + 2(1)  a 
4 2  4   2   4  2   2  4 
1 2 1 2 ab a
= a  b 1  b  .
16 4 4 2

Example.25 Simplify :
 1  1  1  1 
(i)  x   x   x 2  2  x 4  4  (ii) (2x + y)(2x – y) (4x2 + y2)
 x  x  x  x 
 1  1  1  1   1  1  1
Solution : (i)  x   x   x 2  2  x 4  4  =  x 2  2   x 2  2   x 4  4 
 x  x  x  x   x   x   x 
 2 2  1 2   4 1   4 1  4 1   1 
2
1
= (x )   2    x  4    x  4  x  4  = (x ) –  4  = x8 – 8
4 2

  x    x   x  x  x  x
(ii) (2x + y)(2x – y)(4x2 +y2) = [(2x)2 – (y)2](4x2 + y2)
= (4x2 – y2)(4x2 + y2) = (4x2)2 – (y2)2 = 16x4 – y4.

Example.26 Find the value of x – y when x + y = 9 & xy = 14.

Solution : x+y=9
On squaring both sides x2 + y2 + 2xy = 81
Putting value of xy = 14
x2 + y2 + 28 = 81
x2 + y2 = 81 – 28 = 53 .....(i)
(x – y) = x + y – 2xy
2 2 2

Putting xy = 14 and (i)

(x – y)2 = 53 – 2 (14) = 53 – 28  (x – y)2 = 25  x – y = ± 25 = ±5

1  1  1  4 1 
Example.27 If x2 + = 23, find the values of x  ,  x   and  x  4  .
x2  x  x  x 
1
Solution : x2 + = 23 .....(i)
x2
1
 x2 + + 2 = 25 [Adding 2 on both sides of (i)]
x2
2 1 2
1  1 1
 (x) +   + 2  x  x = 25 
2
 x   = (5)
2
x+ = ±5
x  x x
1
 x2 + – 2 = 23 – 2
x2
2
 1  1
  x   = 23 – 2 = 21   x   =  21 .
 x  x
2 2
 2 1   4 1   1   1 
x  2  x  4  2   x4  4    x2  2   2
 x   x   x   x 
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
 1   1 
  x 4  4  = (23)2 – 2 = 529 – 2   x 4  4  = 527
 x   x 

 a 2  5ab a 2  b2 
Example.28 Find the value of  2  
 a  6ab  5b a  ab 
2 2

a 2  5ab a 2  b2 a(a  5b) (a  b)(a  b)

Solution :  =  1
a  6ab  5b a  ab
2 2 2
(a  b)(a  5b) a(a  b)

7.98  7.98  2.02  2.02

Example.29 Find the value of .
5.96
7.98  7.98  2.02  2.02 (7.98  2.02)(7.98  2.02) 10  5.96
Solution : = = = 10.
5.96 5.96 5.96

3 3
 2  2
Example.30 Simplify : (i) (3x + 4) – (3x – 4)
3 3
(ii)  x     x  
 x  x
Solution : (i) (3x + 4) – (3x – 4) = [(3x) + (4) + 3 (3x) (4) (3x + 4)] – [(3x) – (4)3 – 3 (3x) (4) (3x – 4)]
3 3 3 3 3

= [27x3 + 64 + 36x (3x + 4)] – [27x3 – 64 – 36x (3x – 4)]

= [27x3 + 64 + 108x2 + 144x] – [27x3 – 64 – 108x2 + 144x]
= 27x3 + 64 + 108x2 + 144x – 27x3 + 64 + 108x2 – 144x = 128 + 216x2.
3 3 3 3
 2  2 2  2  2 3 2  2  2
(ii)  x     x   = x3 +   + 3(x)   x   + x –   – 3(x)   x  
 x  x x  x  x x  x  x
8 12 8 12 24
= x3 + 3
+ 6x + + x3 – 3 – 6x + = 2x3 + .
x x x x x

Example.31 Evaluate :
(i) (1005)3 (ii) (997)3
Solution : (i) (1005)3 = (1000 + 5)3 = (1000)3 + (5)3 + 3(1000) (5) (1000 + 5)
= 1000000000 + 125 + 15000 (1000 + 5) = 1000000000 + 125 + 15000000 + 75000
= 1015075125.
(ii) (997)3 = (1000 – 3)3 = (1000)3 – (3)3 – 3 × 1000 × 3 × (1000 – 3)
= 1000000000 – 27 – 9000 × (1000 – 3) = 1000000000 – 27 – 9000000 + 27000
= 991026973.

1 1
Example.32 If x – = 5, find the value of x3 – 3 .
x x
1
Solution : We have, x – =5 ....(i)
x
3
 1
  x   = (5)3 [Cubing both sides of (i)]
 x
1 . 1  1
 x3 –  x   = 125
.
– 3x
x x  x
1  1
 x3 – –3  x   = 125
x3  x
1  1
 x3 – – 3 × 5 = 125 [Substituting  x   = 5]
x3  x
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
1
 x3 – – 15 = 125
x3
1
  x3 – 3 = (125 + 15) = 140.
x

Example.33 Find the products of the following expression :

(i) (4x + 3y) (16x2 – 12xy + 9y2)
(ii) (5x – 2y) (25x2 +10xy + 4y2)
Solution : (i) (4x + 3y) (16x2 – 12 xy + 9y2) = (4x + 3y) [(4x)2 – (4x) × (3y) + (3y)2]
= (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) [Where a = 4x, b = 3y ]
3 3 3 3 3 3
= a + b = (4x) + (3y) = 64x + 27y .
(ii) (5x – 2y) (25x2 + 10xy + 4y2) = (5x – 2y) [(5x)2 + (5x) × (2y) + (2y)2]
= (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2) [Where a = 5x, b = 2y] = a3 – b3
= (5x)3 – (2y)3 = 125x3 – 8y3.

Example.34 If a + b + c = 9 and ab + bc + ac = 26, find the value of a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc.

Solution : We have a + b + c = 9 ...(i)
 (a + b + c)2 = 81 [On squaring both sides of (i)]
 a + b + c + 2(ab + bc + ac) = 81
2 2 2

 a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 × 26 = 81 [ab + bc + ac = 26]
 a2 + b2 + c2 = (81 – 52)  a2 + b2 + c2 = 29.
Now, we have
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
= (a + b + c) [(a2 + b2 + c2) – (ab + bc + ac)] = 9 × [(29 – 26)] = (9 × 3) = 27.

Example.35 If (x + a)2 + (y + b)2 = 4 (ax + by), where x, a, y, b are real, then find the value of xy – ab.
Solution : (x + a)2 + (y + b)2 = 4 (ax + by)
 (x + a)2 – 4ax + (y + b)2 – 4by = 0
 (x – a)2 + (y – b)2 = 0
Since, sum of perfect squares can be zero only when individual perfect squares are zero.
Hence,(x – a) = 0 , (y – b) = 0
 x = a , y = b xy = ab xy – ab = 0

(a 2  b2 )3  (b2  c2 )3  (c2  a 2 )3
Example.36 Simplify :
(a  b)3  (b  c)3  (c  a)3
Solution : Here, a2  b2b2  c2c2  a20
a2  b23 b2  c23c2  a23  3a2  b2b2  c2c2  a2
Also, a  b( + (b – c) + (c  a) = 0
   (a – b)3 + (b – c)3 + (c –a)3 = 3(a –b) (b –c) (c – a)
 Given expression
3(a 2  b2 )(b2  c2 )(c2  a 2 ) 3(a  b)(a  b)  (b  c)(b  c)  (c  a)(c  a)
= =
3(a  b)(b  c)(c  a) 3(a  b)(b  c)(c  a)
= (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)

Example.37 Find the value of (28)3 – (78)3 + (50)3.

Solution. Let a = 28, b = – 78, c = 50
Then, a + b + c = 28 – 78 + 50 = 0
 a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.
So, (28)3 + (–78)3 + (50)3 = 3 × 28 × (–78) × 50 = – 327600.
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR

(a) Factorization by taking out the common factor :

Example.38 Factorize : 6x3 + 8x2 – 10x
Solution : 6x3 + 8x2 – 10x = 2x (3x2 + 4x – 5)

(b) Factorization by grouping :

Example.39 Factorize : ax + by + ay + bx
Solution : ax + by + ay + bx = ax + ay + bx + by = a (x + y) + b(x + y) = (x + y) (a + b)

(c) Factorization by making a perfect square :

Example.40 Factorize : 4x2 + 12x + 9
Solution : 4x2 + 12x + 9 = (2x)2 + 2 (2x) (3) + 32 = (2x + 3)2

(d) Factorization the difference of two squares :

Example.41 Factorize : 4x2 – 25.
Solution : 4x2 – 25 = (2x)2 – (5)2 = (2x – 5) (2x + 5)

(e) Factorization of a quadratic polynomial by splitting the middle term :

Example.42 Factorize : x2 + 4 2 x + 6
Solution : x2 + 4 2 x + 6 = x 2 + 3 2 x + 2x+6
= x(x + 3 2 ) + 2 (x + 3 2 ) = (x + 3 2 )(x + 2)

(f) Factorization of a algebraic expression as the sum or difference of two cubes :

Example.43 Factorize : 16a3b – 250b4.

Solution : 16a3b – 250b4 = 2b(8a3 – 125b3) = 2b{(2a)3 –(5b)3} = 2b{(2a – 5b)(4a2 + 25b2 + 10ab)}

(g) Factorization of a algebraic expression of the form a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc :

Example.44 Factorize :
(i) 2 2 a3 + 8b3 – 27c3 + 18 2 abc (ii) (x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3
Solution : (i) 2 2 a3 + 8b3 – 27c3 + 18 2 abc = ( 2 a)3 +(2b)3 + (–3c)3 – 3( 2 a)(2b)(–3c)
= ( 2 a + 2b –3c) ( 2 a)2  (2b)2  (3c) 2  ( 2 a)  (2b)  ( 3c)( 2 a) 

= ( 2 a + 2b – 3c) [2a2 + 4b2 + 9c2 – 2 2 ab + 6bc + 3 2 ac]

(ii) (x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3
Let a = x – y, b = y – z and c = z – x
So, (x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z –x)3 = a3 + b3 + c3
Now, a + b + c = x – y + y – z + z – x = 0
So, a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
 (x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3 = 3(x – y) (y – z)(z – x)

Example.45 If a,b,c,d are positive integers such that a = bcd, b = cda, c = dab and d = abc, then find the
a  b  c  d 
4

value of .
 ab  bc  cd  da 
2

Solution : a = bcd, b = cda, c = dab and d = abc

 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
    abcd = (abcd) 3
(on multiplication)
    abcd = 1 (since a, b, c, d are positive integers)
    a = b = c = d = 1
a  b  c  d 
4
256
    =  16
 ab  bc  cd  da 
2
16

Example.46 If P(x) = (x + 2)(x2 – 4x – 21), Q(x) = (x – 7) (2x2 + x – 6) find the HCF and LCM of P(x) and
Q(x).
Solution : P(x) = (x + 2) (x2 – 4x – 21) = (x + 2) (x2 – 7x + 3x – 21) = (x + 2) (x – 7) (x + 3)
Q(x) = (x – 7) (2x2 + x – 6) = (x – 7)(2x2 + 4x – 3x – 6) = (x – 7) [2x (x + 2) – 3 (x + 2)]
= (x – 7) (2x – 3) (x + 2)
HCF = (x + 2)(x– 7)
LCM = (x + 3)(x – 7) (2x – 3) (x + 2).

Example.47 If HCF & LCM of P(x) and Q(x) are (x + 2) and (x + 3) (x2 + 9x + 14) respectively if
P(x) = x2 + 5x + 6, find Q(x).
Solution : P(x) = (x2 + 5x + 6) = (x + 2) (x + 3)
LCM = (x + 3) (x2 + 9x + 14) = (x + 3)(x + 7)(x + 2)
We know that HCF  LCM = P(x)  Q(x)
(x  2)(x  3)(x  7)(x  2)
Q(x) = = (x + 7) (x + 2) = x2 + 9x + 14.
(x  2)(x  3)
D. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
(a) Homogeneous Expressions:
An expression is said to be homogeneous when all its terms are of the same degree. For example,
ax + by is homogeneous expression of the first degree in x and y, ax2 + bxy + cy2 is a homogeneous
expression of the second degree in x and y, and ax3 + by3 + cz3 - xyz is homogeneous expression of the
third degree.
If a homogeneous expression of the first degree, say x + y + z, is multiplied by a homogeneous
expression of the second degree, say ax2 + by2 + cz2, then the product ax3 + by3 + cz3 + ax2y + ax2z +
by2x + by2z + cz2x + cz2y is a homogeneous expression of the third degree ( 1 + 2 = 3). Hence, we
have the following law:
The product of two homogeneous expressions of degrees m and n, respectively, is a homogeneous
expression of degrees m + n.

(b) Symmetric Expressions:

An integral function is said to be symmetric with respect to a pair of variables if the expression remains
unaltered when the variables are interchanged, i.e., an expression f(x,y) is said to be symmetric
if f(x, y) = f(y, x).
Thus, x2 + 2xy + y2 is symmetric with respect to x and y, since when x and y are interchanged, the
resulting function, y2 + 2yx + x2, is the same as the original function. Further, xy + yz + zx is a
symmetric expression, since by interchanging x and y, it becomes yx + xz + zy, which is the same as
xy + yz + zx. Similarly, xy + yz + zx is symmetric with respect to the pair (y, z) and (z, x), and hence
xy + yz + zx is symmetric in x, y, and z.
Similarly, x + y + z, x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx , x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz, x + y + l, and x3 + y3 – x – y are
symmetric expressions.
Note that x - y + 1 is not symmetric in x and y and ab + bc - ca is not symmetric in a, b, and c.
A symmetric expression is not necessarily a homogenous, nor a homogeneous necessarily symmetrical.
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
For example, x + y - 1 is a symmetric function but not a homogenous function. Again, x2 + xy is a
homogeneous function but not a symmetric function.

(i) Properties of Symmetrical Expressions

(I) In a symmetric function, all terms of the same type must occur and their coefficients must be equal.
Terms which can be obtained from one another by successively interchanging the variables are
known as same type terms.
Thus, if x, y, and z are the variables, then y2z and z2y are terms of the same type, since the former is
changed to the latter by interchanging the pair y, z. Similarly, z2x, x2z, y2x, and x2y are all terms
belonging to the same type as y2z and z2y, but x3, y3, and z3 are not terms of the same y2z type,
since the interchanging of the letters x, y, and z will not transform y2z into x3, y3, or z3.
(II) The sum, difference, product or quotient of two symmetric expressions is a symmetric expression.
If we consider two letters x and y, then, in general, the symmetric homogeneous expressions of the
first and second degrees, respectively, are the following:
(i) k(x + y)
(ii) k(x2 + y2) + mxy, where k and m are constants
If we consider three letters x, y, and z, then, in general, the symmetric homogenous expressions of
the first and second degrees, respectively; are the following:
(i) k(x + y + z)
(ii) k(x2 + y2 + z2) + m(xy + yz + zx), where k and m are any constants.
The values of these constants can be found out by comparing the coefficients.

(c) Cyclic Symmetric Expressions:

An expression f(x ,y, z) is said to be a cyclic expression if f(x, y, z) = f(y, z, x) = f(z, x, y).
For the sake of brevity we use the symbols  and  to write the cyclic expressions.
 is used for sum of terms and  is used for product of terms.
The addition, subtraction, multiplication, and/or division of two cyclic polynomials always results in a
cyclic polynomial.

Here are some common factors and their cyclic representatives for a cyclic polynomial with 3
variables:

Solved Examples

Example.48 Factorize 8 p3  1  m3  6m
Solution : 8 p3  1  m3  6m
Here, a is 2p, b is -1 and c is -m
= (2p)3  (1)3  ( m)3  3(2p)(1)( m) = (2p 1  m)(4p2  1  m2  2p m 2pm)
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
Example.49 Factorize x 2
y (x  y)
2

Solution : x 2
y 2 (x  y)  x2 y 2 (x  y)  y 2 z 2 (y z)  z 2 x2 (z x)
 x3 y 2  x2 y3  y3 z 2  y 2 z 3  z 2 x 2 (z x)
 y 2 (x3  z3 )  y3 (x 2  z2 )  z2 x2 (z x)
 y 2 (x  z)(x 2  xz z 2 )  y3 (x  z)(x  z)  z 2 x2 (x  z)
 (x  z)[y2 (x 2  xz z 2 )  y3 (x  z)  z 2 x2 ]
 (x  z)[y 2 x 2  x y 3  xy 2 z  y 3 z  y 2 z 2  z 2 x 2 ]
 (x  z)[xy 2 (x  y)  z 2 (y  x)(y  x)  y 2 z(x  y)]
 (x  z)(x  y)[xy 2  z 2 x  y 2 z  yz 2 ]
 (x  z)(x  y)[x(y  z )(y  z)  y z(y  z )]
 (x  z)(x  y)(y  z )(xy  y z  z x)
 (x  y )(y  z )(z  x)(xy  y z  z x)

Example.50 Factorize P + 3abc if P = bc(b c)

Solution : P + 3abc
= bc(b c)  ca(c a)  ab(a  b)  3abc = bc(b c)  abc ca(c a)  abc ab(a  b)  abc
= bc(a  b c)  ca(a  b  c)  ab(a  b c) = (a  b c)(bc  ca  ab)
Example.51 Factorize (a  b c)3  a3  b3  c3
Solution : (a  b c)3  a3  (b3  c3 )
= (a  b c a)[(a  b c)2  (a  b c)a  a 2 ]  [(b c)(b2  bc c2 )]
= (b c)(a 2  b2  c2  2ab  2bc  2ca  a 2  ab  ac  a 2  b2  bc  c2 )
= (b c)(3a 2  3ab 3bc  3ca)
= 3(b c)[a(a  b)  c(a  b)]
= 3(a  b)(b c)(c a)

Example.52 Factorize a3 (b2  c2 )  b3 (c2  a2 )  c3 (a 2  b2 )

Solution : When we put b = c in the expression, the expression becomes zero. Therefore, (b – c) is a
factor. Similarly, (a – b) and (c – a) are also factors. As the expression is of fifth degree
symmetric and homogeneous and the expression formed by (a  b)(b c)(c a) is of third
degree, there will be one more factor of second degree in a, b, and c which will be symmetric,
homogeneous, and of the form [m(a 2  b2  c2 )  n(ab bc ca)] .Therefore,
a3 (b2  c2 )  b3 (c2  a2 )  c3 (a 2  b2 ) = (a  b)(b c)(c a) [m(a 2  b2  c2 )  n(ab bc ca)]
Comparing the terms, say a3b2 on both the sides, we get a3b2 = a2b  nab  na 3b 2
 n  1
Again comparing the terms a 4b on both the sides, we get 0  a2b  ma2
m  0
Hence, a3 (b2  c2 )  b3 (c2  a2 )  c3 (a 2  b2 ) = (a  b)(b c)(c a)(ab bc ca)

E. LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO VARIABLES AND METHODS OF

SOLVING
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
(a) Linear Equation:
An equation of the form Ax + By + C = 0 is called a linear equation
where A is called coefficient of x, B is called coefficient of y and C is the constant term
(free from x & y)A, B, C R [ belongs to, R  Real No.]
But A and B cannot be simultaneously zero.
If A  0, B = 0, equation will be of the form Ax + C = 0.
If A = 0, B  0, equation will be of the form By + C = 0.
If A  0 , B  0, C = 0 equation will be of the for A x + By = 0. [line passing through origin]
If A  0 , B  0 , C  0 equation will be of the form A x + By + C = 0.
It is called a linear equation, because the two unknowns (x & y) occur only in the first power, and the
product of two unknown quantities does not occur.
Since it involves two variables, therefore a single equation will have infinite set of solution i.e.
indeterminate Solution : So we require a pair of equation i.e. simultaneous equations.
(b) Standard form and method of solving linear equation :
Standard form refers to all positive coefficients.
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(i)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(ii)
For solving such equations, we have four methods :
(i) Graphical solution of linear equations in two variables
Let equations of two lines are a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0.
Find atleast two solutions for each of the two equations by assuming value of one variable and then
calculating the other variable.
Plot these points of both equations in the same co-ordinate axes to get two straight line, one for
each equation.
While plotting the graph , the following three cases arises:

Case I : The two lines intersect at a point P

Then the two equations have unique solution given by x = a and y = b. The equations are said to be
consistent.

Case II :The two lines are parallel to each other.

 PRASHANT JAIN SIR

Then the two equations have no solutions and are said to be inconsistent.

Case III :The two lines are coincident

Then the two equations have infinitely many solutions and are said to be consistent.
(ii) Elimination by Substitution : In this method , we find the value of one variable in terms of
another variable from one equation and then put it in another equation to get linear equation in
one variable.
(iii) Elimination by equating the coefficients :
We eliminate one variable by equating the coefficients of that variable.
(iv) Elimination by Cross multiplication:
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2= 0

(Write the coefficient in this manner)

x y 1
 
b1c2  b2 c1 a 2 c1  a1c2 a1b 2  a 2 b1
x 1 b1c2  b 2 c1
  x =
b1c2  b2 c1 a1b2  a 2 b1 a1b 2  a 2 b1
y 1 a 2 c1  a1c2
Also    y =
a 2 c1  a1c2 a1b 2  a 2 b1 a1b 2  a 2 b1

Solved Examples

Example.53 Solve using substitution method : x + 4y = 14 & 7x – 3y = 5.

Solution : x + 4y = 14
x = 14 – 4y ....(i)
7x – 3y = 5 ....(ii)
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
Substitute the value of x in equation (ii)
 7 (14 – 4y) – 3y = 5  98 – 28y – 3y = 5
93
 98 – 31y = 5  93 = 31y  y= y = 3.
31
Now substitute value of y in equation (ii)
 7x – 3 (3) = 5  7x – 3 (3) = 5
14
 7x = 14  x= =2
7
So, solution is x = 2 and y = 3.

Example.54 Solve using elimination by equating the coefficients method : 9x – 4y = 8 & 13x + 7y = 101.
Solution : 9x – 4y = 8 ..... (i)
13x + 7y = 101 .... (ii)
Multiply equation (i) by 7 and equation (ii) by 4, we get
460
Add x= x = 4.
115
Substitute x = 4 in equation (i)
28
9 (4) – 4y = 8  36 – 8 = 4y  28 = 4y y= = 7.
4
So, solution is x = 4 and y = 7.
Example.55 Solve using cross multiplication method : 3x + 2y + 25 = 0 & x + y + 15 = 0.
Solution : Here, a1 = 3, b1 = 2, c1 = 25
a2 = 1, b2 = 1, c2 = 15

 

x y 1 x y 1
    
2 15  25 1 25 1  15  3 3 1  2 1 30  25 25  45 3  2
x y 1
   .....(i)
5 20 1
x y 1
  1,   x = 5, y = – 20
5 20 1
So, solution is x = 5 and y = –20.

Example.56 Solve the following by reducing in system of linear equations in two variables :
6 7 1 1
  3, 
xy xy 2(x  y) 3(x  y)
where x  y  0 and x  y  0 .
6 7
Solution :  3 ...(i)
xy xy
Put x + y = a, x–y=b
Now, the given equation reduces to
6 7
 3 ...(ii)
a b
1 1
Another equation is  ...(iii)
2(x  y) 3(x  y)
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
1 1

2a 3b
3b
or, a = ...(iv)
2
Put (iv) in (ii)
6 7  3b
2 
3b b
4 = 7 + 3b
b=–1 ...(v)
Put (v) in (iv)
3
a=
2
From our assumptions,
3
a=x+y= ; b = x – y = –1
2
Adding the two equations given above,
5 5
2x =   x = –
2 4
5 1
 y=– +1 y=– .
4 4
1 5 3 5 3 61
Example.57 If   ,   ,
2(x  2 y) 3(3x  2 y) 2 4(x  2 y) 5(3x  2 y) 60
where x + 2y  0 and 3x – 2y  0. Then what will be the values of x and y ?
1 1 U 5V 3
Solution : Let = U, = V   
x  2y 3x  2y 2 3 2
 3U + 10V = – 9 ... (i)
5U 3V 61
   
4 5 60
 75U – 36V = 61 ... (ii)
Equation (i) is multiplied by 25
75U + 250 V = –225
75U – 36 V = 61
–– + – –
– – –

Subtracting, 286V = – 286

1
V = –1, U =
3
1 1 1
  ,  1
x  2y 3 3x  2y
x + 2y = 3, – 3x + 2y = 1
x + 2y = 3
– – 3x + 2y = 1
+– – –

Subtracting, 4x = 2
1 5
So, x = , y =
2 4
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
Example.58 Solve : 3 2 x–5 3y+ 5 =0
2 3 x + 7 2 y – 2 5 = 0.
Solution : 3 2 x–5 3y+ 5 =0 ....(i)
2 3 x + 7 2 y – 2 5 = 0. ....(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 2 3 and (iii) by 3 2
6 6 x – 10 × 3y = – 2 15
6 6 x+ 21 × 2y = 6 10
– – –
––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

Subtracting, – 72y = – (6 10 + 2 15 )
or, 72y = 6 10 + 2 15
6 10  2 15
y=
72
10 15  7 10
 x=
72
Example.59 A two digit number is such that product of its digits is 18. When 63 is subtracted from the
number, the digits interchange their place. Find the number.
Solution : xy = 18 ...(i)
Let the given number be 10x + y
As per the question,
(10x + y) – 63 = 10y + x  10x – 10y – x + y = 63
 9x – 9y = 63
x–y=7 ...(ii)
18
Put x = in (ii)
y
18
 –y=7  18 – y2 = 7y  y2 + 7y – 18 = 0
y
 y2 + 9y – 2y – 18 = 0  y(y + 9) – 2 (y + 9) = 0  (y + 9) (y – 2) = 0
 y = 2, –9
y = – 9 is not valid
 y = 2, x = 9.
So, the number = 10x + y = 10 (9) + 2 = 92.

Example.60 The sum of two numbers is 2490. If 6.5 % of one number is equal to 8.5 % of the other, find the
numbers.
Solution : Let, the numbers be x & y.
Then, x + y = 2490 ...(i)
x  6.5 8.5 8.5 17
  y  x= y  x= y ...(ii)
100 100 6.5 13
Put (ii) in (i)
17 13  2490
y + y = 2490  30y = 13 × 2490  y  1079
13 30
 x = 1411
So, the numbers are x = 1411 & y = 1079.
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
Example.61 A and B each has a certain number of mangoes. A says to B, ‘if you give 30 of your mangoes I
will have twice as many as left with you.’ B replies ‘if you give me 10, I will have thrice as left
with you.’
Find how many mangoes does each have.
Solution : Say, A has x mangoes & B has y mangoes initially.
As per the statement of A to B,
x + 30 = 2 (y – 30) or, x – 2y = – 90 ...(i)
and as per statement of B to A,
3 (x – 10) = y + 10 or, 3x – y = 40 ...(ii)
Now, we have
x – 2y = – 90
3x – y = 40
3x – 6y = – 270
3y – y = 40
– + –
––––––––––––––––
– 5y = – 310
 y = 62
 x = 34. So, A have 34 mangoes and B have 62 mangoes.
F. CONDITIONS FOR SOLVABILITY AND FINDING INTEGRAL
SOLUTIONS
Let the two equations be :
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 ...(i)
a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 ...(ii)

(a) Unique Solution :

If the Denominator a1b2 – a2 b1  0, then the given system of equations have unique solution (i.e. only
one solution)
a b
 a1b2 – a2 b1  0  1  1 .
a 2 b2
For two lines :lines are said to be consistent (i.e. they meet at one point) when the given system of
equation has unique solution.

(b) No Solution :
If the Denominator a1b2 – a2 b1 = 0, then the given system of equations have no solution.
a1 b1 c1
i.e.  
a 2 b2 c2
For two lines : Lines are said to be inconsistent (i.e. they does not meet) when the given the system of
equation has no solution.

(c) Many Solutions (Infinite Solutions) :

a1 b1 c1
If   then system of equations has many solutions and lines are said to be consistent.
a 2 b2 c2
For two lines : Two lines are coincident when they have many solutions.

(d) Finding integral solution for indeterminate equations :

If the number of unknown quantities is greater than the number of independent equations, there will be
an unlimited number of solutions, and the equations are said to be indeterminate. If we confine our
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
attention to positive integral values of the unknown quantities, we can express the solutions in a very
simple form.

Solved Examples

Example.62 Find the value of ‘M’ for which the given system of equation has only one solution
(i.e. unique solution). Mx – 2y = 9 & 4x – y = 7.
Solution : a1 = M, b1 = –2 , c1 = 9
a2 = 4, b2 = – 1, c2 = 7
a b
Condition for unique solution is 1  1
a 2 b2
M 2 8
   M   M  8.
4 1 1
  M can have all real values except 8.

Example.63 What is the value of a, for which the system of linear equations ax + 3y = a – 3 ; 12x + ay = a has
no solution.
a b c
Solution : Condition for no solution is 1  1  1
a 2 b2 c2
a 3 a 3
 
12 a a
a = 36 or, a =  6
2

a = + 6 is not possible because it gives

a1 b1 c1
 
a 2 b2 c2
or, a = –6 is the answer.

Example.64 Find the values of  and  for which the following system of linear equations has infinite number
of solution : 2x + 3y = 7 & 2x + ( + ) y = 28.
Solution : For infinite solution :
a1 b1 c1
 
a 2 b2 c2
2 3 7
    
2    28
1 3 1
    
  4
   = 4 [From the first & third term]
3 1
   4 +  = 12
4 4
  = 8.

Example.65 Solve 7x + 12y = 220 in positive integers.

Solution : Divide throughout by the smaller coefficient 7, we get
5y 3
x y  31 
7 7
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
5y  3
x y  31
7
Since x and y are to be integers, we must have
5y  3
= integer
7
Multiplying by 3 in order to make the coefficient of y differ by unity from a multiple of 7, we get
15 y  9
 = integer
7
y2
 2 y 1  integer
7
y2
  integer  p
7
y  7p  2 
 This is called general solution
x  28 – 12 p 

Now, for p > 2, x is negative which gives y as negative. Thus,

p = 0, 1, 2
x = 28, 16, 4
y = 2, 9, 16

Example.66 Find the number of positive integral solution of 14x – 11y = 29.
Solution : Divide throughout by the smaller coefficient 11, we get
3x 7
x  y  2
11 11
3x  7
  2  x  y  integer
11
Multiplying by 4 in order to make the coefficient of y differ by unity from a multiple of 11,
12 x  28
 = integer
11
x6
 x2  integer
11
x6
  integer  p
11
x  11 p  6
 This is called general solution
y  14p + 5 
Thus, we have
p = 0, 1, 2, 3, …
x = 6, 17, 28, 39, …
y = 5, 19, 33, 47, …
Hence, the number of positive integral solutions is infinite.

Example.67 In how many ways can Rs. 5 be paid in denomination of 25 paise and 10 paise?
Solution : Let x be the number of 25 paise coins and y be the number of 10 paise coins.
25x + 10y = 500
2 2
 x  y  20  x  20  y  integer
5 5
y = 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, …, 45, 50
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
Thus, number of ways = 11

Example.68 The expenses of a party having 43 guests were Rs. 229; if each man paid Rs. 10, each woman
paid Rs. 5, and each child Rs. 2, how many were there of each?
Solution : Let x, y, z denote the number of men, women and children, respectively, thus
x + y + z = 43 …(i)
and 10x + 5y + 2z = 229 …(ii)
Multiplying (i) by 2 and then subtracting it from (ii), we get
8x + 3y = 143
The general solution of this equation is x = 3p + 1, y = 45 – 8p  z = 5p – 3
p = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
 x = 4, 7, 10, 13, 16
y = 37, 29, 21, 13, 5
z = 2, 7, 12, 17, 22
EXERCISE # 1

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
A. RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION
A-1. Two numbers are respectively 20% and 50% more than a third number. Find the ratio of the two
numbers
A-2. The ratio of the number of boys and girls in a college is 7 : 8. If the percentage increase in the number
of boys and girls be 20 % and 10 % respectively, then find the new ratio.
A-3. The prices of a scooter and a TV are in the ratio 7 : 5. If the scooter costs Rs. 8000 more than a TV set,
then find the price of a T.V set.

2
A-4. Find the ratio whose terms differ by 40 and the measure of which is .
7
A-5 The ages of a man and his son is in the ratio of 7 : 2. After 15 years, they would be in the ratio of 2 : 1,
Find the father's age when son was born ?
A.6 What quantity must be added to each term of the duplicate ratio of a: b to make it equal to a : b.

ay  bx cx  az bz  cy x y z
A.7 If   . Show that   .
c b a a b c
3
a b cd ef 
A.8 If a : b = c : d = e : f show that 27(a + b) (c + d)(e + f) = bdf    
 b d f 

x y z
A.9 If   show that (ax + by + cz) is the mean proportional between (a2 + b2 + c2) and (x2 + y2 + z2).
a b c
A.10 If y varies as the sum of two quantities, of which one varies directly as x and the other inversely as x;
1
and if y = 6 when x = 4, and y = 3 when x = 3; then find the equation between x and y.
3
A.11 A diamond falls and breaks into pieces whose weights are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5. The value of the
diamond is directly proportional to the square of its weights. Find the loss incurred, if the actual cost of
the diamond is Rs. 96000. (in Rs.)
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
B. POLYNOMIALS AND IMPORTANT THEOREMS RELATED TO IT
B-1 Determine whether x – 3 is a factor of polynomial p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 12.
B-2 Using factor theorem, prove that p(x) is divisible by g(x) if P(x) = 4x4 + 5x3 – 12x2 – 11x + 5, g (x) = 4x + 5
B-3 Find the remainder, when f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 2x – 4 is divided by g(x) = 1 + 2x.
B-4 The polynomials ax3 + 3x2 – 3 and 2x3 – 5x + a when divided by (x – 4) leaves remainder R1 & R2
respectively then find the value of 'a' if 2R1 – R2 = 0.
B-5 If ax3 + bx2 + x – 6 has x + 2 as a factor and leaves a remainder 4 when divided by (x – 2), find the
values of a and b ?
B-6 The remainder when x5 + kx2 is divided by (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) contains no terms in x2 find 'k'
without performing division.

C. ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES, FACTORIZATION AND SIMPLIFICATION

C-1. Evaluate :
2
 1
(i) (5x + 4y)2 (ii) (4x – 5y)2 (iii)  2x  
 x
1 1
C-2. If a4 + 4
= 119, then find the value of a3 – 3 .
a a
C-3. If x + y = 3 and xy = – 18, find the value of x3 + y3.

1
C-4. Prove that : a3 + b3 + c3 –3abc = (a + b + c) a – b2 + b – c2 + c – a2 
2
C-5. If a + b + c = 15, a2 + b2 +c2 = 83, then find the value of a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc.
C-6. If xy = 6 & x2y + xy2 + x + y = 63 then x2 + y2 = ?
(A) 69 (B) 45 (C) 63 (D) 66

D. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
D-1 Expand the following:
(i) a b
a ,b , c
2
(ii)  bc(b c)
a ,b , c
(iii)  a(b c)
a ,b , c
2

D-2 Simplify the following:

(i)  (x  y)
x, y, z
(ii)  b(c a)
a ,b , c
(iii)  (a
a ,b , c
n
 bn )

D-3 Express the following using  notation:

(i) a2bc  b2ca  c2 ab (ii)  x  y    y  z    z  x 
2 2 2

D-4 Factorize the following:

(i)  z x 2  y2   (ii) a2  b  c   b2  c  a   c 2  a  b   2abc

 a b  c  (iv) (a  b c)5  a 5  b5  c5
3
(iii)

E. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND METHODS OF SOLVING

E-1 Solve for x and y :
(i) px + qy = r and qx – py = 1 + r.
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
(ii) (a – b) x + (a + b) y = a – 2ab – b
2 2

(a + b)(x + y) = a2 + b2
E-2 Solve:
(i) 37x + 43y = 123
43x + 37y = 117
(ii) 119x – 381 y = 643
381 x – 119 y = – 143

x 11  y 
E-3 Solve for x and y : + y = 1.7 and = 10   x   0
3 x
y  3 
3
E-4 If a certain number is divided by the sum of its two digits , the quotient is 6 and remainder is 3. If the
digits are interchanged and the resulting number is divided by the sum of the digits, then the quotient is
4 and the remainder is 9. Find the number
E-5 2 men and 3 boys together can do a piece of work in 8 days. The same work is done in 6 days by 3 men
and 2 boys together. How long would 1 boy alone or 1 man alone take to complete the work.
E-6 A man sold a chair and a table together for Rs. 1520 thereby making a profit of 25% on chair and 10%
on table. By selling them together for Rs. 1535 he would have made a profit of 10% on the chair and
25% on the table. Find cost price of each.
E-7 Abdul travelled 300 km by train and 200 km by taxi taking 5 hours 30 minutes. But, if he travels 260
km by train and 240 km by taxi, he takes 6 minutes longer. Find the speed of the train and that of the
taxi.
E-8 A train covered a certain distance at a uniform speed. If the train would have been 6 km/h faster, it
would have taken 4 hours less than the scheduled time. And, if the train were slower by 6 km/h, it
would have taken 6 hours more than the scheduled time. Find the length of the journey.

F. CONDITION OF SOLVABILITY AND FINDING INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS

F-1. Find the number of solutions of the following pair of linear equations :
x + 2y – 8 = 0
2x + 4y = 16.
F-2. Find the value of k for which the given system of equations has a unique solution.
3x + 5y = 12 ; 4x – 7y = k.
F-3 Find the value of k for which the following system of linear equation becomes infinitely many solution
or represent the coincident lines.
6x + 3y = k – 3; 2k x + 6y = k.
F-4 Find the value of k or which the following systems of equations be Inconsistent.
2 x + ky + k + 2 = 0; kx + 8y + 3k = 0.
F-5 For what value of a and b, the following system of equations have an infinite number of solutions.
2x + 3y = 7 ; (a – b) x + (a + b) y = 3a + b – 2.
F-6 A person spends Rs. 461 in buying horses and cows; if each horse costs Rs. 23 and each cow costs
Rs. 16, how many of each does he buy?
F-7 Find the positive integral solutions of 3x + 8y = 103.
F-8 Find the number of positive integral solutions of 13x + 11y = 414.
F-9 Divide 81 into two parts so that one may be a multiple of 8 and the other of 5.
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
F-10 Divide 136 into two parts so that one of which when divided by 5 leaves remainder 2, and the other
divided by 8 leaves remainder 3.

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
A. RATIO, PROPORTION AND VARIATION
1 1 1 1
A-1. If :  : , then the value of x is :
5 x x 125
(A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 25 (D) 35

A-2. If x : y = 5 : 2, then (8x + 9y) : (8x + 2y) is :

(A) 22 : 29 (B) 26 : 61 (C) 29 : 22 (D) 61 : 26

A-3. The salaries of A, B, C are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5. If the increments of 15%, 10% and 20% are allowed
respectively in their salaries, then what will be the new ratio of their salaries?
(A) 3 : 3 : 10 (B) 10 : 11 : 20 (C) 23 : 33 : 60 (D) Cannot be determined

A-4. Two numbers are in the ratio 3 : 5. If 9 is subtracted from each, the new numbers are in the ratio
12 : 23. The smaller number is :
(A) 27 (B) 33 (C) 49 (D) 55

A-5. The ratio of three numbers is 3 : 4 : 7 and their product is 18144. The numbers are :
(A) 9, 12, 21 (B) 15, 20, 25 (C) 18, 24, 42 (D) None of these

A-6. If (2a – x) : (b – 2x) be the sub–duplicate ratio of a : b, then the value of x2 is

a a2
(A) (B) a2b2 (C) (D) ab
b b2

A-7. If (a – b) : (a + b) = 1 : 11, then the ratio of (5a + 4b + 15) : (5a – 4b + 3) is

(A) 1 : 5 (B) 5 : 1 (C) 5 : 4 (D) 3 : 4

A-8. The ratio of the prices of two fans was 16 : 23. Two years later, when the price of first fan had risen by
10% and that of second fan by Rs. 477, the ratio of their prices became 11 : 20. Find the original prices
of the two fans.
(A) Rs. 1219, Rs. 848 (B) Rs. 230, Rs. 160 (C) Rs. 848, Rs. 1219 (D) None

a 3  3ab 2 x 3  3xy 2
A-9. If  , then
3a 2 b  b3 3x 2 y  y3
(A) xy = ab (B) xb = ay (C) ax2 = by2 (D) ax = by

4 6 x2 2 x2 3
A-10. If x = , then  =?
2 3 x2 2 x2 3
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 4 (D) 3

a 2  ab  b 2
A-11. If a, b, c are in continued proportion find the value of is
b 2  bc  c 2
(A) ac (B) a/c (C) c/a (D) b/c

A-12. If x varies as y, and x = 8 when y = 15, find x when y = 10.

2 1
(A) 4 (B) 10 (C) 6 (D) 5
3 3
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
1
A-13. If the square of x varies as the cube of y, and x = 3 when y = 4, find the value of y when x = .
3
9 4 3 64
(A) (B) (C) (D)
64 3 4 27

A-14. Nine friends had a tea party. All boys took only coffee and all girls took only tea. The cost per cup of
coffee in rupees is numerically 2 less than the number of girls and the cost per cup of tea in rupees is
numerically 2 less than the number of boys. If the ratio of the total expenses of the boys and the girls is
5 : 6, then what is the cost of each coffee? (In Rs.).
(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) 3
B. POLYNOMIALS AND IMPORTANT THEOREMS RELATED TO IT
B-1. The remainder obtained when t6 +3t2 + 10 when divided by t3 + 1 is :
(A) t2 – 11 (B) 3t2 + 11 (C) t3 – 1 (D) 1 – t3
B-2. If (x + a) is a factor of x2 + px + q and x2 + mx + n then the value of a is :
mp n q nq mp
(A) (B) (C) (D)
n q mp mp nq

B-3. If x2 – 4 is a factor of 2x3 + ax2 + bx + 12, where a and b are constant. Then the values of a and b are :
(A) – 3, 8 (B) 3, 8 (C) –3, – 8 (D) 3, – 8
B-4. If x51 + 51 is divided by (x + 1) the remainder is :
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 49 (D) 50
B-5. The polynomial p(x) = 2x4 – x3 – 7x2 + ax + b is divisible by x2 – 2x – 3 for certain values of a and b.
The value of (a + b), is :
(A) – 34 (B) – 30 (C) – 26 (D) – 18
B-6. If P(x) = x4 + ax3 + bx2 + cx + d is a polynomial such that P(1) = P(2) = P(3) = 0 then compute the
value of P(4) + P(0)
(A) 24 (B) 20 (C) 18 (D) None of these

C. ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES, FACTORIZATION AND SIMPLIFICATION

C-1. If a2 – b2 =21 and a2 + b2 = 29, which of the following could be the value of ab ?
I. –10 II. 5 2 III. 10
(A) I only (B) II only (C) III only (D) I and III only
C-2. On simplifying (a + b)3 + (a – b)3 + 6a(a2 – b2) we get :
(A) 8a2 (B) 8a2b (C) 8a3b (D) 8a3

a 3  b3  c3  3abc
C-3. Find the value of , when a = – 5, b = – 6, c = 10.
ab  bc  ca  a 2  b   c2
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) –2
1 1 1
C-4. If x3  y3  z3 = 0 then which one of the following expression is correct :
1 1 1
(A) x3 + y3 + z3 = 0 (B) x + y + z = 3 x 3 y 3 z 3
(C) x + y + z = 3xyz (D) x3 + y3 + z3 = 3xyz

(a  b)2 (b  c)2 (c  a) 2
C-5. Evaluate :   .
(b  c)(c a) (a  b)(c a) (a  b)(b  c)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
0.76  0.76  0.76  0.24  0.24  0.24
C-6. The value of is :
0.76  0.76  0.76  0.24  0.24  0.24
(A) 0.52 (B) 1 (C) 0.01 (D) 0.1
1 1
C-7. If x = , then the value of x + is :
2 1
1
1
1
x
5 4 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
4 5 4
5 4 3 2 3
C-8. m + m + m + m + m + 1 = (m + 1) × _______
(A) m5 + m4 + m2 + m (B) m2 + m3
(C) m3 + m3 + m + 1 (D) m2 + m + 1

 x3 
C-9. If x = 0.50, then the value of the expression (1  x  x 2 )   is :
 1 x 
(A) 4 (B) 2 (C) 1.50 (D) 1

C-10. If p = 22/3 + 21/3, then :

(A) p3 – 6p + 6 = 0 (B) p3 – 3p – 6 = 0 (C) p3 – 6p – 6 = 0 (D) p3 – 3p + 6 = 0

D. ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
D-1 (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) – abc is equal to the
(A) (a + b) (c + b) (c + a) (B) (a – b) (b + c) (c + a)
(C) (a + b) (b – c) (c + a) (D) (a + b) (b + c) (c – a)

D-2 (a  b c)3  (b c a)3  (c a  b)3  (a  b c)3 simplifies to

(A) 24 (a  b)(b c)(c a) (B) 24 (a  b)(b c)(c a)
(C) 24abc (D) None of these

D-3 (ab bc ca)2  a2b2  b2c2  c2 a 2 =

(A) 2 (a  b)(b c)(c a) (B) 2abc (a  b)(b c)(c a)
(C) 2abc (D) 2abc (a  b c)

E. LINEAR EQUATIONS AND METHODS OF SOLVING

2 3 8 6
E-1. Solve the following system of equation for x and y :   2;   2.
x y x y
1 1 1 1
(A) , (B) , (C) 2, 3 (D) 3, 2
2 3 3 2

2x  1 y  2 x 3 x y
E -2. The solution of the following pairs of simultaneous equation is :  4 &   3.
3 4 2 3
(A) x = – 5, y = – 4 (B) x = 5, y = 2 (C) x = – 5, y =2 (D) x = 5, y = 4

7 6 8 9
E-3. Solve for x & y : x
 y = 15 & x  y .
3 2 3 2
1 1 1 1
(A) – 3, – 2 (B) – 2, – 3 (C) , (D) ,
3 3 3 2

E-4. If 173x + 197y = 149 and 197x + 173y = 221, then find (x, y)
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
(A) (3,–2) (B) (2, 1) (C) (1, –2) (D) (2, –1)

E-5. A pair of equations x = a and y = b graphically represent lines which are :

(A) Intersecting at (a, b) (B) intersecting at (b, a)
(C) parallel (D) coincident

E-6. Sum of two numbers is 35 and their difference is 13. Find the numbers.
(A) 23, 12 (B) 24, 11 (C) 23, 10 (D) 22, 9

E-7. The digit in the ten’s place of a two-digit number is three times that in the one’s place. If the digits are
reversed the new number will be 36 less than the original number. Find the number.
(A) 64 (B) 52 (C) 62 (D) 42
E-8. Denominator of a rational number is 4 less than its numerator. If 11 is added to numerator and 1 is
7
subtracted from denominator, the new number becomes . Find the rational number.
3
23 27 13 17
(A) (B) (C) (D)
27 23 17 13
E-9. The sum of the present ages of father and his son is 60 years. 6 years ago, father's age was five times
the age of the son. After six years son's age will be :
(A) 20 years (B) 14 years (C) 12 years (D) 18 years
E-10. Four years ago father's age was 6 times that of his son. Twelve years from now, father's age will be
twice that of the son. What is the ratio of father and son's present ages ?
(A) 6 : 1 (B) 7 : 1 (C) 8 : 2 (D) 7 : 2

F. CONDITION OF SOLVABILITY AND FINDING INTEGRAL SOLUTIONS

F-1. Match the column

(A) (i) – A, (ii) – B, (iii) – C (B) (i) – B, (ii) – C, (iii)– A

(C) (i) – A, (ii) – C, (iii) – B (D) (i) – C, (ii) – A, (iii) – B
F-2. For what value of K, the system of linear equations 2x + ky = 1 ; 3x – 5y = 7 has a unique solutions :
10 10 10
(A) K – (B) K  (C) K  –35 (D) K = –
3 3 3
F-3. If the system of the given equation has no solution, then find the value of k.
2x + ky = 7 & 2kx + 3ky = 20.
(A) 1 (B) 6 (C) 3 (D) None of these
F-4. The number of solutions of the following pair of linear equations x + 2y – 8 = 0 and 2x + 4y = 16 is :
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) 2 (D) infinitely many solutions.
F-5. If the system of equations 3x + 4y = 12 and (a + b) x + 2 (a – b) y = 5a – 1 has infinitely many solutions
then a & b satisfy the equation
(A) a – 5b = 0 (B) 5a – b = 0 (C) a + 5b = 0 (D) 5a + b = 0
F-6 Find the number of positive integral solutions of 41x + 47y = 2191.
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these
F-7 Find the general solution in positive integers satisfying 5x – 7y =3 (where p = integer)
(A) x = 7p + 5, y = 5p – 4 (B) x = 7p + 5, y = 5p + 4
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
(C) x = 7p – 5, y = 5p + 4 (D) x = 7p – 5, y = 5p – 4
F-8 Find the least positive integral value of x satisfying 17y – 13x = 0
(A) 0 (B) 13 (C) 17 (D) None of these
F-9 Find the second smallest positive integral value of y satisfying 77y – 30x = 295
(A) 35 (B) 80 (C) 5 (D) None of these

EXERCISE # 2

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1. A quadratic polynomial is exactly divisible by (x + 1) & (x + 2) and leaves the remainder 4 after
division by (x + 3) then that polynomial is :
(A) x2 + 6x + 4 (B) 2x2 + 6x + 4 (C) 2x2 + 6x – 4 (D) x2 + 6x – 4
2. What is the remainder when the polynomial p(x) = x200 – 2x199 + x50 – 2x49 + x2 + x + 1 is divided by
(x– 1) (x – 2) ?
(A) 1 (B) 7 (C) 2x + 1 (D) 6x – 5
3. A cubic polynomial p(x) is such that p(1)=1, p(2)=2, p(3)= 3 and p(4) = 5, then the value of p(6) is :
(A) 16 (B) 13 (C) 10 (D) 7
4. If (x + y + z) = 1, xy + yz + zx = –1, xyz = –1, then value of x3 + y3 + z3 is :
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) –2
5. If 4x – 5z = 16 and xz = 12, then 64x3 – 125z3 =
(A) 14512 (B) 15676 (C) 25833 (D) 15616

x 3  y 3
6. is equal to :
x 3 y1  (xy)2  y 3  x 1
1 1 1 1
(A) x + y (B) y – x (C)  (D) 
x y x y

7. If
 
a  b  4 ab

5
, then the value of a : b is :
ab 3
(A) 1 : 16 (B) 1 : 4 (C) 4 : 1 (D) 16 : 1

a b
8. If (a2 + b2)3 = (a3 + b3)2 then  =
b a
2 3 5 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 2 6 5

4
9. If x = 2  2 , then x4 + is :
x4
(A) 2(3 – 2) (B) 6 2 – 2 (C) 6 – 2 (D) 12
10. If f(x) = x4 – 2x3 + 3x2 – ax + b is a polynomial such that when it is divided by (x – 1) and (x + 1) the
remainders are 5 and 19 respectively. If f(x) is divided by (x – 2), then remainder is :
(A) 0 (B) 5 (C) 10 (D) 2
11. The cubic polynomial P(x) satisfies the condition that (x – 1)2 is a factor of P(x) + 2, and (x + 1)2 is a
factor of P(x) – 2.Then P(3) equals.
(A) 27 (B) 18 (C) 12 (D) 6

12. If (x – 1)3 + (y – 2)3 + (z – 3)3 = 3(x – 1) (y – 2) (z – 3) and x – 1 y – 2  z – 3 then x + y + z is equal to

(A) 2 (B) – 6 (C) 6 (D) 4
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
13. If 2x  5x + x + 2 = (x  2) (ax  bx  1), then a & b are respectively
3 2 2

(A) 2, 1 (B) 2, 1 (C) 1, 2 (D)  1, 1/2

14. The number of real roots of the equation (x  1)2 + (x  2)2 + (x  3)2 = 0 is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

15. If a, b, c are real, then a (a  b) + b (b  c) + c (c a) = 0, only if

(A) a + b + c = 0 (B) a = b = c
(C) a = b or b = c or c = a (D) a  b  c = 0

16. If x3  6 x2 + 11 x  6 = (x – a) (x – b) (x – c), then 2a + b + c is equal to, where a < b < c

(A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 7 (D) –7

 1  6 1 
17. If  x   = 2, then the value of  x  6  is–
 x  x 
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 8 (D) None of these

1 1 1 1
18. If    where (a + b + c)  0 and abc  0. What is the value of (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)?
a b c a bc
(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2

19. If (x + y + z) = 6 and (xy + yz + zx) = 11, then the value of (x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz ) is -
(A) 81 (B) 54 (C) 18 (D) None of these

20. If (a3/2 – ab1/2 + a1/2 b–b3/2) is divided by (a1/2 – b1/2), then the quotient is –
(A) a + b (B) a – b (C) a1/2 + b1/2 (D) a2 – b2

a b 1 a 2  ab  b 2
21. If 
find the value of 2 .
a b 2 a  ab  b 2
91 73 91
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
73 91 55
22. The ratio of the prices of two motorcycles was 4 : 5. Three years later the price of the first had risen by
10% and that of the second by Rs. 6000, and the ratio of the prices now is 11 : 15. Find the original
prices of the two vehicles.
(A) Rs. 24000, Rs. 30000 (B) Rs. 28000, Rs. 35000
(C) Rs. 20000, Rs. 25000 (D) None of these

2x  3y 4y  7z 6z  5x
23. If   .Find the value of 11x + 17y + 20z.
a  2b 3b  c 2c  3a
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None of these
24. If a, b, c, d are in continued proportion, then (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 + (d – b)2 = ?
(A) 0 (B) (d – a)2 (C) (a – b)2 (D) a2 + d2
25. If y varies as the sum of three quantities of which the first is constant, the second varies as x, and the
third as x2, and if y = 0 when x = 1, y = 1 when x = 2, and y = 4 when x = 3; find y when x = 7.
(A) 6 (B) 32 (C) 40 (D) 36

x 2  5x  6 x 2  3x  2
26.  :
x 2  9x  20 x 2  5x  4
 x4  x 3  x2  x 5
(A)   (B)   (C)   (D)  
 x 3  x 5  x 5  x 3

27. If ax = (x + y + z)y, ay = (x + y + z)z, az = (x + y + z)x then –

 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
a
(A) 3(x + y + z) = a (B) 2a = x + y + z (C) x + y + z = 0 (D) x = y = z =
3

28. If a, b, c are such that a + b + c = 2, a2 + b2 + c2 = 6, a3 + b3 + c3 = 8, then a4 + b4 + c4 is equal to –

(A) 10 (B) 12 (C) 18 (D) None of these

xy yz zx

29. If xy + yz + zx = 1, then the expression   is equal to
1  xy 1  yz 1  zx
1 1
(A) (B) xyz (C) x + y + z (D)
xyz xyz

30. Factorize 2b2c2 + 2c2a2 + 2a2b2 – a4 – b4 – c4 and show that its value is equal to 4200, when b + c – a= 7,
c + a – b = 10, and a + b – c = 3.
(A) 3500 (B) 2100 (C) 4200 (D) Cannot be determined

31. How many four digit numbers leave a remainder 16 when divided by 39, and remainder 27 when
divided by 56?
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

32. I buy 40 animals consisting of goats at Rs. 4, pigs at Rs. 2, and oxen at Rs. 17. If I spend Rs. 301, how
many of each do I buy respectively?
(A) 28, 1, 11 (B) 13, 14, 13 (C) 12, 15, 13 (D) Either (A) or (B)

EXERCISE # 3

IJSO STAGE-I (PREVIOUS YEARS)

1. Let f (x) = x2 + x – 6. For what values of "t" does f (t – 5) = 0 ? [NSTSE-2009]
(A) – 3 and 2 (B) – 2 and 3 (C) 5 (D) 2 and 7

x10  1
2. If x2 – 5x + 1 = 0, then has the value [IJSO-2010]
x5
(A) 2524 (B) 2525 (C) 2424 (D) 2010

3. The graph of the equation y = 2x2 + 4x + 3 has its lowest point at : [IJSO-2010]
(A) (–1, 9) (B) (1, 9) (C) (– 1, 1) (D) (0, 3)

4. Given that a (a + b) = 36 and b (a + b) = 64, where a and b are positive, (a – b) equals [IJSO-2011]
(A) 2.8 (B) 3.2 (C) –2.8 (D) –2.5

5. When the polynomial (6x4 + 8x3 + 17x2 + 21x + 7) is divided by (3x2 + 4x + 1), the remainder is (ax–b).
Therefore, [IJSO-2011]
(A) a = 1, b = 2 (B) a = 1, b = –2 (C) a = 2, b = 1 (D) a = –1, b = –2

6. If a + b + c = 1, a2 + b2 + c2 = 21 and abc = 8 then find the value of (1– a)(1– b) (1– c) [IJSO-2012]
(A) –10 (B) –18 (C) –24 (D) –30

7. Find x2 + y2 + z2 if x2 + xy + xz = 135, y2 + yz + yx = 351 and z2 + zx + zy = 243 [IJSO-2012]

 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
(A) 225 (B) 250 (C) 275 (D) 300
8. If x3 = a + 1 and x + (b/x) = a ; then x equals [IJSO-2013]
a(b  1) a b 1 a b a  1 a b a  1
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) (D)
a b a b a2  b a2  b

9. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers such that abc  1, (ab)2 = (bc)4 = (ca)x = abc. Then x equals [IJSO-2013]
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4/5

10. Sucharitha purchases x pencils at Rs x each, y pens at Rs y each and z notebooks at Rs z each. She
purchases altogether 50 items and pays Rs. 1000. The cost of y pencils, z pens and x notebooks is
[IJSO-2013]
(A) Rs 600 (B) Rs.750 (C) Rs.500 (D) Rs.350

11. If xy2 = a3 , yz2 = b3 and zx2 = c3 then z3 equals [IJSO-2013]

4 4 2 4 4
bc b c b c ab
(A) (B) (C) (D)
a2 a2 b2 c2

12. If 3x + 3y – 1, 4x2 + y – 5, 4x + 2y are the sides of an equilateral triangle, its area is closest to the
interger [IJSO-2013]
(A) 84 (B) 85 (C) 86 (D) 87

13. The number 38(310 + 65) + 23(212 + 67) is [IJSO-2016]

(A) A perfect square and a perfect cube (B) Neither a perfect square nor a perfect cube
(C) A perfect cube but not a perfect square (D) A perfect square but not a perfect cube
14. If x + xy + xz = 135, y + yz + xy = 351 and z + xz + yz = 243, then x2 + y2 + z2 =__________
2 2 2

[IJSO 2017]
(A) 300 (B) 275 (C) 250 (D) 225

15. If p + q + r = 2, p2 + q2 + r2 = 30 and pqr =10, the value of (1 – p)(1 – q)(1 – r) will be [IJSO 2017]
(A) –18 (B) –24 (C) –27 (D) –35

 1  3 1   2 1   1
16. If  x   = 5, then x  3  – 5 x  2 +  x   =__________. [IJSO 2017]
 x  x   x   x
(A) 10 (B) 5 (C) 0 (D) –5

17. If x2 – 3x + 2 is a factor of x4 – px2 + q, then p, q are: [IJSO 2017]

(A) 2, 3 (B) 4, 5 (C) 5, 4 (D) 0, 0

18. If (a + b + c + d) = 4, then
1 1 1 1
  + =__________.
(1  a)(1  b)(1  c) (1  b)(1  c)(1  d) (1  c)(1  d)(1  a) (1  d)(1  a)(1  b)
[IJSO 2017]
(A) 4 (B) 1 (C)1 / 4 (D) 0

19. If a : b = c : d then how many of the following statements are true?

(i) c(a + b) = a(c + d) (ii) d(a – b) = b(c – d)
 a 2   c2   2ac 
(iii) (a2 + b2) (ac – bd) = (a2 – b2) (ac + bd) (iv)  2    2    
 b   d   bd 
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) All
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
20. Y varies inversely as x. If x is increased by 25%, then the value of percentage change to y is
(A) 80% (B) 75% (C) 60% (D) 62.5%

a 2  ab  b 2
21. If a, b, c are in continued proportion, the expression can be simplified to :
b 2  bc  c 2
ac a c a c
(A) (B) (C) (D)
ab c a b

22. The equations 2x – 3y + 5 = 0 and 6y – 4x = 10, when solved simultaneously, have : [IJSO-2008]
(A) only one solution (B) no solution
(C) only two solutions (D) infinite number of solutions

23. Given 3x – 4y = 7 and x + cy = 13, for what value of 'c' will the two equation not have a solution ?
[NSTSE-2009]
3 4 4
(A) (B) (C) –4 (D)
4 3 3

24. The below diagram shows the graph of : [NSTSE-2009]

4x
(A) y = x – 3 (B) y = 2x + 3 (C) y = –x – 3 (D) y = 4
3
ax  3y  1
25. Let "b" be a positive number such that the system  has an infinite number of solutions. By
5x  ay  b
rounding to the nearest hundredth, the value of "b" equals : [NSTSE 2009]
(A) 0.60 (B) 1.29 (C) 1.67 (D) 3.87

4 3
26. The solution set of the system of equation + 5y = 7, + 4 y = 5 is : [NSTSE-2010]
x x
1   1   1  1 
(A)  , 1 (B)  ,1 (C)  , 1 (D)  ,1
 3   3   3  3 

27. If 2a = b, the pair of equations ax + by = 2a2 – 3b2, x + 2y = 2a – 6b possess : [NSTSE 2010]

(A) no solution (B) only one solution
(C) only two solutions (D) an infinite number of solutions

28. In a rectangle ABCD the lengths of sides AB, BC, CD and DA are (5x + 2y + 2) cm, (x + y + 4) cm,
(2x + 5y – 7) cm and (3x + 2y – 11) cm respectively. Which of the following statements not true ?
[IJSO-2009]
(A) One of the sides of the rectangle is 15 cm long.
(B) Each diagonal of the rectangle is 39 cm long.
(C) Perimeter of the rectangle is 102 cm.
(D) Area of the rectangle is 560 cm2
29. If 4a – 18b + 13c = 0 and 3a + 3b – 4c = 0, then the ratio a : b : c will be : [IJSO-2010]
(A) 3 : 6 : 5 (B) 5 : 3 : 6 (C) 3 : 5 : 6 (D) 5 : 6 : 3
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR

30. A pen costs Rs 13 and a note book costs Rs. 35 Let m be the maximum number of items that can be
bought for Rs 1000and n be the minimum number of items that can be bought for the same amount.
Then m + n is [IJSO-2013]
(A) 76 (B) 88 (C) 96 (D) 98

ax  ax 2ab

31. The value of , when x = is [IJSO-2018]
ax  ax b2  1
(A) a (B) b (C) x (D) 0

32. A box contains some red and some yellow balls. If one red ball is removed, one seventh of the
remaining balls would be red; if one yellow ball is removed, one-sixth of the remaining balls would be
red. If n denotes the total number of balls in the box, then the sum of the digits of n is [IJSO-2018]
(A) 6 (B) 7 (C) 8 (D) 9

33. A person kept rolling a regular (six faced) die until one of the numbers appeared third time on the top.
This happened in 12th throw and the sum of all the numbers in 12 throws was 46. Which number
appeared least number of times? [IJSO-2018]
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 1
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR
Answer Key

EXERCISE # 1

SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
A-1. 4:5 A-2. 21 : 22 A-3. Rs.20000 A-4. 16 : 56
8
A-5 25 A.6 ab A.10 y = 2x – A.11 59520
x

5 53
B-1 yes,(x – 3) is a factor of p(x). B-2 x=  B-3 –
4 8
18 1 3
B-4 B-5 a= and b = B-6 k = – 90
127 4 4

1
C-1. (i) 25x2 + 16y2 + 40xy (ii) 16x2 + 25y2 – 40xy (iii) 4x2 + – 4.
x2
C-2.  36. C-3. 189. C-5. 180.
C-6. 69

D-1 (i) a2b  b2c  c2 a (ii) bc(b c)  ca(c a)  ab(a  b) (iii) a(b c)2  b(c a)2  c(a  b)2
D-2 (i) 2x + 2y + 2z (ii) 0 (iii) 0

 a bc   x  y
2 2
D-3 (i) (ii)
a ,b , c x, y, z

D-4 (i) (x  y)(y z)(z x) (ii) (a  b)(b c)(c a)

(iii) (a  b)(b c)(c a)(a  b c) (iv) 5(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)(a2 + b2 + c2 + ab + bc + ca)

q  r(p  q) r(q  p)  p 2ab

E-1 (i) x = ; y= (ii) x = a + b ; y = –
p q
2 2
p2  q 2 ab
E-2 (i) x = 1 ; y = 2 (ii) x = –1 ; y = – 2 E-3 x = 0.6 ; y = 1.5
120
E-4 75 E-5 days E-6 Chair = Rs. 600, Table = Rs. 700
7
E-7 Train = 100 km/hr ; Taxi = 80 km/hr E-8 720 km

F-1. Infinite solution F-2. k R F-3 k=6

F-4 k=–4 F-5 a=5 ; b=1
F-6 Number of cows = 13 and Number of horses = 11 F-7 x = 29, 21, 13, 5 and y = 2, 5, 8, 11
F-8 3 F-9 56, 25 or 16, 65 F-10 37, 99 or 77, 59 or 117, 19

OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
A-1. (C) A-2. (C) A-3. (C) A-4. (B) A-5. (C) A-6. (D) A-7. (B)
A-8. (C) A-9. (B) A-10. (A) A-11. (B) A-12. (D) A-13. (B) A-14. (A)

B-1. (B) B-2. (B) B-3. (C) B-4. (D) B-5. (A) B-6. (A)
C-1. (D) C-2. (D) C-3. (A) C-4. (B) C-5. (D) C-6. (B) C-7. (A)
C-8. (D) C-9. (B) C-10. (C)
 PRASHANT JAIN SIR

D-1 (A) D-2 (C) D-3 (C)

E-1. (C) E-2. (B) E-3. (B) E-4. (D) E-5. (A) E-6. (B) E-7. (C)
E-8. (D) E-9. (A) E-10. (D)

F-1. (C) F-2. (A) F-3. (C) F-4. (D) F-5. (A) F-6 (C)
F-7 (D) F-8 (C) F-9 (A)

EXERCISE # 2

Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. B D A B D B D A D C B C A A B C A C C A
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Ans. A A A A D B D C D C D D

EXERCISE # 3

Ques. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D B C C A B C C D B B B C B B C C D D A
Ques. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Ans. B D D D B A D D C D B B C,D