MATHEMATICS 10 REVIEWER – 4TH QUARTER 3.

DISTINCT OR DISTINGUISHABLE
PERMUTATIONS – refers to the
PERMUTATIONS permutations of a set of objects
where some of them are alike. The
 Refers to the different possible
number of distinguishable
arrangements of a set of objects
permutations of n objects when p
 Order is IMPORTANT
are alike, q are alike, r are alike, and
 Keyword: Arrange
so on, is given by:
 Rules:
1. PERMUTATION OF N OBJECTS
TAKEN ALL AT A TIME – The
4.
number of permutations of n distinct
CIRCULAR PERMUTATIONS – the
objects arranged at the same time is
different possible arrangements of
given by:
objects in a circle. The number of
permutations, P, of n objects around
a circle is given by:
Circumstances (Formula):
 If x people prefer to sit with
each other in a straight
arrangement
Circumstances (Formulas):
P=n! x !
 If x people prefer to sit with
Note: The value of n is the number of each other in a circular
elements given, with the condition arrangement
that the people who would like to sit P= ( n−1 ) ! x !
with each other is counted as one
Note: The value of n is the number of
 If x people refuse to sit with elements given, with the condition
each other in a straight that the people who would like to sit
arrangement with each other are counted as one
P=n1 !−(n2 ! x !)
 If x people refuse to sit with
Note: The value of n1 refers to the each other in a circular
total number of elements. Its factorial arrangement
will then be subtracted to the formula P=n1 !−[ ( n2−1 ) ! x ! ]
in getting the ways that they want to
sit with each other (refer to the
Note: The value of n1 refers to the
formula above).
total number of elements. Its factorial
will then be subtracted to the formula
2. PERMUTATION OF N OBJECTS in getting the ways that they want to
TAKEN R AT A TIME – The number sit with each other (refer to the
of permutations of n objects taken r formula above).
at a time is given by:
COMBINATIONS
 the number of ways of selecting from a set
when the order is NOT IMPORTANT
 The number of combinations of n objects
taken r at a time is denoted by:
  The number of combinations of n objects  A collection of one or more
taken r at a time is given by: outcomes of an experiment
 It may be a:

 Simple Event
Keywords: Select, Choose, Group o An event that includes
one and only one of
the outcomes for an
PROBABILITY experiment
 Refers to a numerical measure of likelihood
that a specific event will occur or the  Compound Event
chance that something will happen o Is a collection of
more than one
 Other terms: outcome for an
o Experiment experiment
 A situation or activity o consist of two or
involving chance or more simple events
probability that leads to
results called outcome  It is also any subset of sample space

o Outcome  Probability of Simple Events

 The result of single trial of an  If each of the outcomes in a sample
experiment space is equally likely to occur, then
the probability of an event E,
o Sample Space denoted as P(E), is given by:
 The set of all possible
outcomes of an experiment
 It is denoted by capital letter
S

 Example 1: When a coin is tossed, what is

the chance of getting a tail?
 Experiment: Tossing of the Coin
 Outcome: Head or Tail
 Sample Space: S = { Head, Tail }
 Probability: Chance of getting a tail

 Example 2: What is the chance of getting a

4 after rolling a die?
 Experiment: Rolling of a die
 Outcome: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
 Sample Space: S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }
 Probability: Chance of getting a 4

PROBABILITY OF EVENTS
 Event

 Example 1: What is the probability
of getting 1 diamond after drawing a
card from a standard deck?
 No. of ways that event can
occur: 13
 No. of total possible
outcomes: 52
13 1
P ( 1 diamond )= ∨
52 4
 Example 2: Suppose a die is rolled,
a) What is the probability of
rolling an even number?
 No. of ways that
event can occur: 3
 No. of total possible
outcomes: 6
3 1
P ( even number )= ∨
6 2
b) What is the probability of
rolling an odd number?
 No. of ways that
event can occur: 3
 No. of total possible
outcomes: 6
3 1
P ( odd number )= ∨
6 2
 Example 3: What is the probability
of getting a prime number between 1
and 100 greater than 37?
 S = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17,
19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47,
53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83,
89, 97 }
 No. of ways that event can
occur: 13
 No. of total possible
outcomes: 25
 Example 4: A huge jar contains 50
red marbles, 38 green marbles and
74 yellow marbles. If a marble is
drawn from the jar at random, what
is the probability that it is yellow?
 No. of ways that event can
occur: 74
 No. of total possible
outcomes: 162
74 37
P ( yellow marble )= ∨
162 81
 Example 5: A bag contains 6 red, 8
green, and 7 blue marbles. One ball
is drawn at random. What is the
probability that the ball is not green?
 No. of ways that event can
occur: 13
 No. of total possible
outcomes: 21
13
P ( red∨blue marbles )=
21
 Probability of Compound Events
 Share the same formula with simple
events
 E
x
ample 1: A school canteen serves
lunch for students. A set of menu
consists of 1 type of rice, 1 type of
viand, and 1 type of drink. The tree
diagram below shows the possible
menu combinations.
1) Give the sample space of
combination of rice, viand,
 and drink. How many 7) What is the probability that a
possible outcomes are student chose pineapple
there? juice as a drink?

FR – CA – PJ
4 1
FR – CA – OJ ∨
FR – P – PJ 8 2
FR – P – OJ
SR – CA – PJ 8) What is the probability that a
SR – CA – OJ student chose steamed rice
SR – P – PJ and pineapple juice?
SR – P – OJ

8 Possible Outcomes 2 1
∨
8 4
2) List the outcomes of
selecting a lunch with 9) What is the probability that a
pineapple juice. student chose chicken adobo
and orange juice?
FR – CA – PJ
FR – P – PJ 2 1
SR – CA – PJ ∨
8 4
SR – P – PJ
3) How many outcomes are
10) What is the probability that a
there for selecting any lunch
student chose pinakbet and
with pineapple juice?
pineapple juice?
4 Possible Outcomes
2 1
∨
4) How many outcomes are 8 4
there for selecting a lunch
with steamed rice and with  Example 2: Suppose a coin is tossed four
pineapple juice? times, what is the probability of getting:

2 Possible Outcomes

5) How many outcomes are

there for selecting a lunch
with chicken adobo and a
pineapple juice?

2 Possible Outcomes

6) How many outcomes are

there for selecting a lunch
with pinakbet and an orange
juice?

2 Possible Outcomes

a. No Head
 1
P ( no head )=
16 o The event containing all elements
that belong to A or B or to both
b. Exactly one Tail
4 1 o The Union of two events A and B is
P ( exactly one tail )= ∨
16 4 denoted as A ∪ B(read as A union B)

c. At least one Head o Uses Addition Rule (Mutually

15 Exclusive and Not Mutually
P ( at least 1 head )=
16 Exclusive)

INTERSECTION of Events (∩)

OPERATION WITH EVENTS
Venn Diagram
o A graph that employs closed curves
and especially circles to represent
relations between operation on sets

Parts of a Venn Diagram

U
N
I
O
N
of Events (∪)
 2. Will choose flowers
o The event containing all elements
that are common to A and B 50 1
∨
100 2
o The intersection of two events A and
B is denoted by 𝑨∩𝑩 (read as A 3. Will choose chocolates or flowers
intersection B)
73
o Uses Multiplication Rule 100
(Dependent and Independent
4. Will choose chocolates and flowers
Events)
14 7
COMPLEMENT of Events (X’) ∨
100 50
5. Will not choose chocolates

63
100

6. Will not choose flowers

50 1
∨
o The complement of an event is the 100 2
set of all outcomes that are NOT in
the event Example 2: The extracurricular activities in
which the senior class at Naga City science
o If the event is A, then the high school participate are shown in the
complement is denoted as A’ Venn diagram below.

o P(A’) = 1 - P(A) A student is chosen randomly. Find the

probability that the student:
Example 1: Some students were asked if
they prefer chocolates or flowers as a gift
during valentine’s day.

A student is chosen at random. determine

the probability that the student:
1. Will choose chocolates

37
100
 1. Participates in drama; band; and
athletics
 Not Mutually Exclusive Events
82 99 159
; ;
345 345 345
 This
2. Participates in athletics or drama is

227
345
opposite to the mutually exclusive
events wherein two events A and B
3. Participates only in drama and band
have common elements which is
the intersection of A and B
30 2
∨
345 23
 Probability of Not Mutually Exclusive
Events
4. Participates in all the activities
 If A and B are not mutually
exclusive, then:
10 2
∨
345 69

 Example 1: Suppose Anne chooses to

MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE AND NOT hang out with her friends on weekend, what
is the probability that it is Saturday or
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
Sunday?
 Mutually Exclusive Events
1 1
P ( Sat∨Sun )= + =1
2 2

 Two  Example 2: Boyet has five friends: Anne,

events Liezel, Mary, Mae and Kim. What is the
A and B probability that Boyet has crush on Anne or
are called mutually exclusive if they Mae?
have no elements in common, that
is 𝐀∩𝐁=∅ 1 1 2
P ( Anne∨Mae )= + =
 ∅ means a null space or 5 5 5
empty space (S = { })
 Example 3: A card is chosen at random
 Probability of Mutually Exclusive Events from a standard deck. What is the
 When two events A and B are probability that it is 4 or king?
4 4 8 2
mutually exclusive, the probability P ( 4∨King )= + = ∨
that A or B will occur is: 52 52 52 13

 Example 4: Suppose a die is rolled. Find

each probability.
 1. Rolling an even number or greater
than 2
3 4 2 5
P ( even∨¿ 2 )= + − =
6 6 6 6
2. Rolling 5 or prime number
1 3 1 1
P ( 5∨Prime )= + − =
6 6 6 2
DEPENDENT AND INDEPENDENT
EVENTS
 INDEPENDENT EVENTS
 Two events are independent if the
occurrence of one of the events
gives us no information about
whether or not the other event will
occur
 The events have no influence on
each
 With replacement
 If two events, A and B, are
independent, then the probability of
both events occurring is the product
of the probability of A and the
probability of B
 Examples:
 Katie spins the spinner twice.
 Mia rolls a six-sided die. At
the same time, warren flips a
coin.
 Probability of Independent Events
 When two events, A and B, are
independent, the probability of both
occurring is:
 DEPENDENT EVENTS
 The outcome of one event affects
the outcome of another event
 Without replacement
 If two events, A and B, are
dependent, then the probability of
both events occurring is the product
of the probability of A and the
probability of B after A occurs.
 Examples:
 Gwen picks a card at
random, without putting the
first card back, she picks a
second card at random.
 Brennan picks a marble at
random, did not put it back
and then picks another
marble at random.
 Allan selects two cards from
a standard deck without
replacing the first card.
 Probability of Dependent Events
 If two events, A and B, are
dependent events, the probability of
both events is given by:
 Example 1: A jar contains 5 red and 12
yellow marbles. A marble is chosen at
random from the jar. After replacing it, a
second marble is chosen. What is the
probability of choosing a red and then
yellow marble?
5 12 60
P ( red∧ yellow )= x =
17 17 289
 Example 2: 3 cards are chosen at random
from a deck of 52 cards without
replacement. What is the probability of
choosing 3 aces?
4 3 2 24
P ( ace 1 , 2 ,3 )= x x =
52 51 50 132600
 Example 3: What is the probability of
winning the 6/58 lotto game?
6 5 1 1
P ( 1 st ,2 nd , … ,6 th )= x x …x =
58 57 53 40475358
CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY 1. P (A | B) = P(A)
2. P(B | A) = P(B), or equivalently,
3. P(A ∩ B) = P(A) ● P(B)

 Example 1: A proficiency
examination for certain technical
skills was given to 200 employees
of a manufacturing firm. The
breakdown of the examination
results of the employees are
shown in the table below.
MALE FEMALE
1. TOTAL
 The conditional probability of an event B (M) (F)
given A is the probability that the event B PASS
48 72 120
will occur given that an event A has already (P)
FAIL
occurred 32 48 80
(Q)
80 120 200
 This probability is written as P(B|A) and
Are the events p and m independent?
read as the probability of B given A
P(P│M)= 48/80= 3/5; P(P)= 120/200= 3/5
 In the case where events A and B are
independent (where event A has no effect (Independent)
on the probability of event B), the
2. Are the events p and f independent?
conditional probability of event B given
event A is simply the probability of event B,
P(P│F)= 72/120= 3/5; P(P)= 120/200= 3/5
that is, P(B)
(Independent)
 For any two events A and B with P(B) > 0,
the conditional probability of A given that B
3. Find the probability that the employee
has occurred is defined by:
passed the exam, given that he was a male.

P(P│M)= 48/80

 4. Find the probability that the employee was a

Dependent Conditional Probability – When male, given that a passing grade was
two events, A and B, are dependent, the received.
probability of both events occurring is
P(M│P)= 48/120

5. Find the probability that the employee

was a female, given that a passing grade
was received.
 Independent Conditional Probability –
Two events A and B are said to be P(F│P)= 72/120
independent if either: