MATH 10 – QUARTER 3 – WEEK 6 – MODULE 6

MATHEMATICS 10
Module 6 : Week 6 : 3rd Quarter

Solving Problems Involving Probabilities

Learning Competency
a. The learner illustrates mutually exclusive events. (M10SP-IIIi-1)
b. The learner solves problems involving probability. (M10SP-IIIi-j-1)

Objectives
a.1. Illustrates mutually exclusive events.
a.2. Find the probability of mutually exclusive events.
b. Solves problems involving probability.

Let’s Recall (Looking Back)

Probability of Simple Events
Activities such as rolling a die, tossing a coin, or randomly choosing a ball from a box
which could be repeated over and over again, and which have well defined results are
called experiments. The results of an experiment are called outcomes. The set of all
outcomes in an experiment is called a sample space. An event is a subset of the
sample space.
Simple Events: Consider rolling a die.
a. “Getting a number 5” is called a simple event.
b. “Getting a 6” is also a simple event.
If each of the outcomes in a sample space is equally likely to occur, then the probability
of an event E, denoted by P(E) is given by,

𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒄𝒄𝒖𝒓

P(E)= 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒃𝒍𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕
or P ( E ) = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆

Example. Find the probability of getting an odd number when a die is rolled.
Solution:
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒏(𝑬) 𝟑 𝟏
P(E)= = = = or 0.50 or 50%
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒏(𝑺) 𝟔 𝟐
There is 50% chance of getting odd number when a die is rolled.

Probability of a Union of Two Events

Compound Events: Events which consist of more than one outcome are called
compound events. A compound event consists of two or more simple events.
Intersection of events and union of events are example of compound events.
The probability of union of two events, denoted by P (A  B) is given by
𝒏(𝐀  𝐁)
P (A  B) = 𝒏(𝑺) or P (A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P (A  B) → if n(A  B) is not
known
The probability of intersection of two events, denoted by P (A  B) is given by
𝒏(𝐀  𝐁)
P (A  B) = 𝒏(𝑺)
Additional: Complement Property (Probability that event will not happen)
P(A’) = 1 – P(A)

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Example. Find the probability of getting an even number or a perfect square when
a die is rolled.
Solution:
𝒏(𝐄  𝐏) 𝟒 𝟐
P (E  P) = = = or 0.𝟔 ̅ or 66.67%
𝒏(𝑺) 𝟔 𝟑

Let’s Understand (Brief Introduction)

(Communication)

Mutually Exclusive Events

Events that cannot occur at the same time are called mutually exclusive events.
Two or more events are mutually exclusive if they don’t have common element/s.
Probability of Compound Events:
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) for non-mutually exclusive events.
P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) for mutually exclusive events since they have no common
elements or intersection.

Example:
Consider each problem below. Determine whether the events are mutually exclusive or
not mutually exclusive. Then, find the probability.
a. Mario has 45 red chips, 12 blue chips, and 24 white chips. What is the probability that
Mario randomly selects a red chip or a white chip?
b. Of 240 students, 176 are on the honor roll, 48 are members of the varsity team, and
36 are in the honor roll and are also members of the varsity team. What is the
probability that a randomly selected student is on the honor roll or is a member of the
varsity team?
Solutions and Answers:
a. Mutually Exclusive:
𝟒𝟓 𝟐𝟒 𝟔𝟗 𝟐𝟑
P (R  W) = P(R) + P(W) = + = = or 0.𝟖𝟓𝟏 ̅̅̅̅̅̅ or 85.19%
𝟖𝟏 𝟖𝟏 𝟖𝟏 𝟐𝟕
b. Not - mutually exclusive:
𝟏𝟕𝟔 𝟒𝟖 𝟑𝟔 𝟏𝟖𝟖
P(H  V) = P(H) + P(V) - P (H  V) = 𝟐𝟒𝟎 + 𝟐𝟒𝟎 - 𝟐𝟒𝟎 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎
𝟒𝟕
̅ or 78.33%
= 𝟔𝟎 or 0.78𝟑

Solving Problems Involving Probability

* Conditional Probability
- Let A and B two events from a sample space S with P (B)  0. The conditional
probability of A to occur given that B has occurred, which is denoted by P (A B), is
given by
𝑷(𝑨𝑩)
P (A  B) = 𝑷 ( 𝑩 )
*Dependent Events – Two events are dependent if the occurrence of one event does
affect the occurrence of the other (e.g., random selection without replacement).
P (A and B) = P(A) • P (B following A)
*Independent Events – events in which the probability of any one event occurring is
unaffected by the occurrence or non-occurrence of any of the other events. Formally, A
and B are independent if and only if P(A|B) = P(A).
P (A and B) = P(A) • P(B)

Example 1: A family has two children. What is the probability that the younger child is
a girl, given that at least one of the children is a girl?

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Solution and Answer:

𝐧(𝐘𝐆) 𝟐
P (Y  G) = 𝐧(𝐒)
=𝟒 Since in Sample Space = {Bb, Bg, Gb, Gg}
there are 2 elements that have younger is a girl.
𝐧( 𝐆 ) 𝟑
P (G) = 𝐧 ( 𝐒 ) = 𝟒 Since in Sample Space = {Bb, Bg, Gb, Gg} there are 3
elements that at least one is a girl.
𝐏(𝐘𝐆) 𝟐/𝟒 𝟐
P (Y  G) = =
𝐏 ( 𝐆)
= or 0.𝟔𝟔
𝟑/𝟒 𝟑
̅̅̅̅ or 66.67%

Example 2: A basket contains 6 apples, 5 bananas, 4 oranges, and 5 guavas. Dominic

randomly chooses one piece of fruit, eats it, and chooses another piece of fruit.
What is the probability that he chose a banana and then an apple?
Answer: Since Dominic eats the first fruit, he chose it is probability of dependent
𝟓 𝟔 𝟑𝟎 𝟑
events. P (Banana and Apple) = 𝟐𝟎 x 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟑𝟖𝟎 = 𝟑𝟖

Example 3: Nick has 4 black pens, 3 blue pens, and 2 red pens in his school bag.
Nick randomly picks two pens out of his school bag. What is the
probability that Nick chose two blue pens, if he replaced the first pen
back in his pocket before choosing a second pen?
Answer: Since Nick replaced the first pen back it is probability of independent
𝟑 𝟑 𝟗 𝟏
events. P(Blue and Blue) = 𝟗 x 𝟗 = 𝟖𝟏 = 𝟗

Let’s Analyze (Checking Your Understanding)

(Character, Critical thinking, and Collaboration)
Group Activity:
Make a research report. Choose your own topic of study or choose from any of the five
recommended topics given below. Focus on the question that follows:
How can I use statistics and probability to help others make informed decisions
regarding my chosen topic?
Recommended Topics:
1. COVID – 19 4. Diet and health
2. Professional athletics 5. Costs associated with a college education
3. Driving and Cellphone use

Let’s Apply (Post-Test) (Critical Thinking and Creativity)

A. DIRECTIONS: Read the following questions carefully. Choose the letter that
corresponds to the correct answer.
1. These are events that cannot occur at the same time.
A. Independent C. Dependent
B. Mutually Exclusive D. Conditional
2. The probability of A to occur given that B already occurred.
A. Independent C. Dependent
B. Mutually Exclusive D. Conditional
3. Events in which the occurrence of one event does affect the occurrence of the other.
A. Independent C. Dependent
B. Mutually Exclusive D. Conditional
4. Events in which the probability of any one event occurring is unaffected by the
occurrence or non-occurrence of any of the other events.
A. Independent C. Dependent

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B. Mutually Exclusive D. Conditional

5. Which of the following pair of events are mutually exclusive if a die is rolled?
A. getting an even number and a perfect square
B. getting an odd number and a perfect square
C. getting an even number and an odd number
D. getting an odd number and a prime number
6. The spinner with 8 equal sectors and numbered 1 to 8 is spun. What is the probability
of a spin that results in an even number or a number less than 4?
𝟑 𝟏 𝟓 𝟐
A. 𝟖 B. 𝟐 C. 𝟖 D. 𝟑

For numbers 7 to 8: A sample of 150 plastic pipes were selected and subjected to shock
resistance and scratch resistance tests. The results are summarized in the table below.
SHOCK RESISTANCE
SCRATCH RESISTANCE
High Low
High 125 12
Low 7 6

7. A pipe is selected at random. What is the probability that it has high shock resistance
given that it has high scratch resistance? (2 pts.)
𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝟏𝟑𝟐
A. B. C. D.
𝟏𝟑𝟐 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎
8. A pipe is selected at random. What is the probability that it has high scratch resistance
and high shock resistance? (2 pts.)
𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟐𝟓 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝟏𝟑𝟐
A. B. C. D.
𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟑𝟕 𝟏𝟓𝟎 𝟏𝟓𝟎

B. Consider each problem below. Determine whether the events are mutually
exclusive or not mutually exclusive. Then, find the probability.
1. Ruby’s dog has 8 puppies. The puppies include 2 white females, 3 mixed-color females,
1 white male, and 2 mixed-color males. Ruby wants to keep one puppy. What is the
probability that she randomly chooses a puppy that is female and white? (3 pts.)
2. Carl’s basketball shooting records indicate that for any frame, the probability that he
will score in a two-point shoot is 30%, a three-point shoot, 45%, and neither, 25%.
What is the probability that Cindy will score either in a two-point shoot or in a three-
point shoot? (3 pts.)

C. Solve the ff problems: (Show your solutions)

1. At a basketball game, 80% of the fans cheered for team A. In the same crowd, 20% of
the fans were waving banners and cheering for team A. What is the probability that a
fan waved a banner given that the fan cheered for team A? (3 pts.)
2. A bag of jellybeans contains 10 red, 6 green, 7 yellow, and 5 orange jellybeans. What
is the probability of randomly choosing a red jellybean, replacing it, randomly choosing
another red jellybean, replacing it, and then randomly choosing an orange jellybean?
(3 pts.)
3. Rene and Cris went to a grocery store to buy drinks. They chose from 10 different
brands of juice drinks, 6 different brands of carbonated drinks, and 3 different brands
of mineral water. What is the probability that Rene and Cris both chose juice drinks, if
Rene randomly chose first and liked the first brand he picked up? (3 pts.)

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