IOQM 2021 Course Ratio and Proportion

LECTURE 1
 About Me

• AIR 42, JEE 2008

• B Tech, IIT Bombay
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last 5 years
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Prashant Jain
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 Ration & Proportion
(i) Ratio:
A ratio is a comparison of two numbers (quantities) by division. The ratio of a to b is written as
a
a : b or . In the ratio a : b, a and b are called terms of the ratio. 'a' is the antecedent and 'b' is
b
the consequent.

(ii) Properties of ratio

(a) In a ratio, two quantities are compared. So, the quantities must be of the same kind i.e. they
must be expressed in the same units.
(b) The order of the terms in a ratio a : b is very important, since 2 : 3 is not same as 3 : 2.
(c) The value of a ratio remains unaltered· if the given ratio is multiplied or divided by the same
non–zero quantity. if a, b and m are non–zero real numbers then a : b = ma : mb and a : b =
a/m : b/m.
(d) If the ratio of any two quantities can be expressed exactly by the ratio of two integers, the
quantities are said to be commensurable otherwise incommensurable.

(iii) To divide a number into parts in a given ratio

Let 'X' be the given number, the given ratio is 𝑥1 ∶ 𝑥2 .
X is to be divided into two parts such that the Value of first part : Value of second part = 𝑥1 : 𝑥2
Therefore
 x1 
First part =   ×X
 x1  x 2 
 x2 
Second part =   ×X
 x1  x 2 

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 Comparison of Ration
Let a : b and c: d are two given ratios, then
(a) a : b > c : d if ad >bc
(b) a : b < c : d if ad <bc
(c) a : b = c : d if ad = bc
(d) Ratios can also be compared by expressing the ratios as fractions and then converting them
to decimal numbers.
(e) They can also be compared by converting them to their equivalent fraction of common
denominator.

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 Ratio of greater inequality or lesser inequality
(a) A ratio a : b is called a ratio of greater inequality
If a > b e.g. 5 : 2 is a ratio of greater inequality. A ratio of greater inequality is decreased if a
same positive number is added to both the terms of the ratio and increased if a same positive
number is subtracted from both of its terms.
(b) A ratio a : b is called ratio of less inequality if a < b
A ratio of less inequality is decreased if a same positive number is subtracted from both the terms
of the ratio and increased if a same positive quantity is added to both of its terms.

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 Proportion
Equality of two ratios is called proportion.
If a : b = c : d, then a, b, c and d are in proportion, a : b = c : d is also represented as a : b :: c :d.

(1) Each quantity a, b, c and d of a proportion a : b :: c : d is called a term or proportional. a, b, c

and d are respectively called first, second, third and fourth term or proportional of the proportion
a: b :: c: d.

(2) The first and the fourth (last) terms are called extremes and the second and third terms are called
middle terms or means.

(3) In a proportional a : b :: c : d product of extremes = product of means.

(4) In a proportion, fourth term is called fourth proportional of the other three terms.

a c b d
(5) If a : b :: c : d then b : a :: d : c or    This is known as Invertendo.
b d a c

a c a b
(6) If a : b :: c : d then a : c :: b : d or    This result is known as Alternendo.
b d c d

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 Componendo and Dividendo
a c ab cd
(7) If a : b :: c : d   1  1   or a : b :: c : d  (a + b) : b :: (c + d) : d ......
b d b d
(1) This result is known as Componendo.

a c a b c d
(8) If a : b :: c : d   1  1   or a : b :: c : d  (a – b) : b :: (c – d) : d ......
b d b d
(2) This result is known as Dividendo.

ab cd
(9) Dividing equation (1) and (2) we get b  d  (a  b) : (a  b) :: (c  d ) : (c  d ) or a : b :: c : d
a b cd
b d
 This result is known as Componendo and Dividendo.

a b c
(10) a, b, c, d are said to be in continued proportion If  
b c d

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 Example

a c e a 3b  2c 2 e  3ae 2 f ace
If   , show that 4 2 3

b d f b  2d f  3bf bdf

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 Example

x y z x 2  a 2 y 2  b 2 z 2  c 2 ( x  y  z ) 2  ( a  b  c) 2
If   ; prove that   
a b c xa y b zc x y z abc

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 Example
x y z x  y  z x ( y  z )  y ( z  x)  z ( x  y )
If   , prove that 
bc a c  a b a bc abc 2( ax  by  cz )

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 Example
3
m 1  3 m 1
If x  3 3
. Solve that x3 – 3mx2 + 3x – m = 0.
m 1  m 1

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 Example

x 2  y 2 xy x p
If 2 2  . Prove that  .
p q pq y q

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 Example
4 men and 3 women finish a job in 6 days. And 5 men and 7 women can do the same job in 4 days. How
long will 1 man and 1 women take to do the work ?
 2 1 1  7 
(A) 22   days (B) 25   days (C) 5   days (D) 12   days
7 2 7  22 

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 Example
1 1 1 1
A person distributes his pens among four friends A, B, C and D in the ratio : : : . What is the
3 4 5 6
minimum number of pens that the person should have?

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