RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION FOR ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

d d
1. c =0 5. u ± v = u′± v′
dx dx
d d
2. u = u′ 6. uv = uv′+ vu′
dx dx
d d u vu′−uv′
3. au = au′ , where a ∈ R 7. =
dx dx v v2
d
4. un = nun − 1 u′ , where n ∈ R
dx
 DERIVATION USING THE CONCEPT OF LIMIT AND SLOPE

1. f x = c 2. f x = x 3. f x = ax ; where a ∈ R 3.5 f x = ag(x) ; where a ∈ R

′f x = lim c − c f′ x = lim
(x + h) − x ′f x = lim a(x + h) − ax ′f x = lim ag(x + h) − ag(x)
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
′f x = lim 0 f′ x = lim
h ′f x = lim ax + ah − ax ′f x = lim a g(x + h) − g(x)
h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h h→0 h
f′ x = lim 0 f′ x = lim 1 ′f x = lim ah ′f x = lim a lim
g x+h −g x
h→0 h→0 h→0 h h→0 h→0 h
∴ f′ x = 0 ∴ f′ x = 1 f′ x = lim a
h→0 ∴ f′ x = ag′ (x)
∴ f′ x = 1
4. f x = xn ; where n ∈ R
x + h n − xn
f′ x = lim
h→0 h
n xn + n xn − 1 h + n xn − 2 h2 + … + n hn − xn
0 1 2 n
f′ x = lim
h→0 h
n
xn + nxn − 1 h + 2 xn − 2 h2 + … + hn − xn 5. f x = u x ± v(x)
f′ x = lim u x + h − u x ± v x + h − v(h)
h→0 h f′ x = lim
h→0 h
nxn − 1 h + n2 xn − 2 h2 + … + hn u x+h −u x v x + h − v(h)
f′ x = lim f′ x = lim ±
h→0 h h→0 h h
u x+h −u x v x + h − v(h)
h nxn − 1 + n2 xn − 2 h + … + hn − 1 f′ x = lim ± lim
f′ x = lim h→0 h h→0 h
h→0 h ∴ f′ x = u′(x) ± v′(x)
′f x = lim nxn − 1 + n xn − 2 h + … + hn − 1
h→0 2
∴ f′ x = nxn − 1
6. f x = u x ∙ v(x)
u x + h ∙v x + h − u x ∙v(x)
f′ x = lim
h→0 h
u x + h − u(x) + u x [v x + h ] − u(x)∙v(x)
f′ x = lim
h→0 h
[u(x + h) − u(x)]∙v x + h + u(x)∙v(x + h) − u(x)∙v(x)
f′ x = lim
h→0 h
[u(x + h) − u(x)]∙v x + h + u(x) ∙ [v(x + h) − v(x)]
f′ x = lim
h→0 h
′f x = lim [u(x + h) − u(x)]∙v x + h + u(x)∙[v(x + h) − v(x)]
h→0 h h
′f x = lim u(x + h) − u(x) lim v x + h + lim u(x) lim
v(x + h) − v(x)
h→0 h h→0 h→0 h→0 h
∴ f′ x = u′ x ∙v x + u(x)∙v′(x)
 v x ∙[u x + h − u x ] + u(x)∙v(x) − u(x)∙v(x + h)
v(x)∙v(x + h)
f′ x = lim
u(x) h→0 h
7. f x = v x ∙[u x + h − u x ] − u(x)∙[v(x + h) − v(x)]
v(x)
u(x + h) u x v(x)∙v(x + h)
−
v(x + h) v x f′ x = lim
f′ x = lim h→0 h
h u x + h − u(x) v x + h − v(x)
h→0 lim v(x) lim − lim u(x) lim
v x ∙u x + h − u(x)∙v(x + h) ′f x = h→0 h→0 h h→0 h→0 h
v(x)∙v(x + h)
f′ x = lim lim [v x ∙v x + h ]
h→0
h→0 h
v x ∙[u x + h − u x + u(x)] − u(x)∙v(x + h) v x ∙u′ x − u(x)∙v′ x
v(x)∙v(x + h) ∴f x =
f′ x = lim v(x)∙v(x)
h→0 h
v x ∙[u x + h − u x ] + u(x)∙v(x) − u(x)∙v(x + h)
v(x)∙v(x + h)
f′ x = lim
h→0 h
 EXAMPLES IN USING THE RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
1. f(x) = (4x + 3)(2x2 − 3x + 1) x3 − 3x
2. g(x) =
′f x = 4x + 3 d 2x2 − 3x + 1 + 2x2 − 3x + 1 d (4x + 3) 2x3 + 3
d 3 d
dx dx 2x3 + 3 x − 3x − x3 − 3x 2x3 + 3
f′ x = 4x + 3 4x − 3 + (2x2 − 3x + 1)(4) g′ x = dx dx
2
f′ x = 16x2 − 9 + 8x2 − 12x + 4 3
2x + 3
∴ f′ x = 24x2 − 12x − 5
2x3 + 3 3x2 − 3 − (x3 − 3x)(6x)
g′ x =
3. h x = 4x3 2x − 1 3 2
d d 2
2x + 3
′
h x = 4x 3 3
2x − 1 + 2x − 1 3 4x3
dx dx 6x4 + 3x2 − 9 − 6x4 + 18x2
h′ x = 4x3 3 2x − 1 2 2 + 2x − 1 3 (12x2 ) g′ x =
4x2 + 12x2 + 9
h′ x = 24x3 2x − 1 2 + 12x2 2x − 1 3
′ 21x2 − 9
h′ x = 12x2 2x − 1 2 2x + 2x + 1 ∴g x =
4x2 + 12x2 + 9
∴ h′ x = 12x2 2x − 1 2 (4x + 1)
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION FOR EXPONENTIAL AND
LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS

d u′
8. loga u = , where a ∈ R
dx (ln a) u
d u′
9. ln u = u
dx
d u
10. a = (ln a)au u′ , where a ∈ R
dx
d u
11. e = eu u′
dx
 DERIVATION USING THE CONCEPT OF LIMIT AND SLOPE
8. f x = loga x 9. f x = ln x
′f x = lim loga x + h − loga x ln x + h − ln x
f′ x = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
h h
loga 1 + x ln 1 + x
f′ x = lim f′ x = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
1 h h2 1 h h2
h − + −… h x − + −…
(ln a)x 2 ln a 2 x2 3 ln a 3 x3 x2 x 3
f′ x = lim f′ x = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
2 1 h h 2
1 h h
f′ x = lim − + −… f′ x = lim − + −…
h→0 (ln a)x 2 2 3 3 h→0 x x 2 x3
2 ln a x 3 ln a x
1 ′ 1
∴ f′ x = ∴f x =
x
ln a x
10. f x = ax 11. f x = ex

′f x = lim ax + h − ax ′f x = lim ex + h − ex
h→0 h h→0 h
e x ∙eh − ex
′f x = lim ax ∙ah − ax f′ x = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
x h
x h
′f x = lim a (a − 1) ′f x = lim e (e − 1)
h→0 h h→0 h
2h ln a 3 h2 h h2
ax h ln a +
ln a
+ +… ex h 1 + + +…
2 3! f′ x = lim 2 3!
f′ x = lim h→0 h
h→0 h 2
ln a 2h ln a 3 h2 h h
f′ x = lim ax ln a + + +… f′ x = lim ax 1 + + +…
h→0 2 3! h→0 2 3!
∴ f′ x = ln a ax ∴ f′ x = ex
 EXAMPLES IN USING THE RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION

ex + x log10 x2 +2x+1
1. f(x) = x 2. g x = 3
e −x
d x d x log10 x2 + 2x + 1 d
ex − x e + x − ex + x e −x ′
g x = ln 3 (3 ) log10 x2 + 2x + 1
′f x = dx dx
dx
ex − x 2 d 2
e x − x ex − ex + x ex x + 2x + 1
f′ x = ′ log10 x2 + 2x + 1 dx
𝑔 𝑥 = ln 3 (3 )
ex − x 2 ( ln 10 )(x2 + 2x + 1)
e 2x − xex − e2x − xex
f′ x = log10 x2 + 2x + 1
ln 3 (3 )(2x + 2)
e2x − 2xex + x2 ∴ g′ x =
′ −2xex ( ln 10 )(x2 + 2x + 1)
∴f x =
e2x − 2xex + x2
6. h x = ln ( log3 (ex ))
d
log3 ex
h′ x = dx
log3 ex
d x
e
dx
ln 3 ex
h′ x =
log3 ex
e x
h′ x =
ln 3 log3 ex ex
1
∴ h′ x =
ln 3 log3 ex
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION FOR TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
d
12. sin u = cos u ∙u′
dx
d
13. cos u = − sin u ∙u′
dx
d
14. tan u = sec2 u ∙u′
dx
d
15. cot u = − csc2 u ∙u′
dx
d
16. sec u = sec u tan u ∙u′
dx
d
17. csc u = − csc u cot u u′
dx
 DERIVATION USING THE CONCEPT OF LIMIT AND SLOPE
12. f x = sin x 13. f x = cos x
′f x = lim sin x + h − sin x ′f x = lim cos x + h − cos x
h→0 h h→0 h
sin x cos h + sin h cos x − sin x ′f x = lim cos x cos h − sin x sin h − cos x
f′ x = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
sin x ( cos h − 1) + sin h cos x
f′ x = lim ′f x = lim cos x cos h − 1 − sin x sin h
h→0 h h→0 h
′f x = lim sin x ( cos h − 1) ∙ cos h + 1 + sin h cos x ′f x = lim cos x ( cos h − 1) ∙ cos h + 1 − sin x sin h
h→0 h cos h + 1 h h→0 h cos h + 1 h
sin x ( cos 2 h − 1) sin h cos x ( cos 2 h − 1) sin h
f′ x = lim + cos x ′f x = lim − sin x
h→0 h( cos h + 1) h h→0 h( cos h + 1) h
′f x = lim sin x sin2 h sin h cos x sin 2h sin h
+ cos x ′f x = lim − sin x
h→0 h( cos h + 1) h h→0 h( cos h + 1) h
sin h sin x sin h sin h
f′ x = lim ∙ + lim cos x ′f x = lim cos x sin h ∙ sin h − lim sin x sin h
h→0 h cos h + 1 h→0 h h→0 cos h + 1 h h→0 h
∴ f′ x = cos x ∴ f′ x = − sin x
14. f x = tan x 15. f x = cot x
cot x + h − cot (x)
′f x = lim tan x + h − tan (x) f′ x = lim
h→0 h h→0 h
tan x + tan h cot x cot h − 1
− tan x − cot x
′f x = lim 1 − tan x tan h ′f x = lim cot x + cot h
h h→0 h
h→0 cot x cot h − 1 − cot x ( cot x + cot h )
tan x + tan h − tan x (1 − tan x tan h )
f′ x = lim cot x + cot h
f′ x = lim 1 − tan x tan h
h→0 h
h→0 h 2
tan x + tan h − tan x + tan 2 x tan h ′f x = lim cot x cot h − 1 − cot x − cot x cot h
f′ x = lim h→0 h( cot x + cot h )
h→0 h(1 − tan x tan h ) − csc2 x
2 ′f x = lim
′f x = lim tan h + tan x tan h h→0 h cot x + cos h
h→0 h(1 − tan x tan h ) sin h
2 − csc 2x
′f x = lim tan h (1 + tan x ) f′ x = lim
h→0 h(1 − tan x tan h ) h→0 h cot x sin h + cos h
sin h sec 2x sin h
f′ x = lim ∙ sin h − csc 2x
h→0 h cos h (1 − tan x tan h ) f′ x = lim ∙
h→0 h cot x sin h + cos h
∴ f′ x = sec2 x
∴ f′ x = − csc2 x
16. f x = sec x f ′ x = lim
cos x (1 − cos h )
∙
1 + cos h sin h
+ ∙
sin x

′f x = lim sec x + h − sec (x) h→0 h cos x cos h − sin x sin h cos x 1 + cos h
cos x (1 − cos 2h)
h
sin h
cos x cos h − sin x sin h cos x
sin x
h f ′ x = lim
h→0 h→0 h cos x cos h − sin x sin h cos x (1 + cos h )
+
h
∙
cos x cos h − sin x sin h cos x
1 1 2
− cos x f ′ x = lim
cos x ( sin h ) sin h sin x
f′ x = lim cos x cos h − sin x sin h
+ ∙
h→0 h cos x cos h − sin x sin h cos x (1 + cos h ) h cos x cos h − sin x sin h cos x
h
h→0 cos x − cos x cos f ′ x = lim
sin h cos x ( sin h ) sin h sin x
h + sin x sin h h→0 h
∙
cos x cos h − sin x sin h cos x (1 + cos h )
+
h
∙
cos x cos h − sin x sin h cos x
sin x
′f x = lim cos x cos h − sin x sin h cos x f′ x =
h→0 h cos x cos x
′
′f x = lim cos x 1 − cos h + sin x sin h ∴ f x = sec x tan x
h→0 h cos x cos h − sin x sin h cos x
cos x (1 − cos h ) 1 + cos h sin h sin x
f′ x = lim ∙ + ∙
h→0 h cos x cos h − sin x sin h cos x 1 + cos h h cos x cos h − sin x sin h cos x
17. f x = csc x
′f x = lim csc x + h − csc (x) sin h sin x ( sin h ) sin h cos x
h→0 h f′ x = lim ∙ − ∙
1 1 h→0 h sin x ( sin x cos h + cos x sin h )(1 + cos h ) h sin x ( sin x cos h + cos x sin h )
− ′f x = − cos x
f′ x = lim sin x cos h + cos x sin h sin x sin x sin x
h→0 sin x − sin x cosh h − cos x sin h ′
∴ f x = −csc x cot x
sin x ( sin x cos h + cos x sin h )
f′ x = lim
h→0 h
′f x = lim sin x (1 − cos h) − cos x sin h
h→0 h sin x ( sin x cos h + cos x sin h )
sin x (1 − cos h) 1 + cos h sin h cos x
f′ x = lim ∙ − ∙
h→0 h sin x ( sin x cos h + cos x sin h ) 1 + cos h h h sin x ( sin x cos h + cos x sin h )
sin x (1 − cos h) 1 + cos h sin h cos x
f′ x = lim ∙ − ∙
h→0 h sin x ( sin x cos h + cos x sin h ) 1 + cos h h h sin x ( sin x cos h + cos x sin h )
2
sin x (1 − cos h ) sin h cos x
f′ x = lim − ∙
h→0 h sin x ( sin x cos h + cos x sin h )(1 + cos h ) h sin x ( sin x cos h + cos x sin h )
′f x = lim sin x ( sin2 h ) sin h cos x
− ∙
h→0 h sin x ( sin x cos h + cos x sin h )(1 + cos h ) h sin x ( sin x cos h + cos x sin h )
 EXAMPLES IN USING THE RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
1. f x = sin2 x cos3 x
d d 3. h x = tan cot x
f′ x = sin2 x cos3 x + cos3 x ( sin2 x ) ′ 2 d
dx dx h x = sec cot x cot x
′f x = sin2 x 3 cos2 x d 3 d dx
dx
cos x + cos x 2 sin x ( sin x )
dx h′ x = sec2 cot x (− csc2 x )
f′ x = 3 sin2 x cos2 x − sin x + 2 sin x cos3 x ( cos x ) ∴ h′ x = − sec2 cot x ∙ csc2 x
∴ f′ x = −3 sin3 x cos2 x + 2 sin x cos4 x

2. g x = sec (3x + 2) − csc (2x − 3)

′ d d
g x = sec 3x + 2 tan 3x + 2 3x + 2 − − csc 2x − 3 cot 2x − 3 (2x − 3)
dx dx
g′ x = sec 3x + 2 tan 3x + 2 3 + csc (2x − 3 ) cot 2x − 3 (2)
∴ g′ x = 3 sec 3x + 2 tan 3x + 2 + 2 csc (2x − 3 ) cot 2x − 3
RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION FOR INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

d u′ d −u′
18. arcsin u = 21. arccot u =
dx dx 1 + u2
1 − u2
d u′
d −u′ 22. arcsec u =
19. arccos u = dx
dx u u2 − 1
1 − u2
d −u′
d u′ 23.
dx
arccsc u =
20. arctan u =
dx 1 + u2 u u2 − 1
 DERIVATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION
18. f x = arcsin x 19. f x = arccos x
y = arcsin x y = arccos x
sin y = x sin y = x cos y = x cos y = x

cos y dy = dx o = x, h = 1, a = 1 − x2 −sin y dy = dx a = x, h = 1, o = 1 − x2
dy −1
dy 1 =
= dx sin y
dx cos y
y′ = −csc y
y′ = sec y −1
1 ∴ f′ x =
′
∴f x = 1 − x2
1 − x2
 DERIVATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

20. f x = arctan x 21. f x = arccot x

y = arctan x y = arccot x
tan y = x tan y = x cot y = x cot y = x
sec2 y dy = dx o = x, a = 1, h = 1 + x2 −csc2 y dy = dx a = x, o = 1, h = 1 + x2
dy 1 dy −1
= =
dx sec2 y dx csc2 y
y′ = cos2 y y′ = −sin2 y
1 −1
∴ f′ x = ∴ f′ x =
1 + x2 1 + x2
 DERIVATION USING TRIGONOMETRIC SUBSTITUTION

22. f x = arcsec x 23. f x = arccsc x

y = arcsec x y = arccsc x
sec y = x sec y = x csc y = x csc y = x
sec y tan y dy = dx h = x, a = 1, o = x2 − 1 −csc y cot y dy = dx h = x, o = 1, a = x2 − 1
dy 1 dy −1
= =
dx sec y tan y dx csc y cot y
y′ = cos y cot y y′ = −sin y tan y
′ 1 ′ −1
∴f x = ∴f x =
x x2 − 1 x x2 − 1
 EXAMPLES IN USING THE RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
arctan x
1. f x = arcsin x arccos x 2. g x =
arccot x
′f x = arcsin x d arccos x + arccos x d ( arcsin x ) arccot x
d d
arctan x − arctan x ( arccot x )
dx dx g′ x = dx dx
d d arccot x 2
− x x d d
′f x = arcsin x dx + arccos x dx x − x
arccot x dx − arctan x dx
1 − x2 1 − x2 2 2
−1 1 g′ x = 1 + x 1 + x
f′ x = arcsin x + arccos x arccot x 2
1 − x2 1 − x2 arccot x 1 − arctan x (−1)
− arcsin x + arccos x
′
∴f x = g′ x = 1 + x2
1 − x2 arccot x 2
arccot x + arctan x
∴ g′ x =
1 + x2 arccot x 2
EXAMPLES IN USING THE RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION
3. h x = arcsec ( arccsc x )
d −1
arccsc x
′
h x = dx h′ x =
arccsc x arccsc x 2 − 1 x x 2−1 arccsc x arccsc x 2 − 1
d −1
−
dx
x ∴ h′ x =
x arccsc x arccsc x 2 − 1)( x 2 − 1
x x 2−1
h′ x =
arccsc x arccsc x 2 − 1