Paaras Thakur

Electricity
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 What holds the nucleus together ?

Why don’t the protons in the nucleus mutually repel and fly apart?
 Static Electricity

Why do we sometimes get shock when getting out of car ?

Applications of Static Electricity:

1. Flue Ash Precipitator

2. Photocopiers
3. Inkjet printers

What are the dangers of static Electricity ??

Electric Force - Coulomb’s Law

When an electric charge is placed near to another electric charge it experiences

a force. The electric force does not require contact between the two charges
so we call it an ‘action-at-a-distance force’ – it acts through space.

ー +

+ +

ー ー
 Electric field

As a particle creates a gravitational field

around it and this field exerts force on
another particle placed in it. The electric
force between two charged particles is
also seen as a two-step process.

A charge produces something called an

electric field in the space around it and
this electric field exerts a force on any
charge (except the source charge itself)
placed in it.
 Electric field

A region around a charged particle or object within which a force would be

exerted on other charged particles or objects.

The electric field has its own existence and is present even if there is no
additional charge to experience the force.
 Charging

When we charge something, no electrons are created or destroyed but

electrons are simply transferred from one material to another.

1 Ampere is the current resulting from the flow of 1C charge for 1 second.

1e- = 1.6 x 10-19C

1C contains 6.25 x 1018 e-

milli ampere (mA) = 10-3 A

micro ampere (𝛍A) = 10-6 A

Exampl 1. What does an electric circuit mean?
e 2. Define the unit of current.
3. Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge.
Exampl A current of 0.5 A is drawn by a filament of an electric bulb for 10 minutes.
e Find the amount of electric charge that flows through the circuit.
 ‘Flow’ of charges inside a wire

How does a metal conduct electricity?

The ‘motion’ of electrons in a conductor, however, is very different from that of

charges in empty space. When a steady current flows through a conductor, the
electrons in it move with a certain average ‘drift speed’.
One can calculate this drift speed of electrons for a typical copper wire carrying a
small current, and it is found to be actually very small, of the order of 1 mm s-1.
How is it then that an electric bulb lights
up as soon as we turn the switch on?

Is the current carrying wire charged ?

What makes the electric charge to flow ?

HORIZONTAL TUBE

High Pressure

Low Pressure

Water flows due to pressure difference here

 What makes the electric charge to flow ?

For flow of charges in a conducting metallic wire, the gravity, of course, has no
role to play; the electrons move only if there is a difference of electric pressure
– called the potential difference – along the conductor.