Carbon & Its Compounds

Lecture 6
Seema Rao
M.Sc (Organic Chemistry)

GATE - Chemistry Qualified

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 Isomers & Isomerism

Compounds which have same molecular formula but different in some physical or
chemical properties are known as isomers and the phenomenon is known as
isomerism.

Isomerism

Structural Stereo
Isomerism Isomerism

Position
Chain Functional Metamerism Tautomerism Geometrical Optical
group
 Isomers & Isomerism

Structural Isomerism: Such compounds which have same molecular formula but
different structural arrangement of atoms in their molecules are known as
structural isomers and the phenomenon is known as structural isomerism.
 Isomers & Isomerism

Chain isomerism: The isomerism in which the isomers differ from each other due
to the presence of different carbon chain skeletons in known as chain isomerism.
 Isomers & Isomerism
Position Isomerism: In this type of isomerism, isomers differ in the structure
due to difference in the position of the multiple bond or functional group.

:.
 Isomers & Isomerism
Functional Group Isomerism: In this type of isomerism, isomers differ in the
structure due to the presence of different functional groups.

:
 Isomers & Isomerism

The following pairs of families show this Isomerism.

1. Monohydric alcohol and Ether
2. Aldehyde and Ketone
3. Acid and Ester
4. Cyanide and Isocyanide
5. Nitroalkane and Alkyl nitrite
6. Oxime, Amide and many more
7. Alkene and Cycloalkane
 Isomers & Isomerism

Metamerism: The compounds having same molecular formula but different number
of carbon atoms (or alkyl groups) on either side of functional group, are called
metamers.
Examples: Ethers, Thioethers, Secondary amines, Ketones, Esters etc.
 Isomers & Isomerism

Tautomerism: This is a special type of functional isomerism in which the isomers

differs in the arrangement of atoms but they exists in dynamic equilibrium with each
other.
Examples: Acetaldehyde and Vinyl alcohol are tautomers
Example Name the isomerism exhibited by the following pairs of compounds:
A. Propanal and Propanone
B. 1- Propanol & 2- Propanol
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