BT18304-Biochemistry (Theory)

B. Tech II Year III Sem

Session 2: Importance of monosaccharides
(Glucose and Fructose)

By
Dr. K. Ganesh Prasath
Assistant Professor
Department of Biotechnology
 Glucose
Importance

Source
 Fructose

Source
 General structures of Glucose
• Asymmetric or chiral - carbon atom to which 4 different
atoms or groups of atoms are attached
Chiral Carbon

• Isomerism - Different compounds with the same

molecular formula
 Types of Isomerism

Isomerism

Sterio Structural

Geometrical Optical
 Structural Isomerism
Structural isomers

The same molecular formula but possess different structures

Chain Tautomer
isomers Functional ism
-group positional
isomers isomers
 Stereoisomerism
Stereoisomers

Same molecular formula and the same structure but differ only
in spatial configuration

Geometrical or cis-
Optical isomers
trans isomers
 Examples
Geometrical or
Optical isomers
cis-trans isomers

Disposition of the
Peculiar geometry of various atoms or
compounds having a groups of atoms in
double bond within space around the
the carbon chain asymmetric carbon
atom
D-Glucose vs L-Glucose
 Epimers

- Differ in configuration at only one chiral

carbon
- Not mirror images of each other
- Properties are different
Configuration of D-aldoses
Configuration of D-Ketoses
Emil Fischer
(1852-1919)
Haworth
projection of
Glucose
Fischer to Haworth projection of Glucose
 Cyclic Structure of Monosaccharides: Hemiacetal Formation

• Cyclic structures of monosaccharides – five/six-membered rings.

• Six-membered cyclic hemiacetal – Pyranose (Cyclic ether pyran).
• Five-membered cyclic hemiacetal - Furanose (Cyclic ether furan).
• Six-membered ring of glucose -glucopyranose
• Five membered ring of fructose - fructofuranose.
Hemiacetal Formation
Cyclic Structure of Glucose
Alpha, Beta - Isomers
 Mutarotation
• Monosaccharide dissolved in water- optical rotatory power of
the solution gradually changes until it reaches a constant
value.
Mutarotation