Mathematical formulation of a hypoplastic models

for clays, including extensions on stiffness

anisotropy, structure, intergranular strains and rate
effects

David Mašı́n

Charles University
Faculty of Science
Institute of Hydrogeology, Engineering Geology and Applied Geophysics
Albertov 6
12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
E-mail: masin@natur.cuni.cz
Tel: +420-2-2195 1552, Fax: +420-2-2195 1556

November 6, 2018
This document is a summary of mathematical formulation of the hypoplastic model
for clays by Mašı́n [2] and its extension to take into account soil structure [1] and
small strain stiffness [3] enhanced using method of Wegener and Herle [4].

Basic parameters: green font.

Advanced parameters (to be replaced by defaults if not specified): red font.
Primary state variables: orange font.
Advanced state variables (to be replaced by defaults if not specified): blue font.
Postprocessing state variables (not needed for calculation, useful for visualisation of
results): brown font.

1 Notation

Compact tensorial notation is used throughout. Second-order tensors are denoted

with bold letters (e.g. T, N) and fourth-order tensors with calligraphic bold letters
(e.g. L, A). Symbols ”·” and ”:” between tensors of various orders denote inner
product with single and double contraction, respectively. The outer products of two
tensors are indicated using ”⊗” and ”◦”. These operations are defined as:

(D · T)ik = Dij Tjk (1)

(L : T)ij = Lijkl Dkl (2)
D : T = Dij Tij (3)
(D ⊗ T)ijkl = Dij Tkl (4)
1
(D ◦ T)ijkl = (Dik Tjl + Dil Tjk + Djl Tik + Djk Til ) (5)
2

Throughout this document, 1 and Iijkl = 21 (1ik 1jl + 1il 1jk ) denote second-order and
fourth-order identity tensors. kDk represents the Euclidean norm of D, the trace
operator is defined as tr D = 1 : D.

tr D = 1kl Dkl (6)

p
kDk = Dkl Dkl (7)
(8)

Models are defined in terms of stress T, Euler stretching tensor D and co-rotated
(Jaumann-Zaremba) rates of tensorial variables (T̊ for stress rate).

1
2 Basic model

T̊ = fs (L : D + fd NkDk) (9)
with
A:d
N=− (10)
fs fdA
Tc
A = fs L + ⊗1 (11)
λ∗str
where
Tc = T − 1pt (12)
λ∗ s
λ∗str = (13)
s − k(s − sf )
1
L = a1 1 ◦ 1 + a2 1 ⊗ 1 + a3 (p ⊗ 1 + 1 ⊗ p) + a4 p ◦ 1 + a5 p ⊗ p (14)
2
pij is defined as pij = ni nj , while ni is a unit vector normal to the plane of symmetry.
It may be written as 
1 for i = vert
ni = (15)
0 otherwise
where vert is specifying vertical direction and it is considered as a user-defined pa-
rameter if this information cannot be extracted automatically from the finite element
code (vert=1, 2 or 3 for vertical directions x, y or z).

a1 to a5 are defined as
 
αE 2
a1 = αE 1 − νpp − 2 2 ν pp (16)
αν
 
αE
a2 = αE νpp 1 + 2 νpp (17)
αν
 
1 νpp αE
a3 = αE νpp + − 1 − 2 νpp (18)
αν αν αν
 
αE 2 1 − αG
a4 = αE 1 − νpp − 2 2 ν pp (19)
αν αG
   
αE 2 2 αE 2αE αE 2
a5 = αE 1 − 2 ν pp + 1 − ν pp − 2 νpp (1 + νpp ) − 1 − νpp − 2 2 ν pp
αν αν αG αν
(20)

with

αE = αG 1.25 (21)
αν = αG (22)

2
Further variables in (9):
3 tr Tc
 
1 1
fs = − ∗
+ ∗ (23)
2Am λstr κ
with
2
   
4αE αE 4αE
Am = ν 2pp 2
− 2αE + 2 2 − 1 + νpp + 2αE + 2αE + 1 (24)
αν αν αν
 α
Oc p f
fd = (25)
sp∗e
 
∗ N − ln(1 + e)
pe = pr exp (26)
λ∗
where pr is a reference stress of 1 kPa.

fdA = Oc αf (1 − Fm )αf /ω (27)

9I3 + I1 I2
Fm = (28)
I3 + I1 I2
if Fm < 1.e − 10, set Fm = 0 to avoid numerical problems at istropic state.
ln (cos2 ϕc )
+ ay Fm − sin2 ϕc


ω=− (29)
ln Oc

I1 = trTc (30)
1 c
T : Tc − (I1 )2

I2 = (31)
2
I3 = detTc (32)

and
I1
p=− (33)
3
A
d
d= A (34)
kd k
 ξ/2
2 cos 3θ + 1 1/4 Fm − sinξ ϕc

A c∗
d = −T̂ + 1 − Fm (35)
3 4 1 − sinξ ϕc
 ∗
c∗ c∗

c
√ tr T̂ · T̂ · T̂
cos 3θ = − 6 h (36)
∗ ∗ 3/2
i
T̂c : T̂c
if Fm = 0, set cos 3θ = −1 to avoid numerical problems at istropic state.

ξ = 1.7 + 3.9 sin2 ϕc (37)

3
 ∗ Tc 1
T̂c = c − (38)
tr T 3

λ∗ − κ∗ 3 + a2f
  
ln ∗ √
λ + κ∗ af 3
αf = (39)
ln Oc
√
3 (3 − sin ϕc )
af = √ (40)
2 2 sin ϕc

Evolution of state variables:

ė = (1 + e) tr D (41)
r
k A
ṡ = − ∗ (s − sf ) (˙v )2 + (˙s )2 (42)
λ 1−A
p
where ˙v = tr D and ˙s = 2/3kdev Dk.

2.1 Basic model - parameter summary

Basic parameters: ϕc , λ∗ , κ∗ , N and νpp .

Advanced parameters, basic model: αG (default αG = 1), αf (default from Eq.

(39), αf = 1/Iv for viscohypoplasticity), ay (default ay = 0.3), Oc (default Oc = 2),
vert (default 1, 2 or 3 for vertical directions x, y or z, default vertical direction
depends on finite element code).

Advanced parameters, structure: k (default k = 0), A (default A = 0), sf

(default sf = 1).

Advanced parameters, cohesion: pt (default pt = 0).

Primary state variables: e. Can be initialised directly, or through definition of

OCR, such that  
∗ OCRp
e = exp N − λ ln −1 (43)
s

Advanced state variables: s (default s = 1).

Postprocessing state variables: OCR, ϕm , defined as:

sp∗e
OCR = (44)
p
p
ϕm = asin Fm [convert to degrees] (45)

4
3 Intergranular strain concept

T̊ = M : D (46)
 χ
ρ (1 − mT ) fs L : δ̂ ⊗ δ̂ + ρϑ fs fd Nδ̂ for δ̂ : D > 0
M = [ρχ mT + (1 − ρχ ) mR ] fs L+
ρχ (mR − mT ) fs L : δ̂ ⊗ δ̂ for δ̂ : D ≤ 0
(47)
kδk
ρ= (48)
R

δ/kδk for δ 6= 0
δ̂ = (49)
0 for δ = 0
 ng  ∗ ∗ 
p 4Am αG λκ 1
m R = pr A g (50)
pr 9pαE λ + κ 1 − νpp − 2 ααE2 ν 2pp
∗ ∗
ν

mT = mrat mR (51)
Note that mR and mT definition is different from standard intergranular strain con-
cept by Niemunis and Herle [3]. These are variables in the present model, calculated
using parameters Ag , ng and mrat .

Evolution of state variables:

(  
I − δ̂ ⊗ δ̂ρβr : D for δ̂ : D > 0
δ̊ = (52)
D for δ̂ : D ≤ 0

3.1 Intergranular strain - parameter summary

Basic parameters: R, Ag , ng , mrat , βr and χ.

Advanced parameters: ϑ (default ϑ = χ)

Primary state variable: δ.

Postprocessing state variable: ρ.

4 Rate effects: viscohypoplasticity

T̊ = fs (L : D + fd NDr ) (53)
using equations of basic model, with default value of αf replaced by
αf = 1/Iv (54)

5
Basic parameters: Dr , Iv

References
[1] D. Mašı́n. A hypoplastic constitutive model for clays with meta-stable structure.
Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 44(3):363–375, 2007.

[2] D. Mašı́n. Clay hypoplasticity model including stiffness anisotropy. Géotechnique,

64(3):232–238, 2014.

[3] A. Niemunis and I. Herle. Hypoplastic model for cohesionless soils with elastic
strain range. Mechanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials, 2(4):279–299, 1997.

[4] D. Wegener and I. Herle. Prediction of permanent soil deformations due to cyclic
shearing with a hypoplastic constitutive model. Geotechnik, 37(2):113–122, 2014.