Understanding Three-Phase Electric Systems

UNIT: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS TOPIC 6: THREE PHASE SYSTEMS
INTRODUCTION
Generation, transmission and distribution of electricity via the National Grid system is accomplished by three-phase
alternating currents. The voltage induced by a single coil when rotated in a uniform magnetic field is shown in
Figure1 and is known as a single-phase voltage. Most consumers are fed by means of a single-phase a.c. supply.
Two wires are used, one called the live conductor (usually coloured red) and the other is called the neutral
conductor (usually coloured black). The neutral is usually connected via protective gear to earth, the earth wire
being coloured green. The standard voltage for a single-phase a.c. supply is 240V. The majority of single-phase
supplies are obtained by connection to a three-phase supply.
Figure 1
PRINCIPLE OF THREE PHASE GENERATION
A three-phase supply is generated when three coils are placed 1200 apart and the whole rotated in a uniform
magnetic field as shown in Figure 2(a). The result is three independent supplies of equal voltages which are each
displaced by 1200 from each other as shown in Figure 2(b).
Figure 2
 The convention adopted to identify each of the phase voltages is: R-red, Y-yellow, and B-blue, as shown in
Figure 2.
 The phase-sequence is given by the sequence in which the conductors pass the point initially taken by the
red conductor. The national standard phase sequence is R, Y, B.
A three-phase a.c. supply is carried by three conductors, called ‘lines’which are coloured red, yellow and blue. The
currents in these conductors are known as line currents (IL) and the p.d’s between them are known as line voltages
(VL). A fourth conductor, called the neutral (coloured black, and connected through protective devices to earth) is
often used with a three-phase supply.
METHODS OF THREE PHASE CONNECTION

If the three-phase windings shown in Figure 2 are kept independent then six wires are needed to connect a supply
source (such as a generator) to a load (such as motor). To reduce the number of wires it is usual to interconnect the
three phases. There are two ways in which this can be done, these being:
(a) a star connection, and (b) a delta, or mesh, connection.
Sources of three-phase supplies, i.e. alternators, are usually connected in star, whereas three-phase transformer
windings, motors and other loads may be connected either in star or delta.
Prepared By Eng. M.S. Paul – 0707707050 Electrical Lecturer – The Meru National Polytechnic
1
1. Star connection
(i) A star-connected load is shown in Figure 3 where the three-line conductors are each connected to a load and
the outlets from the loads are joined together at N to form what is termed the neutral point or the star point.
Figure 3
(ii) The voltages, VR, VY and VB are called phase voltages or line to neutral voltages. Phase voltages are generally
denoted by Vp.
(iii) The voltages, VRY, VYB and VBR are called line voltages.
(iv) From Figure 3 it can be seen that the phase currents (generally denoted by Ip) are equal to their respective line
currents IR, IY and IB, i.e. for a star connection:
(v) For a balanced system: IR =IY =IB, VR =VY =VB

VRY =VYB =VBR, ZR =ZY =ZB
and the current in the neutral conductor, IN = 0.
When a star connected system is balanced, then the neutral conductor is unnecessary and is often omitted.
(vi) The line voltage, VRY, shown in Figure 4(a) is given by VRY =VR −VY (VY is negative since it is in the opposite
direction to VY). In the phasor diagram of Figure 4(b), phasor VY is reversed (shown by the broken line) and then
added phasorially to VR (i.e. VRY =VR +(−VY)). By trigonometry, or by measurement, VRY =√3VR, i.e. for a
balanced star connection:
Figure 4
2
(vii) The star connection of the three phases of a supply, together with a neutral conductor, allows the use of two
voltages—the phase voltage and the line voltage. A 4-wire system is also used when the load is not balanced. The
standard electricity supply to consumers in Great Britain is 415/240V, 50 Hz, 3-phase, 4-wire alternating current,
and a diagram of connections is shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5
An electricity supplier can work with an asymmetric single-phase voltage tolerance of 230V +10%/−6% (i.e.216.2V
to 253V). and line voltage tolerance of 415V 6% (i.e. 390Vto 440V).
Many of the calculations following are based on the 240V/415V supply voltages which have applied for many
years and are likely to continue to do so.
Problem 1. Three loads, each of resistance 30Ω, are connected in star to a 415V, 3-phase supply. Determine
(a) the system phase voltage, (b) the phase current and (c) the line current.
Solution
A ‘415V, 3-phase supply’ means that 415V is the line voltage, VL
Problem 2. A star-connected load consists of three identical coils each of resistance 30Ω and inductance 127.3mH.
If the line current is 5.08A, calculate the line voltage if the supply frequency is 50Hz.
Solution
3
Problem 3. A balanced, three-wire, star-connected, 3-phase load has a phase voltage of 240V, a line current of 5A
and a lagging power factor of 0.966. Draw the complete phasor diagram.
Solution
The phasor diagram is shown in Figure 6. Procedure to construct the phasor diagram:
(i) Draw VR =VY =VB =240V and spaced 120◦ apart. (Note that VR is shown vertically upwards — this
however is immaterial for it may be drawn in any direction.)
(ii) Power factor = cos φ = 0.966 lagging. Hence the load phase angle is given by cos−1 0.966, i.e. 150
lagging. Hence IR =IY =IB =5A, lagging VR, VY and VB respectively by 150.
(iii) (VRY =VR −VY (phasorially). Hence VY is reversed and added phasorially to VR.
By measurement, VRY =415V (i.e. √3(240)) and leads VR by 300.
(iv) Similarly, VYB =VY −VB and VBR =VB −VR.
Figure 6
Problem 4. A 415V, 3-phase, 4 wire, star-connected system supplies three resistive loads as shown in Figure 7.
Determine (a) the current in each line and (b) the current in the neutral conductor.
Figure 7
4
Solution
,
(b) The three-line currents are shown in the phasor diagram of Figure 8(a). Since each load is resistive the currents
are in phase with the phase voltages and are hence mutually displaced by 1200. The current in the neutral conductor
is given by: IN = IR + IY + IB phasorially.
Figure 8 (a) (b)

Figure 8(b) shows the three-line currents added phasorially. Oa represents IR in magnitude and direction. From the
nose of Oa, ab is drawn representing IY in magnitude and direction. From the nose of ab, bc is drawn representing IB
in magnitude and direction. Oc represents the resultant, IN.
By measurement, IN =43A Alternatively, by calculation, considering IR at 900, IB at 2100 and IY at 3300:
Total horizontal component = 100 cos 900 + 75 cos 3300 + 50 cos 2100 = 21.65
Total vertical component = 100 sin 900 + 75 sin 3300 + 50 sin 2100 = 37.50
Hence magnitude of IN =√ (21.652 + 37.502) = 43.3A
2. Delta connection
i) A delta (or mesh) connected load is shown in Figure 9 where the end of one load is connected to the start of
the next load.
Figure 9
ii) From Figure 9, it can be seen that the line voltages VRY, VYB and VBR are the respective phase voltages, i.e. for a
delta connection:
5
iii) Using Kirchhoff’s current law in Figure 9, IR = IRY −IBR =IRY +(−IBR). From the phasor diagram shown in
Figure 10, by trigonometry or by measurement, IR =√3IRY, i.e. for a delta connection:
Figure 10
Problem 5. Three identical coils each of resistance 30Ω and inductance 127.3mH are connected in delta to a 440V,
50 Hz, 3-phase supply. Determine (a) the phase current, and (b) the line current.
Solution
Phase impedance, Zp =50Ω (from Problem 2) and for a delta connection, Vp =VL
Thus, when the load is connected in delta, three times the line current is taken from the supply than is taken if
connected in star.
Problem 6. Three identical capacitors are connected in delta to a 415V, 50Hz, 3-phase supply. If the line current is
15 A, determine the capacitance of each of the capacitors.
Solution
Problem 7. Three coils each having resistance 3Ω and inductive reactance 4Ω are connected (i) in star and (ii) in
delta to a 415V, 3-phase supply. Calculate for each connection (a) the line and phase voltages and (b) the phase and
line currents.
Solution
(i) For a star connection: IL =Ip and VL =√3Vp
(a) A 415V, 3-phase supply means that the line voltage, VL = 415 V
6
,
Exercise1: Further problems on star and delta connections
1) Three loads, each of resistance 50_ are connected in star to a 400V, 3-phase supply. Determine (a) the
phase voltage, (b) the phase current and (c) the line current. [(a) 231V (b) 4.62 A (c) 4.62 A]
2) If the loads in question 1 are connected in delta to the same supply determine (a) the phase voltage, (b) the
phase current and (c) the line current. [(a) 400V (b) 8 A (c) 13.86 A]
3) A star-connected load consists of three identical coils, each of inductance 159.2mH and resistance 50Ω. If
the supply frequency is 50 Hz and the line current is 3A determine (a) the phase voltage and (b) the line
voltage. [(a) 212V (b) 367V]
4) Three identical capacitors are connected (a) in star, (b) in delta to a 400V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply. If the line
current is 12 A determine in each case the capacitance of each of the capacitors. [(a) 165.4μF (b) 55.13μF]
5) Three coils each having resistance 6_ and inductance L H are connected (a) in star and (b) in delta, to a
415V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply. If the line current is 30 A, find for each connection the value of L.
[(a) 16.78mH (b) 73.84mH]
6) A 400V, 3-phase, 4 wire, star-connected system supplies three resistive loads of 15kW, 20kW and 25kW in
the red, yellow and blue phases respectively. Determine the current flowing in each of the four conductors.
[IR =64.95A, IY =86.60A IB =108.25A, IN =37.50A]
Power in three-phase systems

The power dissipated in a three-phase load is given by the sum of the power dissipated in each phase. If a load is
balanced then the total power P is given by: P = 3×power consumed by one phase.
The power consumed in one phase = I2 R or V I cos φ (where φ is the phase angle between V and I )
p p p p p p
Hence for either a star or a delta balanced connection the total power P is given by:
Problem 8. Three 12Ωresistors are connected in star to a 415V, 3-phase supply. Determine the total power
dissipated by the resistors.
7
Problem 9. The input power to a 3-phase a.c. motor is measured as 5kW. If the voltage and current to the motor are
400V and 8.6A respectively, determine the power factor of the system.
Solution
,
,
Problem 10. Three identical coils, each of resistance 10Ω and inductance 42mH are connected (a) in star
and (b) in delta to a 415V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply. Determine the total power dissipated in each case.
Solution
(a) Star connection
(b) Delta connection
Hence loads connected in delta dissipate three times the power than when connected in star, and also take a line
current three times greater.
Problem 11. A 415V, 3-phase a.c. motor has a power output of 12.75kW and operates at a power factor of 0.77
lagging and with an efficiency of 85%. If the motor is delta-connected, determine (a) the power input, (b) the line
current and (c) the phase current.
Solution
8
METHODS OF POWER MEASUREMENT IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM

Power in three-phase loads may be measured by the following methods:
1) One-wattmeter method for a balanced load

Wattmeter connections for both star and delta are shown in Figure 11
Figure 11
2) Two-wattmeter method for balanced or unbalanced loads

A connection diagram for this method is shown in Figure 12 for a star-connected load. Similar connections are
made for a delta-connected load.
Figure 12
The power factor may be determined from:
9
It is possible, depending on the load power factor, for one wattmeter to have to be ‘reversed’ to obtain a reading.
Inthis case it is taken as a negative reading.
3) Three-wattmeter method for a three-phase, 4-wire system for balanced and unbalanced loads
Figure 13
Problem 12. (a) Show that the total power in a 3-phase, 3-wire system using the two-wattmeter method of
measurement is given by the sum of the wattmeter readings. Draw a connection diagram. (b) Draw a phasor
diagram for the two-wattmeter method for a balanced load. (c) Use the phasor diagram of part (b) to derive a
formula from which the power factor of a 3-phase system may be determined using only the wattmeter readings.
Solution
a) A connection diagram for the two-wattmeter method of a power measurement is shown in Figure 14 for a star-
connected load.
Figure 14
However, (eR −eB) is the p.d. across wattmeter 1 in Figure 14 and (eY −eB) is the p.d. across wattmeter 2.
Hence total instantaneous power, p = (wattmeter 1 reading) + (wattmeter 2 reading) = p1 +p2
The moving systems of the wattmeters are unable to follow the variations which take place at normal frequencies
and they indicate the mean power taken over a cycle. Hence the total power, P =P1 +P2 for balanced or unbalanced
loads.
10
b) The phasor diagram for the two-wattmeter method for a balanced load having a lagging current is shown in
Figure 15, where VRB =VR −VB and VYB =VY −VB (phasorially).
Figure 15
φ, cos φ and thus power factor can be determined from this formula.
Problem 13. A 400V, 3-phase star connected alternator supplies a delta-connected load, each phase of which has a
resistance of 30Ω and inductive reactance 40Ω. Calculate (a) the current supplied by the alternator and (b) the
output power and the kVA of the alternator, neglecting losses in the line between the alternator and load.
Solution
A circuit diagram of the alternator and load is shown in Figure 16
11
Hence 13.86A is the current supplied by the alternator.
Figure 16
(b) Alternator output power is equal to the power dissipated by the load.
Problem 14. Each phase of a delta-connected load comprises a resistance of 30Ω and an 80μF capacitor
in series. The load is connected to a 400V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply. Calculate (a) the phase current, (b) the line
current, (c) the total power dissipated and (d) the kVA rating of the load. Draw the complete phasor diagram for the
load.
Figure 17
12
The phasor diagram for the load is shown in Figure 17.
Problem 15. Two wattmeters are connected to measure the input power to a balanced 3-phase load by the two-
wattmeter method. If the instrument readings are 8kW and 4kW, determine (a) the total power input and (b) the
load power factor.
Solution
Problem 16. Two wattmeters connected to a 3-phase motor indicate the total power input to be 12kW. The power
factor is 0.6. Determine the readings of each wattmeter.
Solution
If the two wattmeters indicate P1 and P2 respectively then P1 +P2 =12kW ....................................................... (1)
Angle φ = cos−1 0.6 = 53.130 and tan 53.130 =1.3333
i.e. P1 − P2 = 9.237kW ....................................................................................................................................... (2)

Adding equations (1) and (2) gives: 2P1 =21.237. i.e
Hence wattmeter 1 reads 10.62kW from equation (1), wattmeter 2 reads (12 − 10.62) = 1.38kW
Problem 17. Two wattmeters indicate 10kW and 3kW respectively when connected to measure the input power to a
3-phase balanced load, the reverse switch being operated on the meter indicating the 3kW reading. Determine (a)
the input power and (b) the load power factor.
Solution
Since the reversing switch on the wattmeter had to be operated the 3kW reading is taken as −3 kW.
13
Problem 18. Three similar coils, each having a resistance of 8Ω and an inductive reactance of 8Ω are connected
(a) in star and (b) in delta, across a 415V, 3-phase supply. Calculate for each connection the readings on each of
two wattmeters connected to measure the power by the two-wattmeter method.
If wattmeter readings are P1 and P2 then P1 + P2 = 10 766 ................................................................................ (1)

Since Rp = 8Ω and XL =8Ω, then phase angle φ = 450 (from impedance triangle)
……………………………………………………………. (2)
Adding equations (1) and (2) gives: 2P1 = 10,766 + 6216 = 16 982W. Hence P1 = 8491W
From equation (1), P2 =10766 − 8491 = 2275W
When the coils are star-connected the wattmeter, readings are thus 8.491kW and 2.275kW.
(b) Delta connection: VL =Vp and IL =√3Ip
Hence P1 + P2 = 32 310W.................................................................................................................................. (3)
…… (4)
Adding equations (3) and (4) gives: 2P1 =50 960, from which P1 =25 480W from equation (3),
P2 = 32310 – 25480 = 6830W
When the coils are delta-connected the wattmeter, readings are thus 25.48kW and 6.83kW.
Exercise: Further problems on power in 3-phase circuits

1) Determine the total power dissipated by three 20Ω resistors when connected (a) in star and (b) in delta to a
440V, 3-phase supply. [(a) 9.68kW (b) 29.04 kW]
2) Determine the power dissipated in the circuit of problem 3[1.35 kW]
3) A balanced delta-connected load has a line voltage of 400V, a line current of 8A and a lagging power factor of
0.94. Draw a complete phasor diagram of the load. What is the total power dissipated by the load? [5.21 kW]
4) Three inductive loads, each of resistance 4Ω and reactance 9Ω are connected in delta. When connected to a 3-
phase supply the loads consume 1.2kW. Calculate (a) the power factor of the load, (b) the phase current, (c) the
line current and (d) the supply voltage. [(a) 0.406 (b) 10A (c) 17.32A (d) 98.53V]
5) The input voltage, current and power to a motor is measured as 415V, 16.4A and 6kW respectively. Determine
the power factor of the system. [0.509]
6) A 440V, 3-phase a.c. motor has a power output of 11.25kW and operates at a power factor of 0.8 lagging and
with an efficiency of 84%. If the motor is delta connected determine (a) the power input, (b) the line current
and (c) the phase current. [(a) 13.39kW (b) 21.97A (c) 12.68A]
14
7) Two wattmeters are connected to measure the input power to a balanced 3-phase load. If the wattmeter readings
are 9.3kW and 5.4kW determine (a) the total output power, and (b) the load power factor.
[(a) 14.7kW (b) 0.909]
8) 8kW is found by the two-wattmeter method to be the power input to a 3-phase motor. Determine the reading of
each wattmeter if the power factor of the system is 0.85. [5.431kW, 2.569 kW]
9) Three similar coils, each having a resistance of 4.0Ωand an inductive reactance of 3.46Ωare connected (a) in
star and (b) in delta across a 400V, 3-phase supply. Calculate for each connection the readings on each of two
wattmeters connected to measure the power by the two-wattmeter method.
[(a) 17.15kW, 5.73kW (b) 51.46kW, 17.18 kW]
10) A 3-phase, star-connected alternator supplies a delta connected load, each phase of which has a resistance of
15Ω and inductive reactance 20Ω. If the line voltage is 400V, calculate (a) the current supplied by the
alternator and (b) the output power and kVA rating of the alternator, neglecting any losses in the line between
the alternator and the load. [(a) 27.71A (b) 11.52kW, 19.20 kVA]
11) Each phase of a delta-connected load comprises a resistance of 40Ω and a 40μF capacitor in series. Determine,
when connected to a 415V, 50 Hz, 3-phase supply (a) the phase current, (b) the line current, (c) the total power
dissipated, and (d) the kVA rating of the load. [(a) 4.66A (b) 8.07A (c) 2.605kW (d) 5.80 kVA]
Comparison of star and delta connections

i) Loads connected in delta dissipate three times more power than when connected in star to the same supply.
ii) For the same power, the phase currents must be the same for both delta and star connections
(since power = 3I2pRp), hence the line current in the delta connected system is greater than the line current
in the corresponding star-connected system. To achieve the same phase current in a star-connected system
as in a delta-connected system, the line voltage in the star system is √3 times the line voltage in the delta
system.
Thus, for a given power transfer, a delta system is associated with larger line currents (and thus larger
conductor cross-sectional area) and a star system is associated with a larger line voltage (and thus greater
insulation).
Advantages of three-phase systems

Advantages of three-phase systems over single-phase supplies include:
i) For a given amount of power transmitted through a system, the three-phase system requires conductors
with a smaller cross-sectional area. This means a saving of copper (or aluminium) and thus the original
installation costs are less.
ii) Two voltages are available.
iii) Three-phase motors are very robust, relatively cheap, generally smaller, have self-starting properties,
provide a steadier output and require little maintenance compared with single-phase motors.
ASSIGNMENT:
15

Understanding Three-Phase Electric Systems

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UNIT: ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS TOPIC 6: THREE PHASE SYSTEMS

METHODS OF THREE PHASE CONNECTION

(v) For a balanced system: IR =IY =IB, VR =VY =VB

Figure 8 (a) (b)

Hence magnitude of IN =√ (21.652 + 37.502) = 43.3A

Power in three-phase systems

(b) Delta connection

METHODS OF POWER MEASUREMENT IN THREE PHASE SYSTEM

1) One-wattmeter method for a balanced load

2) Two-wattmeter method for balanced or unbalanced loads

The power factor may be determined from:

Hence 13.86A is the current supplied by the alternator.

The phasor diagram for the load is shown in Figure 17.

Angle φ = cos−1 0.6 = 53.130 and tan 53.130 =1.3333

i.e. P1 − P2 = 9.237kW ....................................................................................................................................... (2)

If wattmeter readings are P1 and P2 then P1 + P2 = 10 766 ................................................................................ (1)

(b) Delta connection: VL =Vp and IL =√3Ip

Hence P1 + P2 = 32 310W.................................................................................................................................. (3)

Exercise: Further problems on power in 3-phase circuits

Comparison of star and delta connections

Advantages of three-phase systems

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