IGC2 - Element 8 - Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control March 2012

Licence details

RMS Publishing
Victoria House, Lower High Street, Stourbridge DY8 1TA

NEBOSH © RMS Publishing.

Second Edition March 2012.

International All rights reserved. No part of this presentation may be stored in a retrieval system, reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers.
This presentation may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form other than that in which it is published,
without the prior consent of the Publishers.
Whilst every effort is made to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the information contained herein, ACT can bear no liability for any

General Certificate
omission or error.

Issued to:
Single Licence
Licence No: 860400

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS

IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 1 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 2
860400 860400

Unit IGC2
NEBOSH
Control of
International
international
General Certificate
workplace risks
Copyright RMS Copyright RMS
IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 3 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 4
860400 860400

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Learning outcomes

Element 8 8.1 Outline the health effects associated with exposure

to noise and appropriate control measures
8.2 Outline the health effects associated with exposure
to vibration and appropriate control measures

Physical and 8.3 Outline the principle health effects associated with
heat, ionising and non-ionising radiation and basic

psychological health 8.4

protection techniques
Outline the causes and effects of stress at work and

hazards and risk control appropriate control measures

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS

IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 5 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 6
860400 860400

Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH International General Certificate 1

IGC2 - Element 8 - Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control March 2012

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Contents Contents

8.1 Noise 8.1 Noise

8.2 Vibration 8.2 Vibration
8.3 Radiation 8.3 Radiation
8.4 Stress 8.4 Stress

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS

IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 7 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 8
860400 860400

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Noise Noise
Physical and psychological effects on hearing of
• Physical and psychological effects on hearing of exposure to exposure to noise
noise The ear has 3 basic regions:
• The meaning of common sound measurement terms • Outer
• Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and • Middle
assessment
• Inner
• Basic noise control measures
• Personal hearing protection
• The role of health surveillance
• Occupations with potential noise exposure problems

Source: www.echalk.co.uk
Copyright RMS Copyright RMS
IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 9 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 10
860400 860400

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Noise Noise
Physical and psychological effects on hearing of Physical and psychological effects on hearing of
exposure to noise exposure to noise
Physical effects of noise Psychological effects of noise
• Excessive noise over long • Noise is often linked with adverse psychological effects such
periods can cause damage to: as:
- Hairs (nerves) in the cochlea - Stress
• Results in: - Sleep disturbance
- Noise induced hearing loss
- Aggressive behaviour
(deafness)
- Temporary threshold shift • Frequently cited as the cause of conflict between workers:
(TTS) - Noisy office environment
- Permanent threshold shift
(PTS) Source: Australia, SafeWork SA

- Tinnitus ‘ringing in the ears’

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS
IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 11 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 12
860400 860400

Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH International General Certificate 2

IGC2 - Element 8 - Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control March 2012

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Noise
The meaning of common sound measurement terms
Sound power and pressure
• For noise to occur power must be available
• It is the sound power of a source (measured in Watts) that
causes the sound pressure (measured in Pascals) to occur at
a specific point
Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Noise
The meaning of common sound measurement terms
Intensity and frequency
• The amplitude of a sound wave represents the intensity of the
sound pressure
• When measuring the amplitude of sound there are two main
parameters of interest:
- ‘Root mean square (rms)’ and ‘peak level’
• Rms sound pressure is used for the majority of noise
measurements
• Sound waves travel through air at the 'speed of sound' which
is approximately equal to 344 m/s
• A sound can have a ‘frequency’ or ‘pitch’, which is measured in
cycles per second (Hz)

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS

IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 13 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 14
860400 860400

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Noise Noise
The meaning of common sound measurement terms The meaning of common sound measurement terms
Intensity and frequency The decibel scale
Rms and peak levels of a sound wave • The ear can detect pressures over a very wide range, from 20
µPa to 20 Pa (Pascals)
• The decibel (dB) is used to measure noise
• A decibel is a unit of sound pressure (intensity) measured on
a logarithmic scale from a base level taken to be the threshold
of hearing (0dB)
• Typical noise levels include:
Source dB Source dB
Night club 110 Radio in average room 70
Smoke detector at 1 metre 105 Library 30
Machine Shop 90 Threshold of hearing 0
Source: RMS

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS

IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 15 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 16
860400 860400

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Noise Noise
The meaning of common sound measurement terms Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and
The decibel scale assessment
Weighting scales - the terms dB(A) and dB(C) Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise
• Sound level meters use weighting scales or filters • Article 16 of the ILO
• Most widely used is the A scale Occupational Safety and
• Measurements made on this scale are expressed as dB(A) or Health Convention C155
referred to as 'A weighted’ • Noise in the workplace is a
• The C scale is used to determine peak sound pressure levels likely hazard related to
machinery and work
• Has a broader spectrum than that of the A weighted scale processes
• Measurements made on this scale are expressed as dB(C) • It is an example of a
• The range of frequencies that we encounter is often divided physical agent risk that
into octave bands should be controlled
Source: Australia, SafeWork SA

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS

IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 17 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 18
860400 860400

Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH International General Certificate 3

IGC2 - Element 8 - Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control March 2012

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Noise Noise
Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and
assessment assessment
Action and limit values approach Action and limit values approach
• Lower exposure action values Noise hazard sign/Mandatory hearing protection sign
• Upper exposure action values
• Exposure limit values
Lower exposure Upper exposure Exposure limit
action values action values values
Daily or weekly personal noise 80 dB 85 dB 87 dB
exposure (A-weighted)
Peak sound pressure (C- 135 dB 137 dB 140 dB
weighted)
Source: UK, Control of Noise at Work Regulations

Source: RMS Source: Key Signs

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS

IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 19 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 20
860400 860400

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Noise Noise
Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and
assessment assessment
The need for assessment of exposure to noise The need for assessment of exposure to noise
• In conducting the assessment the employer should assess Noise measurement
the level of noise the workers are exposed to by:
- Observation
- Reference to information on expected levels for work
conditions and equipment
- If necessary by measurement of the level of noise to
which their workers may be exposed

Source: Australia, SafeWork SA

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS

IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 21 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 22
860400 860400

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Noise Noise
Acceptable and unacceptable levels of noise and Basic noise control measures
assessment Consideration should be made to:
The need for assessment of exposure to noise • Other working methods
Sound pressure level meters are used to measure the: • Choice of appropriate work equipment
• Sound pressure level (Lp) - the intensity of sound at a given • Design and layout of workplaces, work stations and rest
moment in time at a given position facilities
• Equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) - an average • Suitable and sufficient information and training for workers
measure of intensity of sound over a reference period
• Reduction of noise by technical means
• Daily personal exposure level, dB(A), LEP,d or LAep,8h - this is
• Appropriate maintenance programmes for work equipment
equivalent to the Leq over an 8-hour working day
• Limitation of the duration and intensity of exposure to noise
• Peak pressure level, Lpeak or LC,peak - this is the peak level of
the sound pressure wave with no time constant applied • Appropriate work schedules with adequate rest periods

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS

IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 23 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 24
860400 860400

Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH International General Certificate 4

IGC2 - Element 8 - Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control March 2012

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Noise Noise
Basic noise control measures Basic noise control measures
• Noise can be controlled at • Main methods of noise Basic layout of the main control methods
different points in the control:
following ‘chain’: - Isolation
- The source - Absorption
- The path - Insulation
- The receiver - Damping
- Silencing

Source: RMS

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS

IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 25 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 26
860400 860400

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control
Noise Noise
Basic noise control measures Personal hearing protection
Other specialist control methods include: Purpose
• Force reduction - reduce impacts by using rubber pads or • Protect the user from the adverse effects on hearing caused
lower drop heights by exposure to high levels of noise
• Air exhaust and jet silencers - proprietary silencers can be • All hearing protection must be capable of reducing exposure
used to below the acceptable noise level set Nationally by the
• Active - equal but opposite phase noise can cancel a competent authority
problem noise • For example, 85dB (A) averaged over 8 hours

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS

IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 27 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 28
860400 860400

Physical and psychological health hazards and risk control

Noise
Personal hearing protection
Application and limitations of various types
Earmuffs: Application: Limitations:
These completely cover the ear and
are:
„ Banded.
„ Worn on the outside of the ear so
less chance of infection.
„ Clearly visible therefore easy to
„ Can be uncomfortable when worn
for long periods.
„ Incompatibility with other forms of
Part only of the complete
„ Helmet mounted. monitor. PPE.
„ Communication muffs. „ Can be integrated into other forms
of personal protective equipment
(PPE), for example, head
„ Effectiveness may be
compromised by for example, long
hair, spectacles etc.
Element 8 - Physical and
protection. „ Requires correct storage facilities

Ear plugs: Application:

and regular maintenance.

Limitations:
psychological health hazards
„ Easy to use and store - but must „ They are subject to hygiene

and risk control

These are inserted in the ear canal
and are: be inserted correctly. problems unless care is taken to
„ Pre-moulded. „ Available in many materials and keep them clean.
„ User formable. designs, disposable. „ Correct size may be required.
„ Custom moulded. „ Relatively lightweight and Should be determined by a
„ Banded plugs. comfortable. Can be worn for long competent person.
periods. „ Interferes with communication.
„ Worn inside the ear, difficult to
monitor.
Source: RMS

Copyright RMS Copyright RMS

IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 29 IGC Second Edition - IGC2 Element 8 - v.1.0 - Slide 30
860400 860400

Sample of PowerPoint presentation for NEBOSH International General Certificate 5