Physics 101

Lecture 7
Classroom

Kinetic Energy and Work

Assist. Prof. Dr. Ali ÖVGÜN
EMU Physics Department

www.aovgun.com
 Why Energy?
q Why do we need a concept of energy?
q The energy approach to describing motion is
particularly useful when Newton’s Laws are
difficult or impossible to use
q Energy is a scalar quantity. It does not have a
direction associated with it

November 25, 2019

 What is Energy?
q Energy is a property of the state of a system,
not a property of individual objects: we have to
broaden our view.
q Some forms of energy:
n Mechanical:
n Kinetic energy (associated with motion, within system)
n Potential energy (associated with position, within system)
n Chemical
n Electromagnetic
n Nuclear
q Energy is conserved. It can be transferred from
one object to another or change in form, but
cannot be created or destroyed
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 Kinetic Energy
q Kinetic Energy is energy associated with the
state of motion of an object
q For an object moving with a speed of v

1 2
KE = mv
2
q SI unit: joule (J)
1 joule = 1 J = 1 kg m2/s2

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 1 2
Why KE = mv ?
2

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 Work W
1 2 1 2
q Start with mv - mv0 = Fx Dx Work “W”
2 2

q Work provides a link between force and energy

q Work done on an object is transferred to/from it
q If W > 0, energy added: “transferred to the
object”
q If W < 0, energy taken away: “transferred from
the object”

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 Definition of Work W
q The work, W, done by a constant force on an
object is defined as the product of the component
of the force along the direction of displacement
and the magnitude of the displacement

W º ( F cos q )Dx
n F is the magnitude of the force
n Δ x is the magnitude of the
object’s displacement
! !
n q is the angle between F and Dx
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 Work Unit
q This gives no information about
n the time it took for the displacement to occur
n the velocity or acceleration of the object
q Work is a scalar quantity
1 2 1
q SI Unit mv - mv0 = ( F cosq )Dx
2

2 2
n Newton • meter = Joule
n N•m=J
n J = kg • m2 / s2 = ( kg • m / s2 ) • m

W º ( F cos q )Dx
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 Work: + or -?
q Work can be positive, negative, or zero. The
sign of the work depends on the direction of
the force relative to the displacement

W º ( F cos q )Dx
n Work positive: W > 0 if 90°> q > 0°
n Work negative: W < 0 if 180°> q > 90°
n Work zero: W = 0 if q = 90°
n Work maximum if q = 0°
n Work minimum if q = 180°
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Example: When Work is Zero
q A man carries a bucket of water
horizontally at constant velocity.
q The force does no work on the
bucket
q Displacement is horizontal
q Force is vertical
q cos 90° = 0

W º ( F cos q )Dx
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 Example: Work Can Be
Positive or Negative
q Work is positive when lifting
the box
q Work would be negative if
lowering the box
n The force would still be upward,
but the displacement would be
downward

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Work Done by a Constant Force
q The work W done on a system by !
an agent exerting a constant force F
! !
on the system is the product of F Dr
the magnitude F of the force, the !
magnitude Δr of the displacement Dr
of the point of application of the I II
force, and cosθ, where θ is the
angle between the force and WI = 0 WII = -FDr
displacement vectors:
!
! ! ! F
F
W º F × Dr = FDr cosq
! !
Dr Dr
III IV
WIII = FDr WIV = FDr cosq

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 Work and Force
q An Eskimo pulls a sled as shown. The total mass
of the sled is 50.0 kg, and he exerts a force of
1.20 × 102 N on the sled by pulling on the rope.
How much work does he do on the sled if θ =
30°and he pulls the sled 5.0 m ?

W = ( F cosq )Dx
= (1.20 ´10 2 N )(cos 30 ! )(5.0m)
= 5.2 ´10 2 J

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Work Done by Multiple Forces
q If more than one force acts on an object, then
the total work is equal to the algebraic sum of
the work done by the individual forces

Wnet = åWby individual forces

n Remember work is a scalar, so
this is the algebraic sum

Wnet = Wg + WN + WF = ( F cosq )Dr

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 Work and Multiple Forces
q Suppose µk = 0.200, How much work done on
the sled by friction, and the net work if θ = 30°
and he pulls the sled 5.0 m ?
Fnet , y = N - mg + F sin q = 0
N = mg - F sin q
W fric = ( f k cos180! )Dx = - f k Dx
= - µ k NDx = - µ k (mg - F sin q )Dx
= -(0.200)(50.0kg × 9.8m / s 2 Wnet = WF + W fric + WN + Wg
- 1.2 ´ 10 2 N sin 30 ! )(5.0m) = 5.2 ´10 2 J - 4.3 ´10 2 J + 0 + 0
= -4.3 ´ 10 2 J = 90.0 J
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 Kinetic Energy
q Kinetic energy associated with the motion of
an object 1 2
KE = mv
2
q Scalar quantity with the same unit as work
q Work is related to kinetic energy

1 2 1 2
mv - mv0 = Fnet Dx
2 2
Wnet = KEf - KEi = DKE
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Work-Kinetic Energy Theorem
q When work is done by a net force on an object
and the only change in the object is its speed,
the work done is equal to the change in the
object’s kinetic energy
n Speed will increase if work is positive
n Speed will decrease if work is negative

Wnet = KEf - KEi = DKE

1 2 1 2
Wnet = mv - mv0
2 2
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 Work and Kinetic Energy
q The driver of a 1.00 103 kg car traveling on the interstate at
35.0 m/s slam on his brakes to avoid hitting a second
vehicle in front of him, which had come to rest because of
congestion ahead. After the breaks are applied, a constant
friction force of 8.00 103 N acts on the car. Ignore air
resistance. (a) At what minimum distance should the brakes
be applied to avoid a collision with the other vehicle? (b) If
the distance between the vehicles is initially only 30.0 m, at
what speed would the collisions occur?

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 Work and Kinetic Energy
q (a) We know v0 = 35.0m / s, v = 0, m = 1.00 ´10 3 kg , f k = 8.00 ´10 3 N
q Find the minimum necessary stopping distance
1 2 1 2
Wnet = W fric + Wg + WN = W fric = mv f - mvi
2 2
1 2
- f k Dx = 0 - mv0
2
1
- (8.00 ´10 N )Dx = - (1.00 ´10 3 kg )(35.0m / s) 2
3

2
Dx = 76.6m

November 25, 2019

 Work and Kinetic Energy
q (b) We know Dx = 30.0m, v0 = 35.0m / s, m = 1.00 ´10 3 kg , f k = 8.00 ´10 3 N
q Find the speed at impact.
q Write down the work-energy theorem:
1 2 1 2
Wnet = W fric = - f k Dx = mv f - mvi
2 2
2
v f = v0 - f k Dx
2 2

m
2
v f = (35m / s) - (
2 2
)(8.00 ´ 10 3
N )(30 m) = 745m 2
/ s 2

1.00 ´103 kg

v f = 27.3m / s
v0 = 35.0m / s, v = 0, m = 1.00 ´10 3 kg , f k = 8.00 ´10 3 N

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 Work Done By a Spring
q Spring force
Fx = -kx

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 Spring at Equilibrium
qF =0

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Spring Compressed

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 xf

lim å Fx Dx = ò Fx dx
xf

Dx ®0 xi
xi

xf xf
W = ò Fx dx = ò -kx dx
xi xi
0
=ò -kx dx = 12 kx 2
- xmax

xf
W = ò -kx dx = 12 kxi2 - 12 kx 2f
xi

Work done by
spring on block

Fig. 7.9, p. 173

 Measuring Spring Constant
q Start with spring at its
natural equilibrium length.
q Hang a mass on spring and
let it hang to distance d
(stationary)
q From Fx = kx - mg = 0
mg
k=
d
so can get spring constant.
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Scalar (Dot) Product of 2
Vectors
q The scalar product of
two !vectors
! is written
as A × B
n It is also called the dot
product
! !
q A × B º A B cos q
n q is the angle
between A and B
q Applied to work, this ! !
means W = F Dr cosq = F × Dr
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 Dot Product
q The dot product says
something about how parallel
two vectors are.
q The dot product (scalar
product) of two vectors can be
thought of as the projection of
one onto the direction of the !
other. B
! !
A × B = AB cosq
! ( A cosq ) B
A × iˆ = A cosq = Ax !
q A
q Components A( B cosq )
! !
A × B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz

November 25, 2019

 Projection of a Vector: Dot
Product
q The dot product says
something about how parallel iˆ × ˆj = 0; iˆ × kˆ = 0; ˆj × kˆ = 0
two vectors are.
q The dot product (scalar
iˆ × iˆ = 1; ˆj × ˆj = 1; kˆ × kˆ = 1
product) of two vectors can be
thought of as the projection of
one onto the direction of the !
other. B Projection is zero
! !
A × B = AB cosq
!
A × iˆ = A cosq = Ax
q Components p/2
! ! !
A × B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz A

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 Derivation
! !
q How do we show that A × B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz ?
!
q Start with A = A iˆ + A ˆj + A kˆ
x y z
!
B = Bx iˆ + B y ˆj + Bz kˆ
! !
q Then A × B = ( A iˆ + A ˆj + A kˆ) × ( B iˆ + B ˆj + B kˆ)
x y z x y z

= Axiˆ × ( Bx iˆ + By ˆj + Bz kˆ) + Ay ˆj × ( Bx iˆ + By ˆj + Bz kˆ) + Az kˆ × ( Bx iˆ + By ˆj + Bz kˆ)

q But iˆ × ˆj = 0; iˆ × kˆ = 0; ˆj × kˆ = 0
iˆ × iˆ = 1; ˆj × ˆj = 1; kˆ × kˆ = 1
! !
q So A × B = Ax iˆ × Bx iˆ + Ay ˆj × B y ˆj + Az kˆ × Bz kˆ
= Ax Bx + Ay B y + Az Bz

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 Scalar Product
! !
q The vectors A = 2iˆ + 3 ˆj and B = -iˆ + 2 ˆj
! !
q Determine the scalar product A × B = ?
! !
A × B = Ax Bx + Ay By = 2 × (-1) + 3 × 2 = -2 + 6 = 4
q Find the angle θ between these two vectors

A = Ax2 + Ay2 = 2 2 + 32 = 13 B = Bx2 + By2 = (-1) 2 + 2 2 = 5

" "
A× B 4 4
cosq = = =
AB 13 5 65
4
q = cos -1
= 60.3!
65
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