01-FundamentalGC (Rev 2.2) PDF

Fundamental
Gas Chromatography
1
GC Fundamentals Rev B 5/23/2006 PerkinElmer
abcit
What is
Gas Chromatography?
A Separation Science
2
What is analyzed with a Gas Chromatograph?
Air, Water, Wastewater

Pesticides, Herbicides
Cosmetics, Hand Lotions, Soaps
Crude Oil, Gasoline, Jet Fuel, Natural Gas, Crude Oil
Pharmaceuticals
Inks, Dyes (Food Packaging)
Flavors, Fragrances
Food Products (Cheese, Chocolate, etc.)
Beverages (Beer, O.J., Soda, Whisky, Vodka,Wine)
Rubber and Plastics
Fabrics Gas Chromatography is used to test or analyze
Blood thousands of products and materials everyday.
3
Chromatography
A Separation Technique
Physical Separation of Components

Gases - Liquids - Solids
Organic and Inorganic
4
Gas Chromatography, Basic Steps
Vaporization of the sample. Injector

Transfer of sample onto the column. Carrier Gas
Separation of sample. Column
Detection of Ions. Detector
Collection of Results. TotalChrom
Evaluation of Data. Analyst
5
Chromatography Gives
Identity and Quantity
= + + +
Sample Component A Component B Component C
6
The Chromatographic Process
Column
Tubing
Mobile Phase Carrier Gas
Sample
Stationary Phase
(Liquid Phase)
7
Column Chromatography
The Separation Process

Liquid Phase
Carrier Phase
Time 1
Liquid Phase
Carrier Phase
Time 2
Liquid Phase
Carrier Phase
Time 3
8
Chromatographic Results
Plot of Component
Concentration
High Concentration
Component Bands
Low Concentration
Component Molecule
Concentration
9
Component Peaks
Peak Areas are Determined By
Components and Concentration
Time Sample Molecule Concentration
10
Gases and
Gas Controls
11
Gas Supplies and Control
Carrier Gas
( Helium TANK PRESSURE REGULATOR
( Nitrogen Inlet
Outlet Gauge
( Hydrogen Gauge
Gas
Shutoff Inlet
Combustion Gases
Pressure Control
( Hydrogen
Outlet Fitting or H2 Snubber
( Air
Use Ultra-High Purity gases only - 99.995% recommended.
12
Typical Carrier Gases
Carrier Gas Symbol Detector Type

He, N2, H2 FID Flame Ionization
N2, Ar/Methane
Ar/Methane ECD Electron Capture
He, H2, N2*, Ar * TCD Thermal Conductivity
He, N2, H2 PID Photoionization
He, N2, H2 ELCD Electrolytic Conductivity
He, N2, NPD Nitrogen Phosphorus
He, N2, H2 FPD Flame Photometric
He MS Mass Spectrometer
* Low Current Setting Only
13
Combustion Gases
FID
GAS GAS
CONTROL CONTROL
H
Y Detector
D A
R Dry Compressed
O
G or I
E 99.995 % Pure Zero Grade R
N
14
Gas Line Filters
Use filter/drier for all gases
Add O2 filter for carrier gas
• ECD and capillary columns (esp. Carbowax)
Carbowax)
Use indicating O2 trap in
series with filter
Change traps according to
maintenance schedule
Replace internal AutoSystem
or Clarus charcoal trap for ECD
Indicating filter
Gas Gas
in Heated Filter
Indicating packing out
15
Pressure Regulators
Pressure regulators are used to:

• Regulate gas tank supply
• Control carrier and detector
gases in the GC
Tank regulator
Two stages of regulation are required:
•Retention Time reproducibility
•Stable detector performance
GC gas control
16
Pressure Regulator (Flow Rate)
Inlet Pressure A
G
A
S
Flow
Same Inlet Pressure B More Restriction

Due to Increase
G In Temperature
A Less
S Flow
Increase Inlet PressureC Same Restriction

G as A
A More
S
Flow
17
Flow Controller (Flow Rate)
Constant Back
Pressure Pressure
G
A
S
Flow
Controller
Constant
Pressure Variable Back Pressure
due to Restriction More Restriction
G
A
S
Flow
Controller Same mL/min
mL/min Flow
18
Instrument Flow Control Panel
Manual Pneumatics
Programmable
Pneumatic Control (PPC)
Operator manually sets all gases
Gases set and controlled from

TotalChrom or GC
19
FID Typical Gas Flows
(Pressure Regulator/Needle Valve)
Dual 400 - 450 mL / min

Air Stage
Regulator Needle
Valve
FID
Needle *
Dual Valve
Hyd. Stage
Regulator 40 - 45 mL / min
*Needle Valve with Pressure Regulator
20
Gas Leaks
•Gas leaks are a frequent

problem in GC
•When a leak is suspected,
check the last thing you
changed first
•Common areas for leaks
Septum
Column
Gas Cylinder
Check All Connections for Leaks
21
Locating Gas Leaks
Check all fittings for leaks

• IPA and water mix
• leak detector
Pressure drop test
22
Leak Checking
All fittings must be
checked for leaks
Shutoff gas
Leaks are bi-
bi-directional: at cylinder
gas can leak out and air
can diffuse into the gas
stream
Pressure drop technique is
the easiest and preferred
method to check for leaks: Pressure
holds - no
• Cap off all outlets leaks
• Pressurize system and
close cylinder valve
• Watch for pressure
drop on cylinder tank
Pressure
(10 min period) drops – leak
downstream
23
Locating Leaks
Electronic gas detectors are
the preferred equipment for
locating leaks
Observe all manufacturer’s
precautions
An acceptable alternative is
a 50:50 solution of
isopropanol and water
Never use soap solutions to
check for leaks on GC gas
lines – fittings and tubing
become contaminated
24
Leak Testing Can Cause
Contamination
Leak -Tec
Detects Leaks
Safe-
Safe-Sure-
Sure-Fast
250 mL
PYREX
Long Lasting
Non-
Non-Flammable
Non-
Non-Explosive
50:50 Mixture
4 FL OZ. (112 mL)
mL) Alcohol/Water
25
Gas Flow Measurement
10 10 10 10
Start Stop
Calibration
Marks
Bubble Time Time
at 0 at 10
Gas In 0 0 0 0
Soap
Bubble
Squeeze Bulb
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
26
Gas Cylinder Safety Precautions
Always properly secure gas cylinders in
place
Always have cylinders transported by a
licensed supplier
Always consult the gas safety data sheet
provided by the supplier
Always use a safety snubber on
hydrogen cylinders
Never move a cylinder without the valve
cover in place
Never place a cylinder in a high traffic
area
Do not allow gas cylinder pressure to
drop below 200 psig
27
Typical Problems with Gases and
Pneumatics
Gas in tank is too low in purity

Contaminated gas, lines or pneumatic controls
Dirty or contaminated gas line filters/scrubbers
Defective pneumatic control
• poor control or regulation
• dirty or clogged from contaminated gas
28
abcit
Injectors
Packed, Capillary,
Programmable Split/Splitless,
Programmable On-Column
29
Packed Column
Injector
30
Packed Column Injector
p Terminates in 1/8 inch column fitting

p 1/4 inch column adapter available as an accessory
p 2.75 mm I.D. glass liner (700 uL)
uL)
p Conventional pneumatics
• Flow control with column head pressure gauge
• Flow control with optional digital flow readout
p Programmed Pneumatic Control
• Electronic flow control from instrument keypad Carrier
Temperature range: 0=Off, 100 to 450° Gas In
p 450°C
p Used to vaporize sample and transfer onto
column
p With headspace acts as interface to oven &
column
p Always heated to avoid sample condensation
31
Injection Port Temperature Profile
260
240
220
Degrees Celcius
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
0.25 1 3 5 7 9 11
cm
32
Packed Column Injector
Wide Bore Adapter Accessory
Standard Packed Off-
Off-Column On-
On-Column
Column Position Position
p Low flow element
(1 to 20 ml/min)
p 1/16 inch adapter fitting Hourglass
p 4 mm I.D. hour glass liner Wide-

Wide-Bore
Glass Wide-
Wide-Bore
p Direct injection Standard
Liner
Injector
Liner
Glass
Injector
p On-
On-column mode Liner
Silanized
(0.46 i.d.
i.d. needle required) Glass Wool
p Glass wool packing

1. Improves autosampler precision Hourglass
2. Holds non-
non-volatiles and septum
debris
p Must cut column end square Adapter Adapter
Adapter
1 5/8-
5/8-inches Fitting Fitting Fitting
530 Micron 530 Micron 530 Micron
Wide-
Wide-Bore Wide-
Wide-Bore Wide-
Wide-Bore
Column Column Column
33
Split/Splitless
Injector
34
AutoSystem (XL)
or Clarus Gas Chromatograph
Split/Splitless Injector
Septum
Purge Carrier gas in Split
Split Vent Point
Liner
Capillary Column
35
AutoSystem (XL)
Split/Splitless Injector Splitless Packing Split Packing
Ground
p Liner Portion
Ground
Portion
• 6 mm O.D. / 4 mm I.D. O-Rings O-Rings
• 6 mm O.D. / 2 mm I.D. Quartz Wool Quartz Wool
Loosely Packed Loosely Packed
p Packing
Quartz Wool
• Silanized Glass wool Tightly Packed
recommended Dimple Dimple
• Top portion loosely
packed
• Bottom portion tightly 4-mm i.d.
i.d. 2-mm i.d.
i.d. 4-mm i.d.
i.d.
Wide-
Wide-Bore Liner Narrow-
Narrow-Bore Liner Wide-
Wide-Bore Liner
packed (P/N N612-
N612-1001) (P/N N612-
N612-1002) (P/N N612-
N612-1001)
(1in. or 2.5 cm.)
36
AutoSystem (XL)
p Autosampler compatible and matched
p Single “O” ring seal
p Mechanically defined septum purge path
p Fixed septum purge restrictor
p 1/4 inch removable end fitting (N6100157)
p 1/16 inch reverse ferrule column connection
37
AutoSystem (XL)
Conventional Pneumatic control
p Pressure regulated
p Digital display of column head pressure
p Needle valve for split flow
p Solenoid valve for split vent
p Fixed septum purge
Programmed Pneumatic Control
p Carrier gas controlled from instrument keypad
“O” ring seal

p Silicone, Viton (250oC)
p Kalrez, (450oC)
Kalrez, graphite (450
38
Split Injection
p Split mode uses wide bore liner (4 mm i.d.)

i.d.)
p Splitting of sample allows deposit of small fractions of a
microliter (uL)
uL) in the column
p Prevents overloading of the capillary
p Large part of sample vented (Carbon trap on vent)
p Sample injected into glass wool to allow uniform mixing with
carrier gas
p Separate gas line used for septum purging
p Used for concentrated samples
p Linear to about C30 hydrocarbons
p Septum Purge
• Continuous flow
• Linear (10 psig—
psig—2 mL/min,
mL/min, 20 psig—
psig—4 mL/min)
mL/min)
39
Effect Of Injection Speed on Area
Split Mode (fast) Split Mode (norm)
2000
1800
1600
Absolute Area (10^3)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
C11
C14
C17
C24
C28
C32
C36
Carbon Number C40
C44
40
Splitless Injection
Mode of Operation
p Splitless mode uses narrow bore liner (2 mm i.d.)
i.d.)
p Trace analysis of high boiling compounds in solvents
p Vent opened 30-30-90 seconds after injection removes bulk of the
solvent tail, but leaves most of the sample condensed at the
head of the column
p Advantages:
Advantages:
• Good for trace analysis (less than 100 ppm)
ppm)
• Good for high boiling point compounds
• Easily automated using timed events
p Considerations:
• Limited to trace analysis
• Requires low oven temperature (below solvent) and then oven
temperature programming
41
Programmed
42
AutoSystem (XL)
Programmed Split/Splitless Injector
Septum
purge Carrier gas in
Split vent
Cooling fins
Cooling fan
Liner
Split point Heater block
Capillary column
43
AutoSystem (XL)
• Pressure regulated with screen readout and ready interlock
p Pneumatic Pressure Control
• Carrier gas controlled from instrument keypad or TotalChrom
p Operating modes:
• Oven Programming
• Inlet Programming (initial, rate, final)
• Solvent Purge
p “O” ring seal
• Silicone, Viton (250oC)
• Kalrez, (450oC)
Kalrez, graphite (450
44
AutoSystem (XL)
p Cooling fan standard
p Compatible with 0.1 - 0.53 um columns
p Split/Splitless capability with septum purge
p 1 & 2 mm ID and On-Column glass liners shipped as
standard
p Autosampler compatible
45
Gas Sampling Valve
Sample Gas
GSV
Injector Column Detector
Carrier Gas
46
Gas Sampling Valve Operation
Position 1 (Load) Position 2 (Inject)
47
Special Modes
p Flame Out Detection

• When lit, the FID is sensitive to adjustments to combustion
gas flows
• When unlit, the signal is unaffected by flow variations
• Flame Out Test automatically pulses the H2 flow rate before
each run and checks to see if the detector signal changes
p Sleep Mode
• Automatic shutdown when the GC is idle
• Similar to MS Windows Screen-
Screen-Saver
– User enters a delay time and a Method number
– ‘Sleep’
Sleep’ Method is applied when the GC is idle for this time
period
• Saves gases, protects column and GC
48
Oven
Rapid Heating and Cooling for High Productivity
49
AutoSystem XL Gas Chromatograph
Oven
( Dual packed or capillary
columns
( Mixed packed or capillary
columns
( Rapid heating and cooling
( 0.1 to 45oC/min.
( Can be used with:
( LN2(-100oC) or CO2(-60oC)
( Operating range:
-100 to 450°
450°C
( Oven volume:
11 Liters (23 x 23 x 20 cm)
( Oven fan automatically shuts off
at 40oC when the oven door is
open
50
AutoSystem
Oven-Column Connections
Injector-Side Connection Detector-Side Connection
INSIDE OF AUTOSYSTEM OVEN

1/16 “Column Nut Detector
& Ferrule Fitting
(optional)
1/8in Nut
& Ferrule
Column
0.10 – 0.32 i. d. Column
Injector insertion distances: Detector insertion distances:

Capillary Split/Splitless
Split/Splitless – 44 -- 51 mm FID – 70 mm TCD – 103 mm
PSSI – 38 44 mm ECD – 64 mm NPD – 77 mm
51
Column Connections
Place nut and ferrule over end of column first

Cut 1cm from column end with scribe
Inspect end for clean cut with magnifying glass
Good Cut
Poor Cuts
52
Column Connections
Septa can be used to mark column for correct

insertion dimension
Connect fitting with septa on column inserted to
back of column nut
1/8in Column Nut 1/8in Graphite

Septa Ferrule
53
Column Conditioning
Disconnect column detector end

Confirm carrier flow through column
Program oven temperature from ambient at 5oC/min
to 25oC above the maximum temperature of your
analytical method and hold for one hour
• Packed columns should be condition for 24 hrs.
When finished conditioning re-connect column to
detector
54
Checking Column Flow
Typical column flow for 0.25 mm, 30 meter column:

~1.3 mL/min with a pressure of 15.0 psig
Use a good electronic flow meter or bubble flow
meter to measure column flow rate
Can measure column flow through detector, but
small leaks may indicate a lower than actual flow,
and combustion and makeup gases must be off
Leak test the entire system by plugging the detector
end of the column with a piece of septum and
performing a pressure-drop test (cut column again
before re-installing in detector)
55
abcit
Detectors
56
Effluent Splitting
Two Detectors
Interface
Carrier
Column Detector
Gas
1
Controls
Detector
2
57
Gas Chromatography Detectors
Destructive
p Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
p Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector (NPD)
p Flame Photometric Detector (FPD)
Non-Destructive
p Electron Capture Detector (ECD)
p Thermal Conductivity Detector (TCD)
58
Flame Ionization
Detector
59
The Flame Ionization Detector (FID)
p Hydrogen and air

required for
Collector
combustion gases Knurled
Ring
p FID jet has Nozzle
Polarizing
receiver “tail” Clip
attached Flame jet Air in
Hydrogen in
Jet
Assembly
Column
connection
60
The Autoignite FID
Igniter
p Requires PPC gas Amplifier
control option Connection
p Most parts not

interchangeable Polarizing
Pin
with earlier FID Collector
p Complete control Flame Jet Air In
of FID from GC Flame Jet

Hydrogen In
method Extension
Detector
Fitting
61
Flame Ionization Detector
Manual and PPC
• On/off needle valve for air
• On/off pressure regulator for hydrogen
• Control of hydrogen and air from
instrument keypad
p Sealed collector for easy gas measurements
62
Application Areas
p Most sensitive detector for the analysis of

organic compounds
p Determination of ppm to % levels of
petrochemical compounds
p Detection of trace levels organic pollutants in
air
p Food and Flavor analysis, essential oils, fatty
acids, antioxidants
p Analysis of potable liquids, beers, wines and
spirits
63
Mode of Operation
p Organic compounds containing C-H bonds are

combusted in the air/hydrogen flame to
produce ions
p Ions, under the influence of polarizing voltage,
(-200v) are collected at the anode (collector
electrode)
p Resultant detector current (10-6 -- 10-12 A)
measured at amplifier
64
Characteristics
p Requires combustion gases, air and hydrogen

p Compatible with carrier gas flow rates 0.5-
50mL/min.
p Linearity greater than 106
p MDQ of less than 3 x 10-12 g C/sec
p Operating temperature: 100°C to 450°C
p Amplifier filters: 50, 200, 800 (software
selectable)
p Terminates in 1/8 inch fitting for column
connection
65
FID Gas Flows and Measurement
p GC Combustion Gas Flows:

• H2 Flow - 45mL
p Use a good flow meter capable of
measuring gas flows up to 500 mL/min
• Air Flow - 450mL
p Turn on one gas flow at a time and measure
through FID vent
66
FID Maintenance
p Parts requiring replacement if dirty,

contaminated or corroded:
• jet assembly
• collector assembly
• nozzle and ceramic insulator
• jet contact spring
p Polarizing voltage must be present (-200
volts DC) and have good contact
p Ceramic insulator for polarizing voltage must
be clean
67
Nitrogen Phosphorus
Detector
68
Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector
Collector
Bead power connection
Bead
Air in
Hydrogen in
Column connection
69
Mode of Operation
p Glass bead containing cesium is electrically

heated to the point it emits electrons
p Hydrogen and air around hot bead form a
hydrogen plasma.
p Stable intermediates containing N or P are
formed in the plasma which then capture the
electrons emitted from the bead to form ions
p Ions are collected at the anode as with the FID
70
Application Areas

nitrogen and phosphorus containing
compounds
p Determination of ppm levels N or P
compounds in water/organic matrices. EPA
507, 509
p Detection of low levels N containing drugs
and pharmaceuticals.
p Food and Flavor analysis of “off odors”
caused by N compounds
71
Characteristics

p MDQ of less than 5 x 10-13 g N/sec
MDQ of less than 5 x 10-14 g P/sec
p Operating temperature: 100°C to 450°C
p Bead design assembly offers quick and
easy change with no adjustments
72
Flame Photometric
Detector
73
Flame Photometric Detector
Optical
Filter Window Filter
Assembly Assembly
Cap
O-Ring
Glass Liner
Flame Jet
O-Ring Air In
Hydrogen In
Photomultiplier
Tube Assembly Column
Connection
74
Mode of Operation
p Organic compound burned in hydrogen/air flame

p Sulfur and phosphorus atoms combusted and emit
light at specific wavelengths
p By the use of specific optical filters the S or P
emissions are isolated and measured with a
photomultiplier tube to produce a signal proportional
to the amount of S or P
75
Mode of Operation
p Sulfur
• Flame emits blue light when S2 species burn
• Narrow band filter for S2 wavelength
• Maximum transmittance is at 394 nm and has a
(concentration)2 response
p Phosphorus
• Flame emits yellow light when HPO species burn
• Narrow band filter for HPO wavelength
• Maximum transmittance is at 526 nm and has a linear
response
p Tin
• Flame emits pink light when Sn species burn
• Narrow band filter for Sn wavelength
• Maximum transmittance is at 610 nm and has linear
response
76
Application Areas

sulfur/phosphorus containing compounds
p Determination of ppm levels S/P compounds in
organic matrices
p Detection of trace levels S/P pollutants in air/water
EPA 8141A
p Food and Flavor analysis of “off odors” caused by S
compounds
77
Characteristics
Operating temperature 250°C to 450°C
Linearity Sulfur: 102 (log-log) square law

response Phosphorus: 103 linear response
-11
MDQ Sulfur: 1 x 10 gS/sec
(thiophene)
Phosphorus: 1 x 10-12gP/sec
(tributylphosphate)
Selectivity Sulfur: 104:1

Phosphorus: 105:1
78
Electron Capture
Detector
79
Electron Capture Detector
Collector
(Anode)
63Nickel foil
(Source)
Make-up gas in
Column connection
80
ECD Regulations
Handle Carefully
RADIOACTIVE
Contents_____________
No of Curies__________
81
Mode of Operation
p Constant current, closed loop, pulse frequency

modulated
p Ionization produced by 63Nickel foil
p Cell current (1na) maintained by pulsing the
anode voltage
p Electron absorbing compounds in cell reduce
electron population and hence the cell current
p Cell current restored by an increase in pulse
frequency
p Change in frequency is measure of
concentration of component
82
ECD Makeup Flow and Measurement
p Makeup gas is required for proper ECD

operation
p Use UHP grade (99.995%) N2 gas with filter
p Measure makeup flow at detector vent
p Total flow through detector should be 30mL
(column flow + makeup flow)
• 8500 - set makeup pressure at 44psi
• AutoSystem - adjust needle valve to
achieve 30mL total flow through ECD
83
Application Areas

electrophilic compounds
p Determination of ppb levels chlorinated
pesticides
p Detection of trace levels PCB’s
(polychlorinated biphenyls)
p Trace levels nitrous oxide N2O in air
p Determination of diketones in beer
84
Characteristics

p MDQ of less than 50 fg of lindane or
perchloroethylene
p Operating temperature: 100 to 450°C
p Make-up gas required for capillary columns
p 850 uL internal cell volume
p 63Nickel foil source
p Terminates in 1/8 inch fitting for column

connection
85
ECD Makeup FLOW vs SENSITIVITY

100
90
% Sensitivity
80
70
60
50
0
10
20
30
40
Makeup Flow 50
86
ECD Maintenance
p Bake out detector when background is high

• remove column from detector
• cap detector inlet and set makeup flow at 60mL
• bake detector at 450 deg C (overnight)
p Requires cleaning and refoiling after several
years of use
p Clean anode if sensitivity is low
• remove collector and soak anode in hexane 10 min
p Perform wipe tests according to local requirements
p Observe all license restrictions and requirements
when discarding ECD cells or sending out for re-
foiling
87
Thermal Conductivity
Detector
88
Thermal Conductivity Detector
89
TCD Bridge Current Settings
Maximum Temperature Setting (°C)
Current
Setting He/H2 N2 Ar
(mA)
4 160 100 XX XX
3 120 300 XX XX
2 80 350 110 XX
1 40 350 350 350
0 Off Off Off Off
90
Mode of Operation
p Measures difference in thermal conductivity

between carrier gas and carrier gas plus
components.
p Four filaments are connected in a Wheatstone
bridge two reference, two sensing.
p Presence of component changes resistance of
filaments in sensing channel unbalancing the
bridge. This results in a signal proportional to
concentration of the component in the gas
stream.
91
Application Areas

inorganic gases
p Determination of % to ppm levels of most
permanent gases
p Analyses requiring packed columns and %
levels of organic compounds
92
Manual and PPC
• Standard flow controller and line for
reference channel
• Reference channel controlled from
instrument keypad
p Can be used with 0.53 and 0.32 mm columns
without make-up.
p Series connection optional
93

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Fundamental

Air, Water, Wastewater

Physical Separation of Components

Vaporization of the sample. Injector

Identity and Quantity

Sample Component A Component B Component C

Mobile Phase Carrier Gas

The Separation Process

Time Sample Molecule Concentration

Use Ultra-High Purity gases only - 99.995% recommended.

Carrier Gas Symbol Detector Type

He, H2, N2*, Ar * TCD Thermal Conductivity

He, N2, H2 PID Photoionization

He, N2, H2 ELCD Electrolytic Conductivity

He, N2, NPD Nitrogen Phosphorus

He, N2, H2 FPD Flame Photometric

* Low Current Setting Only

Pressure regulators are used to:

Same Inlet Pressure B More Restriction

Increase Inlet PressureC Same Restriction

Operator manually sets all gases

Gases set and controlled from

Dual 400 - 450 mL / min

*Needle Valve with Pressure Regulator

•Gas leaks are a frequent

Check all fittings for leaks

Gas in tank is too low in purity

p Terminates in 1/8 inch column fitting

p 4 mm I.D. hour glass liner Wide-

p Glass wool packing

Split/Splitless Injector Splitless Packing Split Packing

(1in. or 2.5 cm.)

Programmed Pneumatic Control

p Carrier gas controlled from instrument keypad

“O” ring seal

p Split mode uses wide bore liner (4 mm i.d.)

Split point Heater block

Injector Column Detector

Position 1 (Load) Position 2 (Inject)

p Flame Out Detection

Injector-Side Connection Detector-Side Connection

INSIDE OF AUTOSYSTEM OVEN

Injector insertion distances: Detector insertion distances:

Place nut and ferrule over end of column first

Septa can be used to mark column for correct

1/8in Column Nut 1/8in Graphite

Disconnect column detector end

Typical column flow for 0.25 mm, 30 meter column:

p Hydrogen and air

attached Flame jet Air in

p Most parts not

p Complete control Flame Jet Air In

of FID from GC Flame Jet

p Most sensitive detector for the analysis of

p Organic compounds containing C-H bonds are

p Requires combustion gases, air and hydrogen

p GC Combustion Gas Flows:

p Parts requiring replacement if dirty,

p Glass bead containing cesium is electrically

p Most sensitive detector for the analysis of

p Linearity greater than 104

p Organic compound burned in hydrogen/air flame

He, H2, N2, Ar TCD Thermal Conductivity