Task 1 - Electromagnetic waves in open media

Individual work format

JAIRO DAVID CANO MORA

Group 203058_23
1026566153

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2020
 Exercises development

Activity
Questions: (write with your own words)

1. In the context of electromagnetic waves, what is an open

propagation medium?

Rta/ We can define that a propagation medium is open when the

wave is propagates, it does not find any obstacle that reflects the
waves; energy will move in one unique direction.

2. Within the propagation mediums, what is the meaning of the “Loss

Tangent”?

Rta/ Tangent of losses is the relationship that exists between the

conductivity and displacement current, this parameter depends on
the characteristics of the medium and the frequency of the signal.

3. How the propagation medium is classified according to the value of

the “Loss Tangent”?

Rta/

Good insulator (Dielectric of low losses)

They present conduction current and have losses due to the Joule
effect, this effect is almost negligible compared to the capacitive
effect.

0 < Tan(δ) <= 0,1 0° < δ <= 6°

Perfect Dielectrics:
They do not present conduction current (they do not have losses due
to the Joule effect)

Tan (δ) = 0 δ = 0°

 Perfect Drivers:
They do not have bias current (they do not have capacitive effects)

Tan (δ) → ∞ δ=∏∕2

Dissipative dielectrics:
These present both effects, neither is negligible compared to the
other.

0° < δ < ∏∕2

4. Define the propagation parameters for waves traveling through a

medium (they are different from the wave parameters).

Rta/
The wave propagation parameters through a medium are:
The relative dielectric permittivity of the medium
the conductivity
the magnetic permeability
frequency of the emission.
 Application exercise:
The following 5-step exercise describes the method to characterize
an electromagnetic wave when propagating in an open environment,
for which, each student must choose 1 propagation media of the 5
proposed in Table 1 and announce it within the Task 1 forum to
avoid repetition.

Table 1: Conductivity σ and electrical permittivity ε rof some media.

Media σ [S /m] εr [ ]
1. Copper 5.80 x 107 1
2. Sea water 4 80
3. Vegetable soil 1.00 x 10−2 14
4. Dry soil 1.00 x 10−4 3
5. Sweet water 1.00 x 10−3 80
−12 2 2
ε =ε r ε o ; ε o =8.8542 x 10 C /Nm

1. Calculate the tangent of losses Tan (δ) and the angle of losses δ of
the medium chosen in Table 1, if through it travel an
electromagnetic wave E of frequency f =(CCC+10) MHz. Note that CCC
are the last 3 digits of your identification number.
σ σ
tan ( δ )= =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o

Example:
Identification number:12345678, then CCC=678

Then: f =( 678+10 ) MHz=688 MHz=688 x 106 Hz

Selected propagation medium: sea water

Copper conductivity: σ =4 S / m
Copper electrical permittivity: ε r=80

Identification number: 1026566153 then CCC=153

Then: f =( 153+10 ) MHz=163 MHz=163 x 106 Hz

Selected propagation medium: Sweet water

Sweet water conductivity: σ =1.00 x 10−3

Sweet water electrical permittivity: ε r=80

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

σ σ 4S/m
tan ( δ )= = =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o 2 π∗688 x 10 Hz∗80∗8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 /N m 2
6

Note that ω=2 πf and ε =ε r ε o

Calculation:
 Figure 1: operation 1 on a virtual scientific calculator.
σ σ
tan ( δ )= = =1.3063
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.

σ σ 1.00 x 10−3 S / m
tan ( δ )= = =
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o 2 π∗163 x 106 Hz∗80∗8.8542 x 10−12 C 2 /N m 2

σ σ
tan ( δ )= = =0.0013784560934
ω ε 2 πf ε r ε o

Expresado en notacion cientifica es=1.37846 x 10−3

( δ )=0.0789796663718 °
2. According to the result obtained in point 1, classify the behavior of
the chosen medium according to one of the 5 options in Table 2:

Table 2: Classification of propagation media.

Media Tan(δ) δ [°]
1. Perfect dielectrics (Not dissipative) Tan(δ) = 0 δ = 0°
0 < Tan(δ) <= 0° < δ <=
2. Good insulators (Lost low dielectric)
0,1 6°
3. Dissipative (Dielectrics with 0,1 < Tan(δ) <= 6° < δ <=
dielectrics losses) 10 84°
84°< δ <
4. Good conductors (Good conductors) Tan(δ) > 10
90°
5. Perfect conductors (Perfect conductors) Tan(δ) >>> 10 δ = 90°

Interpretation: According to the concept of Tangent of losses,

explain the meaning of the value obtained for tan ( δ ).
The loss tangent allows me to identify ...
 3. According to the classification obtained in point 2 and using Table 3
shown below, calculate the following propagation parameters of the
wave in the chosen medium:
a. Propagation constant  (gamma).
b. Attenuation constant  (Alpha).
c. Phase constant  (Beta).

Table 3: Propagation parameters in open media.

Not Dielectrics
Paramete Lost low Good
dissipativ with
r dielectric conductors
e losses
γ jω √ με jω √ με √ jωμ(σ + j ωε) √ jω σ μo
α 0 ση/2 ℜ¿) √ πf σ μ o
β ω √ με ω √ με ℑ() √ πf σ μ o
η √ μ/ε √ μ/ε √ jω μ/(σ+ j ωε) √ jω μo /σ
μ=μ r μ o ; μ r=1 ( non−magnetic media ) ; μ o=1.2566 x 10−6 T m/ A

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

γ = jω √ με

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.

γ = j2 π √ μr μ0 ε r ε 0
 γ = j(2 π ( 163 x 106 Hz ) ) √1(1,2566 x 10−6 Tm/ A)(80∗8,8542 x 10−12 C 2 / Nm2)

γ =30.555237 j

η=√ μ /ε
η=√ μ r μ 0 /ε r ε 0

η=√ 1( 1.2566 x 10−6 Tm / A)/¿ ¿ ¿

η=42.11907 Ω

α =ση /2

α =1 x 10−3 S/m∗42.11907 Ω /2
α =0.0210595397 Np/m

β=ω √ με
 β=¿

β=30.5552370 rad /m

4. According to the results obtained in point 3 and using the following

equations, calculate the propagation characteristics of the wave in
the chosen medium:
a. Propagation speed v p .

ω
vp=
β

1024159205.0702724457
vp =
30.5552370794579 rad /m

v p =3.351828 x 107 m/s

b.

Wavelength λ .

2π
λ=
β
2π
λ=
30.5552370794579rad /m
λ=0.2056336624337 m

c. The penetration depth of the δ pwave in the medium.

1
δ p=
¿ a∨¿ ¿
 1
δ p=
¿ a∨¿=47.4844186478m ¿

Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator, paste the

image of the operation on the report, then write the final result
including the units.

V p=3.351828 x 107 m/ s
λ=0.2056336624337 m
δ p=474844186478m

Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the

meaning of the value obtained for each of the propagation

characteristics V p , λ and δ p.
V p Is the speed with which the wave propagates through a medium.

λ Wavelength is the distance that a periodic disturbance travels

through a medium.
δ p The depth of penetration of the wave in a specific medium.

Application example

Disinfection and Sterilization with Ultraviolet Light

Ultraviolet (UV) light is a form of light invisible to the human eye,
occupying the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between X-
rays and visible light. For example, the sun emits ultraviolet light,
although the earth's ozone layer absorbs a large part of it since
otherwise it would be harmful to humans, not just bacteria.

The great difference of surface disinfection using ultraviolet light

compared to other chemical methods is that UV light provides a fast
and efficient inactivation of microorganisms through a physical
process. When bacteria, viruses, and protozoa are exposed to the
germicidal wavelengths of UV light, they become unable to
reproduce and infect. The advantages of ultraviolet light over
traditional disinfection systems are evident since ultraviolet light
disinfection is a cold process that works without the need to add any
chemical product during the entire disinfection process and, as it is a
system physical, microorganisms are not capable of generating
resistance to the disinfection process.

UV light as such was discovered in 1800 by a German astronomer

named Friedrich William Herscel, who used a glass prism with
different colors of light to experiment with sunlight and discovered
an invisible light that was initially called "Ultra-red." . Johann
Wilhelm Ritter also carried out experiments in 1801. He found a form
of light beyond the violet end of the spectrum. He referred to this
light as chemical rays, but it was later called ultraviolet light.

The medical uses of ultraviolet light include disinfection and

sterilization without the use of chemicals because of its great power
to destroy bacteria and viruses. In 1877, two English scientists
named Downes and Blunt discovered that bacteria died when they
came into contact with sunlight. In 1892, Marshall Ward, showed
that the bactericidal actions were from the spectrum of ultraviolet
light and ultraviolet light began to be used as a safe medical
treatment for total disinfection and sterilization.

Video link

References

Physical book.
Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx).
City, Country: Editorial.

Chapter of a physical book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry.
Title of the book (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial.

EBook.
Surname, A. (Year). Title of the book. (pp. xx-xx). Country:
Editorial. Retrieved from http: // ...

Chapter of an electronic book.

Surname, A., & Surname, B. (Year). Title of the chapter or the entry.
Title of the book (pp. xx-xx). City, Country: Editorial. Retrieved from
http: // ...

Internet video.
Surname, N. (Year). Title of the video Video server [Video].
Retrieved from http: // ...