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SAE Technical
Paper Series

900475

Structures of Fuel Sprays in Diesel Engines

Hiro Hiroyasu and Masataka Arai
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
University of Hiroshima
Japan

Interational Congress and Exposition

Detroit Michigan
February 26 — March 2,1990
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900475

Structures of Fuel Sprays in Diesel Engines

Hiro Hiroyasu and Masataka Arai
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
University of Hiroshima
Japan

ABSTRACT performance as the result of it. These models have been

described as thermodynamic, phenomenological and
The objective of this paper is to summarize detailed multidimensional models.
experimental results which were previously reported by
Further, combustion in a direct injection diesel engine
the authors and to derive many useful empirical equations
is closely related to the
concerning the diesel fuel sprays. The empirical equations
for break-up length, spray angle, spray tip penetration and
drop size distribution of the diesel sprays are introduced to
discuss the internal structure of the spray. According to
the effect of injection pressure and ambient pressure on
the break-up length and drop size of the diesel spray, the
spray structure can be divided into two categories;
incomplete and complete sprays. The equations which
express the break-up length and mean diameter of the
incomplete and complete sprays were obtained using
different techniques according for the dominance of one or
more break-up mechanisms.
THE HIGH THERMAL EFFICIENCY on the diesel
engine, especially the direct injection diesel engine, is
mainly caused by the relatively high compression ratio,
the lower pumping loss as a result of the absence of the
throttle valve and overall lean mixture required to achieve
an efficient heterogeneous combustion process. However,
diesel combustion processes are very complex and their
detailed mechanisms are not well understood.
The primary factor which controls the diesel
combustion is the mixture formation as shown in Fig. 1.
The mixture formation is controlled by the characteristics
of the injection system, the nature of air swirl and
turbulence in the cylinder, and spray characterization. The
next factor of diesel combustion is ignition delay and the
flame development after the ignition, that is, the
combustion rate. The combustion in the diesel engine is
heterogeneous combustion, that is a combination of
partially pre-mixed combustion and partially diffusive FIGURE 1. Block diagram of diesel combustion
combustion. Numerous approaches have been taken to
make mathematical models of heterogeneous combustion
for predicting the combustion phenomena and engine
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2 900475
FIGURE 2. Parameters of a spray
transient injection of a fuel spray into air at high pressure
and temperature. The air-fuel mixing processes, including
atomization and vaporization, at the edges of the spray
are followed by the ignition of these regions and
progressive diffusive burning of the remainder of the
spray. Therefore, accurate descriptions of the behavior of
atomizing and vaporizing fuel in the spray are important
for any kind of models to comprehend and describe the
processes of air-fuel mixing and subsequent combustion.
The fuel injected from the nozzle into the combustion
chamber of the diesel engine disintegrates into numerous
drops of different sizes and concentrations in the spray.
Figure 2 shows the main parameters that express the
aspect of a diesel spray. The motion of the spray tip and
break-up length give clues as to the understanding of the
disintegrating process of a fuel jet. Spray angle and drop
size distribution are the results of this disintegrating
process. These four parameters of the spray are related
to each other in the disintegrating process and affect, the
mixture formation through aerodynamic and
thermodynamic processes in the combustion chamber of
the diesel engine.
In this paper, the behavior of high speed injection
through a diesel nozzle into a high pressure chamber
was studied using various techniques. It includes an
electric resistance method to measure the break-up
length, photographic observations for the spray angle, a
photo-transistors array system to measure the
progression of the spray, a laser diffraction method to
determine the Sauter mean diameter of the spray, and
discussions to clarify the break-up mechanism and
internal structure of the diesel spray. While the diesel
spray was a kind of intermittent spray, most of the data
except the spray tip Penetration, had been
experimentally obtained from continuous sprays injected
through a diesel nozzle. Since an injection period of the
diesel spray was usually far longer than a period that
needed to break up a small lump of the injected liquid, it
was considered that a transient behavior of a diesel spray
appeared only in the tip motion of the spray and the main
body of the diesel spray was subjected to the continuous
spray. Then, useful information for the intermittent diesel
spray could be derived from the experimental data
concerning the continuous spray.
FIGURE 3. Break-up behavior of a liquid jet
The objective of the paper is to summarize these
experimental results and derive many useful empirical
equations concerning the diesel sprays. The empirical
equations for break-up length, spray angle, spray tip
penetration and drop size distribution of the diesel spray
are introduced for further development of the
phenomenological and multidimensional models to aid in
the development/improvement of high quality diesel
engines.
BREAK-UP LENGTH
The injected liquid does not break up instantly after
injection. There is some unbroken portion which is
referred to as the liquid break-up length. Break-up
lengths average between 10 to 30 mm and appear to be
present for injection velocities above 200 m/s.
In a high speed small direct injection diesel engine of
a light duty vehicle, break-up length of the fuel spray and
the distance from the nozzle to the combustion chamber
wall are almost the same. Thus, the break-up length may
have a great effect on the spatial distribution of the liquid
fuel and the formation of the fuel-air mixture in that small
engine.
Extensive experimental studies on the break-up
phenomena of low velocity jets have been carried out (1-
3) *. Figure 3 shows
*
Numbers in parentheses designate references at end of
paper
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900475 3

FIGURE 4. Experimental apparatus for

measuring break-up length FIGURE 5. Break-up length vs. injection velocity

break-up length which describes the continuous portion of

the liquid column or unbroken length as a function of the
jet velocity. In this paper, the main interest is in the spray
region. Break-up length of the spray region was
measured by electric resistance between the nozzle and
a fine wire net detector located in a spray jet (4-6). The
apparatus used in a high pressure injection experiment
for measuring break-up length of the continuous spray is
shown in Fig. 4.
Figure 5 shows the effect of injection velocity on
break-up length at various ambient pressures. Increasing
ambient pressure from 0.1 MPa to 3.0 MPa, the break-up
length decreases. From 20 to 60 m/s of injection velocity,
the injected liquid column is disintegrated by the micro-
turbulence of the liquid surface and is called wavy flow
(7). In this region, break-up length increases with an
increase in injection velocity. When injection velocity is
further increased, the wavy flow is not observed and
break-up length decreases. This region is called a spray.
Further increasing injection velocity, the break-up length FIGURE 6. The effect of nozzle diameter on
reaches an almost constant value. break-up length
There is an apparent difference between the spray of
which break-up length has decreasing tendency with an spray that is corresponded to a diesel spray. Spray as the
increase of the injection velocity and one of which break- general meaning, covers both the regions mentioned
up length is hardly changed by the further increase of the above. Further discussions for the incomplete and
velocity. Categorizing sprays by their break-up length and complete sprays are summarized in the last section of this
related atomization, they are divided into two groups; paper.
incomplete and complete sprays. In the incomplete spray The effect of nozzle diameter on break-up length in a
region, the liquid jet was ejected from the nozzle to form a complete spray region is shown in Fig. 6. Break-up length
spray through a relatively slow disintegrating process. In in this region increases with an increase in the diameter of
other words, the process of transformation from liquid the nozzle. Break-up length is also affected by the
column to drops had to be developed along the liquid jet dimensionless length of a nozzle. Figure 7 shows the
and fine drops were only made at a distance far from the effect of the ratio of the length L to the diameter D of the
nozzle exit. As injection velocity increased further, the nozzle hole, L/D, on break-up length with deferent
disintegrating process from a liquid column to a fine spray ambient pressures.
appeared as soon as the liquid was injected. This region
Break-up length is also affected by nozzle shape and
is called the complete
the flow condition in a nozzle hole. The round radius r at
the entrance of the nozzle and the length to diameter ratio
L/D are introduced as effective shape factors on the
break-up length. The turbulence caused by the cavitation
also has a great effect on the break-up length. Then the
cavitation number Pa/ρ Vi2 is chosen as the
l
representative factor of internal turbulence in the nozzle.
The
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4 900475

FIGURE 8. Measured and calculated break-up

length from empirical equations

FIGURE 7.The effect of L/D on break-up length

density of the surrounding which gives the shear stress to

the liquid column is considered as the last important
factor for the disintegrating process. The following
expression was derived for break-up length from
experimental data which covered a wide range of
conditions.

FIGURE 9. The effect of injection pressure

on the spray angle
This expression is valid for any complete spray region.
Figure 8 compares measured break-up lengths at various
ambient pressures with equation (1) and Bracco’s
equation (8).

SPRAY ANGLE
Many photographs of sprays were taken to measure
the spray angle. Figure 9 shows the effect of injection
pressure on the spray angle. The spray angle increases
with an increase in injection velocity, takes the maximum
value and reaches an almost constant value in a
complete spray region. The empirical equation for the
spray angle when this angle reaches the constant value
is expressed by the following:

FIGURE 10. Measured and calculated spray

angle from empirical equations
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900475 5

FIGURE 11. The spray angle and break-up length FIGURE 12. Spray tip penetration at various
injection pressures
Figure 10 shows the comparison of the measured spray
angle and those calculated from several empirical
equations (9-12). Also, Figure 11 shows spray angle and
the break-up length versus injection velocity for several
different nozzle hole diameters. This figure is very
important to discuss the internal structure of the spray.
When the liquid was injected with the speed less than 70
m/s, the break-up length was not shortened and only a
narrow spray angle appeared even if the ambient
pressure was elevated up to 3 MPa. However, the liquid
injected with the speed of over 100 m/s, was disintegrated
quickly to form a complete spray. As the result of it, the
break-up length was shortened and the wide spray angle
was achieved.
The region where the injection velocity ranged from 70
to 100 m/s, corresponded to an incomplete spray. The
maximum spray angle appeared at the injection velocity
where the feature of a spray shifted from an incomplete
spray type to a complete one. In Figure 9, the injection
pressure where the maximum spray angle occurs
increases with an increase in the liquid kinematic
viscosity; this indicates that the transition velocity also
increases with the viscosity. However, Figure 11 suggests
that the transition velocity is almost independent of the
nozzle hole diameter.

SPRAY TIP PENETRATION FIGURE 13. Spray tip penetration at various

The speed and extent to which the fuel spray
penetrates in the combustion chamber has an important
influence on air utilization and fuel-air mixing rate. So,
spray tip penetration of the intermittent diesel spray was
measured with the aid of photographic techniques at
ambient gas temperatures
various ambient temperatures, ambient pressures,
injection pressures and injection durations.
Figure 12 shows the effect of injection pressure on
spray tip penetration under constant ambient pressure
and injection duration. The logarithmic penetration on the
ordinate is correlated with the logarithmic time from the
injection start on the abscissa. This figure shows the
linear relationship with two different slopes between
logarithmic expressions of penetration and time. At the
early stage of the spray, the slope is 1, but after a short
period, the slope changes to 0.5. This
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6 900475

transistor. The signals including light intensity change

caused by the progression of the spray tip were
transferred through an A/D converter into a computer with
real time acquisition. Then, the progression of the spray
tip was detected and averaged automatically through
many injection cycles.
Figure 16 shows the effect of valve opening pressure
on spray tip penetration measured by this method. Figure
17 shows needle lift, fuel pressure in the feeding line near
the nozzle and the rate of fuel injection at the same valve
opening conditions as shown in Fig. 16. A strong
correlation between the spray tip penetration, the initial
line pressure and the initial injection rate can be observed
FIGURE 14. Relationship between break-up in Figs. 16 and 17. And also, Figs. 18 and 19 show the
time and injection pressure effect of nozzle hole diameter. In this case, the higher
spray tip penetration was achieved by higher injection
result shows that the spray velocity at the initiation of the rate even if the valve opening pressures were the same.
injection is constant and then the spray develops into a In other words, the spray tip penetration was controlled
steady jet. The spray tip penetration decreases with an by the injection momentum at the early stage of the
increase in ambient gas pressure. The time at the injection.
intersection of the two lines decreases with an increase in
injection pressure.
Figure 13 shows the effect of ambient temperature on
spray tip penetration. Even if ambient temperature
changes from room temperature to 590 K, the spray tip
penetration does not change significantly.
Figure 14 shows the relationship between injection
pressure and the transition time from slope 1 to slope 0.5,
that is the relationship between injection pressure and
break-up time. The transition time ranges from 0.3 to 1.0
ms after the start of injection. These durations depend on
injection conditions and are approximately equivalent in
time to the ignition delay period. The following
expressions are derived from the data obtained during
FIGURE 15. Measuring principle for spray tip
this investigation (13) and from applying the jet
progression
disintegration theory by Levich (14).

Results calculated from these equations are also

expressed by the solid lines in Figs. 12, 13 and 14.
Figure 15 shows the principle of the spray tip detector by
light interception method. The instrument consisted of
several detecting units. A sheeted light in each detecting FIGURE 16. The effect of valve opening
unit was emitted from LED and was received by a photo- pressure on spray tip penetration
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900475 7

FIGURE 19. Signals of needle lift, line

FIGURE 17. Signals of needle lift, line pressure and the rate of fuel
pressure and the rate of fuel injection with different nozzle
injection with different valve hole diameter
opening pressure
injection nozzle was on the top of the high pressure
vessel. Nitrogen gas was fed into the vessel to increase
the pressure. Intermittent fuel sprays injected from the
nozzle and passing through a slit in the lower part of the
pressure vessel were collected in the immersion cell.
After sampling spray drops, the cell was turned 180 deg.
about the nozzle axis with the rotating disk. Fuel drops in
immersion liquid were photographed by a camera.

FIGURE 18. The effect of nozzle hole

diameter on spray tip penetration

DROP SIZE DISTRIBUTION

In order to determine the spray drop size distribution in

a diesel engine, fuel was injected into a constant-volume
vessel filled with high-pressure quiescent air at room
temperature with a diesel engine injection system. Drop
size was measured using the liquid immersion sampling
technique (15). A measuring apparatus is shown in Fig. FIGURE 20. Liquid immersion sampling
20. An technique in a pressurized vessel
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8 900475

The photographed images of drops were measured and

counted.
The drop size distribution is obtained from the
measured data as follows:

where b is constant and is dependent on operating

conditions and expressed as follows:

FIGURE 21. Experimental apparatus for

The non-dimensional expression for drop size distribution measuring the drop size
of sprays is

This expression is independent of operating conditions,

that is, back pressure, pump speed, rack position, and
the kind of nozzle used in this investigation. If we can get
the mean diameter, that is, the Sauter mean diameter or
the median diameter, which is dependent on operating
conditions, the whole drop size distribution can be
obtained immediately.
Following equation is an empirical expression for the
Sauter mean diameter for typical diesel fuel properties
and for hole type nozzle.

The above empirical equation was obtained for diesel

engine injection system. So, during an injection period, FIGURE 22. The effect of L/D on the Sauter
the injection conditions such as injection pressure and mean diameter
injection rate may vary. Consequently, drop size
distribution at a given location in the spray may also
change with time during the injection period.
More detailed drop Size measurements concerning
the continuous spray have to be examined in order to
study the effects of ambient pressure, injection pressure,
nozzle diameter and the ratio of the nozzle length to the
diameter, and also effects of viscosity and surface
tension of the fuel. An optical technique based on
Fraunhofer diffraction has been developed for on-line
measurement of drop size distribution. The measuring
system used in this work is shown in Fig. 21 (16).
The effect of the dimensionless length of a nozzle on
the Sauter mean diameter are shown in Fig. 22. When
the injection pressure is 15 MPa, the Sauter mean
diameter takes the minimum value at L/D=4. Increasing
the injection pressure, the Sauter mean diameter FIGURE 23. The effect of ambient pressure
decreases, and the decrease of the Sauter mean and injection pressure on the
diameter at L/D=4 becomes inconspicuous. Sauter mean diameter
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900475 9

The effects of ambient pressure and injection pressure

were also investigated using a diesel nozzle with a
diameter of 0.3 mm, as shown in Fig.23.
It is commonly considered that an increase in the
viscosity of injected fuel causes an increase in the Sauter
mean diameter, but there were few measured results to
this effect. In this study, the effect of liquid viscosity on the
Sauter mean diameter was measured using glycerin-
water solutions of various kinematic viscosity. Figure 24
shows the measured results of the relationships between
the solution’s viscosity and the Sauter mean diameter
(17). Increasing injection pressure, the Sauter mean
diameter decreases, but there is still some difference in
the Sauter mean diameter according to the viscosity of
the fuel. When the viscosity of the fuel is over a certain
value, the Sauter mean diameter increases rapidly. Figure FIGURE 24. The effect of viscosity and
25 shows the effect of ambient pressure on the injection pressure on the Sauter
relationship between effective injection pressure and the mean diameter
Sauter mean diameter. Under low effective injection
pressure conditions, the Sauter mean diameter
decreases. Under high effective injection pressure,
however, the Sauter mean diameter increases. In both
cases, ambient pressure increases.
Dimensionless analysis was conducted based on the
above measurement results, leading to the following
experimental equations for the Sauter mean diameter
(18).

FIGURE 25. The effect of ambient pressure

on the Sauter mean diameter

results that the Sauter mean diameter increases with an

increase in ambient pressure (or density).

INCOMPLETE AND COMPLETE SPRAYS

where MAX[ ] denotes the larger value of the two.
Equation (10-a) is the Sauter mean diameter for an
incomplete spray with low injection velocity, and Eq.
(10-b) for a complete spray. Concerning the effect of an
ambient pressure on the Sauter mean diameter, the upper
equation shows the positive density ratio of a liquid to
ambient air (Pl / Pα). This is well in agreement with the
experimental results that the Sauter mean diameter
decreases with an increase in ambient pressure
(or density). The lower equation showing a negative
density ratio also agrees well in a complete spray region
with the experimental
Figure 26 shows the change in atomization quality and
the Sauter mean diameter in a relation to the Reynolds
number. Observation were conducted on glycerin-water
solution at an ambient pressure of 3.0 MPa for two levels
of kinematic viscosity. Irrespective of kinematic viscosity,
as injection velocity increases, the atomization state shifts
from (A) to (B) and (B) to (C) as shown in the photographs
in the figure. The spray cannot
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10 900475

FIGURE 27. Break-up length as a function of

the Reynolds number

FIGURE 26. Relation between spray formation

processes and the Sauter mean
diameter

form in (A) due to insufficient atomization caused by low

injection velocity. As injection velocity increases, the
atomization state shifts to (C) where a smooth liquid jet is
ejected from the exit of the nozzle hole to subsequently
form a spray through a relatively slow disintegrating
process. In other words, the process of transformation
from liquid column to drops had to be developed along
the liquid jet and fine drops were only made at a far
distance from the nozzle.
The atomization state shown in (B) is referred to as an
incomplete! spray. As injection velocity increases further,
the smooth liquid column is shortened gradually to form a
fully-atomized spray. In the atomization state (C), a rapid
disintegrating process from jet to fine spray appeared.
This atomization state is referred to as a complete spray.
Corresponding to the shift from, an incomplete spray
to a complete spray, the decreasing ratio of the Sauter
mean diameter in the relation to injection velocity
changes. Figure 26 also shows that a transition point
from incomplete spray to complete one differs according
to the difference in kinematic viscosity. This transition
occurs at lower Reynolds number for higher kinematic
viscosity than for lower kinematic viscosity.
Other evidence of the change in the spray formation
mechanisms can be observed in the experimental data
on break-tip length previously shown in Fig. 5. Figure 27
is the same result as Fig.5, but break-up length is
expressed as a
FIGURE 28. Internal structures of incomplete
and complete sprays
function of the Reynolds number. The wavy flow region of
the spray corresponds to the spray photograph shown as
(A) in Fig. 26 and a decreasing region of the break-up
length corresponds to (B). The photograph (C) in Fig. 26
shows a complete spray indicated in the hatching area in
Fig. 27, where the break-up length was shortened and
was not affected by the Reynolds number. When the jet
was injected into the ambient gas of atmospheric
pressure, the complete spray jet region could not be
observed, but it was observed in the wide region under
elevated pressure conditions.
The break-up behavior and structure of these
incomplete and complete sprays are conjectured as
shown in Fig. 28. For an incomplete spray with relatively
low injection velocity, the liquid column was smoothly
ejected through a nozzle. The liquid column that was not
disintegrated was observed by
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900475 11

nozzle when the liquid jet was injected at the transition

velocity. The highly turbulent internal flow due to the
cavitation caused the wide spray angle and sometimes
forced to shorten the break-up length as shown in Fig. 11.

CONCLUSIONS
The combustion process in a diesel engine is very
complex, and its detailed mechanisms are not well
understood. The study of diesel engine emissions and
fuel economy requires a basic understanding of the
processes of mixture formation, because the diesel
combustion is strongly controlled by a fuel spray injected
into the combustion chamber. Useful equations which
express the structure of fuel spray in diesel engines have
been discussed in this paper. These equations are of use
not only in phenomenological modeling of diesel
combustion but also in detailed 3-D model (e.g. the KIVA
code). More extensive experimental and theoretical
studies are needed to describe the complicated diesel
combustion mechanisms.

LIST OF NOTATIONS

b :constant (=3.0/X32)
D :nozzle diameter (m)
Do :sack chamber diameter of nozzle (m)
dv :incremental volume of drys within the size range x
and x+dx (m3)
FIGURE 29. Behavior of diesel spray
dx :incremental diameter of drops (m)
distance Lc from the nozzle exit. The spray angle θ was h :needle lift (mm)
usually defined as the maximum angle of a cone which L :nozzle length (m)
was fixed at the nozzle exit. However in an incomplete Lb :break-up length (m)
spray, a deformation process of the liquid column was Lc :length of smooth column (m)
observed between a smooth liquid column and a spray
region. Then, a deformation cone of which angle is θd and Ld :effective origin of a deformation cone (m)
a spray cone of which angle is θs would be defined in the Ls :effective origin of a spray cone (m)
incomplete spray. The effective origins of the deformation Pa :ambient pressure (MPa)
and spray cones located respectively at the distances L d Pi :injection pressure (MPa)
and Ls from the nozzle exit.
Po :valve opening pressure (MPa)
For a complete spray, the deformation process of the ∆P :difference between injection pressure and ambient
column vanished. The column was disintegrated directly pressure (Pa)
by an internal turbulence caused by cavitation and by a Q :amount of fuel delivery (m3 / stroke)
shear force due to high relative velocity between the liquid
and surrounding air (19). r :round radius of nozzle (m)
Re :Reynolds number
Overall feature of the break-up length, spray angle and
mean diameter are summarized into Fig. 29. The S :spray tip penetration (m)
break-up mechánism of a complete spray is different from Ta :ambient temperature (°C)
that of an incomplete spray. Then, the empirical equation t :time (S)
of the Sauter mean diameter for a complete spray is tb :break-up time (s)
expressed by the different form from that for an
incomplete spray as mentioned before. The maximum v :total volume of the sprayed drops (m3)
spray angle was obtained at the transition velocity from vi :initial spray velocity (m/s)
incomplete spray to complete one. We :Weber number
Further observation of the internal flow in the nozzle X :drop diameter (m)
shows the cavitation area expanded to the exit of the
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12 900475

x32 :Sauter mean diameter (m) 8. Chehroudi, B., Chen, S.H., Bracco, F.V. and Onuma,
Y., “On the Intact Core of Full-Cone Sprays”, SAE
x32LS :Sauter mean diameter at incomplete spray (m)
Paper No. 850126, 1985.
x32HS :Sauter mean diameter at complete spray (m) 9. Wakuri, Y., Fujii, M., Amitani, T. and Tsuneya, R.,
xm :median diameter (m) “Studies of the Penetration of Fuel Spray in a Diesel
Engine” Bull. of JSME, 3-9, p. 123, 1960.
µα :viscosity of air (Pa s)
10. Reitz, R.D. and Bracco, F.B., “On the Dependence
µl :viscosity of fuel (Pa s) of Spray Angle and Other Spray Parameters on
V :kinematic viscosity (m2/S) Nozzle Design and Operating Conditions”, SAE
Pα :density of air (kg/m3) Paper No. 790494, 1974.

Pl :density of fuel (kg/m3) 11. Hiroyasu, H. and Arai, M., “Fuel Spray Penetration
and Spray Angle in Diesel Engines”, Trans. of
θ :spray angle (degree) JSAE, 21, p. 5, 1980.
θd :angle of a deformation cone (degree)
12. Ruiz, F. and Chigier, N.A., “The Effect of Design and
θs :angle of a spray cone (degree) Operating Conditions of Fuel Injectors on Flow and
σl :surface tension of fuel (N/m) Atomization”, SAE Paper No. 870100, 1987.

τinj :injection duration (ms)
REFERENCES
1. DeJuhasz, K.J., “Dispersion of Sprays in Solid
Injection Oil Engines”, Trans. of ASME, 53, p. 65,
1931.
2. Castleman, R.A., “Mechanism of Atomization
Accompanying Solid Injection”, NACA Rept., No.40,
1932.
3. Tanasawa, Y. and Toyoda, S., “A Study on the
atomization of High Speed Liquid Jets”, Bull. of
JSME 20-92, 1954.
4. Hiroyasu, H., Shimizu, M. and Arai, M., “The Break-
up of High Speed Jet in a High Pressure Gaseous
Atmosphere” 2nd Int. Conf. on Liquid Atomization
and Spray Systems, ICLASS-82, p. 69, 1982.
5. Shimizu, M., Arai, M. and Hiroyasu, H., “The
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