CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The production of combined cooling, heating and power production is known as

trigeneration. In the trigeneration plant we get the heat from heater, power from
turbine and refrigeration at the evaporator. This trigeneration plant is efficient and
profitable to satisfy the needs during the energy system operation.

In this modern era, there is a lot of waste heat being released to environment. This
wastage is a loss of efficiency to the industry and also leads to serious environmental
pollution. The reduction rate in availability of fossil fuels and non-renewable sources
made people to think to use the waste heat in a economic way. The waste heat
includes exhaust gases from the turbine, engines and heat rejected in the sinks from
the industry plant. To use this waste heat and the renewable energy like solar energy,
the CCHP system has been developed. It also leads to improving overall energy
conversion efficiency. Normally in the industries power heating and cooling outputs
are produced from different cycles. By adopting CCHP system three outputs can be
generated with one system and with a better energy efficiency. This plant can be
installed in food industry, shopping malls and hospitals where combined cooling,
heating and power is required in a small scale basis.

The CCHP cycle has a Brayton cycle at the top and transcritical ejector refrigeration
cycle at the bottom. The normal turbine is replaced with the extraction turbine to tap
the steam at an intermediate pressure. Normally the fluid from the compressor outlet
is cooled using a gas cooler in thermodynamic cycles, but in CCHP we were able to
use the heat produced after compressor also. It also had an advantage that it takes the
low grade energy at the heat source and produces high grade energy. In this system
instead of throttle valve we used an ejector. The major reason for this is cycle
irreversibility in the isenthalpic process in the basic transcritical refrigeration cycle
where there is no ejector. Since the liquid is coming from the super critical pressure to
sub critical pressure, irreversibility is more in throttle valve compared to sub critical

1
vapour compression cycle. So, to reduce irreversibility ejector is used as an
alternative for throttle valve and the use of ejector also reduce the compression work.

In this paper the mathematical model of CCHP system is developed and the
simulation is carried under steady state conditions. System performance is examined
by varying the thermodynamic parameters.

1.1. MOTIVATION

As the CCHP cycle produces power, heat and cooling effect in one cycle our
interest shifted towards it. Thisis cycle has high efficiency and it uses low grade
energy. The low grade energy may be an industrial heat rejection or solar energy. As
power is produced in CCHP cycle, the emissions released in the power plants during
the power production gets reduced. So, we can say that greenhouse gases are reduced.
If we produce all three outputs in individual cycles the fuel consumption is 0.5 times
more than the fuel required for CCHP cycle. CO2 is a non-combustible refrigerant
with nil Ozone Depression Potential(ODP) and an immaterial Global Warming
Potential(GWP). The generalized motivations are for the same output less fuel
consumption when compared to individual systems, this system has higher efficiency
compared to individual systems, decreased global warming gases and usage of low
grade energy for power production.

1.2. OBJECTIVES

The main objective is to do the mmathematical modelling and simulation of CCHP

system. In the simulation we are going to find the entrainment ratios and mixing
chamber inlet pressure values that satisfy the required conditions. Here we are going
to find the variation of outputs such as work done by turbine, heat obtained at heater,
work required for compressor and heat to be supplied with the variation of inputs
such as turbine inlet pressure, extraction pressure and mass flow rate. We have to
find the input parameters for a particular output.

2
1.3. METHODOLOGY
In the process of achieving the above said objectives we have done the literature
review in order to find the gaps in this research topic. We had done the mathematical
modelling of the system in order to find the overall working of the system in a
theoretical way. We also done the simulation for the above system using Matlab in
order to find the variation of different outputs with respect to variation in input
parameters. After getting the results, we had analyzed the variation of flow rate on the
system performance.

3
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Wang et al. first designed a new Combined Cooling, Heating and Power production
system with transcritical CO2 driven by waste heat from industry or the solar energy.
This is proposed to solve the energy and environment problems. The new CCHP
system consists of both transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle and brayton cycle. From
this we observed that with the increase in turbine back pressure, inlet temperature
respectively, the thermal and exergy efficiencies of the system increases. With the
increase of inlet pressure of turbine and inlet temperature of ejector, both thermal and
exergy efficiencies of system decreases. Refrigeration capacity of the system is low
due to the low outlet pressure of the turbine.

Elbel et al. confirmed that extracting working fluid at higher pressure which works
as a primary stream for ejector helps in the achievement of higher refrigeration.

Daqing et.al. confirmed that in the real transcritical refrigeration cycle, it will be a
big task to maintain the mass conservation constraint x = 1/(1+w) in its steady state
where w is the entrainment ratio, x is the dryness fraction at ejector outlet. So to relax
this constraint we introduced a second throttle valve to the system. The extra vapour
produced in the liquid vapour separator is throttled back to the evaporator to maintain
steady flow in the evaporator. So the constraint between the quality of vapour and the
entrainment ratio is relaxed. It was also mentioned that as the entrainment ratio
increases, refrigeration capacity of system increases.

Cavallini et.al. mentioned that carbon dioxide is extremely plentiful in the earth and
it is a misuse of numerous innovative procedures. So its cost is amazingly low,
effectively accessible anyplace, and its recuperation from expelled hardware isn't
required. The performance of the transcritical cycle changes with the pressure of gas
cooler. carbon- dioxide is an inert item and it is compatible with all the regular

4
materials. Thermophysical properties of CO2 have many advantages near the critical
region. It can generate a low refrigeration temperature with a relatively small
compressor pressure ratio.

From the literature review, we had fixed some objectives such as

1. Mathematical modelling and simulation of CCHP system.

2. Evaluate the input parameters for a desired output.
3. Effect of mass flow rate on the output.

5
 CHAPTER 3

CCHP CYCLE

3.1. CYCLE DESCRIPTION:

Figure 3.1 shows the schematic diagram of the combined cooling, heating and power
system. As we can see, this system consists of turbine, compressor, ejector,
evaporator, throttle valves, liquid-vapor separator heater and a gas cooler.

Fig 3.1. Schematic diagram of CCHP system.

Figure 3.2 shows the different processes taking place in system in the temperature-
entropy diagram. In this cycle we used carbon-dioxide and nitrous oxide as working
fluids because compressor can easily compress the working fluid to critical state.
Here we used a gas cooler which also works same as that of heater because the

6
required temperature at the exit of heater cannot be obtained because of limitation in
heat exchange because of the specific heat capacity of the fluid used in the heater.
The liquid -vapor separator is used to separate both the liquid and vapor from the
liquid vapour mixture obtained at the end of ejector. So, that only saturated vapour
goes through the compressor. Throttle valve is used to send back the saturated vapour
to the trans-critical refrigeration cycle so that there is always fixed mass flow rate in
the system.

Fig 3.2. Temperature entropy plot of CCHP system.

3.2. WORKING OF THE SYSTEM:

CCHP system mainly contains extraction turbine where power is produced, heaters
from which heat output is given to user, gas coolers which act as sink for heat
rejection, evaporator for cooling effect, liquid vapour separator for separating liquid
and vapour from the mixture, compressor and a heat source to increase the enthalpy
of the working fluid. CO2 and N2O are chosen as working fluids. Both the fluids have
near critical pressures. Working fluid at subcritical state (18) is drawn to compressor
and compressed to super critical state (19). Then the working fluid go to heat source

7
where heat is added at constant pressure by the auxiliary heater. The heat through the
heat source is generally waste heat from the industries.
If waste heat is not available, it can be solar energy or energy through
fuels. Then working fluid enters the extraction turbine and work is produced. A part
of steam is tapped at the extraction pressure and the remaining steam expands till it
leaves turbine. The extracted steam is motive stream which then passes through
heater 2 and gas cooler 2 where heat output is given to user and heat is rejected from
the system(sink) respectively. The other stream passes through heater 1 and gas
cooler 1 where heat output is given to user and heat is rejected from the system(sink)
respectively. This stream then driven to compressor. There are two heat outputs and
two heat rejection. The motive fluid then enters the ejector creating a suction for the
secondary fluid or entrained at the end of the ejector. Both fluids mix in the mixing
chamber and then passes through the diffuser. In the ejector two types of analyses can
be done, one constant pressure mixing and constant area mixing. In the constant
pressure model, the pressure in the mixing chamber will remain constant whereas in
the constant area model the area of the mixing chamber will be remained constant and
the pressure in the mixing chamber varies.
At the exit of ejector, the fluid has a quality of vapour(x). Here x should

1
satisfy a condition x 7= to maintain mass conservation. so it is sent to liquid
( 1+ w )
vapour separator where saturated liquid and saturated vapour get separated. The
saturated liquid then passes through throttle valve 1 and then to the evaporator. To
free the constraint between the x and w the throttle valve 2 is kept in the system. The
extra steam produced in the liquid vapour separator is throttled with throttle valve 2
and then sent to evaporator. The saturated steam produced minus the extra steam is
drawn to compressor. The stream through the evaporator is secondary or entrained
stream. Entrainment is the ratio secondary stream to primary stream.

8
3.3. CONDITION OF WORKING FLUID AT EACH STATE
POINT DESCRIPTION CONDITION
S
1 Turbine Inlet Super-critical
2 Turbine Extraction Super-critical
3 Heater II outlet Super-critical
4 Gas cooler outlet Super-critical
4’ Motive nozzle exit Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture
5 Nozzle outlet Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture
6 Mixing chamber outlet Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture
7 Diffuser outlet Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture
8 Liquid vapour separator outlet Sub-critical, saturated vapour
8’ Throttle valve Inlet Sub-critical, saturated liquid
9 Throttle II inlet Sub-critical, saturated vapour
10 Compressor Inlet Sub-critical, saturated vapour
11 Throttle II outlet Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture
12 Throttle I outlet Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture

13 Evaporator Inlet Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture

14 Evaporator Outlet Sub-critical, saturated vapour
14’ Suction nozzle exit Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture
15 Turbine Exit Sub-critical, super-heated vapour
16 Heater I outlet Sub-critical, super-heated vapour
17 Gas cooler I outlet Sub-critical, super-heated vapour
18 Compressor Inlet Sub-critical, super-heated vapour
19 Compressor Outlet Super-critical

Table 3.1. Different states and their condition in CCHP system.

CHAPTER 4
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

9
 Mathematical modelling is basically a description of the system using
mathematical equations. Mathematical model helps us to explain the working of the
system and to study the behaviour of different components used in the system and
predict their behaviour. In situations where we are not able to analyse the working of
system in a practical way we have to analyse it theoretically with the help of
mathematical model.

4.1 ASSUMPTIONS:
These are the assumptions that are considered for mathematical modelling.
1.Pressure drop across the gas cooler and evaporator and in the connection tubes is
neglected.
2. The vapour stream from the liquid vapour separator is saturated vapour and the
liquid stream from the liquid vapour separator is saturated liquid.
3. Heat losses to the environment from the system is neglected, except the heat
rejection in the gas cooler.
4. The compressor and turbine has a given isentropic efficiency.
5. Isenthalpic flow across the expansion valves or throttle valves.
6. one-dimensional homogeneous equilibrium flow is considered in the ejector.
7. The evaporator and gas cooler have a given outlet superheat and outlet temperature
respectively. 8. stagnation condition is assumed at the entrance and exit of ejector.
9. The nozzle, diffuser has a given isentropic efficiency.
10. The primary and secondary stream reach same to pressure at the entrance of
mixing chamber. Mixing takes place only in mixing chamber.
4.2 INPUTS:

Based on the assumptions and working condition of the system at different states, we
have fixed certain parameters such as temperature and pressure. We also assumed the
efficiencies of turbine, compressor, nozzle and diffuser to be 80%. We have assumed
the environment temperature to be 00C. In order to find out the different outputs such
as work done at turbine, heat available at heater, heat absorbed at evaporator and the
heat to be supplied at external source, we have fixed the following input parameters.

10
Pressure Inputs - P1 , P2 , P 15

Temperature input-T 1 ; T 16=T 3 ; T 17=T 4 ; T 13=T 14 (Saturation)

Efficiency inputs - ƞturbine , ƞcompressor , ƞnozzle , ƞdiffuser

Since, we assumed that there is no pressure drop across the heater, gas cooler,
evaporator and the heat source the pressure before and after these components remain
same.

P1=P19

P2=P3 =P 4

P15=P16=P17=P 7=P8=P9 =P10=P18

T 13 = Saturation temperature

We get P13 ; P13=P14 =P11=P12

While we are solving using the mathematical model we are unable to find out some
parameters such as entrainment ratio, pressure at the exit of nozzle in ejector, pressure
at the exit of diffusor in ejector. In order to find these values, we had written iteration
loop in the ejector.

Mass inputs - m t , m p

Here mt is the total mass flow rate in the system while mp is the mass flow rate that is
extracted. Here m15 is the remaining mass flow rate that is fully expanded in the
turbine.

mt =m15+m p ;

The mass flow rate in the refrigeration cycle which is m15 will be obtained from
entrainment ratio which we are getting from iteration loop in the ejector.

11
We also assumed that the velocity of working fluid at the entry of ejector and at the
exit of ejector as zero because they are negligible when compared with the velocity at

u 4=u7 =0 here u = velocity

a p=a 4 =area occupied by primary fluid at the mixing chamber entrance .

'

a s=a 14 ' =area occupied by secondary fluid at the mixingchamber entrance .

m=mp +ms

4.3. COMPONENTS:

4.3.1. TURBINE

Turbine is the component from which we will get the power output in the CCHP
cycle. The turbine is considered as open System for the modelling. In the turbine the

Fig 4.1. Schematic diagram of turbine

working fluid is expanded in reversible adiabatic process. We have assumed

efficiency of intermediate pressure P2 between the entry and exit of the turbine so that
the extracted turbine which is ƞT . In this turbine a stream(mp) is extracted from the
turbine at a stream can give higher heat output at the heater and the remaining stream
is completely expanded fully to pressure P15 as shown in figure 4.1.

Enthalpy at inlet of turbine h1 =f 1( P1 ,T 1)

12
Entropy at inlet of turbine s1=f 2( P1 , T 1)

Now, considering isentropic expansion, we get h2 s and h15 s

Isentropic entropy at 2, s2 s =s 1

Therefore isentropic enthalpy at 2, h2 s=f 3 ( P2 , s 2 s )

Similarly isentropic entropy at 15, s15 s=s 1

We get isentropic enthalpy, h15 s =f 3(P15 , s 15 s)

Using the given turbine efficiency, h2 and h15 can be calculated from following
equations

h1−h15
ƞT =
h1−h15 s

h1−h2
ƞT =
h1−h2 s

Work from turbine Wt = m p ( h1−h 2 )+ m15( h1−h15 )

4.3.2. HEATER-1

It is the component where heat is given to the user. It is considered as open system for
modelling. In this isobaric heat rejection process is taking place as shown in figure
4.2.

As T 16 is fixed and P16 is same as P15 because pressure drop is neglected across the
heater. we can calculate h16 ,

h16 =f 1( P16 ,T 16)

Heat output to user at heater 1,Q H1 =m15( h15−h16 )

13
 Fig 4.2. Schematic diagram of heater and gas cooler.

4.3.3 GAS COOLER 1

It is the component where heat is rejected from the system which is not utilised by the
customer. It is considered as open system for modelling and it acts as sink. The
process taking place is constant pressure heat rejection.

As T 17 is also known and P17 = P15, we calculate h17 ,

h17 =f 1( P17 ,T 17)

Heat rejected from the system at gas cooler 1, Q GC1=m 15 (h16−h17)

4.3.4. HEATER 2

The working of heater 2 is same as that of heater1.It is considered as open system for
modelling and heat is given to the user as shown in figure 4.3.

As T 3 is known and P3=P2 , we can calculate h3

h3 =f 1( P3 ,T 3 )

Fig 4.3. Schematic diagram of heater 2 and gas cooler 2

14
Heat output to user at heater 1,Q H2 =m p (h2−h3)

4.3.5. GAS COOLER 2

It woks same as that of gas cooler 1. It is considered as open system for modelling
and it acts as sink.

T 4 is known and P4 =P2. So,we can calculate h 4

h 4=f 1( P 4 ,T 4 )

Heat rejected from the system at gas cooler 1, Q Gc =m p (h3 −h4 ).

2

4.3.6. EJECTOR

Ejector is the main component where we deal with the iteration loops in the CCHP
system. Simulation can be done in two methods such as constant area mixing method
and constant pressure method.

Fig 4.4. Schematic diagram of ejector.

Ejector contains nozzle, mixing chamber and diffuser as shown in figure 4.4. In the
nozzle, the primary fluid accelerates which leads to reduction in the pressure. Due to
the pressure difference between the nozzle exit and evaporator exit, the secondary is
ejected at the entry of mixing chamber. In the analysis, we used mass conservation
equations, energy conservation equations and momentum conservation equations. In
the ejector there are three major unknowns (P5, P6, w) which we find using the

15
equations and iterations shown below. Initially the iteration is started by assuming P5
and w.

4.3.7. Nozzle Section

The nozzle section is from the inlet of motive and entrained fluids to the entrance of
mixing chamber. The inlet fluid pressures P4 , P14 and temperatures T 4, T 14are fixed.
The fluid from motive nozzle is perfectly expanded, it means that the motive and
entrained streams static pressures are equal at the mixing chamber entrance.

a) For motive nozzle

As the pressure drops from P4 to P5 the motive stream is accelerated before it moves
to the mixing section of ejector. The exit state of nozzle can be determined by using
an isentropic expansion process.

Entropy of motive fluid at entrance of nozzle, s4 =f 4(P 4 ,T 4 )

Isentropic entropy at the exit of nozzle, s4 ' s =s 4

Isentropic enthalpy at the exit of nozzle, h 4 ' s=f 5 (s 4 ' s , P5 )

Using the nozzle efficiency, the actual enthalpy h 4 can be found.

'

h4−h4 '
ƞ nozzle=
h4 −h 4 ' s

Applying conservation of energy for the motive nozzle,

2
u2 u
( 2 ) 2 ( '
'

)
m p h 4 + 4 +Q=m p h4 + 4 +W ; HereQ=0 ; W =0

The motive stream velocity at the inlet of mixing section is given by,

u 4 ' =√2( h4 −h4 ' )

16
The specific volume of the motive stream at the inlet of mixing section is given by the
relation,

v 4 ' =f (h4 ' , P 5)

Applying conservation of mass, the area occupied by the motive stream at the inlet of
mixing section is found to be,

mv 4 '
a4 '=
u4 ' (1+w)

b) For suction nozzle

The calculations for the suction nozzle are same as of motive stream. Here as its
pressure drops from P14 to P5 the entrained stream is accelerated before it moves the
mixing section. Actual exit state can be determined by using an isentropic expansion
process.

Entropy of suction fluid at entrance of nozzle, s14=f 7(P14 , T 14 )

Isentropic entropy at the exit of nozzle, s14 ' s=s14

Isentropic enthalpy at the exit of nozzle, h14 ' s=f 5( s14 ' s , P5 )

Using the nozzle efficiency, the actual enthalpy h14 can be found,
'

h14−h14 '
ƞ nozzle=
h14−h14 ' s

The entrained stream velocity at the inlet of the constant area mixing section is given
by,

u14 ' =√ 2(h14 −h14 ' )

The specific volume of the entrained stream at the inlet of mixing section is given by
the relation,

17
v14 ' =f 6(h 14' , P 5)

Applying conservation of mass, the area occupied by the suction stream at the inlet of
mixing section is found to be,

v14 ' mw
a 14' = ( )
u14 ' 1+ w

4.3.8. Mixing Section

one more iteration loop is applied, to calculate the mixing section outlet conditions.

First the outlet pressure of mixing section P6 is assumed. Then by applying

momentum conservation in the mixing section, the velocity of mixed fluids u6 is
calculated.

m mw
P5 ( a p +a s ) + u4 ' + u =P6 ( a p +a s )+ mu 6
1+ w 1+ w 14 '

Applying the conservation of energy, the enthalpy of mixed streams at mixing

chamber exit h6 can be found.

m 1
(h ¿ ¿ 4+ w h14 )=m(h6 + u26 ) ¿
1+ w 2

1
h 4 +w h14 =(1+ w)(h6 + u26 )
2

The specific volume of the mixing stream can be found by the relation,

v 6=f 6 (h6 , P 6)

If we apply conservation of mass for mixing section, we get the following equation.

(a ¿ ¿ p+ as )u 6
=m¿
v6

18
 P6 is noted if the above equation is satisfied. Then the corresponding velocity and
enthalpy values are also noted down.

entropy at exit of mixing chamber, s6 =f 7(h6 , P6 )

4.3.9. Diffuser

Isentropic entropy at the exit of diffuser, s7 s =s 6

Isentropic enthalpy at the exit of diffuser, h7 s=f 5( P 7 , s7 s )

Using the efficiency of the diffuser we can find h7 , Let us name it as h71.

h7 s−h 6
ƞ diffuser =
h7 −h6

by applying the energy conversion for diffuser we can get one more h7 and name it as
h72.

1 1
m(h ¿ ¿ 6+ u 26)=m(h7 + u27 ); u7 =0 ¿
2 2

The iteration ends when the absolute difference of h71, h72 is less than 10-4.

Now the iteration stops and entrainment ratio ‘w’ is noted down.

Hence for a particular P5 value, entrainment ratio ‘w’ is calculated. Again P5 value is
changed and we get different entrainment ratio and h7 values.

Selection of (P5, w, h7)

We get many combinations of ( P5, w, h7) values which satisfy the above equations.
From those, the values which satisfy the following condition are sorted out.

( 1+w ) x 7 >1

Where x 7=f 8(h7 , P7)

19
The values of ( P5, w, h7) which satisfy the above equation are noted down.

4.3.10. Liquid separator

The wet mixture is sent to the liquid separator where the vapour and liquid are
separated.

Mass flow rate of vapour leaving the separator is given by

mv =x 7 m=m8

Mass flow rate of liquid leaving the separator is given by

m 8 ' =ml=m−(m x 7 )

m8 ' =m(1−x 7 )

h8 and h8 ' can be calculated because P7=P 8=P8 ' and the qualities are known at 8 and
8′.

h8 ' =f 9( P7 , x=0)

h8 =f 9 (P 7 , x=1)

20
 Fig 4.5. Schematic diagram of refrigeration cycle.
4.3.11. Throttle –I

We know that throttling is an isenthalpic expansion process.

Hence h8 ' =h12

Throttle-II

Mass flow rate through throttle-II is to be calculated.

Vapour of mass flow rate m p is sent to the compressor and the remaining vapour is
sent through throttle-II. Hence mass flow rate through throttle-II me is given by
m e =mv −m p

m
m e =x 7 m−m p=x 7 m−
1+w

1
m e =m(x 7− )
1+ w

21
h11 =h 9=h8

4.3.12. Evaporator

h14 =f 9( P sat ,at x=1)

Q=m s (h ¿ ¿ 14−h13 )¿

ms h13 =ml h12+ me h11

4.3.13. Compressor

Fig 4.6. Schematic diagram of compressor.

In compressor, the process taking place is reversible adiabatic compression process.
s18=f 7(P18 ,h 18 )

s19 s=s 18

h19 s =f 3( P19 , s 19 s)

m p h10=m p h8

mt h18=(m ¿ ¿ t−m p) h17 +m p h8 ,here m t =m p +m15 ¿

h18−h19 s
ƞ comp=
h18 −h19

W comp ,n=(h19−h 18 )

4.3.14. Heat input from auxiliary heater

22
The heat source which we are using is a low grade energy reservoir where we use
mostly waste energy from the industries and solar energy.

Q AH =(m¿ ¿t )¿ ¿ ¿)

Fig 4.7. Schematic diagram of heat source

4.4. FUNCTIONS USED IN THE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING:

f0 - To get saturation pressure from temperature.

f1 - To get enthalpy from super-critical temperature and pressure

f2 - To get entropy from super-critical temperature and pressure

f3 - To get enthalpy from super-critical pressure and entropy

f4 - To get entropy from super-critical pressure and enthalpy

f5 - To get enthalpy from saturated pressure and entropy

f6 - To get specific volume from saturated pressure and enthalpy

f7 - To get entropy from saturated pressure and enthalpy

f8 - To get dryness fraction from saturated pressure and enthalpy

f9 - To get enthalpy from saturated pressure and dryness fraction

4.5. Flow chart of constant area mixing model in the ejector

Assume P5, w, ƞmotive, ƞsuction, ƞdiffuser

U4=U7=0

23
 S4ds=S4=f4(P4, h4)

h4ds=f5(P5, S4ds)

h4d=h4-(ƞmotive×(h4-h4ds))

U 4 d= √2(h4−h4 d )

v4d=f6(P5, h4d);

m × v4 d
a4d=
(1+w) ×u 4 d

S14ds=S14=f7(P14, T14)

h14ds=f5(P5, S14ds)

h14d=h14-(ƞsuction×(h14-h14ds))

U 14 d =√ 2(h14−h14 d )

V14d=f6(P5, h14d);

m× w v 14 d
a 14 d= ×
(1+ w) u14 d

P5 (a p +a s) u w× u14 d P6 (a p+ as )
u6 = + 4d + −
m (1+w) (1+w) m

h4 w ×h14 u26
h6 = + −
(1+w) (1+w) 2

V6=f6 (h6, P6)

24
 Assume P6

Check

u6 No Go to step 4
m= ×(a p +a s)
v6

y
e
s

S7s= S6 = f6(h6, P6)

h7s = f (S7s, P7)

h7 s −h6
h7 =h6 +
ƞdiffuser

u26
h7 =h6 +
2

Check

h7 s −h6
h7 a =h6 +
ƞdiffuser Go to step 1

u26
h7 b =h6 +
2

25
h7=h7a + h7b

x7=f8(P7, h7)

x7(1+w) ≥ 1

Note P5, h7, w

26
4.6. Flow chart of constant pressure mixing model in the ejector

Assume w, ƞmotive, ƞsuction, ƞdiffuser

U4=U7=0

S4ds=S4=f4(P4, h4)

h4ds=f5(P5, S4ds)

h4d=h4-( ƞmotive×(h4-h4ds))

U 4 d= √2(h4−h4 d )

S14ds=S14=f7(P14, T14)

h14ds=f5(P5, S14ds)

h14d=h14-(ƞsuction×(h14-h14ds))

U 14 d =√ 2(h14−h14 d )

u4d w ×u14 d
u6 s= +
(1+w) (1+w)

u6 =√ ηmotive × u6 s

h4 w ×h14 u26
h6 = + −
(1+w) (1+w) 2

27
 S6=f7(P5, h6)

h7s=f5(P7, S7s)

h7 s −h6
h7 =h6 +
ƞdiffuser

u26
h7 =h6 +
2

Check

h7 s −h6
h7 =h6 +
ƞdiffuser Go to step 1

u26
h7 =h6 +
2

h7 a+h 7 b
h7 =
2

x7=f8(P7, h7)

x7(1+w) ≥ 1

Note P5, h7, w

28
 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on the above mathematical model and conditions, a simulation program is

developed for both constant area ejector model and constant pressure ejector model
when carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are used as refrigerants. By running the
simulation in matlab, turbine inlet pressure and turbine extraction pressure which are
suitable for the given model are calculated. Also variations of work, heat inputs and
outputs with respect to turbine inlet pressure and turbine extraction pressure are
calculated and plots are drawn.

5.1. Constant area analysis in the ejector and CO2 is working fluid:

5.1.1. Turbine inlet pressure vs Wc, Wt, Qh, Qs:

Fig 5.1. indicates the variation of work given to the compressor, work obtained at
turbine, heat output to the user and heat from the source with turbine inlet pressure in
a constant area model when carbon dioxide is used as refrigerant. Here extraction
pressure and environment temperature are kept constant.

Fig 5.1. Turbine inlet pressure vs Wc, Wt, Qh, Qs for CO2 in constant area method

29
As turbine inlet pressure increases, work done in the turbine increases because
enthalpy at state 1(turbine inlet) increases and extraction pressure is constant which
implies that enthalpy at state 2 is also constant. Also the increase in enthalpy at state
15 is less than in state 1. Also pressure ratio increases in turbine. So work output from
the turbine is increasing. Heat supplied decreases with increase in turbine inlet
pressure because from the T-S plot we can say the heat required to reach T1 at high
pressure is low. We know that turbine inlet pressure is the same as compressor outlet
pressure because heat addition occurs at constant pressure. Therefore, as turbine inlet
pressure increases, compressor outlet pressure also increases. To increase the
compressor outlet pressure, the fluid has to be compressed even more than usual. This
requires more work. Hence work required at the compressor increases with increase
in turbine inlet pressure. Here, as work done by the turbine increases, the energy
content of the fluid is mostly lost at turbine. So the energy content available in the
fluid is very less at heater which leads to less heat output. Hence as turbine inlet
pressure increases, heat output to the user decreases.

5.1.2. Extraction Pressure vs Qe, Wt, Qh, Qgc

Fig 5.2. indicates the variation of work given to the compressor, work obtained at
turbine, heat output to the user and heat from the source with extraction pressure in a
constant area model when carbon dioxide is used as refrigerant. Here turbine inlet
pressure and environment temperature are kept constant. As extraction pressure
increases, pressure at ejector inlet increases. Due to increase of ejector inlet pressure,
the quality of vapour at the exit of ejector will be low. So more saturated liquid is
produced and available for evaporation. Hence as turbine extraction pressure
increases, heat absorbed at the evaporator increases. As extraction pressure increases,
work done by the turbine decreases, because the expanding fluid is being tapped at a
higher pressure than usual and the remaining stream which is at higher pressure will
decrease.

30
 Fig 5.2. Extraction Pressure vs Qe, Wt, Qh, Qgc for CO2 in constant area method

As a result, work output is decreasing. As extraction pressure increases, heat output to

the user increases because as the fluid is being tapped at a high pressure, it’s enthalpy
will be high. So heat output to the user increases. Since more heat is removed at the
heater, the remaining amount of heat to be removed from the fluid will be less and
hence heat rejected at the gas cooler decreases with increase in extraction pressure.

5.1.3. Extraction Ratio vs Wt, Qh, Qgc, Qs

Fig 5.3. indicates the variation of work given to the compressor, work obtained at
turbine, heat output to the user and heat from the source with extraction ratio in a
constant area model when carbon dioxide is used as refrigerant. Here turbine inlet
pressure, extraction pressure and environment temperature are kept constant.

31
 Fig 5.3. Extraction Ratio vs Wt, Qh, Qgc, Qs for CO2 in constant area method

As extraction ratio increases heat supplied remains constant. As extraction ratio

increases, work output at the turbine decreases because more amount of fluid is being
tapped and less amount of fluid will be available for expansion which leads to less
work output. As extraction ratio increases, more amount of high pressure and high
enthalpy fluid is sent to the heater and the gas cooler. Therefore, heat output to user
and the heat rejection in gas cooler increases.

5.2. Constant pressure analysis for CO2 in the ejector

5.2.1. Turbine inlet pressure vs Wc, Qs, Qh, Wt

Fig 5.4. indicates the variation of work given to the compressor, work obtained at
turbine, heat output to the user and heat from the source with turbine inlet pressure in
a constant pressure model when carbon dioxide is used as refrigerant. Here extraction
pressure and environment temperature are kept constant.

Comparison between constant area and constant area models when turbine inlet
pressure is changing: After comparing fig 5.1. and fig 5.4, it can be said that work
at turbine is higher in constant pressure model when compared to constant area
model. Heat supplied is higher in constant area model when compared to constant
pressure model.

32
 Fig 5.4. Turbine inlet pressure vs Wc, Qs, Qh, Wt for CO2 in constant pressure
method

Work supplied to compressor is more in constant pressure model than constant are
model. Heat output to the user in constant area model is slightly more than that of
constant pressure model.

5.2.2. Extraction Pressure vs Qe, Wt, Qh, Qgc

Fig 5.5. indicates the variation of work given to the compressor, work obtained at
turbine, heat output to the user and heat from the source with extraction pressure in a
constant pressure model when carbon dioxide is used as refrigerant. Here turbine inlet
pressure and environment temperature are kept constant. The trends in constant
pressure model are same as that of constant area model when extraction pressure is
varied.

Comparison between models when extraction pressure is changing:

33
Heat at evaporator in constant area model is significantly higher than constant
pressure model. Work output at turbine, heat output to the user, heat rejection at gas
cooler remains same for both the models.

Fig 5.5. Extraction Pressure vs Qe, Wt, Qh, Qgc for CO2 in constant pressure method

5.3. Constant area analysis in the ejector and N2O is working fluid:

5.3.1. Turbine inlet pressure vs Wc, Wt, Qh, Qs

Now the working fluid is changed from carbon dioxide to nitrous oxide. Fig 5.6.
indicates the variation of work given to the compressor, work obtained at turbine,
heat output to the user and heat from the source with turbine inlet pressure when
nitrous oxide is used as refrigerant. Here extraction pressure and environment
temperature are kept constant. The trends of the graphs are same as of CO 2 in
constant area analysis. The reasons for trends can be explained as follows. As turbine
inlet pressure increases, work done in the turbine increases because enthalpy at state

34
1(turbine inlet) increases and extraction pressure is constant which implies that
enthalpy at state 2 is also constant. Also the increase in enthalpy at state 15 is less
than in state 1. So work output from the turbine is increasing. Heat supplied decreases
with increase in turbine inlet pressure because from the T-S plot we can say the heat
required to reach T1 at high pressure is low. We know that turbine inlet pressure is the
same as compressor outlet pressure because heat addition occurs at constant pressure.
Therefore, as turbine inlet pressure increases, compressor outlet pressure also
increases. To increase the compressor outlet pressure, the fluid has to be compressed
even more than usual. This requires more work. Hence work required at the
compressor increases with increase in turbine inlet pressure.

Fig 5.6. Turbine inlet pressure vs Wc, Wt, Qh, Qs for N2O in constant area method

Here, as work done by the turbine increases, the energy content of the fluid is
mostly lost at turbine. So the energy content available in the fluid is very less at

35
heater which leads to less heat output. Hence as turbine inlet pressure increases, heat
output to the user decreases.

Comparison between N2O and CO2 in constant area analysis when turbine inlet
pressure is changing:

Work at turbine and heat output to the user are nearly equal when both fluids are
used. Work to compressor in carbon dioxide is slightly higher than work to
compressor in nitrous oxide. Heat supplied in nitrous oxide is higher than that of
carbon dioxide.

5.3.2. Extraction Pressure vs Qe, Wt, Qh, Qgc

Fig 5.7. indicates the variation of work given to the compressor, work obtained at
turbine, heat output to the user and heat from the source with extraction pressure in a
constant area model when nitrous oxide is used as refrigerant. Here turbine inlet
pressure and environment temperature are kept constant.

Fig 5.7. Extraction Pressure vs Qe, Wt, Qh, Qgc for N2O in constant area method

36
The trend remains the same as in constant area analysis of carbon dioxide. Reasons
for the variations are given below. As extraction pressure increases, pressure at
ejector inlet increases. Due to increase of ejector inlet pressure, the quality of vapour
at the exit of ejector will be low. So more saturated liquid is produced and available
for evaporation. Hence as turbine extraction pressure increases, heat absorbed at the
evaporator increases. As extraction pressure increases, work done by the turbine
decreases, because the expanding fluid is being tapped at a higher pressure than usual
and the remaining stream which is at higher pressure will decrease. As a result, work
output is decreasing. As extraction pressure increases, heat output to the user
increases because as the fluid is being tapped at a high pressure, it’s enthalpy will be
high. So heat output to the user increases. Since more heat is removed at the heater,
the remaining amount of heat to be removed from the fluid will be less and hence heat
rejected at the gas cooler decreases with increase in extraction pressure.

Comparison between N2O and CO2 in constant area analysis when extraction
pressure is changing:

Work at turbine is nearly same in both the fluids. Heat at evaporator in carbon dioxide
is slightly greater than that of nitrous oxide. Heat rejected in gas cooler is higher in
nitrous oxide than in carbon dioxide. Initially, at lower pressure heat output is higher
in nitrous oxide, but as the extraction pressure increases heat output becomes equal.

5.4. Effect of mass flow rate on system’s performance

37
 Fig 5.8. Mass Flow Rate vs Qs, Wt, Qh, Qgc

Fig 5.8. indicates the variation of work given to the compressor, work obtained at
turbine, heat output to the user and heat from the source with respect to mass flow
rate in a constant area model when nitrous oxide is used as refrigerant.

Table 5.1. Effect of mass flow rate on system performance

As we know, more amount of fluid passes through the system as the mass flow rate
increases. As more amount of fluid passes through the system, work output at the
turbine, work input to the compressor, heat output to the user increases. The same is
indicated in the graph shown in fig 5.8. The same is shown in. We can see that heat
supplied increases at a higher rate than heat output which makes the system less
economical at a higher mass flow rate.

Mt Wt Qs Qh Qgc Qe Wc P5 P6 P15 W
(kg/s (kW (kW (kW (kW) (kW (Mpa (Mpa (Mpa
(kW
) ) ) ) ) ) ) )
)

38
1 44.7 77.9 41.5 100. 145.1 69.0 3 2 6 0.
2 7 3
1 44.7 77.9 41.5 100. 142.6 69.0 3.5 2.2 6 0.
2 8 4
2 89.4 115. 83.1 200. 138.9 138. 4.4 2.8 6 0.
7 4 1 1 3
2 81.4 134 105. 239. 143.1 130. 4.4 2.8 7 0.
2 4 6 2 3
3 134 233. 124. 300. 145.3 207. 4.4 2.8 6 0.
6 5 7 1 3

39
P1 P2 P5 P6 P15
Wt Qh Qe Wc Qgc Qs
(MPa (MPa (MPa (MPa (MPa X
(kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)
) ) ) ) )
0.801 44.677 41.505 238.224 69.038 100.22
20 10 3 2 6 77.8589
1 9 1 3 1 4
0.993 52.601 216.910
20 10 3 2 7 40.77 47.371 119.68 134.04
8 3 3
0.779 40.353 58.160 238.329 58.694
20 12 7 5.5 6.5 99.893 101.5313
4 5 5 5 7
0.888 38.444 63.702 225.645 112.67
20 12 7 5.5 7 47.371 134.049
5 2 8 1 5
0.848 228.963 105.28
20 14 4.5 3.5 7 36.428 74.293 47.371 134.049
5 4 6
0.779 36.981 68.912 238.329 51.978
18 12 7 5.5 6.5 99.893 115.6272
4 9 1 5 8
34.976 74.550 41.423 112.67
18 12 7 5.5 7 0.885 285.645 147.3769
7 3 1 5
0.848 32.858 85.242 228.963 41.423 105.28
18 14 4.5 3.5 7 174.3769
5 5 5 4 1 6
Results for CO2:

Table 5.2. Results for carbon dioxide

In the table 5.1., turbine inlet pressure and turbine extraction pressure are varied and
the corresponding variations are noted and the results are plotted when carbon dioxide
is used as the refrigerant. For example, when turbine inlet pressure is kept constant,
an increase of 2Mpa in extraction pressure leads to 20% decrease in dryness fraction.
Due to this decrease in dryness fraction, liquid content increases and hence heat to the
evaporator increases by 7%. Also there is increase in heat output by 11%. But heat
rejection in the gas cooler and heat supplied decreases by 16%approximately.

40
Results for N2O:

In the table 5.3., turbine inlet pressure and turbine extraction pressure are varied and
the corresponding variations are noted and the results are plotted when nitrous oxide
is used as the refrigerant. For example, when turbine inlet pressure is kept constant,
an increase of 4Mpa in extraction pressure leads to decrease in heat to the evaporator
by 6%. Also there is increase in heat output by 45%. But heat rejection in the gas
cooler and heat supplied decreases by 10% approximately. This implies that N 2O is
economical.

P1 P2 P15
QE WC WT QH QGC QS P13
(MPa (MPa (MPa
(kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW) (kW)
) ) )
216.352 27.816 39.171 55.923 195.34 228.773 2.740
20 10 7
6 9 4 6 1 3 1
203.938 27.816 35.051 79.540 228.773 2.740
20 14 7 177.76
5 9 9 1 3 1
203.938 23.725 31.732 91.069 177.76 2.740
18 14 7 241.075
5 2 3 7 1 1
207.109 23.725 29.901 97.640 173.60 2.740
18 16 7 241.075
4 2 5 5 3 1
85.497 101.355 2.740
18 16 6 210.14 56.308 33.959 83.298
3 8 1
Table 5.3. Results for nitrous oxide

41
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS
A combined cooling, heating and power system utilizing supercritical CO2 and N2O is
proposed and planned. From thermodynamic perspective, it can be shown that the
combination of the Brayton cycle and the transcritical ejector refrigeration cycle by
including an extraction turbine is very proficient. Utilizing low-grade heat source to
additionally increase the temperature of the heat generated from the compressor outlet
enhances the heat source quality, which benefits the system performance.

The conclusions that can be drawn are:

1) As turbine inlet pressure increases, work done in the turbine increases because
enthalpy at state 1(turbine inlet) increases and extraction pressure is constant which
implies that enthalpy at state 2 is also constant. Also the increase in enthalpy at state
15 is less than in state 1. Also pressure ratio increases in turbine. So work output from
the turbine is increasing.

2) As extraction pressure increases, pressure at ejector inlet increases. Due to increase

of ejector inlet pressure, the quality of vapour at the exit of ejector will be low. So
more saturated liquid is produced and available for evaporation. Hence as turbine
extraction pressure increases, heat absorbed at the evaporator increases.

42
3) As extraction ratio increases, work output at the turbine decreases because more
amount of fluid is being tapped and less amount of fluid will be available for
expansion which leads to less work output.

4) Initially, at lower pressure heat output is higher in nitrous oxide than carbon
dioxide, but as the extraction pressure increases heat output becomes equal in both
carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.

5) It can be seen that heat supplied increases at a higher rate than heat output which
makes the system less economical at a higher mass flow rate.

CHAPTER 6

REFERENCES
1.Jiangfeng Wang, Pan Zhao, Xiaoqiang Niu, Yiping Dai. "Parametric analysis of a
new combined cooling, heating and power system with transcritical CO2 driven by
solar energy", Applied Energy, 2012

2.Daqing Li, Eckhard A. Groll. "Transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with ejector-
expansion device", International Journal of Refrigeration, 2005

3. Properties of CO2 as a refrigerant. Alberto Cavallini (2005).

4. Xiao Xiao Xu, Chao Liu, Xiang Fu, Hong Gao, Yourong Li. "Energy and exergy
analyses of a modified combined cooling, heating, and power system using
supercritical CO2", Energy, 2015

5.Xu XX, Chen GM, Tang LM, Zhu ZJ, Fu X. Experimental investigation on
performanceof transcritical CO2 heat pump system with ejector under optimum high-
side pressure. (2012)

6.Thongtip, Tongchana, and Satha Aphornratana. "An experimental analysis of the

impact of primary nozzle geometries on the ejector performance used in R141b
ejector refrigerator", Applied Thermal Engineering,2017.

43
7.Hadi Rostamzadeh, Hadi Ghaebi, Farzaneh Behnam. "Energetic and exergetic
analyses of modified combined power and ejector refrigeration cycles", Thermal
Science and Engineering Progress, 2017

44