CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The production of combined cooling heating and power production is known as

trigeneration. The trigeneration plant is efficient and profitable to satisfy the needs
during the energy system operation.

In this modern era there is a lot of waste heat being released to environment, this
wastage is a loss of efficiency to the industry and also leads to serious environmental
pollution. The reduction rate in fossil fuels and non-renewable sources made people to
think to use the waste heat in economic way. The waste heat includes exhaust gases
from the turbines and the engines and the heat rejected in the sinks from the industry
plant. To use this waste heat and the renewable energy like solar energy the CCHP
system has been developed and also for improving overall energy conversion
efficiency. Normally in the industries power heating and cooling outputs are produced
from different cycles. By adopting the CCHP system the three outputs can be generated
with one system and with a better energy efficiency. plant can be installed in food
industry, shopping malls hospitals where combined cooling heating and power is
required in a small scale basis.

The CCHP cycle has a Brayton cycle at the top and transcritical ejector refrigeration
cycle at the bottom. The normal turbine is replaced with the extraction turbine to tap
the steam at an expansion pressure. Normally the fluid from the compressor outlet is
cooled using a gas cooler in thermodynamic cycles, but in CCHP we were able to use
the heat produced in compressor also. It also had an advantage that it takes the low
grade energy at the heat source and produces high grade energy. In the extraction
turbine if the extraction increases the power output of the turbine decreases and if the

1
extraction pressure is high the quality of vapour produced at the outlet of the ejector is
low.

The major reason for the cycle irreversibility is the isenthalpic process in the basic
transcritical refrigeration cycle. Since the liquid is coming from the super critical
pressure to sub critical pressure, irreversibility is more in throttle valve compared to
sub critical vapour compression cycle. So to reduce irreversibility ejector is used as a
alternative for throttle valve and the use of ejector also reduce the compression work.

In the present paper the mathematical model of CCHP system is developed and the
simulation is carried under steady state conditions. System performance is examined
by varying the thermodynamic parameters.

1.1.MOTIVATION

As the CCHP cycle produces power, heat, cooling effect in one cycle our interest
shifted towards it. The cycle has high efficiency and it uses low grade energy. The
low grade energy may be an industrial heat rejection, solar energy. As power is
produced in cchp cycle, the emissions released in the power plants during the power
production get reduced. So we can say the greenhouse gases are reduced. If we
produce all three outputs in individual cycle the fuel consumption is 0.5 times more
than the fuel required for cchp cycle. CO2 is a non-combustible refrigerant with nil
Ozone Depression Potential and an immaterial Global Warming Potential. The
generalized motivations are

• Higher efficiency.

• Uses low grade energy.

• For the same output less fuel consumption compared to individual systems.

• Decreased GHG emissions.

2
1.2.OBJECTIVES
The objectives are Mathematical modelling and simulation of CCHP system. To find
the entrainment ratio and mixing chamber inlet pressure values that satisfy the model.
To find the variation of output with the variation of inputs. To find the inputs for a
particular output.

In general, the objectives are

• Mathematical modelling and simulation of CCHP system.

• Evaluate the input parameters for a desired output.

• Effect of mass flow rate on the output.

1.3.METHODOLOGY
▪ Literature review.

▪ Mathematical modelling of the system.

▪ Specifying the outputs of power, cooling and heating for a particular industry.

▪ Simulation using Mat lab.

▪ Analyse the effect of mass flow rate on the system performance.

3
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

1.Parametric analysis of a new combined cooling, heating and power system with
transcritical CO2 driven by solar energy by Jiangfeng Wang ⇑, Pan Zhao,
Xiaoqiang Niu, Yiping Dai(2012)

The objective of the paper is to design a new Combined Cooling, Heating and Power
production system with transcritical CO2 driven by waste heat from industry or the
solar energy. This is proposed to solve the energy and environment problems.

CONCLUSIONS:

 With the increase in turbine back pressure, inlet temperature respectively, the
thermal and exergy efficiencies of the system increases.

 With the increase of inlet pressure of turbine and inlet temperature of ejector,
both thermal and exergy efficiencies of system decreases.

 Refrigeration capacity of the system is low due to the low outlet pressure of the
turbine.

2. Transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle with ejector-expansion device. Daqing Li,

Eckhard A. Groll (2005).

4
  The main objective of paper is to investigate the characteristics of transcritical
co2 cycle.

CONCLUSIONS:

 In the real transcritical refrigeration cycle, it will be a big task to maintain the
mass conservation constraint x = 1/(1+w) in its steady state. So to relax this
constraint we introduced a second throttle valve to the system. The extra vapour
produced in the liquid vapour separator is throttled back to the evaporator to
maintain steady flow in the evaporator. So the constraint between the quality of
vapour and the entrainment ratio is relaxed.

where w is the entrainment ratio,

x is the dryness fraction at ejector outlet.

 As the entrainment ratio increases, refrigeration capacity of system increases.

3. Properties of CO2 as a refrigerant. Alberto Cavallini (2005).

This paper describes about the properties of co2 and transcritical co2 cycle.

CONCLUSIONS:

 Carbon dioxide is extremely plentiful in the earth and it is a misuse of numerous

innovative procedures. So its cost is amazingly low, effectively accessible
anyplace, and its recuperation from expelled hardware isn't required.

 CO2 is certainly a greenhouse gas, as we are using co2 from industrial waste the
net greenhouse effect is zero.

 It is an inert item and it is compatible with all the regular materials.

 The performance of the transcritical cycle changes with the pressure of gas
cooler.

5
  Modifications to the simple co2 transcritical cycle are given.

 Thermophysical properties of CO2 have many advantages near the critical

region. It can generate a low refrigeration temperature with a relatively small
compressor pressure ratio.

4. Energy and exergy analyses of a modified combined cooling, heating, and power
system using supercritical CO2.

Xiao Xu*, Chao Liu, Xiang Fu, Hong Gao, Yourong Li (2015).

The objective of the paper is to find the effect of thermodynamic parameters on

performance and exergy destruction of the system.

CONCLUSIONS:

 With the increase in the inlet temperature of turbine, the heat output and the
COP increases while the refrigeration capacity decreases.

 With the increase of extraction rate of turbine, the heat output at the heater and
refrigeration capacity increases while the COP decreases due to the decrease in
the output power of turbine.

EFFECT OF EXTRACTION TURBINE IN MODIFIED CCHP SYSTEM

Advantages:

• The rate of increase in refrigeration output is more with the increase in

extraction pressure.

• If the extraction pressure is high the quality of steam at ejector outlet is low for
a given entrainment ratio.

6
 • If quality of vapour is less at the ejector outlet, saturated liquid generated will
more which implies more refrigeration.

• Heat output increases.

Disadvantages:

• Work produced in the turbine decreases.

As the gain from heat output and refrigeration far outpaces the decrease in turbine
power output, COP of the system increases.

WHY EJECTOR IN TRANSCRITICAL CO2 CYCLE?

• The major reason for the cycle irreversibility is the isenthalpic process in the
basic transcritical refrigeration cycle. Since the liquid is coming from the super
critical pressure to sub critical pressure, irreversibility is more in throttle valve
compared to sub critical vapour compression cycle.

• So to reduce irreversibility ejector is used as a substitute of throttle valve and

the use of ejector also reduce the compression work.

7
 CHAPTER 3

CCHP CYCLE

3.1. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

Figure 1

8
3.2. T-S PLOT OF THE SYSTEM

Figure 2
Fig. 1 shows the schematic diagram of modified Combined Cooling, Heating and
Power production system.
Fig. 2 shows the processes of CCHP cycle in a temperature-specific entropy plot.

3.3. COMPONENTS

The main components of a CCHP system are:

1. Compressor
2. Auxiliary heater
3. Turbine
4. Heaters
5. Gas Coolers
6. Ejector
7. Liquid Separator
8. Throttling devices
9. Evaporator

9
3.4. DESCRIPTION OF STATES AT EVERY POINT IN THE SYSTEM

Table 1

POINTS DESCRIPTION STATE

1 Turbine Inlet Super-critical

2 Turbine Extraction Super-critical
3 Heater II outlet Super-critical
4 Gas cooler outlet Super-critical
4’ Motive nozzle exit Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture
5 Nozzle outlet Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture
6 Mixing chamber outlet Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture
7 Diffuser outlet Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture
8 Liquid vapour separator outlet Sub-critical, saturated vapour
8’ Throttle valve Inlet Sub-critical, saturated liquid
9 Throttle II inlet Sub-critical, saturated vapour
10 Compressor Inlet Sub-critical, saturated vapour
11 Throttle II outlet Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture
12 Throttle I outlet Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture

13 Evaporator Inlet Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture

14 Evaporator Outlet Sub-critical, saturated vapour
14’ Suction nozzle exit Sub-critical, liquid vapour mixture
15 Turbine Exit Sub-critical, super-heated vapour
16 Heater I outlet Sub-critical, super-heated vapour
17 Gas cooler I outlet Sub-critical, super-heated vapour
18 Compressor Inlet Sub-critical, super-heated vapour
19 Compressor Outlet Super-critical

10
3.5. WORKING OF THE SYSTEM

CCHP system mainly contains extraction turbine where power is produced, heaters
from which heat output is given to user, gas coolers which act as sink for heat rejection,
evaporator for cooling effect, liquid vapour separator for separating liquid and vapour
from the mixture, compressor and a heat source to increase the enthalpy of the working
fluid. CO2 and N2O are chosen as working fluids. Both the fluids have near critical
pressures. Working fluid at subcritical state (18) is drawn to compressor and
compressed to super critical state (19). Then the working fluid go to heat source where
heat is added at constant pressure by the auxiliary heater. The heat through the heat
source is generally waste heat from the industries.

If waste heat is not available, it can be solar energy or energy through fuels. Then
working fluid enters the extraction turbine and work is produced. A part of steam is
tapped at the extraction pressure and the remaining steam expands till it leaves turbine.
The extracted steam is motive stream which then passes through heater 2 and gas cooler
2 where heat output is given to user and heat is rejected from the system(sink)
respectively. The other stream passes through heater 1 and gas cooler 1 where heat
output is given to user and heat is rejected from the system(sink) respectively. This
stream then driven to compressor. There are two heat outputs and two heat rejection.
The motive fluid then enters the ejector creating a suction for the secondary fluid or
entrained at the end of the ejector. Both fluids mix in the mixing chamber and then
passes through the diffuser. In the ejector two types of analyses can be done, one
constant pressure mixing and constant area mixing.

At the exit of ejector, the fluid has a quality of vapour(x). Here x should satisfy a
1
condition 𝑥7 = (1+𝑤) to maintain mass conservation. so it is sent to liquid vapour

separator where saturated liquid and saturated vapour get separated. The saturated
liquid then passes through throttle valve 1 and then to the evaporator. To free the

11
constraint between the x and w the throttle valve 2 is kept in the system. The extra
steam produced in the liquid vapour separator is throttled with throttle valve 2 and then
sent to evaporator. The saturated steam produced minus the extra steam is drawn to
compressor. The stream through the evaporator is secondary or entrained stream.
Entrainment is the ratio secondary stream to primary stream.

12
 CHAPTER 4
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING

ASSUMPTIONS:
1.Pressure drop across the gas cooler and evaporator and in the connection tubes is
neglected.
2. The vapour stream from the liquid vapour separator is saturated vapour and the liquid
stream from the liquid vapour separator is saturated liquid.
3. Heat losses to the environment from the system is neglected, except the heat rejection
in the gas cooler.
4. The compressor and turbine has a given isentropic efficiency.
5. Isenthalpic flow across the expansion valves or throttle valves.
6. one-dimensional homogeneous equilibrium flow is considered in the ejector.
7. The evaporator and gas cooler have a given outlet superheat and outlet temperature
respectively. 8. stagnation condition is assumed at the entrance and exit of ejector.
9. The nozzle, diffuser has a given isentropic efficiency.
10. The primary and secondary stream reach same to pressure at the entrance of mixing
chamber. Mixing takes place only in mixing chamber.

INPUTS:

Pressure Inputs - P1 , P2 , P15

Temperature input- T1 ; T16 = T3 ; T17 = T4 ; T13 = T14 (Saturation)

Efficiency inputs - ƞturbine , ƞcompressor , ƞnozzle , ƞdiffuser

P1 = P19

13
P2 = P3 = P4

P15 = P16 = P17 = P7 = P8 = P9 = P10 = P18

T13 = Saturation temperature (input)

We get P13 ; P13 = P14 = P11 = P12

P5 , P6 are unknowns to be found from the iterations.

Mass inputs - mt , mp

mt = m15 + mp ; ms is obtained in iteration when entrainment ratio is fixed.

u𝟒 = u7 = 0 here u = velocity, v = specific volume

ap = a4′ = area occupied by primary fluid at the mixing chamber entrance.

as = a14′ = area occupied by secondary fluid at the mixing chamber entrance.

m = mp + ms

I. TURBINE

The turbine is taken as open System for the modelling, ƞT is the isentropic efficiency
of the turbine. A stream(mp) is extracted from the turbine at pressure P2 and the
remaining stream is completely expanded to pressure P15.

Figure 3

14
Enthalpy at inlet of turbine ℎ1 = 𝑓1(𝑃1 , 𝑇1 )

Entropy at inlet of turbine 𝑠1 = 𝑓2(𝑃1 , 𝑇1 )

Now, considering isentropic expansion, we get ℎ2𝑠 and ℎ15𝑠

Isentropic entropy at 2, 𝑠2𝑠 = 𝑠1

Therefore isentropic enthalpy at 2, ℎ2𝑠 = 𝑓3(𝑃2 , 𝑠2𝑠 )

Similarly isentropic entropy at 15, 𝑠15𝑠 = 𝑠1

We get isentropic enthalpy, ℎ15𝑠 = 𝑓3(𝑃15 , 𝑠15𝑠 )

Using the given turbine efficiency, ℎ2 and ℎ15 can be calculated from following
equations

ℎ1 − ℎ15
ƞT = ℎ1 −ℎ15𝑠

ℎ1 − ℎ2
ƞT = ℎ1 −ℎ2𝑠

Work from turbine Wt = 𝑚p (ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) + 𝑚15 (ℎ1 − ℎ15 )

II.HEATER-1

It is considered as open system and heat is given to the user.

As 𝑇16 is known and 𝑃16 is the same as 𝑃15 which is known, we can calculate ℎ16 ,

ℎ16 = 𝑓1(𝑃16 , 𝑇16 )

Heat output to user at heater 1,𝑄𝐻 1 = 𝑚15 (ℎ15 − ℎ16 )

15
 Figure 4

III. GAS COOLER 1

It is considered as open system and it acts as sink.

As 𝑇17 is also known and 𝑃17 = 𝑃15 , we calculate ℎ17 ,

ℎ17 = 𝑓1(𝑃17 , 𝑇17 )

Heat rejected from the system at gas cooler 1, 𝑄𝐺𝐶 1 = 𝑚15 (ℎ16 − ℎ17 )

IV. HEATER 2

It is considered as open system and heat is given to the user.

As 𝑇3 is known and 𝑃3 = 𝑃2 , we can calculate ℎ3

ℎ3 = 𝑓1(𝑃3 , 𝑇3 )

Heat output to user at heater 1, 𝑄𝐻 2 = 𝑚𝑝 (ℎ2 − ℎ3 )

16
Figure 5

V. GAS COOLER 2

It is considered as open system and it acts as sink.

𝑇4 is known and 𝑃4 = 𝑃2 , we can calculate ℎ4

ℎ4 = 𝑓1(𝑃4 , 𝑇4 )

Heat rejected from the system at gas cooler 1, 𝑄𝐺 𝐶2 = 𝑚𝑝 (ℎ3 − ℎ4 ).

VI. EJECTOR

Ejector is the main component where we deal with the mathematical modelling in the
CCHP system. Simulation can be done in two methods such as constant area mixing
method and constant pressure method. Ejector contains nozzle, mixing chamber and
diffuser. In the analysis we used mass conservation equations, energy conservation
equations, momentum conservation equations. In the ejector there are three major
unknowns (P5, P6, w) which we find using the equations and iterations shown below.
Initially the iteration is started by assuming 𝑃5 and w.

17
 Figure 6

1. Nozzle Section

The nozzle section is from the inlet of motive and entrained fluids to the entrance of
mixing chamber. The inlet fluid pressures 𝑃4 , 𝑃14 and temperatures 𝑇4 , 𝑇14 are fixed.
The fluid from motive nozzle is perfectly expanded, it means that the motive and
entrained streams static pressures are equal at the mixing chamber entrance.

a) For motive nozzle

As the pressure drops from 𝑃4 to 𝑃5 the motive stream is accelerated before it moves
to the mixing section of ejector. The exit state of nozzle can be determined by using an
isentropic expansion process.

Entropy of motive fluid at entrance of nozzle, 𝑠4 = 𝑓4(𝑃4 , 𝑇4 )

Isentropic entropy at the exit of nozzle, 𝑠4′s = 𝑠4

Isentropic enthalpy at the exit of nozzle, ℎ4′s = 𝑓5(𝑠4′s , 𝑃5 )

Using the nozzle efficiency, the actual enthalpy ℎ4′ can be found.

ℎ4 − ℎ4′
ƞnozzle = ℎ4 − ℎ4′s

Applying conservation of energy for the motive nozzle,

18
 𝑢42 𝑢2′
4
𝑚p (ℎ4 + ) + Q = 𝑚p (ℎ4′ + )+W; Here 𝑄 = 0; 𝑊 = 0
2 2

The motive stream velocity at the inlet of mixing section is given by,

𝑢4′ = √2(ℎ4 − ℎ4′ )

The specific volume of the motive stream at the inlet of mixing section is given by the
relation,

𝑣4′ = 𝑓(ℎ4′ , 𝑃5 )

Applying conservation of mass, the area occupied by the motive stream at the inlet of
mixing section is found to be,

𝑚𝑣4′
𝑎4′ = 𝑢4′ (1+𝑤)

b) For suction nozzle

The calculations for the suction nozzle are same as of motive stream. Here as its
pressure drops from 𝑃14 to 𝑃5 the entrained stream is accelerated before it moves the
mixing section. Actual exit state can be determined by using an isentropic expansion
process.

Entropy of suction fluid at entrance of nozzle, 𝑠14 = 𝑓7(𝑃14 , 𝑇14 )

Isentropic entropy at the exit of nozzle, 𝑠14′s = 𝑠14

Isentropic enthalpy at the exit of nozzle, ℎ14′s = 𝑓5(𝑠14′s , 𝑃5 )

Using the nozzle efficiency, the actual enthalpy ℎ14′ can be found,

ℎ14 −ℎ14′
ƞnozzle = ℎ14 −ℎ14′s

The entrained stream velocity at the inlet of the constant area mixing section is given
by,

19
𝑢14′ = √2(ℎ14 − ℎ14′ )

The specific volume of the entrained stream at the inlet of mixing section is given by
the relation,

𝑣14′ = 𝑓6(ℎ14′ , 𝑃5 )

Applying conservation of mass, the area occupied by the suction stream at the inlet of
mixing section is found to be,

𝑣14′ 𝑚𝑤
𝑎14′ = ( )
𝑢14′ 1+𝑤

2. Mixing Section

one more iteration loop is applied, to calculate the mixing section outlet conditions.

First the outlet pressure of mixing section 𝑃6 is assumed. Then by applying momentum
conservation in the mixing section, the velocity of mixed fluids 𝑢6 is calculated.

𝑚 𝑚𝑤
𝑃5 (𝑎p + 𝑎s ) + 𝑢4′ + 𝑢14′ = 𝑃6 (𝑎p + 𝑎s ) + 𝑚𝑢6
1+𝑤 1+𝑤

Applying the conservation of energy, the enthalpy of mixed streams at mixing chamber
exit ℎ6 can be found.

𝑚 1
(ℎ4 + 𝑤ℎ14 ) = 𝑚(ℎ6 + 𝑢62 )
1+𝑤 2

1
ℎ4 + 𝑤ℎ14 = (1 + 𝑤)(ℎ6 + 𝑢62 )
2

The specific volume of the mixing stream can be found by the relation,

𝑣6 = 𝑓6(ℎ6 , 𝑃6 )

If we apply conservation of mass for mixing section, we get the following equation.

20
 (𝑎𝑝 +𝑎𝑠 )𝑢6
=𝑚
𝑣6

𝑃6 is noted if the above equation is satisfied. Then the corresponding velocity and
enthalpy values are also noted down.

entropy at exit of mixing chamber, 𝑠6 = 𝑓7(ℎ6 , 𝑃6 )

3. Diffuser

Isentropic entropy at the exit of diffuser, 𝑠7s = 𝑠6

Isentropic enthalpy at the exit of diffuser, ℎ7s = 𝑓5(𝑃7 , 𝑠7s )

Using the efficiency of the diffuser we can find ℎ7 , Let us name it as ℎ71 .

ℎ7s − ℎ6
ƞdiffuser = ℎ7 − ℎ6

by applying the energy conversion for diffuser we can get one more ℎ7 and name it as
ℎ72 .

1 1
𝑚(ℎ6 + 𝑢62 ) = 𝑚(ℎ7 + 𝑢72 ) ; 𝑢7 = 0
2 2

The iteration ends when the absolute difference of ℎ71 , ℎ72 is less than 10-4.

Now the iteration stops and entrainment ratio ‘w’ is noted down.

Hence for a particular 𝑃5 value, entrainment ratio ‘w’ is calculated. Again 𝑃5 value is
changed and we get different entrainment ratio and ℎ7 values.

VII. Selection of (P5, w, h7)

We get many combinations of (𝑃5 , w, h7) values which satisfy the above equations.
From those, the values which satisfy the following condition are sorted out.

(1 + 𝑤)𝑥7 > 1

21
Where 𝑥7 = 𝑓8(ℎ7 , 𝑃7 )

The values of (𝑃5 , w, h7) which satisfy the above equation are noted down.

VIII. Liquid separator

The wet mixture is sent to the liquid separator where the vapour and liquid are
separated.

Mass flow rate of vapour leaving the separator is given by

𝑚𝑣 = 𝑥7 𝑚 = 𝑚8

Mass flow rate of liquid leaving the separator is given by

𝑚8′ = 𝑚l = 𝑚 − (𝑚𝑥7 )

𝑚8′ = 𝑚(1 − 𝑥7 )

ℎ8 and ℎ8′ can be calculated because 𝑃7 = 𝑃8 = 𝑃8′ and the qualities are known at 8
and 8′.

ℎ8′ = 𝑓9(𝑃7 , 𝑥 = 0)

ℎ8 = 𝑓9(𝑃7 , 𝑥 = 1)

22
 Figure 7

IX. Throttle –I

We know that throttling is an isenthalpic process.

Hence ℎ8′ = ℎ12

X. Throttle-II

Mass flow rate through throttle-II is to be calculated.

Vapour of mass flow rate 𝑚𝑝 is sent to the compressor and the remaining vapour is
sent through throttle-II. Hence mass flow rate through throttle-II 𝑚𝑒 is given by
𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑝

𝑚
𝑚𝑒 = 𝑥7 𝑚 − 𝑚𝑝 = 𝑥7 𝑚 − 1+𝑤

23
 1
𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚(𝑥7 − 1+𝑤)

ℎ11 = ℎ9 = ℎ8

XI. Evaporator

ℎ14 = 𝑓9(𝑃sat , 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1)

𝑄 = 𝑚s (ℎ14 − ℎ13 )

𝑚s ℎ13 = 𝑚l ℎ12 + 𝑚e ℎ11

XII. Compressor

Figure 8

𝑠18 = 𝑓7(𝑃18 , ℎ18 )

𝑠19s = 𝑠18

24
 ℎ19s = 𝑓3(𝑃19 , 𝑠19s )

𝑚p ℎ10 = 𝑚p ℎ8

𝑚t ℎ18 = (𝑚t − 𝑚p )ℎ17 + 𝑚p ℎ8 , ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑡 = 𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚15

ℎ18 − ℎ19s
ƞcomp = ℎ18 − ℎ19

Wcomp,n = (ℎ19 − ℎ18 )

XIII. Heat input from auxiliary heater

𝑄𝐴𝐻 = (𝑚𝑡 )(ℎ1 − ℎ19 )

Figure 9

25
FUNCTIONS USED IN THE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING:

f0 - To get saturation pressure from temperature.

f1 - To get enthalpy from super-critical temperature and pressure

f2 - To get entropy from super-critical temperature and pressure

f3 - To get enthalpy from super-critical pressure and entropy

f4 - To get entropy from super-critical pressure and enthalpy

f5 - To get enthalpy from saturated pressure and entropy

f6 - To get specific volume from saturated pressure and enthalpy

f7 - To get entropy from saturated pressure and enthalpy

f8 - To get dryness fraction from saturated pressure and enthalpy

f9 - To get enthalpy from saturated pressure and dryness fraction

26
Flow chart of constant area mixing model in the ejector

Assume P5, w, ƞmotive, ƞsuction, ƞdiffuser

U4=U7=0

j
S4ds=S4=f4(P4, h4)

h4ds=f5(P5, S4ds)

h4d=h4-(ƞmotive×(h4-h4ds))

𝑈4𝑑 = √2(ℎ4 − ℎ4𝑑 )

v4d=f6(P5, h4d);

𝑚 × 𝑣4𝑑
𝑎4𝑑 =
(1 + 𝑤) × 𝑢4𝑑

S14ds=S14=f7(P14, T14)

h14ds=f5(P5, S14ds)

h14d=h14-(ƞsuction×(h14-h14ds))

𝑈14𝑑 = √2(ℎ14 − ℎ14𝑑 )

V14d=f6(P5, h14d);

𝑚 × 𝑤 𝑣14𝑑
𝑎14𝑑 = ×
(1 + 𝑤) 𝑢14𝑑

𝑃5 (𝑎𝑝 + 𝑎𝑠 ) 𝑢4𝑑 𝑤 × 𝑢14𝑑 𝑃6 (𝑎𝑝 + 𝑎𝑠 )

𝑢6 = + + −
𝑚 (1 + 𝑤) (1 + 𝑤) 𝑚

ℎ4 𝑤 × ℎ14 𝑢62
ℎ6 = + −
(1 + 𝑤) (1 + 𝑤) 2

V6=f6 (h6, P6)

27
 Assume P6

Check
Go to step 4
𝑢6 No
𝑚= × (𝑎𝑝 + 𝑎𝑠 )
𝑣6

y
e
s

S7s= S6 = f6(h6, P6)

h7s = f (S7s, P7)

ℎ7𝑠 − ℎ6
ℎ7 = ℎ6 +
ƞ𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟

𝑢62
ℎ7 = ℎ6 +
2

28
 Check

ℎ7𝑠 − ℎ6
ℎ7𝑎 = ℎ6 + Go to step 1
ƞ𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟

𝑢62
ℎ7𝑏 = ℎ6 +
2

h7=h7a + h7b

x7=f8(P7, h7)

x7(1+w) ≥ 1

Note P5, h7, w

29
Flow chart of constant pressure mixing model in the ejector

Assume w, ƞmotive, ƞsuction, ƞdiffuser

U4=U7=0

S4ds=S4=f4(P4, h4)

h4ds=f5(P5, S4ds)

h4d=h4-( ƞmotive×(h4-h4ds))

𝑈4𝑑 = √2(ℎ4 − ℎ4𝑑 )

S14ds=S14=f7(P14, T14)

h14ds=f5(P5, S14ds)

h14d=h14-(ƞsuction×(h14-h14ds))

𝑈14𝑑 = √2(ℎ14 − ℎ14𝑑 )

𝑢4𝑑 𝑤 × 𝑢14𝑑
𝑢6𝑠 = +
(1 + 𝑤) (1 + 𝑤)

𝑢6 = √𝜂𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 × 𝑢6𝑠

ℎ4 𝑤 × ℎ14 𝑢62
ℎ6 = + −
(1 + 𝑤) (1 + 𝑤) 2

30
 S6=f7(P5, h6)

h7s=f5(P7, S7s)

ℎ7𝑠 − ℎ6
ℎ7 = ℎ6 +
ƞ𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟

𝑢62
ℎ7 = ℎ6 +
2

Check

ℎ7𝑠 − ℎ6
ℎ7 = ℎ6 +
ƞ𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑟
Go to step 1
𝑢62
ℎ7 = ℎ6 +
2

h7=h7a + h7b

x7=f8(P7, h7)

x7(1+w) ≥ 1

Note P5, h7,w

31
 CHAPTER 5

PLOTS AND RESULTS

graph 1

Constant area analysis in the ejector and CO2 is working fluid.

𝑃2 =10Mpa,mt=1 kg/sec, e=0.3, 𝑇1 are kept constant

As 𝑃1 increases, Wt increases because enthalpy at point 1 increases and extraction

pressure is constant and the the rate of increase of enthalpy at 15 is less than at point 1.
So work output from the turbine is increasing. 𝑃1 increasing and 𝑇1 is kept constant, so
from the T-s plot we can say the heat required to reach T1 at high pressure is low. So
heat supplied is decreasing with increase in 𝑃1 . As compression ratio is increasing the
work input to compressor is increasing. As power production is increasing and P15 is

32
changing the heat output to the user is decreasing. Refrigeration capacity is constant as
P1 is changing.

Graph 2
constant pressure analysis for CO2 in the ejector

In the constant pressure analysis also, the trend of the work outputs is same as the
constant area analysis.

Comparison between constant area and constant area models when 𝑷𝟏 is

changing:

Work at turbine is higher in constant pressure model when compared to constant area
model. Heat supplied is higher constant area model when compared to constant
pressure model. Work supplied to compressor is more in constant pressure model
than constant are model. Heat output to the user in constant area model is slightly
more than that of constant pressure model.

33
 Graph 3
constant area analysis for CO2

As 𝑃2 increases, the quality of vapour at the exit of ejetor will be low. So more saturated
liquid is produced and more refrigeration.

As 𝑃2 increases, Wt decreases, because a part of fluid expanding is being tapped at 𝑃2

and the remaining stream expands completely. So the net work output is decreasing.

As 𝑃2 increases, 𝑄𝐻 increases because more enthalpy fluid is being tapped so heat

output to the user increases and 𝑄𝑔𝑐 decreases.

34
 Graph 4

constant pressure analysis for CO2 in the ejector, the trend in both the models is same
for both the models.

Comparison between models when 𝑷𝟐 is changing:

Heat at evaporator in constant area model is significantly higher than constant pressure
model.

Work output at turbine, heat output to the user, heat rejection at gas cooler remains
same for both the models.

35
 Graph 5

Constant area analysis for CO2

As extraction ratio increases heat supplied remains constant.

As extraction ratio increases, work output decreases because the mass which
completely expands decreases.

As extraction ratio increases, heat output to user increases, this is due increase of heat
output in heater 2 as mass flow rate is increasing, also the heat rejection in gas cooler
increases.

36
 Graph 6

Constant area analysis for N2O

The trends of the graphs are same as of CO2 in constant area analysis.

Comparison between N2O and CO2 in constant area analysis when turbine inlet
pressure is changing:

Work at turbine and heat output to the user are nearly equal when both fluids are used.

Work to compressor in carbon dioxide is slightly higher than work to compressor in

nitrous oxide.

Heat supplied in nitrous oxide is higher than that of carbon dioxide.

37
 Graph 7

Constant area analysis for N2O, when extraction pressure is changing. The trend
remains same as in constant area analysis of carbon dioxide.

Comparison between N2O and CO2 in constant area analysis when extraction
pressure is changing:

Work at turbine is nearly same in both the fluids.

Heat at evaporator in carbon dioxide is slightly greater than that of nitrous oxide.

Heat rejected in gas cooler is higher in nitrous oxide than in carbon dioxide.

Initially, at lower pressure heat output is higher in nitrous oxide, but as the extraction
pressure increases heat output becomes equal.

38
 Graph 8

Constant area analysis for nitrous oxide

P1=20, P2=10, e=0.3, T1=180, T13=-5 for nitrous oxide.

Table 2

mt Wt Qs Qh Qgc Qe Wc P5 P6 P15 w

1 44.7 77.9 41.5 100.2 145.17 69.0 3 2 6 0.3

1 44.7 77.9 41.5 100.2 142.68 69.0 3.5 2.2 6 0.4

2 89.4 115.7 83.1 200.4 138.91 138.1 4.4 2.8 6 0.3

2 81.4 134 105.2 239.4 143.16 130.2 4.4 2.8 7 0.3

3 134 233.6 124.5 300.7 145.3 207.1 4.4 2.8 6 0.3

As we see graph all outputs increase with increase in mass.

39
RESULTS for CO2

P1=20, P2=10, e=0.3, T1=180, T13=-5

Table 3
p1 p2 p5 p6 p15 x wt Qh Qe Qc Qgc Qs
20 10 3 2 6 0.8011 44.6779 41.5051 238.2243 69.0381 100.224 77.8589
20 10 3 2 7 0.9938 40.77 52.6013 216.9103 47.371 119.68 134.04
20 12 7 5.5 6.5 0.7794 40.3535 58.1605 238.3295 58.6947 99.893 101.5313
20 12 7 5.5 7 0.8885 38.4442 63.7028 225.6451 47.371 112.675 134.049
20 14 4.5 3.5 7 0.8485 36.428 74.293 228.9634 47.371 105.286 134.049
18 12 7 5.5 6.5 0.7794 36.9819 68.9121 238.3295 51.9788 99.893 115.6272
18 12 7 5.5 7 0.885 34.9767 74.5503 285.645 41.4231 112.675 147.3769
18 14 4.5 3.5 7 0.8485 32.8585 85.2425 228.9634 41.4231 105.286 174.3769

RESULTS for N2O

P1=20, P2=10, e=0.3, T1=180, T13=-5

Table 4
P1 P2 P15 QE WC WT QH QGC QS P13
20 10 7 216.3526 27.8169 39.1714 55.9236 195.341 228.7733 2.7401
20 14 7 203.9385 27.8169 35.0519 79.5401 177.76 228.7733 2.7401
18 14 7 203.9385 23.7252 31.7323 91.0697 177.761 241.075 2.7401
18 16 7 207.1094 23.7252 29.9015 97.6405 173.603 241.075 2.7401
18 16 6 210.14 56.308 33.959 85.4973 83.298 101.3558 2.7401

40
 Graph 9

The graphs are piece wise linear curve fitting and parabolic curve fitting for saturated
pressure and temperature values. As we can the difference is very less between the two
curves.

41
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSIONS

We have done modelling using constant area and constant pressure models in the
ejector for the CCHP cycle. Carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are taken as working
fluids. The trends in both constant area and constant pressure remained same in
respective variation of inputs. The work and heat outputs have variations in the two
models. The comparison for carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide is also done for the
respective outputs. Increase in mass rate increases work at turbine, heat output to
user, compressor work, heat at evaporator, heat rejected in gas cooler.

Nitrous oxide is chosen as a working because it has same critical properties as of

carbon dioxide.

42
 APPENDIX

CODE FOR CONSTANT AREA MODEL WITH

CARBONDIOXIDE AS WORKING FLUID:

i=1;j=1;a=1;

P2=10;

P1=20;

for P15=2:.5:7;

nT=0.7; nC=0.7; nN=0.7; nD=0.7;

43
 mt=1;

e=0.3;

for T13=-5;

T1=180; T16=70;T3=70; T17=30;T4=30;

P19=P1;

P3=P2;P4=P2;

P7=P15;P8=P15;P9=P15;P10=P15;P16=P15;P17=P15;P18=P15;

P13=f0(T13);

P11=P13;P12=P13;P14=P13;

T14=T13;

%turbine

h1=f1(P1,T1);

S1=f2(P1,T1);

S2s=S1;S15s=S1;

h2s=f3(P2,S2s);

h15s=f3(P15,S15s);

h2=h1-(nT*(h1-h2s));

h15=h1-(nT*(h1-h15s));

mp=e*mt;m15=mt-mp;

wt=mp*(h1-h2)+m15*(h1-h15);

%heater 1

44
h16=f1(P16,T16);

QH1=m15*(h15-h16);

%gas cooler 1

h17=f1(P17,T17);

Qgc1=m15*(h16-h17);

%heater 2

h3=f1(P3,T3);

QH2=mp*(h2-h3);

%gas cooler 2

h4=f1(P4,T4);

Qgc2=mp*(h3-h4);

QH=QH1+QH2;

Qgc=Qgc1+Qgc2;

%ejector

%for motive nozzle

for w=0.3:0.1:.7;

for P5=2:.5:7;

ms=w*mp;

m=mp+ms;

S4=f4(P4,h4);

S4ds=S4;

45
h4ds=f5(P5,S4ds);

h4d=h4-nN*(h4-h4ds);

u4d=sqrt(2*(h4-h4d)*10^3);

v4d=f6(P5,h4d);

a4d=(m*v4d/((1+w)*u4d));

%for suction nozzle

S14=f7(P14,T14);

S14ds=S14;

h14=f9(P14,1);

h14ds=f5(P5,S14ds);

h14d=h14-nN*(h14-h14ds);

u14d=sqrt(2*(h14-h14d)*10^3);

v14d=f6(P5,h14d);

a14d=m*w*v14d/((1+w)*u14d);

%mixing section

ap=a4d; as=a14d;

for P6=2:0.1:7.3;

u6=((P5*10^6*(ap+as))+(m*u4d/(1+w))+(m*w*u14d/(1+w))-(P6*10^6*(ap+as)))/m
;

h6=(h4/(1+w))+(h14*w/(1+w))-u6^2/2000;

v6=f6(P6,h6);

46
%put conditios

p=((ap+as)*u6/v6);

if abs(m-p)<=0.001;

Z=m-p;

Q(i,1:18)=[Z w P5 P6 h6 u6 P15 P13 P1 h1 wt QH Qgc P1 P2 e mt T13];

i=i+1;

end

end

end

end

end

end

for j=1:10000;

S6=f7(Q(j,4),Q(j,5));

S7s=S6;

h7s=f5(Q(j,7),S7s);

h71=Q(j,5)+((h7s-Q(j,5))/nD);

h72=Q(j,5)+(Q(j,6)^2/2000);

A=h71-h72;

47
h7=(h71+h72)/2;

if abs(A)<=40;

R(a,1:17)=[Q(j,2) Q(j,3) Q(j,4) h7 Q(j,7) A Q(j,8) Q(j,9) Q(j,10) Q(j,11) Q(j,12)

Q(j,13) Q(j,14) Q(j,15) Q(j,16) Q(j,17) Q(j,18)];

a=a+1;

end

end

b=1;

for k=1:10000;

x=f8(R(k,5), R(k,4));

x1=1/(1+R(k,1));

if x > x1;

Y(b,1:17)=[R(k,1) R(k,2) R(k,3) R(k,4) R(k,5) x R(k,7) R(k,8) R(k,9) R(k,10)

R(k,11) R(k,12) R(k,13) R(k,14) R(k,15) R(k,16) R(k,17)];

b=b+1;

end

end

c=1;

for d=1:10000;

48
 mp=R(d,16)*R(d,15);

m8=Y(d,6)*R(d,16);

m88=(1-Y(d,6))*R(d,16);

h8=f9(Y(d,5),1);

h88=f9(Y(d,5),0);

m11=R(d,16)*(Y(d,6)-(1/(1+Y(d,1))));

h11=h8; h9=h8;

h12=h88;

h13=((m88*h12)+(m11*h11))/m15;

h14=f9(Y(d,7),1);

Qe=m15*(h14-h13);

h10=h8;

h17=f1(Y(d,5),T17);

Qgc1=m15*(h16-h17);

h18=(((R(d,16)-mp)*h17)+(mp*h8))/R(d,16);

S18=f7(Y(d,5),h18);

S19s=S18;

h19s=f3(Y(d,8),S19s);

h19=h18-((h18-h19s)/nC);

WC=R(d,16)*(h19-h18);

QS=R(d,16)*(Y(d,9)-h19);

49
% w P5 P6 h7 P15 x P13 QeWC Wt P(c,1:18)=[Y(d,1)
Y(d,2) Y(d,3) Y(d,4) Y(d,5) Y(d,6) Y(d,7) Qe WC Y(d,10)

QH Qgc QS P1 P2 e mt T15

Y(d,11) Y(d,12) QS Y(d,13) Y(d,14) Y(d,15) Y(d,16) Y(d,17)];

c=c+1;

End

CODE FOR CONSTANT PRESSURE MODEL WITH NITROUS

OXIDE AS WORKING FLUID:

k=1;

for P15=4:7;

P1=20;

P2=10;

nT=0.7; nC=0.7; nN=0.7; nD=0.7;nM=0.7; mt=1; e=0.5;

T13=5; T1=180; T16=70;T3=70; T17=30;T4=30;

50
P3=P2;P4=P2;P19=P1;

P7=P15;P8=P15;P9=P15;P10=P15;P16=P15;P17=P15;P18=P15;

P13=f10(T13);

P11=P13;P12=P13;P14=P13;

T14=T13;

%turbine

h1=f11(P1,T1);

S1=f12(P1,T1);

S2s=S1;

S15s=S1;

h2s=f13(P2,S2s);

h15s=f13(P15,S15s);

h2=h1-(nT*(h1-h2s));

h15=h1-(nT*(h1-h15s));

mp=e*mt;

m15=mt-mp;

wt=mp*(h1-h2)+m15*(h1-h15);

%heater 1

h16=f11(P16,T16);

QH1=m15*(h15-h16);

%gas cooler 1

51
h17=f11(P17,T17);

Qgc1=m15*(h16-h17);

%heater 2

h3=f11(P3,T3);

Qh2=mp*(h2-h3);

%gas cooler 2

h4=f11(P4,T4);

Qgc2=mp*(h3-h4);

Qh=QH1+Qh2;

Qgc=Qgc1+Qgc2;

%ejector

%for motive nozzle

for w=0.7:.01:.8;

for P5=2:0.1:4;

ms=w*mp;

m=mp+ms;

S4=f14(P4,h4);

S4ds=S4;

h4ds=f15(P5,S4ds);

h4d=h4-nN*(h4-h4ds);

u4d=sqrt(2*(h4-h4d)*10^3);

52
%for suction nozzle

S14=f17(P14,T14);

S14ds=S14;

h14=f19(P14,1);

h14ds=f15(P5,S14ds);

h14d=h14-nN*(h14-h14ds);

u14d=sqrt(2*(h14-h14d)*10^3);

%mixing section

u6s=(u4d/(1+w))+(w*u14d/(1+w));

u6=sqrt(nM)*u6s;

h6=(h4/(1+w))+(h14*w/(1+w))-(u6^2/2000);

S6=f17(P5,h6);

S7s=S6;

h7s=f15(P7,S7s);

h71=h6+((h7s-h6)/nD);

h72=h6+(u6^2/2000);

A=h71-h72;

h7=(h71+h72)/2

if abs(A)<=100;

R(k,1:9)=[P15 h7 w P5 P2 A Qh Qgc wt];

k=k+1;

53
end

end

end

end

a=1;

for k=1:10000;

x=f18(R(k,1), R(k,2));

x1=1/(1+R(k,3));

if x>x1;

Q(a,1:9)=[R(k,1) R(k,2) R(k,3) R(k,4) R(k,5) x R(k,7) R(k,8) R(k,9)];

a=a+1;

end

end

c=1;

for d=1:10000;

m8=Q(d,6)*mt;

m88=(1-Q(d,6))*mt;

54
h8=f19(Q(d,1),1);

h88=f19(Q(d,1),0);

m11=mt*(Q(d,6)-(1/(1+Q(d,3))));

h11=h8; h9=h8;

h12=h88;

h13=((m88*h12)+(m11*h11))/m15;

h14=f19(Q(d,1),1);

Qe=m15*(h14-h13);

h10=h8;

h17=f11(Q(d,1),T17);

Qgc1=m15*(h16-h17);

h18=(((mt-mp)*h17)+(mp*h8))/mt;

S18=f17(Q(d,1),h18);

S19s=S18;

h19s=f13(P1,S19s);

h19=h18-((h18-h19s)/nC);

WC=mt*(h19-h18);

QS=mt*(h1-h19);

P(c,1:7)=[Q(d,3) WC QS Qe Q(d,7) Q(d,8) Q(d,9)];

c=c+1;

end

55