Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Expression
” See
(SOGIE)
OBJECTIVES:
1. Explain and discuss the differences between
sexual orientation, gender identity and expression
2. Recognize the personal etiologic origin of
heterosexuality
3. Present different concepts to reconcile values
and differences
4. Organize the expectations on Gender roles and
its impact on relational dynamics
5. Assess strategic measures to reconcile gender
roles/differences
LET’S HAVE A REVIEW!
Define the following:
✘ Sex
✘ Identity
✘ Expression
✘ Orientation
1. SEXUAL ORIENTATION
– Describes to whom a person is sexually attracted.
Some people are attracted to people of a particular
gender; others are attracted to people of more
than one gender. Some are not attracted to
anyone.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION CONCEPTS
✘ Asexual
– not sexually attracted to anyone and/or no desire
to act on attraction to anyone. Does not necessarily
mean sexless. Asexual people sometimes do
experience affectional (romantic) attraction.
✘ Bisexual
– attracted to people of one’s own gender and
people of other gender(s). Two common
misconceptions are that bisexual people are
attracted to everyone and anyone, or that they just
haven’t “decided.” Often referred to as “bi.
also Pansexual/Fluid and Queer.
✘ Gay
– generally refers to a man who is attracted to
men. Sometimes refers to all people who are
attracted to people of the same sex; sometimes
“homosexual” is used for this also, although this
term is seen by many today as a medicalized term
that should be retired from common use.
✘ Lesbian
– a woman who is attracted to women. Sometimes
also or alternately “same-gender-loving woman” or
“woman loving woman.” See also Gay.
✘ Queer
– traditionally a derogatory term, yet reclaimed
and appropriated by some LGBTQ individuals as a
term of self-identification. It is an umbrella term
which embraces a matrix of sexual preferences,
gender expressions, and habits that are not of the
heterosexual, heteronormative, or gender-binary
majority. It is not a universally accepted term by all
members of the LGBT community, and it is often
considered offensive when used by heterosexuals.
✘ Pansexual/Fluid
– attracted to people regardless of gender.
Sometimes also or alternately “omnisexual” or
“polysexual.” See also Bisexual and Queer.
✘ Questioning
– one who may be unsure of, reconsidering, or
chooses to hold off identifying their sexual identity
or gender expression or identity.
✘ Straight
– attracted to people of the “opposite” sex (see
below); also sometimes generally used to refer to
people whose sexualities are societally normative.
Alternately referred to as “heterosexual.”
2. GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSION
– The ways in which a person identifies and/or
expresses their gender, including self-image,
appearance, and embodiment of gender roles.
One’s sex (e.g. male, female, intersex, etc.) is
usually assigned at birth based on one’s physical
biology..
– One’s gender (e.g. male, female, genderqueer,
etc.) is one’s internal sense of self and identity.
One’s gender expression (e.g. masculine, feminine,
androgynous, etc.) is how one embodies gender
attributes, presentations, roles, and more.
GENDER IDENTITY AND EXPRESSION CONCEPTS
✘ Androgyny
– The mixing of masculine and feminine gender
expression or the lack of gender identification. The
terms androgyne, agender, and neutrois are
sometimes used by people who identify as
genderless, non-gendered, beyond or between
genders, or some combination thereof.
✘ Cisgender
– A gender identity that society considers to
“match” the biological sex assigned at birth. The
prefix cismeans “on this side of” or “not across
from.” A term used to call attention to the privilege
of people who are not transgender.
✘ Crossdresser
– Cross-dressing refers to occasionally wearing
clothing of the “opposite” gender, and someone
who considers this an integral part of their identity
may identify as a crossdresser (note: the term
crossdresser is preferable to transvestite and
neither may ever be used to describe a transsexual
person). Cross-dressing is not necessarily tied to
erotic activity or sexual orientation.
✘ Genderqueer/Third Gender/Gender Fluid
– These terms are used by people who identify as
being between and/or other than male or female.
They may feel they are neither, a little bit of both,
or they may simply feel restricted by gender labels.
✘ Intersex
– A general term used for a variety of genetic,
hormonal, or anatomical conditions in which a
person is born with a reproductive or sexual
anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typical
definitions of female or male. Some intersex
individuals identify as transgender or gender
variant; others do not. (Note: hermaphrodite is an
obsolete term that is not currently considered
appropriate.)
✘ Transgender
– First coined to distinguish gender benders with
no desire for surgery or hormones from
transsexuals, those who desired to legally and
medically change their sex, more recently
transgender and/or trans has become an umbrella
term popularly used to refer to all people who
transgress dominant conceptions of gender, or at
least all who identify themselves as doing so. The
definition continues to evolve.
✘ Transsexual
– The term transsexual has historically been used
to refer to individuals who have medically and
legally changed their sex, or who wish to do so.
Most transsexual people feel a conflict between
their gender identity and the sex they were
assigned at birth. Other labels used within this
group are MtF (male-to-female) or trans woman,
and FtM (female-to-male) or trans man.
✘ Two-Spirit
– A person who identified with the Native American
tradition of characterizing certain members of the
community as having the spirit of both the male
and female genders.
OTHER COMMONLY USED TERMS
✘ Biphobia
– Aversion of and/or prejudice toward the idea that
people can be attracted to more than one gender,
and/or bisexuals as a group or as individuals, often
based on negative stereotypes of bisexuality and
the invisibility of bisexual people.
✘ Coming Out
– The process of acknowledging one’s sexual
orientation and/or gender identity or expression to
oneself or other people.
✘ Gender Binary
– A system of classifying sex and gender into two
distinct and disconnected forms of masculine and
feminine. It can be referred to as a social construct
or a social boundary that discourages people from
crossing or mixing gender roles, or from creating
other third (or more) forms of gender expression. It
can also represent some of the prejudices which
stigmatize people who identify as intersex and
transgender.
✘ Heterosexism
– The presumption that everyone is straight and/or
the belief that heterosexuality is a superior
expression of sexuality. Often includes the use of
power of the majority (heterosexuals) to reinforce
this belief and forgetting the privileges of being
straight in our society.
✘ Homophobia
– Negative attitudes and feelings toward people
with non-heterosexual sexualities; dislike of, or
discomfort with, expressions of sexuality that do
not conform to heterosexual norms.
✘ Internalized Oppression
– In reference to LGBTQ people, internalized
oppression is the belief that straight and
nontransgender people are “normal” or better than
LGBTQ people, as well as the often-unconscious
belief that negative stereotypes about LGBTQ
people are true.
✘ LGBTQ
– An acronym for lesbian, gay, bisexual,
transgender, and queer. This is currently one of the
most popular ways in U.S. society to refer to all
people who are marginalized due to sexual
orientation and/or gender identity, although other
letters are often included as well to represent
identities described above.
✘ Transphobia
– Negative attitudes and feelings toward
transgender individuals or discomfort with people
whose gender identity and/or gender expression
do not conform to traditional or stereotypic gender
roles.
✘ Gender dysphoria
– Clinically significant distress caused when a
person's assigned birth gender is not the same as
the one with which they identify. According to the
American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the
term – which replaces Gender Identity Disorder –
"is intended to better characterize the experiences
of affected children, adolescents, and adults."
SEXUAL PREJUDICE
✘ Scientific analysis of the psychology of antigay
attitudes will be facilitated by a new term. Sexual
prejudice serves this purpose nicely. Broadly
conceived, sexual prejudice refers to all negative
attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the
target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual.
Given the current social organization of sexuality,
however, such prejudice is almost always directed
at people who engage in homosexual behavior or
label themselves gay, lesbian, or bisexual (Herek,
2000).
REAL LIFE STORY:
A 13-year-old boy named Jon Carmichael killed
himself during spring break in 2010. According to a
civil rights lawsuit brought by his parents, a few
days before Jon killed himself, football players at
his middle school in northern Texas had attacked
him in the locker room, stripped him nude, tied
him up, placed him in a trash can, and called him a
"fag," "queer," and "homo," while the whole event
was videotaped and later posted on YouTube.
A teacher stood by as the attack occurred and did
nothing to stop it. In fact, several teachers at the
school had, for months, witnessed Jon being
attacked and bullied. On almost a daily basis,
classmates assaulted him in the locker room and
forcibly removed his underwear, shoved him in the
hallways, pushed him to the ground on the athletic
field, flushed his head in the toilet, or stuffed him
into a trash can. But no one stopped it because, in
the words of one teacher, "Boys will be boys."
SEXUAL PREJUDICE
✘ Suicide is the third leading cause of death
among adolescents, sexual minority youth attempt
suicide around five times more often than their
heterosexual peers, and their attempts more often
require medical treatment. Instances of abuse and
harassment can contribute to suicide attempts.
Supportive friends and family members, however,
can help protect the mental health of sexual
minorities.
✘ Sexual minorities may be exposed to more risk
factors for suicide than their heterosexual peers.
Risk factors include childhood maltreatment,
mental illness, chronic feelings of hopelessness,
and the perceived sense of being a burden or not
belonging. Risk factors specific to queer youth
include gender nonconformity, low family support,
and victimization. The combination can render
sexual minority youth more vulnerable.
OTHER ORDINANCES IN PHILIPPINES
✘ Homophobic bullying is the most frequent form
of bullying after name calling. According to
Stonewall’s School report, 96% of gay pupils hear
homophobic remarks such as ‘poof’ or ‘lezza’ used
in school. 99% hear phrases such as ‘that’s so gay’
or ‘you’re so gay’ in school. 54% of lesbian, gay and
bisexual young people don’t feel there is an adult
at school who they can talk to about being gay.
Worryingly, 6% of lesbian, gay and bisexual pupils
are subjected to death threats.
SOGIE BILL IN THE PHILIPPINES
✘ The Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Expression Equality Bill, also known as the
AntiDiscrimination Bill (ADB), is a bill that was
proposed by the Congress of the Philippines. It is
intended to prevent various economic and public
accommodation-related acts of discrimination
against people based on their sexual orientation,
gender identity or expression. The version in the
House of Representatives passed its third reading
most recently on September 20, 2017, but died in
the Senate. It has been refiled for the 18th
Congress.
✘ In March 2018, a small group of Christians
protested at the Senate against the SOGIE bill by
calling the proposed legislation an "abomination",
adding that homosexuality is a "sin" citing that
their hate is justified because it is written in the
Bible and that identifying as part of the LGBT
community is a lifestyle. The group also claimed
that the bill relates to same-sex marriage, which is
not found anywhere within the bill.
✘ In May 2019, the SOGIE Equality Bill officially
became the longest-running bill under the Senate
interpellation period in Philippine history.
Supporters of the bill have remarked that the
prolonged interpellation was intended by the
dissenters to block the passage of the historic
antidiscrimination bill.
3. HETEROSEXUALITY
– Is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual
behavior between persons of the opposite sex or
gender. Someone who is heterosexual is commonly
referred to as straight.

HETEROSEXUALITY- ETYMOLOGY
✘ Hetero
– comes from the Greek word heteros, meaning
"different" (for other uses, see heterozygote,
heterogeneous), and the Latin for sex (that is,
characteristic sex or sexual differentiation). The
term "heterosexual" was coined shortly after and
opposite to the word "homosexual" by Karl Maria
Kertbeny in 1868 and was first published in 1869

HETEROSEXUALITY- BIOLOGICAL BASIS

✘ The neurobiology of the masculinization of the
brain is fairly well understood. Estradiol and
testosterone, which is catalyzed by the enzyme
5αReductase into dihydrotestosterone, act upon
androgen receptors in the brain to masculinize it.
✘ If there are few androgen receptors (people
with androgen insensitivity syndrome) or too much
androgen (females with congenital adrenal
hyperplasia), there can be physical and
psychological effects. It has been suggested that
both male and female heterosexuality are the
results of this process.
✘ According to American Psychiatric Association
(APA), there are numerous theories about the
origins of a person's sexual orientation, but some
believe that "sexual orientation is most likely the
result of a complex interaction of environmental,
cognitive and biological factors", and that genetic
factors play a "significant role" in determining a
person's sexuality. The APA currently officially
states that sexual orientation is not chosen and
cannot be changed, a radical reversal from the
recent past, when non-normative sexuality was
considered a deviancy or mental ailment treatable
through institutionalization or other radical means.
HETEROSEXUALITY- SYMBOLISM
✘ Heterosexual symbolism dates back to the
earliest artifacts of humanity, with gender symbols,
ritual fertility carvings, and primitive art. This was
later expressed in the symbolism of fertility rites
and polytheistic worship, which often included
images of human reproductive organs, such as
lingam in Hinduism.
✘ Modern symbols of heterosexuality in societies
derived from European traditions still reference
symbols used in these ancient beliefs. One such
image is a combination of the symbol for Mars, the
Roman god of war, as the definitive male symbol of
masculinity, and Venus, the Roman goddess of love
and beauty, as the definitive female symbol of
femininity. The unicode character for this
combined symbol is
HETEROSEXUALITY- HISTORICAL VIEWS
✘ There was no need to coin a term such as
heterosexual until there was something else to
contrast and compare it with. Jonathan Ned Katz
dates the definition of heterosexuality, as it is used
today, to the late 19th century
✘ According to Katz, in the Victorian era, sex was
seen as a means to achieve reproduction, and
relations between the sexes were not believed to
be overtly sexual. The body was thought of as a
tool for procreation – "Human energy, thought of
as a closed and severely limited system, was to be
used in producing children and in work, not wasted
in libidinous pleasures
HETEROSEXUALITY- RELIGIOUS VIEWS
✘ The Judeo-Christian tradition has several
scriptures related to heterosexuality. The Book of
Genesis states that God created man because "It is
not good that the man should be alone; I will make
him an help meet for him," Genesis 2:18 (KJV), and
that "Therefore shall a man leave his father and his
mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they
shall be one flesh," Genesis 2:24 (KJV). In 1
Corinthians, Christians are advised:
Now for the matters you wrote about: It is
good for a man not to marry. But since there is so
much immorality, each man should have his own
wife, and each woman her own husband. The
husband should fulfill his marital duty to his wife,
and likewise the wife to her husband. The wife's
body does not belong to her alone but also to her
husband. In the same way, the husband's body
does not belong to him alone but also to his wife.
Do not deprive each other except by mutual
consent and for a time, so that you may devote
yourselves to prayer. Then come together again so
that Satan will not tempt you because of your lack
of selfcontrol. I say this as a concession, not as a
command. (NIV)
✘ For the most part, religious traditions in the
world reserve marriage to heterosexual unions.
✘ Almost all religions believe that lawful sex
between a man and a woman is allowed, but there
are a few that believe that it is a sin, such as The
Shakers, The Harmony Society, and The Ephrata
Cloister. These religions tend to view all sexual
relations as sinful, and promote celibacy. Some
religions require celibacy for certain roles, such as
Catholic priests; however, the Catholic Church also
views heterosexual marriage as sacred and
necessary.
4. HOMOSEXUALITY
– Is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual
behavior between members of the same sex or
gender. As a sexual orientation, homosexuality is
"an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic,
and/or sexual attractions" to people of the same
sex.
HOMOSEXUALITY- ETYMOLOGY
✘ The word homosexual is a Greek and Latin
hybrid, with the first element derived from Greek
ὁμός homos, "same" (not related to the Latin
homo, "man", as in Homo sapiens), thus connoting
sexual acts and affections between members of the
same sex.
HOMOSEXUALITY- BIOLOGICAL BASIS
✘ Ascribing the etiology of homosexuality to
genetics implies that homosexuality is immutable
and uncontrollable, and therefore is not a choice or
“lifestyle.” Research has found that positive
attitudes toward homosexuality are associated
with the belief that its origins are biological,
whereas negative attitudes are associated with the
view that its origin is personal choice
✘ Although scientists favor biological models for
the cause of sexual orientation, they do not believe
that the development of sexual orientation is the
result of any one factor. They generally believe that
HOMOSEXUALITY- RELIGIOUS VIEWS
it is determined by a complex interplay of biological
and environmental factors, and is shaped at an
early age
✘ The American Psychological Association,
American Psychiatric Association, and National
Association of Social Workers stated in 2006:
Currently, there is no scientific consensus about
the specific factors that cause an individual to
become heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual
—including possible biological, psychological, or
social effects of the parents' sexual orientation.
However, the available evidence indicates that
the vast majority of lesbian and gay adults were
raised by heterosexual parents and the vast
majority of children raised by lesbian and gay
parents eventually grow up to be heterosexual.
HOMOSEXUALITY- PSYCHOLOGICAL VIEW
✘ In 1952, the American Psychiatric Association
published its first edition of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual (DSM-I), in which homosexuality
was considered a “sociopathic personality
disturbance.” In DSM-II, published in 1968,
homosexuality was reclassified as a “sexual
deviation.” However, in December 1973, the
American Psychiatric Association’s Board of
Trustees voted to remove homosexuality from the
DSM.
HOMOSEXUALITY- HISTORICAL VIEWS
✘ In a detailed compilation of historical and
ethnographic materials of preindustrial cultures,
"strong disapproval of homosexuality was reported
for 41% of 42 cultures; it was accepted or ignored
by 21%, and 12% reported no such concept. Of 70
ethnographies, 59% reported homosexuality
absent or rare in frequency and 41% reported it
present or not uncommon."
✘ In cultures influenced by Abrahamic religions,
the law and the church established sodomy as a
transgression against divine law or a crime against
nature. The condemnation of anal sex between
males, however, predates Christian belief. It was
frequent in ancient Greece; "unnatural" can be
traced back to Plato.
✘ The Roman Catholic Church requires
homosexuals to practice chastity in the
understanding that homosexual acts are
"intrinsically disordered", and "contrary to the
natural law". It insists that all are expected to only
have heterosexual relations and only in the context
of a marriage, describing homosexual tendencies as
"a trial", and stressing that people with such
tendencies "must be accepted with respect,
compassion, and sensitivity."
HOMOSEXUALITY- SOCIETAL VIEWS
✘ Societal attitudes towards same-sex
relationships, reflected in the attitude of the
general population, the state and the church, have
varied over the centuries, and from place to place,
from expecting and requiring all males to engage in
relationships, to casual integration, through
acceptance, to seeing the practice as a minor sin,
repressing it through law enforcement and judicial
mechanisms, to proscribing it under penalty of
death.
✘ Most nations do not impede consensual sex
between unrelated individuals above the local age
of consent. Some jurisdictions further recognize
identical rights, protections, and privileges for the
family structures of same-sex couples, including
marriage.
✘ Some nations mandate that all individuals
restrict themselves to heterosexual relationships.
Offenders face up to the death penalty in some
fundamentalist Muslim areas such as Iran and parts
of Nigeria.
5. GENDER ROLE CONFORMITY
– The idea of "gender conformity" is based on
norms. This idea contends that people with penises
are men and they should be stoic, strong, hard
workers, and protectors. By the same logic, people
with vaginas are women and they should be gentle,
passive, emotional, and motherly.
BEING FEMININE AND MASCULINE
✘ We learn how to behave in a masculine or
feminine manner through socialization.
✘ Gender roles are taught to children in our
society at a very young age. Through media,
parents, and peers, young boys and girls are taught
to behave in gendernormative ways. Further,
people who violate gender norms are often
sanctioned by society.
THE PROBLEM WITH GENDER ROLES
✘ Gender roles, despite existing wherever humans
live together, can be oppressive and even harmful.
A man can have a gentle and motherly character
and be unable to express it because it is too
"feminine." A woman can be athletic and stoic and
people will call her a "tomboy." Women who dress
in a masculine way are often thrown out of
women's bathrooms. Men who dress in feminine
ways are laughed at, bullied, or worse.
✘ we can consider gender-conforming behavior
from an autonomous or pressured perspective. We
may “do” gender because we enjoy it or because
we feel pressure from others or fear sanction for
genderviolating behavior (Rudman, 1998).
GENDER NONCONFORMITY
✘ Gender nonconformity is simply not conforming
to gender roles. In practice, it can mean things as
simple as a woman wearing a tie, or something as
complex and life-changing as transitioning from
one gender to another.
✘ There are obvious problems with using
"nonconformity" as a way to describe people who
don't follow gender norms. It implies that
conformity is a good and desirable thing, rather
than something that harms everyone.

AWARENESS IS THE KEY

✘ Whether we conform to, or resist, gender
norms, they play a role in how we see and judge
ourselves. They also influence how we perceive
others. They impact our behavior whether we are
aware of them or not. If we are going to be
subjected to such powerful influences, we need to
reflect on the ways in which they impact us.
Without doing so, we may be prevented from
realizing our true potential.

“When differing opinions arise, the key is to

acknowledge and try to understand the opposing
viewpoints.

Just remember: You don’t have to agree! Just try to

understand. Understanding does NOT mean
agreement.”

– Dan Bobinski

“As all human beings are, in my view, creatures of

God’s design, we must respect all other human
beings. That does not mean I have to agree with
their choices or agree with their opinions, but
indeed I respect them as human beings.”

– Stockwell Day