SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

General Biology 1
Module 6
Cell Cycle: Let’s Begin All Over
Again
General Biology 1
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Module 6: Cell Cycle: Let’s Begin All Over Again
First Edition, 2020

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Development Team of the Module

Writers: Ma. Lyn E. Tinambunan
Editors: Leoncio P. Tan, Lenie G. Forro, and Cynthia S. Bustillo
Reviewers: Yusof A. Aliudin, Agabai S. Kandalayang, Sheryl B. Bautista, Aida S. Delon,
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 SHS

General Biology1
Module 6
Cell Cycle: Let’s Begin All Over
Again
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Cell Cycle: Let’s
Begin All Over Again

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators both
from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or facilitator in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

Hello, my dear facilitator! This module is packed with series of activities

related to cell cycle that will enable your learners to enhance their skills on this
specific competency. As a facilitator of learning, you are hereby authorized to
instruct your learners to carefully read and understand this module because it
contains necessary information about the lesson that they need to answer the
given tasks to develop critical thinking leading them to fulfill the activities as
they learn.
Please tell your learners to complete and perform the activities included in
this module. Just enjoy your journey with the cell cycle.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

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For the learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Cell Cycle: Let’s
Begin All Over Again.

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a learner
is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies and
skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the
module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to

check what you already know about the
lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this
module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link

the current lesson with the previous one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an
activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the

lesson. This aims to help you discover and
understand new concepts and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding and
skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer
Key at the end of the module.

What I Have Learned This includes questions or blank

sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process
what you learned from the lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will

help you transfer your new knowledge or skill
into real life situations or concerns.

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 Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your
level of mastery in achieving the learning
competency.

Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given

to you to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of
learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in the

module.

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.

2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.

3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.

4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.

5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.

6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

iv
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the cell cycle. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different
learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the
textbook you are now using.

Most Essential Learning Competency

 Characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points
(STEM_BIO 11/12 -Id-f-6).

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. discuss the cell cycle;
2. describe the subphases (S, G1, G2) of the interphase and their control points;
and
3. discuss the different phases of mitosis.

What I Know
Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A. S phase and Mitosis
B. Interphase and Mitosis
C. Interphase and Prophase
D. G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase

2. When are chromosomes visible during the cell cycle?

A. During interphase
B. During cell division
C. During the G1 phase
D. When they are being replicated

3. During a cell cycle, when is a cell’s DNA replicated?

A. Mitosis
B. S phase
C. G1 phase
D. G2 phase

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4. In which stage of the cell cycle does a eukaryotic cell spend most of its life?
A. Mitosis
B. Interphase
C. Synthesis
D. Metaphase

5. How many hours does mitosis phase take to complete a cycle?

A. 1
B. 4
C. 8
D.11

6. During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes line up along the middle of
the dividing cell?
A. Anaphase
B. Metaphase
C. Prophase
D. Telophase

7. Which of the following represents the phases of mitosis in their proper sequence?
A. prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
B. interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase
C. prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase
D. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

8. Which process shows division of the nucleus cytokinesis?

A. Disjunction
B. Cytokinesis
C. Karyokinesis
D. Binary fission

9. What phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow rapidly and perform many normal
metabolic processes?
A. Interphase
B. G1 phase
C. G2 phase
D. Mitosis

10. Which of the following phrases BEST describes cytokinesis?

I. Division of DNA
II. Division of the nucleus
III. Division of surface area
IV. Division of the cytoplasm

A. I only
B. II and III
C. III and IV
D. IV only

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11. Which of the following pair includes a phase of the cell cycle and cellular
process?
I. M phase: cell growth
II. S phase: cell division
III. G1 phase: cell growth
IV. G2 phase: preparation for mitosis
A. I only
B. II only
C. III and IV only
D. IV only

12. What is the role of the spindle fibers during mitosis?

A. They duplicate the DNA
B. They make the chromosomes visible
C. They help separate the chromosomes
D. They break down the nuclear membrane

13. What does the “S” phase stand for and its function?
A. Slow phase where DNA sleeps
B. Synthesis phase where DNA grows
C. Strength phase where DNA multiplies
D. Synthesis phase where DNA is copied

14. During their biology class Chiara was asked by her classmate to explain what
happens during mitosis. Chiara explained that during mitosis, a single cell divides
into two daughter cells that are genetically identical to itself. Do think Chiara’s
explanation is correct?
A. No, a single cell divides during cytokinesis.
B. No, two parent cells combine to form many daughter cells.
C. Yes, mitosis is a cell division process but it results into four daughter cells
not two.
D. Yes, mitosis is a cell division process that results to two daughter cells each
with the same kind and number of chromosomes.

15. Ben was asked by his teacher what happens if there is an uncontrolled cell
growth? He answered that cancer may occur. Is Ben correct?
A. Yes, cancer is a result of an uncontrolled cell growth that happens only in
animals.
B. No, down syndrome or error in chromosome 21 is the result of uncontrolled
cell growth.
C. No, cancer is an illness caused by environmental factors not by unregulated
cell growth.
D. Yes, if errors in the gene replication are not corrected, gene mutation
results which will be passed on to the daughter cells which may lead to
cancer.

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 What’s In

Directions: Copy and encircle words that can be associated to cell cycle. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
Interphase Root hairs Protein
Cell division Replication Mitosis
Basal Synthesis Pseudopodia
Cytokinesis Lateral Cell growth
Apical Flagella Cytoplasm
Cilia DNA Nerve cells

What’s New
Directions: Put a check mark (/) on the column that describes the different phases
of the cell cycle. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Legend:
G1 – Growth phase 1
S - Synthesis phase
G2 - Growth phase 2

Description Interphase Cell Division

G1 S G2 Mitosis Cytokinesis
Cell grows rapidly and carries out its
routine functions.
Hollow protein fibers called microtubules
are rearranged.
Cytoplasm divides.
The nucleus of the cell cycle is divided
into two nuclei.
A cell’s DNA is copied.

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 What is It

The cell cycle is a repeating sequence of cellular growth and division

during the life of an organism. A cell spends 90 percent of its time in the first three
phases of the cycle, which are collectively called interphase. A cell will enter the last
two phases of the cell cycle only if it is about to divide. The five phases of the cell
cycle are summarized below:

1. First growth (G1) phase. During the G1 phase, a cell grows rapidly and carries
out its routine functions. For most organisms, this phase occupies the major
portion of the cell’s life. Cells that are not dividing remain in the G1 phase.
Some somatic cells, such as most muscle and nerve cells, never divide.
Therefore, if these cells die, the body cannot replace them.
2. Synthesis (S) phase. A cell’s DNA is copied during this phase. At the end of
this phase, each chromosome consists of two chromatids attached at the
centromere.
3. Second growth (G2) phase. In the G2 phase, preparations are made for the
nucleus to divide. Hollow protein fibers called microtubules are rearranged
during G2 in preparation for mitosis.
4. Mitosis. The process during cell division in which the nucleus of a cell is
divided into two nuclei is called mitosis. Each nucleus ends up with the
same number and kinds of chromosomes as the original cell.
5. Cytokinesis. The process during cell division in which the cytoplasm divides
is called cytokinesis.

Control of the Cell Cycle

If a cell spends 90 percent of its time in interphase, how do cells “know”

when to divided? How is the cycle controlled? Just as traffic lights control the flow of
traffic, cells have a system that controls the phases of the cell cycle. Cells have a set
of “red light-green light” switches that are regulated by feedback information from
the cell. The cell cycle has key checkpoints (inspection points) at which feedback
signals from the cell can trigger the next phase of the cell cycle (green light). Other
feedback signals can delay the next phase to allow for completion of the current
phase (yellow or red light).

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 1. Cell growth (G1) checkpoint. This checkpoint makes the decision of whether
the cell will divide. If conditions are favorable for division and the cell is
healthy and large enough, certain proteins will stimulate the cell to begin the
synthesis (S) phase. During the S phase, the cell will copy its DNA. If
conditions are not favorable, cells can typically stop the cell cycle at this
checkpoint. The cell cycle will also stop at this checkpoint if the cell needs to
pass into a resting period. Certain cells, such as some nerve and muscle cells,
remain in this resting period permanently and never divide.

2. DNA synthesis (G2) checkpoint. DNA replication is checked at this point by

DNA repair enzymes. If this checkpoint is passed, proteins help to trigger
mitosis. The cell begins the many molecular processes that are needed to
proceed into mitosis.

3. Mitosis checkpoint. This checkpoint triggers the exit from mitosis. It signals
the beginning of the G1 phase, the major growth period of the cell cycle.

When Control Is Lost: Cancer

Certain genes contain the information necessary to make the proteins that
regulate cell growth and division. If one of these genes is mutated, the protein may
not function, and regulation of cell growth and division can be disrupted. Cancer,
the uncontrolled growth of cells, may result. Cancer is essentially a disorder of cell
division. Cancer cells do not respond normally to the body’s control mechanisms.

Some mutations cause cancer by over-producing growth-promoting molecules,

thus speeding up the cell cycle. Others cause cancer by inactivating the control
proteins that normally act to slow or stop the cell cycle.

What’s More

Directions: On the column provided, arrange the letters to form the events that
occur during the cell cycle based on the given description. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

EVENTS DESCRIPTION CORRECT TERM

A process by which DNA makes a copy of
AND CAREONTIPLI itself during cell division
TOINPRE
A process by which cells make protein
THEISSYNS
PLICOASYTMC Division of the cytoplasm at the end of
VINOSIDI the cell cycle
UNCLEAR VINOSIDI Division of the nucleus
An important event by which feedback
CLEL CCLEY
signals from the cell can trigger the next
ECPONTCHKI phase of the cell cycle

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 What I Have Learned
Directions: Copy and complete the diagram below. Supply the blanks with the
correct words to complete the cell cycle. Do it in a separate sheet of
paper.

What I Can Do
You have shown confidence in the different activities. To further show me your
mastery of the lesson, you need to do another task.
Directions: Write an essay about the Cell Cycle using the format shown below in a
separate sheet.

TASK 1. Essay Writing

The cell cycle is_________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
It is important because__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________

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Rubrics for Scoring

Needs
Excellent Good Fair
Description Improvement
(10 points) (8 points) (6 points)
(4 points)

Some of the
The answer Only few
necessary The concepts /
contains all the necessary
Content concepts are not ideas given are
necessary concepts are
included in the irrelevant
concepts included.
answer given

The answer
The answer
The answer is The answer is formulated
formulated has
Quality of written in written in has no style,
a little style,
Writing extraordinary interesting no new
gives some new
style, very style, somewhat information is
information and
informative and informative and given and is
is poorly
well- organized organized poorly
organized
organized

Almost all the

A number of spelling,
No spelling, Few spelling and
spelling, punctuation
Grammar, punctuation or punctuation
punctuation or and
Usage and grammatical errors, minor
grammatical grammatical
Mechanics errors could be grammatical
errors could be errors
observed errors
observed interferes with
the concepts.

TASK 2. Fill in the Blanks

Directions: Read the paragraph carefully and identify the correct words that fit in
the given sentences in the box below.

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 The cell cycle essentially consists of two phases. The first phase is -
___________. During interphase, the cell is preparing for cell division in three
subphases called ___________, ___________ and ___________. By the end of
interphase, the ___________ in the cell nucleus have all been duplicated. Through
all of these stages, the cell is also continuing to go about its daily functions.

The second phase of the cell cycle is called ___________. During mitosis, the
nucleus divides in two, sending one copy of each duplicated chromosome to each of
the two nuclei. There are four stages of mitosis, and these are
___________, ___________, ___________ and ___________. At approximately the same
time that mitosis is happening, another process occurs, called ___________, which
is almost its own phase. This is the process by which the cell’s ___________, and
everything else in it, divides. That way, when the nucleus splits in two, there are
two of everything in the surrounding cell to go with each nucleus. Once the dividing
is complete, the plasma membrane closes around each new cell and pinches off,
dividing the two new ___________ cells from each other completely.

The cell cycle requires a great deal of ___________ to make sure that it does
not proceed without certain conditions being met inside and outside of the cell.
Without that regulation, there would be an unchecked genetic ___________, out-of-
control cell growth (___________), and other problems. The cell cycle has a number
of ___________ to make sure that things are proceeding correctly. If they are not,
repairs are made, or programmed cell death is initiated.

Assessment

Directions: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Why do cells go through cell division?

A. Growth
B. Repair
C. Reproduction
D. The choices are all correct.

2. Which of the following is the correct sequence of the cell cycle?

A. Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
B. Interphase, Cytokinesis, Mitosis
C. Mitosis, Cytokinesis, Interphase
D. Cytokinesis, Mitosis, Interphase

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3. Pedro suffers from skin cancer. Is his condition an indication that the cell cycle
is disrupted?
A. No, cancer could be traced on hereditary traits.
B. Yes, cancer is caused by chromosomal aberration.
C. No, skin cancer has no connection with the cell cycle.
D. Yes, cancer is one of the possible results when the cell cycle is distorted.

4. Jennifer had accidentally dropped a heavy object on her toe causing the removal
of her toenail. Is there a possibility that her nail would grow again?
A. Yes, the nail will be replaced by a muscle.
B. No, the nail has no chance of growing again.
C. No, once the nail is removed it would never grow again.
D. Yes, because the cells on the base of her toe have the ability to continually
divide.

5. What should happen to the number of chromosomes before a cell can divide?
A. The DNA is replicated.
B. The number of chromosomes must be tripled.
C. The number of chromosomes must be doubled.
D. The number of chromosomes must be reduced in half.

6. Which phase does a cell spend most of its time?

A. Mitosis
B. Interphase
C. Cytokinesis
D. None of the choices

7. What happens in the G1 stage of interphase?

A. Cell growth
B. DNA replication
C. Cell prepares for division.
D. DNA undergoes transcription.

8. What is made during the S phase of the cell cycle?

A. DNA
B. Cells
C. Fats
D. Tissues

9. Which of the following does NOT happen during interphase?

A. Cell growth
B. Cell division
C. DNA replication
D. Obtaining nutrients

10. Which of the following refers to the uncontrolled division of cells that results in
the malignant growth?
A. Cancer
B. Tissues
C. Cell growth
D. Cell breakdown

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11. What happens during cytokinesis?
A. Cell divides
B. Cell matures
C. DNA replicates
D. Cytoplasm divides

12. Which of the following is NOT a reason why mitosis is important?

I. Growth
II. Sexual reproduction
III. Recover from injuries
IV. Replacement of dead cells

A. I only
IV.
B.The
II only
mitochondria and other organelles replicate.
C. I and II
D. II and IV

13. Which stage of the cell cycle do the cell’s nuclear materials divide and separate?
A. S
B. G1
C. G2
D. Mitosis

14. How does synthesis phase happen in the cell?

I. The cytoplasm divides.

II. DNA is being replicated.
III. The cell divides during this phase.
IV. The mitochondria and other organelles replicate.

A. I and II
B. II only
C. III only
D. II and IV

15. Which of the following is NOT a reason why interphase is necessary?

I. Daughter cells begin with two copies of DNA.

II. Daughter cells begin life with only one copy of their DNA.
III. Daughter cells begin life small, without sufficient cellular machinery to
pass on to daughter cells.
IV. If cells performed mitosis repeatedly without going through interphase,
each generation of daughter cells would be progressively smaller.

A. I only
B. II and II
C. I, II and III
D. II, I and IV

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 Additional Activities

Directions: Read and understand the questions carefully. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.
A. Applying what you have learned about the cell cycle, explain briefly the causes of
the following conditions:
1. Healing of wound
2. Hair growth after haircutting
3. Nail growth after nail cutting
4. A seed grows into a seedling
5. A bud develops into a flower

Needs
Excellent Good Fair
Description improvement
10 8 6
4

Some of the
The answer necessary Only few
The concepts
contains all concepts are necessary
Content / ideas given
the necessary not included concepts are
are irrelevant
concepts in the answer included.
given

The answer The answer

The answer is The answer is
formulated formulated
written in written in
Quality of has a little has no style,
extraordinary interesting
Writing style, gives no new
style, very style,
some new information is
informative somewhat
information given and is
and well- informative
and is poorly poorly
organized and organized
organized organized

Almost all the

A number of
No spelling, Few spelling spelling,
spelling,
punctuation and punctuation
Grammar, punctuation
or punctuation and
Usage and or
grammatical errors, minor grammatical
Mechanics grammatical
errors could grammatical errors
errors could
be observed errors interferes with
be observed
the concepts.

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B. Make a 3D model of the cell cycle that will showcase the different phases. You
can use recyclable or indigenous materials that are present only in your home or
community. Do it yourself creatively!

Rubric for 3D Model Making

Needs
Excellent Good Fair
Criteria Improvement
(10) (9) (8)
(7)
Demonstrate Demonstrate
Demonstrate Demonstrate
advanced full
some little to no
Concept understanding understanding
understanding on understanding on
presentation on the concept on the concept
the concept about the concept about
about cell about cell
cell modification. cell modification
modification modification
Does not performs
Performs skills, Performs skills, Performs skills,
skills, and/or
and/or express and/or express and/or express
Art Skills express creativity
creativity at a creativity at a creativity at a
at an appropriate
high level. proficient level basic level
level
Present single Present single side
Present sides of
Present sides side of cell of cell
cell modification
Work Quality of cell neatly modification modification with
neatly and with
and with care. neatly and with little neatness or
care.
care. care.

TOTAL

Teacher’s
signature

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 14
What I Can Do
Interphase
G1, S, G2
DNA
Mitosis
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
cytoplasm
daughter
inspection points
mutation
Assessment checkpoints
1. D
2. A What I Can Do
3. D
4. D Students’ answer may What I Have Learned
5. C vary.
6. B 1. G1
7. A 2. DNA Replication
8. A 3. G2
9. B 4. Mitosis
10. A 5. Interphase
11. D
12. B What’s More
13. D
14. B 1. DNA replication What I Know
15. A 2. Protein Synthesis 1. B
3. Cytoplasmic 2. B
Division 3. B
4. Nuclear division 4. B
What's In 5. A
5. Cell cycle
Checkpoint 6. B
Interphase 7. A
Cell division 8. C
Cytokinesis 9. A
Replication What’s New 10. D
Synthesis 11. C
DNA 1. G1 12. C
Protein 2. Mitosis 13. B
Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis 14. D
Cell growth 4. Cytokinesis 15. D
Cytoplasm 5. Mitosis
Answer Key
References
https://sciencing.com/cell-cycle-20206.html

https://opentextbc.ca/anatomyandphysiology/chapter/3-5-cell-growth-and-
division/
Science and Technology Biology Textbook, pages 19-22.

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 Disclaimer
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) was developed by the DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN with
the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal. Contents of
this module were based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC).
This is a supplementary material used by all learners of region XII in all public
schools beginning 2020-2021. This process of LR development was observed in the
production of this module. This version 1.0 highly encourage feedback, comments
and recommendations.

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN Learning Resource

Management System (LRMS)

Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax No. (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893

Email Address: region12@deped.gov.ph