Animal

Reproduction
Sexual & Asexual
 Sexual Reproduction in Animals
 Involves gametes
 FERTILIZATION
 Zygote
 The zygote undergoes continuous divisions (cleavage)
to create a multicellular life form called the embryo
 Advantages: Sexual Reproduction
Diverse offspring: Half of the
DNA comes from mom
Half of the DNA comes from dad
Due to genetic variation,
individuals within a population
have slight differences
Plants – resist diseases
Traits can develop to resist
harsh environments that
allows an organism survive
 Advantages: Sexual Reproduction

• Selective Breeding
–Used to develop
many types of plants
and animals that have
desirable traits
–Agriculture/Farming:
 Disadvantages: Sexual Reproduction
• Time and Energy
– Organisms have to grow and develop until
they are old enough to produce sex cells
– Search and find a mate
– Searching can expose individuals to
predators, diseases, or harsh environmental
conditions
– Fertilization cannot take place during
pregnancy, which can last as long as 2 years
for some mammals.
 Advantages: Asexual
Reproduction
• Enables organisms to
reproduce without a mate
–No wasted time and
energy
• Enables some organisms
to rapidly reproduce a
large number of uniform
offspring
 Disadvantages: Asexual
Reproduction
 Because their offspring are identical,
there is no genetic variation that can
give an organism a better chance for
survival
 Example: If a weed killer can kill the parent,
it will also kill the offspring
 A whole species can be wiped out from a
disease
.
 Asexual Reproduction
• Budding – small part
of parent’s body
grows into new
organism

http://www.microscope-microscope.org/gallery/Mark-
Simmons/images/hydra2.jpg

Genetically
identical
clones
http://johnson.emcs.net/life/images/anemone.bmp
 Asexual Reproduction
• Regeneration –
parent separates into
two or more pieces &
each piece forms
new organism
– In some instances
just a new part grows
– Sponges, sea stars,
jellyfish, planaria
– Also be clones

http://www.starfish.ch/reef/echinoderms.html
 Asexual Reproduction
• Parthenogenesis
– growth &
development of
embryo without
fertilization by
male
• Population all
female http://www.nova.edu/ocean/ghri/bbc_virginshark.html

Many insects; lizards, salamanders, fish, turkeys

 Sexual Reproduction – gametes from
opposite sexes unite
http://civilliberty.about.com/od/historyprofiles/ss/news080406_2.htm

• Species with sexual

reproduction are said to
be dioecous – separate
sexes
• Often exhibit distinct
sexual dimorphism –
males and females look
different
• Sperm (male gamete)
formed by meiosis in
testes
• Eggs (female gamete)
formed by meiosis in the
ovary
 Mating
• Mating – male &
female join together
to ensure fertilization;
not essential to
sexual reproduction

http://www.snakesandfrogs.com/scra/lizards/greenanole.htm

http://www.torreypine.org/animals/reptiles.html
http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/agrawal/photos/milkweed
%20fauna/pages/Tetraopes%20tetrophthalmus%20m
ating.html
http://www.hickerphoto.com/elephants-mating-205-pictures.htm
 External Fertilization
• Males & females release
sperm & eggs into the
environment – sperm &
egg join outside the body
– Males & females may
come into close proximity
– Eggs & larvae develop
outside the body
– Many gametes produced;
many zygotes formed http://www.biol.andrews.edu/everglades/organisms/Invertebr
ates/marine_inverts/Arthropoda/Atlantic%20Horseshoe%20
Crab/atlantic_horsehoe_index.htm
– Usually aquatic
 External Fertilization – e.g. Salmon

http://escoberphoto.co
m/travel/katmai.html

http://www.biology-blog.com/blogs/archives/Biology-blog/520525028-Feb-14-2008.html
http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/dfwstksl.htm
 Internal fertilization
• Joining of sperm & egg inside the body after
mating
– Ensures selection of mate (not random);
promotes diversity
– Parents protect and care for young
– Does not require water; can occur on land
– Less sex cells produced; increases probability of
successful reproduction
– Common in birds, reptiles & mammals
 Internal fertilization;
external development
• After fertilization,
larvae (embryo) are
released &
development occurs
outside female body
• Example: Barnacles http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-
uk.org.uk/mag/artjan99/barnac.html

http://getfile.ucoz.com/load/9-1-0-578
 Internal fertilization & development
• Females put large
amounts of energy
into development
of embryo – very
few in litter or http://crd.dnr.state.ga.us/content/displaycontent.asp?t

clutch – different
xtDocument=542

schemes
• Eggs in “shell” are
laid and either
http://www.fws.gov/archiecarr/photos/index.html

abandoned or
nurtured in nest http://www.nps.gov/pais/naturescience/reptiles.htm
Various levels of parental care

http://animals.nationa
lgeographic.com/ani
mals/photos/baby-
animals/american-
crocodile-
baby_image.html http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/potm-mar99.html
Internal fertilization & internal development
of eggs; followed by live birth

http://earth-
advocates.org/index.php?option=com_content&t
ask=blogcategory&id=22&Itemid=46

http://www.pacfish.org/sharkcon/documents/gruber.html
 Internal fertilization, internal development of
embryo to fetus, live birth

http://www.seahorse-australia.com.au/pages/seahr_biology.html

In seahorses, eggs are

deposited in the male
where they are fertilized and
http://www.abc.net.au/science/scribblygum/march2006/
develop. Babies
born live.
 In most species, it is the female who carries the
developing fetus to birth…

http://humangenetics.suite101.com/article.cfm/three_parent_embryo_mtdna

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080410184336.htm

http://www.scienceclarified.com/El-Ex/Embryo-and-Embryonic-Development.html
 Hermaphrodites
• Organisms that change sex in order to
reproduce

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Inv
ertebrates/Molluscs/Gastropods/Marine-
Snails/Crepidulidae/Atlantic-Slipper/Atlantic-Slipper-
1.html

Crepidula fornicata – a snail

http://www.opalesurfcasting.net/la_faune_aquatique/la_crepidule_-_crepidula_fornicata_article1202.html?var_recherche=+bar