Animal

Reproduction
Sexual & Asexual
• Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur in
the animal kingdom
• Asexual reproduction is the creation of new
individuals
– Whose genes all come from one parent
• Sexual reproduction is the creation of offspring
– By the fusion of male and female gametes to form a
zygote
• The female gamete is the egg
• The male gamete is the sperm
 Asexual Reproduction
• Budding – small part
of parent’s body
grows into new
organism

http://www.microscope-microscope.org/gallery/Mark-Sim
mons/images/hydra2.jpg

Genetically
identical
clones
http://johnson.emcs.net/life/images/anemone.bmp
 Asexual Reproduction
• Regeneration –
parent separates into
two or more pieces &
each piece forms
new organism
– In some instances
just a new part grows
– Sponges, sea stars,
jellyfish, planaria
– Also be clones

http://www.starfish.ch/reef/echinoderms.html
• Many invertebrates reproduce asexually by
fission
– The separation of a parent into two or more
individuals of approximately the same size
 Asexual Reproduction
• Parthenogenesis
– growth &
development of
embryo without
fertilization by
male
• Population all
female
http://www.nova.edu/ocean/ghri/bbc_virginshark.html

Many insects; lizards, salamanders, fish, turkeys

• Among vertebrates, several genera of fishes,
amphibians, and lizards, including whiptail lizards
– Reproduce exclusively by a complex form of
parthenogenesis

(a) Both lizards in this photograph are C. uniparens

females. The one on top is playing the role of
a male. Every two or three weeks during the
breeding season, individuals switch sex roles.
Ovary
size

Ovulation Ovulation
Progesterone
Estrogen
Hormones

Time (b) The sexual behavior of C. uniparens is correlated

with the cycle of ovulation mediated by sex hormones.
As blood levels of estrogen rise, the ovaries grow,
Behavior

and the lizard behaves like a female. After ovulation,

the estrogen level drops abruptly, and the
Female- Male- Female- Male-
progesterone level rises; these hormone levels
like like like like
correlate with male behavior.
 Sexual Reproduction – gametes from
opposite sexes unite
http://civilliberty.about.com/od/historyprofiles/ss/news080406_2.htm
• Species with sexual
reproduction are said to
be dioecous – separate
sexes
• Often exhibit distinct
sexual dimorphism –
males and females look
different
• Sperm (male gamete)
formed by meiosis in
testes
• Eggs (female gamete)
formed by meiosis in the
ovary
 Mating
• Mating – male & female
join together to ensure
fertilization; not
essential to sexual
reproduction

http://www.snakesandfrogs.com/scra/lizards/greenanole.htm

http://www.torreypine.org/animals/reptiles.html
http://www.eeb.cornell.edu/agrawal/photos/milkweed
%20fauna/pages/Tetraopes%20tetrophthalmus%20m
ating.html

http://www.hickerphoto.com/elephants-mating-205-pictures.htm
Fertilization can occur externally or internally
Aquatic animals tend to be external
Terrestrial animals tend to be internal
Development can be external in the water, external on land,
or internal.
Oviparous: lay eggs, Amniotic eggs are terrestrial eggs
Ovoviparous: live birth from eggs (some sharks and
snakes)
Viviparous: live placental birth
 External Fertilization
• Males & females release
sperm & eggs into the
environment – sperm &
egg join outside the body
– Males & females may
come into close proximity
– Eggs & larvae develop
outside the body
– Many gametes produced;
many zygotes formed http://www.biol.andrews.edu/everglades/organisms/Invertebr
ates/marine_inverts/Arthropoda/Atlantic%20Horseshoe%20
Crab/atlantic_horsehoe_index.htm

– Usually aquatic
 External Fertilization – e.g. Salmon

http://escoberphoto.co
m/travel/katmai.html

http://www.biology-blog.com/blogs/archives/Biology-blog/520525028-Feb-14-2008.html
http://www.mass.gov/dfwele/dfw/dfwstksl.htm
 Internal fertilization
• Joining of sperm & egg inside the body after
mating
– Ensures selection of mate (not random);
promotes diversity
– Parents protect and care for young
– Does not require water; can occur on land
– Less sex cells produced; increases probability of
successful reproduction
– Common in birds, reptiles & mammals
 Internal fertilization;
external development
• After fertilization, larvae
(embryo) are released
& development occurs
outside female body
• Example: Barnacles

http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http
://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjan99/barnac.html

http://getfile.ucoz.com/load/9-1-0-578
 Internal fertilization & development

• Females put large

amounts of energy
into development of
embryo – very few in
litter or clutch – http://crd.dnr.state.ga.us/content/displaycontent.asp?t
xtDocument=542

different schemes
• Eggs in “shell” are
laid and either
abandoned or http://www.fws.gov/archiecarr/photos/index.html

nurtured in nest

http://www.nps.gov/pais/naturescience/reptiles.htm
• Many different types of animals
– Exhibit parental care to ensure survival of
offspring
Various levels of parental care

http://
animals.nationalgeog
raphic.com/animals/
photos/baby-
animals/american-
crocodile- http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/cnhc/potm-mar99.html
baby_image.html
Internal fertilization & internal development
of eggs; followed by live birth

http://earth-advocates.org/index.php?
option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=22
&Itemid=46

http://www.pacfish.org/sharkcon/documents/gruber.html
 Internal fertilization, internal development of
embryo to fetus, live birth

http://www.seahorse-australia.com.au/pages/seahr_biology.html

In seahorses, eggs are deposited in the male

where they are fertilized and develop. Babies
born live.
http://www.abc.net.au/science/scribblygum/march2006/
 In most species, it is the female who carries the
developing fetus to birth…

http://humangenetics.suite101.com/article.cfm/three_parent_embryo_mtdna

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/04/080410184336.htm

http://www.scienceclarified.com/El-Ex/Embryo-and-Embryonic-Development.html
 Hermaphrodites
• Organisms that change sex in order to
reproduce

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/
Invertebrates/Molluscs/Gastropods/Marine-Snails/
Crepidulidae/Atlantic-Slipper/Atlantic-Slipper-1.html

Crepidula fornicata – a snail

http://www.opalesurfcasting.net/la_faune_aquatique/la_crepidule_-_crepidula_fornicata_article1202.html?var_recherche=+bar