Mobile Communications Lecture 5

4.6 Ground Reflection (Two-Ray) Model

Ground

The total electric field at the receiver ETOT is given as

ETOT  E LOS  E r
4 E 0d 0 ht hr
ETOT  ……….(1)
d 2
Derivation of the received power at the receiver can be
obtained as follows.
The power flux density at d 0 is given by
2
PG E
Pd (d 0 )  t t2  0
4 d 0 
4 E 02d 02  PG
t t ……....(2)
2
ETOT 2
ETOT Gr 2
Pr (d )  Pd Aer  A  ...……(3)
 er  4

1
Substitute (1) in (3),

 4 E 0d 0 ht hr 
2

  G  2 (4 ) 2 E 2d 2 h 2 h 2 G  2
Pr (d )    d2  r  0 0 t r r
 4 d
2 4
4
4 E 02d 02 ht2 hr2G r
Pr (d )  … ….……..(4)
d 4
Substituting (2) in (4) gives

t t ht hr G r
2 2
PG
Pr (d ) 
d 4
2 2
PG G h h
Pr (d )  t t r4 t r
d
Pt Pt
PL (dB)  10 Log  10 Log 2 2
Pr (d ) PG
t t G r ht hr
d4
The power path loss is expressed as
d4
PL (dB)  10 Log
G tG r ht2 hr2
=40Log d  10Log G t  10Log G r  20Log ht  20Log hr
Example 3.6
A mobile is located 5 km away from a base station and uses a

vertical monopole antenna with a gain of 2.55 dB to
4
receive cellular radio signals. The E-field at 1 km from the

2
transmitter is measured to be 103 V/m. The carrier frequency
used for this system is 900 MHz.
(a) Find the length and the gain of the receiving antenna.
(b) Find the received power at the mobile using the 2-ray
ground reflection model assuming the height of the
transmitting antenna is 50 m and the receiving antenna
is 1.5 m above ground.
Answer:
d = 5 km
E 0 = 1 V/m
d 0 = 1 km
f c = 900 MHz

c 3 108 1
(a)     m = 33.333 cm .
f 900  10 3
6

 33.33
The length of receive antenna =   8.333 cm .
4 4
G r (dB)  2.55 dB = 10 LogG r
2.55
LogG r   0.255  G r  100.255  1.8
10
4 E 0d 0 ht hr 4 103 1000  50  1.5
(b) ETOT  
d 2
0.333  50002
ETOT  113.1 V/m

3
 2
ETOT 2
ETOT G r  2 (113.1106 ) 2 1.8  0.3332
Pr (d )  Aer  
  4 120 4
Pr (5000)  5.4 1013 W  122.68 dBW .

4.7 Diffraction
Diffraction occurs when the radio path between the
transmitter and receiver is obstructed by a surface that has
sharp irregularities (edges).
Knife-edge diffraction geometry:

Diffracted path
α
h
β γ

Direct path
No LOS

Transmitter d1 d2 Receiver
TX RX

The excess path length  is defined as the length difference

between the diffracted and direct paths. It can be obtained as
follows.
  1   2
1  d 12  h 2  d 1 ,  2  d 22  h 2  d 2