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Fanno Flow (Adiabatic Flow in a Constant Area Duct with Friction)

Chapter · May 2019

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 Chapter seven

Fanno Flow (Adiabatic Flow in a Constant Area Duct with Friction)

For incompressible flow in pipes or duct, the effect of friction is mainly reduced the
pressure because of friction (viscosity), shear stress.
For compressible flow the same effect is exist. The pressure is changed and then all the
properties are changed (T, ρ, μ, v, M).
Consider one-dimensional adiabatic flow of compressible fluid in a constant area duct with
friction. Friction between the fluid and the duct walls cases infinitesimal changes in the
flow properties.
(a) continuity equation
o
m  vA     d   A (v dv)
vA  vA   Adv  vAd   Ad dv  vA
dv d  dv 2 d 
          (1)
v  2v 

(b) Momentum equation

o o
pA  (p dp) A  w dAw  m (v dv)  m v
o
Adp  w dAw  m dv  vAdv      (2)
w  shear stress
dAw wetted wall area
w
f                 (3)
v 2 / 2
f  friction factor which is defined as the ratio of wallshear stress to dynamic pressure
4A cross sec tional area
D     (4)
dAw / dx wetted perimeter
equatios 2,3and 4
f v 2
4 dx  dp  vdv        (5)
D 2
(c) the first low of thermodynamics
v2 (v  dv ) 2 v2 dv 2
cp T   c p (T  dT )   c p T  c p dT   vdv 
2 2 2 2
k v
c p dT  vdv  0 ;c p  R; M  ; v 2  M 2 kRT
k 1 kRT
v 2dv 2 dT k  1 2 d (v 2 )
c p dT    M  0            (6)
2v 2 T 2 v2
(d) equation of stste
p   RT
dp   RdT  RTd    RT
dp dT d 
             (7)
p T 
(e) The second law of thermodynamics

ds  0 for adiabatic and friction flow        (8)

Variation of flow properties with friction
(a) velocity
v
M   v 2  M 2 kRT
c
d (v )  M 2 kRdT  kRTd (M 2 )  M 2 kRT
2

d (v 2 ) dT d (M 2 )
             (9)
v2 T M2
p c2
Dividing equation (5) by P and noting that  RT 
 k
dp kv 2 4f kv 2 d (v 2 )
 2 dx  2
p 2c D 2c v2
2
dp kM 4f kM 2 d (v 2 )
 dx           (10)
p 2 D 2 v2
d d (v 2 )
from equation (1)  
 2v
dT k  1 2 d (v 2 )
from equation (6)   M
T 2 v2
Substitute in equation  7 
dp d (v 2 )
  1  (k  1) M 2           (11)
p 2 v2
then equation (10) become
d (v 2 ) kM 2 dx
 4f              (12)
v 2
1 M 2
D
(b) pressure
combining equations (11) and (12)
dp kM 2 1  (k  1) M 2  dx
 4f      (13)
p 2(1  M )2
D
(c) Temperature :
from equations (6) and (12)
dT k (k  1) M 4 dx
 4 f          (14)
T 2(1  M 2 ) D
(d) Mach number
equations (9), (12) and14
d (M ) 2 2M 1  0.5(k  1) M 
2 2
dx
 4f    (15)
M 2
1 M 2
D
(e) Density :
substitute equations (13) and (14) in equation (7)
d kM 2 dx
 4f            (16)
 2(1  M )
2
D
(f)Stagnation pressure :
k  1 2 kk1
p 0  p (1  M )
2
in differential form
dp 0 dp kM 2 / 2 dM 2
  equations (13) and (15)
p0 p 1  0.5(k  1) M 2 M 2
dp 0 kM 2 dx
 4f               (17)
p0 2 D
(g) Impuls function :
I  pA(1  kM 2 ) in differential form
dI dp kM 2 dM 2
  equations 13 and 15
I p 1  kM 2 M 2
dI kM 2 dx
 4f          (18)
I 2(1  kM 2 ) D
(h) Entropy :
dp k
Tds  dh  ; p   RT ; c p  R
 k 1
ds dT k  1 dp
  from equations (13) and (14)
cp T R p
ds (k  1) M 2 dx
 4f              (19)
cp 2 D
To define the max imum po int for the Fanno line
v2
h0  h   by differentiation
2
0  dh  vdv  dh  vdv            (1)
o
m
  A  mass flux  by differentiation
A
v
0  dv  vd  

d
vdv  v 2 from equation (1)

d
dh  v 2            (2)

dp
Tds  dh   dh

Tds 1 dp dp
 1 0  dh from equation (2)
dh max dh  
dp d dp
v 2  v 2
  d
v 2  c 2  M  1
If we solve all the equations as a function of Mach number we get:

dx 1 M 2
4f  d (M)2
D  k 1 2 
kM 4 1  M 
 2 
 M 1
1 M 2
L max
f
4
D  dx   k 1 2
d (M 2 )
0 M 2
kM 4 (1  M )
2
T*
1 M 2
L max
f
4
D  dx   k  1
d (M 2 )
0 T kM 4 (1  M2 )
2
p*
1 M 2
L max
f
0 dx  p 4 k  1 2 d (M )
2
4
D kM (1  M )
2
T p p v  F L
  ,  , 0* ,  ,  ,  , 4f max
T p p0 v  F D

Problem (1) Air flow adiabatically in a constant area duct. At the inlet of the duct, the
Mach number, pressure and temperature are 0.6, 150 kPa and 300 k respectively. Assuming
the duct length of 0.45 m, a duct diameter of 0.03 m and friction factor of 0.003. Determine
the Mach number, temperature and pressure at the duct outlet. Also calculate the mass
flowrate.
 Enter Fanno tablewith M  0.6
Ti pi
 1.1194;  1.7634
T p
L
4f i max  0.49081
D
L L L
4f  4f i max  4f e max
D D D
L 0.45
4f e max  0.49081  4  0.005   0.19081
D 0.03
L
Enter Fanno table with 4f e max  0.19081
D
T p
M e  0.71; e  1.09; e  1.471
T p
pe / p  1.471
pe  
 pi   150  125.2kPa
pi / p 1.7634
Te /T  1.09
Te  
T i   300  292.2k
T i /T 1.1194

Fi  p i A i (1  kM i2 )  150  (0.03) 2  103  (1  1.4  (0.6) 2 )  159.4 N
4

Fe  pe Ae (1  kMe2 )  125.2  (0.03) 2 103  (1  1.4  (0.71) 2 )  150.9 N
4
 force exerted by fluid on the wall
F  Fe  Fi  150.9  159.4  8.5N

Problem (2) Air flow adiabatically in a constant-area duct. At the inlet of the duct, the
velocity, pressure and temperature are 500m/s, 200 kPa and 300 k. respectively. Assuming
the duct length of 0.1m, a duct diameter of 0.02m and friction factor of 0.002, determine
the Mach number, temperature and pressure at the duct outlet. Also calculate the mass
flowrate.

vi 500
Mi    1.44
kRT i 1.4  287  300
Enter Fanno tablewith M i  1.44 by int erpolation
_
Ti pi Li max

 0.84823; 
 0.369736; 4 f  0.114204
T p D
 Le max  L  L 0.1
4f  4 f i max  4 f  0.114204  4  0.002   0.074204
D D D 0.02
 L
enter Fanno table with 4 f e max  0.074204 by interpolation
D
0.074204  0.06483 M e  1.30
  M e  1.33
0.08199  0.074204 1.35  M e
Te pe
 0.88734;  0.710
T p
pe / p  0.710
pe  
 pi   200  221.9kPa
pi / p 0.6397
Te /T  0.88734
Te  
T i   300  313.8k
T i /T 0.84883
o pi 
m v i  (0.02) 2  0.3648
RT i 4
Problem (3): Air flow adiabatically in a constant area duct. At the inlet of the duct, the
pressure, temperature and velocity are 100 kPa, 50 C0 and 200 m/s, respectively. At the
exit of the duct the temperature is 20 C0. Determine the Mach number and the pressure at
the exit section and the stagnation temperature midway between the exit and inlet.

200
Mi   0.555
1.4  287  323
Enter isentropic tablewith M i  0.555
Ti Ti  L


 1.1315; 
 1.9341:4 f i max

T T D

323 100
T  285.46k ; p   51.7kPa
1.1315 1.9341
T 293
Enter Fanno tablewith e   1.0264
T 285.46
 L p
M e  0.93; 4 f e max  0.00777; e  1.0884
D p
pe  1.0884  51.7  65.27 kPa
  L  L  L
4f  4 f i max  4 f e max  0.72805  0.00777  0.7202
D D D
0.7202
midway   0.36014
2
 L
enter Fanno table with 4 f e 2max  0.36014
D
T
M 1/2  0.637; e 1/2  1.1096  T e 1/2  1.1096  285.46  316.7k
T
enter isentropic with M 1/2  0.637
T e 1/2 316.7
 0.9251  T 01/2   342.3k
T 01/2 0.9251
Problem (4): Air is flowing through an insulated constant area duct. At the inlet of the
duct, the velocity, pressure, and temperature are 180 m/s, 500 kpa and 300 k, respectively.
Determine the temperature and the stagnation pressure at the exit section where the density
is 3.5 kg/ m3. Also calculate the entropy increase.

o
m p 500 103 kg
 i v i  180  1.045 103 2
Ai RT i 287  300 m s
o o o
m m m 1.045 103
  ev e  v e    298m / s
A i Ae Ae e 3.5
vi 180
Mi    0.518
kRT i 1.4  287  300
enter Fanno tablewith M i  0.518
Ti p v

 1.13879; i  2.0647; i  0.5527
T p v
300 500 180
T  263.4k ; p    242.16kPa; v    325.67m / s
1.13879 2.0647 0.5527

ve 298
enter Fanno tablewith 
  0.91502
v 325.67
Te p

 1.03253; e  1.1284; M e  0.9
T p
T e  1.03253  263.4  272k
pe  1.1284  242.16  273.25kPa
enter isentropic table with M e  0.9
pe 273.25
 0.59126  p 0e   460kPa
p 0e 0.59126
Te 272
 0.86058  T 0e   316.06k
T 0e 0.86058
Te p 272 273.25
s  c p ln  R ln e  1005ln  287 ln  75.4kJ / kgk
Ti pi 300 500
Problem (5) Air flow adiabatically through a pipe of a cross section area of 0.002m2. At
the inlet to pipe the pressure and temperature are 100 kPa and 50 Co, respectively. At the
exit to the pipe the temperature and velocity are 100 Co and 600 m/s respectively.
Determine the Mach number and velocity at the inlet section, and also find the mass
flowrate.

ve 600
Me    1.319
kRT 1.4  287  373
enter Fanno tablewith M e  1.319
Te 373

 0.81088  T    460k
T 0.81088
T i 323
enter Fanno tablewith   0.70217
T * 460
M i  1.88  v i  M i kRT i  1.88 1.4  287  323  677.27m / s
o pi 100 103
m  i v i A i  v i  A i   677.27  0.002  1.46kg / s
RT i 287  323
Problem (6): Airstream flows steadily and adiabatically in a duct with cross sectional area
of 0.1m2. At the inlet of the duct the pressure, temperature and mass flux are 100kPa, 300k
and 150 kg/m2s, respectively. The back pressure to which the duct exhaust is so low that
the flow is chocked at the exit, calculate:
(a) The Mach number at the inlet.
(b) The Mach number, temperature and pressure at the exit of the tube.
(c) The total force in the axial direction which must be exerted in order to hold the duct
stationary.
 o
m o
 150  m  150  0.1  15kg / s
A
o
o m RT i 15  287  300
m  i v i A i  v i    129.15m / s
pi A 100 103  0.1
129.15
Mi   0.372
1.4  287  300
enter Fanno table with M i  0.372
Ti 300

 1.1651;  T    257.4k  T e
T 1.1651
pi  100
 2.8068;  p   35.6kPa  pe
p 2.8068
v e  v   M kRT   1 1.4  287  257.4  321.6m / s
o
p i A i  pe Ae  F  m (ve  vi )
F  100 103  0.1  35.6  103  0.1  15(321.6  129.13)  3.5619 kN
Problem (7): Air enters an adiabatic friction constant area duct with Mach number of 2.5
and leaves with Mach number of 1.5. If the diameter is 5 cm, find the pipe length, what is
the pipe length if the air leaves the duct at Mach number 1.0, take friction factor = 0.005
Enter Fanno table with M i  2.5
Li max
4f  0.43197
D
Enter Fanno table with M e  1.5
Le max
4f  0.13605
D
L L L
4f i max  4f e max  4f
D D D
L
4f  0.43197  0.13605  0.29592
D
5 102
L  0.29592   0.7398m
4  0.005
L 5 102
4f i max  0.43197  Li max   0.43197  1.08m
D 4  0.005

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