Wireless Communication-----Problems and solutions

2012

Chapter 4
4.1, If Pt=10W, Gt=0dB, Gr=0dB, and f=900MHz, find Pr in Watts at a free space distance of 1km.
Solution

Pt Gt Gr 2 (1 / 3) 2 (10)(1)(1)
Pr = 2 2
= 2 2
= 7.036 9 W
( ) d
4 ( ) (
4 1000 )

4.2, Assume a receiver is located 10 km from a 50W transmitter. The carrier frequency is 6GHz and free
space propagation is assumed, Gt=1, Gr=1.
(a) Find the power at the receiver.
(b) Find the magnitude of the E-field at the receiver antenna.
(c) Find the rms voltage applied to the receiver input, assuming that the receiver antenna has a purely
real impedance of 50 and is matched to the receiver.
Solution

Pt Gt Gr 2 (50)(10)(1)(1 / 20) 2
(a) Pr = = = 7.9112 W = 81dBm
(4 ) 2 d 2 (4 ) 2 (10 4 ) 2
(b)

E2 E
2
G 2
Pr = Pd Ae = Ae = r
120 120 4
G2 (120 )(4 )
Ae = , E = Pr 2
= 3.9 10 3 V / m
4 Gr

(c) Pr =
[Vant / 2]
2

, Vant = 7.9 10 12 50 4 = 4 10 5 V , rms, open circuit.

50

Vant
Vreceiver = = 2 10 5 V , rms
2

4.8(a) Explain the advantages and disadvantages of the two-ray ground reflection model in the analysis of
path loss.
(b) In the following cases, tell whether the two-ray model could be applied, and explain why or why not:
ht=35m, hr=3m, d=250m
ht=30m, hr=1.5m, d=450m
(c) What insight does the two-ray model provide about large-scale path loss that was disregarded when
cellular systems used very large cells?
Solution
(a) The advantages of the two-ray ground reflection model in the analysis of path loss is that it considers both
the direct path and the ground reflected path propagation between transmitter and receiver. The disadvantage is
that this model is oversimplified in that it does not include important factors such as terrain profile, vegetation and
buildings.

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 (b)Generally, when d>10(ht+hr), we can say that d>>(ht+hr), and thus may apply two-ray model. For ht=35m,
hr=3m, d=250m, d<10(ht+hr)=380m,
Hence, the two-ray model could not be applied.
For ht=30m, hr=1.5m, d=450m, d>10(ht+hr)=315m
Hence, the two-ray model could not be applied.
(c) Using the two-ray model, we can see that at large distances, the received power falls off with distance
raised to the fourth power or at a rate of 40dB/decade, and the received power and path loss are independent of
frequency.

4.9, Prove that in the two-ray ground reflected model, =d-d2hthr/d. Show when this holds as a good
approximation.
Solution
1 1
h + hr 2 2 h hr 2 2
= d " d ' = (ht + hr ) 2
+d2 (ht hr ) 2
+ d 2 = d 1 + ( t ) d 1 + ( t )
d d
2 2
h + hr h + hr
For d >> ht + hr , t << 1 , t << 1 .
d d
Using Taylor series approximation, we have

1 h + hr 2 1 h hr 2 d ht + hr 2 h hr 2 d 4ht hr 2ht hr
d 1 + ( t ) d 1 + ( t ) = ( ) ( t ) = 2 =
2 d 2 d 2 d d 2 d d

4.14, Assuning a receiver is located 10km from a 10W transmitter. The carrier frequency is 1900MHz, free
space is assumed, Gt=1, Gr=2, find: (a) the power at the receiver; (b) the magnitude of the E-field at the receiver
antenna; (c) the open circuit rms voltage applied to the receiver input assuming that the receiver antenna has a
purely real impedance of 50 and matched to the receiver; (d) find the received power at the mobile using the
Two-ray ground reflection model assuming the height of the transmitting antenna is 50m, receiving antenna is
1.5m above the ground, and the ground reflection is -1.
Solution
(a)
c 3 10 8
= = = 0.1579m
f 1900 10 6
PtGtGr2 50 1 2 0.1579 2
Pr(d ) = 10 lg( 2
) = 10 lg 4 2
= 10 lg(1.58 10 10 ) = 98dBW = 68dBm
(4d ) (4 10 )
(b)
2
2 E Pr(d )120
Ae = Gr , Pr(d ) = Ae , E = = 3.67 mV / m
4 120 Gr2 / 4

(c) V = Pr(d ) 4 Rant = 1.58 1010 4 50 = 0.178mV

(d)
In order to use the two-ray model approximation, the following condition must be held
20hthr
d> = 9500m

2
Since d=10000m, we can use the following equations for the two-ray ground reflection model,

ht2 hr2 50 2 1.5 2

Pr(W ) = PtGtGr 4
= 50 1 2 2
= 5.625 10 11W
d 10000
Pr(dBm) = 72.5dBm

4.16, For the knife-edge geometry in the Figure P4.16, show that

2 2 h 2 d 1 + d 2
(a) = = and
2 d d
1 2

2d 1 d 2 v 2
(b) v = , where = , d 1 , d 2 >> h , h >> , and
(d 1 + d 2 ) 2

= p1 + p 2 ( d 1 + d 2 ) .
Solution
2 2
2 2 h h
(a) P1 = d + h = d1
1 1 + , P2 = d 22 + h 2 = d 2 1 +
d1 d2
Since d1, d2>>h>>, h/d1, h/d2<<1, using Taylor series approximation, we have
1 h 2 1 h2 1 h 2 1 h2
P1 d 1 1 + = d 1 + , P2 d 2 1 + = d 2 +
2 d 1 2 d1 2 d 2 2 d2

1 h2 1 h2 h 2 d1 + d 2
Therefore, = P1 + P2 ( d 1 + d 2 ) d 1 + + d2 + (d 1 + d 2 ) =
2 d1 2 d2 2 d 1 d 2

2 2 h 2 d 1 + d 2
And, = = .
2 d 1 d 2
(b) From the definition of ,

2 2
=, =
2
.
2 h2 d1 + d 2 2 2 d1 + d 2
= = h
2 d1 d 2 d1d 2

h h
Since, tan = << 1 , tan = << 1 ,
d1 d2

h h
we have, tan = , tan =
d1 d2
4.17 A general design rule for microwave links is 55% clearance of the first Fresnel zone. For a 1km link at
2.5GHz, what is the maximum first Fresnel zone radius? What clearance is required for this system?
Solution

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 c 30 10 8
= = = 0.12m
f 2.5 10 9
For the first Fresnel zone, n=1. The maximum first Fresnel zone radius occurs for d1=d2=500m. Using
equation (4.56), the Fresnel zone radius is found to be

nd1 d 2 1 0.12 500 500

rn = = = 5.48m
d1 + d 2 500 + 500
Thus 55% first Fresnel zone clearance would require at least 5.4855%=3.01m above the obstruction to the
LOS path as shown in the figure below.

Chapter 5
5.1, Determining the maximum and the minimum spectral frequencies received from a stationary GSM
transmitter that has a center frequency of exactly 1950.000000MHz, assuming that the receiver is traveling at
speed of : (a) 1km/hr; (b) 5km/hr; (c) 100km/hr; and (d) 1000km/hr.
Solution

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 c 3 10 8 m / s
c = f , = = = 0.154m
f 1.95 10 9 Hz
v v
f d = cos , f d max =

v = 1km / hr , f d = 1.8 Hz
v = 5km / hr , f d = 9.03 Hz
v = 100km / hr , f d = 180.5 Hz
v = 1000km / hr , f d = 1805 Hz

at 1km/hr, spectral edges are 1949.999998MHz and 1950.0000018MHz

at 5km/hr, spectral edges are 1949.99999097MHz and 1950.00000903MHz
at 100km/hr, spectral edges are 1949.999998MHz and 1950.0001805MHz
at 1000km/hr, spectral edges are 1949.998195MHz and 1950.001805MHz

5.7, If a baseband binary message with a bit rate Rb=100kbps is modulated by an RF carrier using BPSK,
answer the following:
(a) Find the range of values required for the rms delay spread of the channel such that the received
signal is a flat-fading signal.
(b) If the modulation carrier frequency is 5.8GHz, what is the coherence time of the channel, assuming a
vehicle speed of 30 miles/hr?
(c) For your answer in (b), is the channel fast or slow fading?
(d) Given your answer in (b), how many bits are sent while the channel appears static?
(e) A CDMA Rake receiver is able to exploit multipath when the channel is (circle all that apply)
a) flat; b) slow; c) fast; d) frequency selective
Solution
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(a) Ts=1/100kbps=10-5s. 0 10

1 Ts
If < Ts flat fading. Ts 10 ,
10 10
v
(b) f d = , c = f , = c / f = 3 10 8 /(5.8 10 9 ) 0.05m

30miles 13
v= = 13m / s , f d = = 260 Hz
hr 0.05
Coherence time definition [50%--90%]

1 9 1
Tc = 0.004S , Tc = = 0.00125S .
fm 16f m 5 f m
(c) Here we have, fd=260Hz, Ts10-5S, Tc10-3S.

Slow fading Ts << Tc , here , 10 5 << 10 3

10 5 b 3
(d) Pick your Tc, then, the bits sent = Rb Ts = 10 S 100
S

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 5.8, For the power delay profiles in the Fig. P5.6, estimate the 90% correlation and 50% correlation
coherence bandwidth.
Solution
For (a), the 90% correlation coherence bandwidth is: Bc0.91/(50)=1/(50*27ns)740kHz.
The 50% correlation coherence bandwidth is: Bc0.5=1/(5)=7.4MHz.
For (b), Bc0.9=1/(50)=1/(50*1.688s)11.85kHz.
Bc0.5=1/(5)=118.5kHz.

5.13, A vehicle receives a 900MHz transmission while traveling at a constant velocity for 10s. The average
fade duration for a signal level 10 dB below the rms level is 1 ms. How far does the vehicle travel during the 10s
interval? How many fades does the signal undergo at the rms threshold level during a 10s interval? Assume that
the local mean remains constant during travel.
Solution
For =-10dB0.316,
2 2 2
e 1 e 1 e 0.316 1
= fm = = 132.8( Hz )
f m 2 2 0.316 10 3 2
v c 1
fm = v = fm = fm = 132.8 44.3(m / s )
fc 3
d = vt = 44.3 10 = 443m
2
For = 1 , N R = 2 f m e 2 132.8 1 e 1 122.4(cros sin gs / s )
So, total number of fade the signal undergo at the rms threshold level during a 10 second interval=NRt=408.

Chapter 7
N
7.1, Use identical notation described in Section 7.3, except now let d k = w
n =0
nk y nk , and verify that the

MSE is identical for the multiple input linear filter shown in Fig.P7.1.
Solution
N
y nk , let Yk = [ y 0 k y Nk ] ,
T
In this case X k = W
n =0
nk y1k

Wk = [W0 k W Nk ] .
T
W01k

T T T T
We have: X k = Yk Wk = Wk Yk , and ek = d k X k = d k Yk Wk = d k Wk Yk

We can see that the expression for Xk and ek are the same as equation (7.11) and (7.12), thus the MSE are

identical. Using the same method described in section 7.3, we have the optimum might vector W for MMSE,

W = R 11 P

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 y 02k y 0 k y1k y 0 k y Nk

[
R = E Yk YkT ] = E y1k y 0 k y12k y1k y Nk
Where, y y 2
Nk 0 k y N y1k y Nk
P = E [d k Yk ] = E [d k y 0 k d k y Nk ]
T
and d k y1k

7.2, Consider the two-tap adaptive equalizer shown in Fig.P7.2.

(a) Find an expression for MSE in terms of w0, w1, and N.
(b) If N>2, find the minimum MSE.
(c) If w0=0, w1=-2, and N=4 samples/cycle, what is the MSE?
(d) For parameters in (c), what is the MRE if dk=2sin(2 k/N)?

7.3,For the equalizer in Fig.P7.2, what weight values will produce a rms value of k = 2 ? Assume N=5,

and express your answer in terms of w0 and w1.

Solution
1 2 2
MSE = 2 + W02 + 2 cos( )W0W1 + W12 + 2W sin =4
2 N N
1 2 2
2 + W02 + 2 cos( )W0W1 + W12 + 2W sin =4
2 5 5
0.5W02 + 0.5W12 + 0.309W0 W1 + 1.902W1 2 = 0

Any pair of W0 and W1 that can satisfy the above equation can have the rms value of k =2.

Chapter 9
9.1, The GSM TDMA system uses a 270.833kbps data rate to support 8 users per frame. (a) What is the raw
data rate provided for each user? (b) If guard time, ramp-up time, and synchronization bits occupy 10.1kbps,
determine the traffic efficiency for each user.
Solution

9.5, Assume that a nonlinear amplifier is used to broadcast FDMA transmissions for the US AMPS standard.
If control channel 352 and voice channel 360 are simultaneously transmitted by a BS, determine all cellular
channels on the forward link that might carry interference due to intermodulation.
Solution

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 9.12, In a omnidirectional CDMA cellular system, Eb/N0=20dB is required for each user. If 100 users, each
with a baseband data rate of 13kbps, are to be accommodated, determine the minimum channel bit rate of the
spread spectrum chip sequence. Ignore voice activity consideration.
Solution

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 Chapter 11
11.1, Of the following air interface standards, identify all that are digital, analog, TDMA, and CDMA: GSM,
AMPS, ETACS, IS-95, IS-136, DECT.
Solution

11.2, Which of the following is NOT true of GSM? Check all that apply.
(a) The uplink and downlink channels are separated by 45MHz.
(b) There are 8 half-rate users in one timeslot.
(c) The peak frequency deviation of the GSM modulator is an integer multiple of the GSM data rate.
(d) GSM uses a constant envelope modulation.
Solution
B, C

11.3, List all the cellular systems that do not support Mobile Assisted Handoff.
Solution
AMPS, ETACS, N-AMPS

11.7, Which of the following is NOT true of the IS-95 system.

(a) No hard limits on capacity.
(b) Soft handoff possible.
(c) Uses slow frequency hopping.
(d) The number of channels that can be accommodated in the forward and reverse links are different.
Solution
C