EST

PROBLEM SET 3
d = vpt
1. The moon orbits the earth with a
For flat terrain analysis, tan i = d / 2hv d = cv f t
period of approximately 28 days. How
i = tan−1 [d / 2hv ]
far away is it? Assume circular orbit.
= tan ⎣⎡500 / 2 (110 )⎦⎤
−1
35m = 3x108 m
( s ) v ⎛⎜⎝ 250ns
f
2 ⎟⎠
⎞

d = 2πR = vt
= tan−1 [2.273 ] = 66.25° v f = 0.933
2π ( 6371km + dkm ) 4x1011 m
= ⎛ f ⎞
28daysx
86400s ( 6371km + dkm ) s OWF = 0.85 x MUF = 0.85 ⎜ c ⎟ 11. The input square wave to an
1day ⎝ cos θ ⎠ oscilloscope has a rise time of 15ns.
What is the rise time of the displayed
dkm = 383,584km ⎛ 4MHz ⎞
= 0.85 ⎜ o ⎟
8.4422 MHz square wave if the bandwidth of the
⎝ cos66.25 ⎠ oscilloscope is 60 MHz?
2. What is the length of the path to a
geostationary satellite from an Earth 7. What is the total radio horizon distance
station if the angle of elevation is 300? t r = 1.1 t ri2 + t ra 2
between an 80 ft transmitting station
and a 20 ft receiving station? 0.35 0.35
t ra = =
d=
2
(r + h ) − (r cos θ )
2
− r sin θ BW 60MHz
2
dmi = 2h t(ft ) + 2hr(ft ) t ra = 5.83ns
= ( 6371 km
+ 36000km ) − ( 6371cos300 ) 2 2
= 2 (80 ) + 2 ( 20 ) t r = 1.1 (15ns ) + (5.83ns )
− 6371sin300
dmi = 18.97mi t r = 17.7ns
d = 38,824km

8. Suppose that an LC circuit is to be 12. The length of the fiber-optic cable is

3. A transmitter and a receiver is 45 km 0.367 km. Its maximum data rate is 43
apart. Suppose that there is an designed so that it is capable of tuning
over a frequency range of 540 to 1600 Mbps. What is its dispersion factor?
obstacle midway between the
transmitter and receiver. By how much kHz. Calculate the required tuning ratio
of the variable capacitance. 1
must the path between the towers D=
clear the obstacle in order to avoid 5Rd
2
diffraction at a frequency of 11 GHz? ⎛f ⎞ 1
TR = ⎜ max ⎟ =
⎝ fmin ⎠ 5 ( 43x106 ) ( 0.367km )
d1d2 2
ns
H = 17.32 ⎛ 1600 ⎞ D = 12.67
fGHzD =⎜ ⎟ km
⎝ 540 ⎠
22.5 ( 22.5 ) TR = 8.78
= 17.32 13. A fiber optic cable has a loss of 16
11( 45 ) 8.78 : 1 dB/km. What would be its attenuation if
H = 17.52 the cable is 2000 ft long?
9. A heterodyne-down conversion
H1 = 0.6H = 10.51m frequency synthesizer which produces L = αd
one hundred different output
4. How far from the transmitter could a dB ⎛ 1km ⎞
frequencies in a range from 98.8 to = 16 2000ftx
signal be received if the transmitting 118.6MHz. Each available output km ⎜⎝ 3280ft ⎟⎠
and receiving antennas where 40 m frequency is separated by 200kHz. L = 9.76dB
and 20 m, respectively, above level Calculate the minimum and maximum
terrain? values for the +N factor. 14. In a single-mode fiber cable, determine
the maximum allowable diameter of
dkm = 17ht(m) + 17hr(m) fmax − fh the core for the light frequency of 300
Nmax = THz and numerical aperture of 0.35.
fs
= 17 ( 40 ) + 17 ( 20 )
118.6MHz − 98MHz
dkm = 44.52km = Dmax = 2rmax
200kHz
5. What is the critical frequency of a layer
Nmax = 103 ⎛ 0.383λ ⎞
= 2⎜ ⎟
if the maximum value of electron ⎝ NA ⎠
density is 2 x 106 per cm3?
⎛ 0.383c ⎞
fmin − fh = 2⎜ ⎟
Nmin = ⎝ fNA ⎠
Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 fs
= 2 x 106 x 106 per m3 ⎡ 0.383 ( 3x108 ) ⎤
98.8MHz − 98MHz = 2⎢ ⎥
=
= 2 x 1012 per m3 200kHz ⎢⎣ ( 300THz )( 0.35 ) ⎥⎦
Nmin = 4 Dmax = 2.19µm
fc = 9 (N )
max
= 9 (2 x 10 )
12

fc = 12.73 MHz or 13 MHz approx. 10. TDR equipment receives the signal 15. Given a mark frequency of 49 kHz and
250ns after the test signal had been space frequency of 51 kHz, and an
6. A radio communication link is to be transmitted. If the discontinuity of the input bit rate of 2 kbps. Determine (a)
established via the ionosphere. The line is found 35 meter from the test peak frequency deviation (b) minimum
maximum virtual height of the layer is point, what is the velocity factor of the bandwidth (c) baud for the binary FSK
110 km. at the midpoint of the path line?
and the critical frequency is 4 MHz. If
the distance between the radio
stations is 500 km, what is the suitable
value for the optimum working
frequency? Use flat terrain analysis.

 EST PROBLEM SET 3
fm − fs 49kHz − 51kHz SOLUTION δ = mfm
a. δ = =
2 2 (a ) δN = mN fm
δ = 1kHz Lƒs = 32.44 + 20 log d + 20 log ƒ ⎛S⎞
m = φ = sin−1 ⎜ ⎟
= 32.44 + 20 log 10 + 20 log 800 ⎝N⎠
b.BW = 2 ( δ + fb ) = 2 (1kHz + 2kbps ) = 6kHz = 110.5 dB ⎛N⎞
mN = φN = sin−1 ⎜ ⎟
fb 2kbps (b ) ⎝S⎠
c.fbaud = = = 2kbaud
n 1 Lp = 68.75 + 26.16 log ƒ − 13.82 log h ⎛ 1 ⎞
mN = sin−1 ⎜ ⎟
+ ( 44.9 − 6.55 log h ) log d ⎝ 2.8 ⎠
16. Determine the minimum bandwidth
required for an information data rate of = 68.75 + 26.16 log 800 − 13.82 log 30 mN = 20.92 o

12 kbps for QPSK, 8-PSK, 8-QAM, 16- + ( 44.9 − 6.55 log 30 ) log 10 πrad
PSK and 16-QAM δN = 20.92o x x1.5kHz
= 159.5 dB 180
δN = 547.81Hz
M=2 n

20. An automobile travels at 60 km/hr.

f Find the time between fades if the car 24. In a voice network, each subscriber
BW = fbaud = b
n uses: makes an average of 2 calls/hour and
(a) a cell phone at 800 MHz typical holding time of 120 seconds.
Answer: 6 kHz, 4 kHz, 4 kHz, 3 kHz, 3 kHz (b) a PCS phone at 1900 What is the traffic intensity in Erlangs?
MHz
17. For a PCM system with a maximum calls 1hr
analog input frequency of 4 kHz, km 1000m 1hr 2 (120sec ) x = 0.0667E
v = 60 x x hr 3600s
maximum decoded voltage at the hr 1km 3600s
receiver of ± 2.55 V and minimum
v = 16.7 m 25. A signal is transmitted with a noise
dynamic range of 46 dB, determine (a) s amplitude of -4 dBrnC. In this direction,
the minimum sample rate, (b) @CP the loop has a level of 10 TLP,
minimum number of bits used in the because the signal will be attenuated
PCM code, (c) resolution c 3x108
t= = as it moves toward the central office.
2vf 2 (16.7 )( 800MHz )
Given that the attenuation is 5 dB, find
a.fs ≥ 2fa t = 11.23ms its level in dBa.
minimum @PCS
fs = 2fa = 2 ( 4kHz ) = 8kHz dBrnC = dBrn = dBm + 90
c 3x108
t= = −4dBrnC = dBm + 90
b.9bits ( withsignbit ) 2vf 2 (16.7 )(1900MHz )
dBm = −94dBm
Vmax t = 4.7ms
c.DR = lessattenuation
resolution
46dB = 20logDR dBm = −94dBm − 5dB = −99dBm
21. A metropolitan area of 1000 square km
DR = 200 dBa = dBm + 85
is to be covered by cells with a radius
2.55V of 2 km. How many cell sites would be = −99dBm + 85 = −14dBa
200 = required, assuming hexagonal cells?
resolution
26. What is the flat noise in pWO if the test
resolution = 0.01V channel has signal to noise ratio of 60
A dB?
N=
18. Convert the 12-bit sample 3.464r 2
100110100100 into an 8-bit 1000km2 ⎡ S ⎤
= ⎢ 90 − N dB ⎥
compressed code. 3.464 ( 2km )
2
pWo = log ⎢ −1
⎥
⎢ 10 ⎥
SOLUTION N = 73 ⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
Copy the sign bit to the 8-bit code. ⎡ 90 − 60 ⎤
Next count the leading zeros (2) and 22. A Ferby Perot cavity inside a glass = log−1 ⎢ ⎥
subtract chamber (n=1.52) is adjustable from ⎣ 10 ⎦
from 7 to get 5 (101 in binary). The first 100um to 100.1um. What is the length pWo = 1000pWo
four bits of the 8-bit code are required for optimization at 1550 nm?
thus 1101. Now copy the next four bits
after the first 1 (not counting the sign mλ 27. Calculate the characteristic
L= m = 1( dominant mode )
bit) to the 8-bit code. Thus the next 2n impedance of 50 Ω line, 1 m long,
four bits are 1010. Discard the rest. 1(1550nm ) terminated at its load impedance of
The corresponding 8-bit code is = 100 Ω, if the line has a velocity factor
11011010. 2 (1.52 ) of 0.8 and operates 30 MHz.
L = 509.88nm
19. Find the propagation loss for a signal
at 800 MHz, with a transmitting 23. An FM receiver has an S/N of 2.8. The
antenna modulating frequency is 1.5 kHz and
height of 30 m, over a distance of 10 the maximum permitted deviation is 4
km, using: kHz. What is the frequency deviation
(a) the free-space model produced by the noise?
(b) the mobile-propagation model

EST PROBLEM SET 3
⎡ Z + jZ o tan θ ⎤ average synchronization time for DS-1
Zin = Zo ⎢ L ⎥ signal using T1 carrier?
⎣ Z o + jZL tan θ ⎦
360 360f 33. In a microwave communications sync time = 2NT
θ= =
λ cVf system, what is the multipath effect for
= 2 (193 )(125µs ) = 48.25ms
a distance of 5 km, if the fade margin
360 ( 30MHz ) is to be estimated for this particular link N = number bits per frame
θ= = 45 o

(3x10 ) (0.8 )
8
using 4 GHz operating frequency and = 193 bits / frame for DS − 1 ( T1)
objective of 99.995%?
⎡ 100 + j50 tan 45 ⎤ T = frame period = 125 us
Zin = 50 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 50 + j100 tan 45 ⎦ L = 30logdkm
Zin = 40 − j30Ω = 30log5 = 20.97dB

28. In tropospheric scatter propagation, if 34. From the previous problem, what is the 38. The reverberation time of a 184 cubic
the surface refractivity of the loss associated with the given meters broadcast studio is 0.84 sec.
transmitter section is 204 and the reliability objective? Find the absorption of the materials
receiver section is 202, what is the used in metric Sabines.
actual surface refractivity? L = −10log (1 − R )
0.161V
nts + nrs = −10log (1 − 0.99995 ) t 60 =
n= α
2 L = 43dB
0.161(184 )
204 + 202 0.84s =
= = 203 35. A hexagonal cell within a four-cell α
2
system has a radius of 1.378 km. α = 35.26m2
29. An ITU-R Recommendation 930-1 is
There are a total number of 60
defined by Residual Bit Error Ratio.
What is the RBER if it has a length of channels within the system. If the load 39. Calculate the approximate resonant
5000 km? per user is 0.029 E and the holding call frequency for a panel absorber of a
is 1 call/hour, compute the number of mass of 60kg/sq. meters and in a
users per square kilometre to be depth of 0.2 meters.
! km + 5x10 −9 provided by the system when the
RBER =
5000 system to be used is an Erlang C with
5000 + 5x10 −9 a probability of 5% delayed call and 60 60
= traffic of 9.0E. fr = = = 17.3Hz
5000 md 60 ( 0.2 )
RBER = 5x10 −9
totaltraffic
N= 40. A helical antenna with eight turns is to
30. A two-port network is characterize by traffic / users
be constructed for a frequency of 1.2
its noise figure of 0.5 dBm and a gain 9E GHz. Calculate the antenna gain in dBi
power of 1010. What is the noise power
=
0.029E / user assuming optimum spacing and
of the two-port if the input noise is 0.1 N = 311 diameter.
uW?
N 311 311
= = 2 15NS ( πD2 )
N = GNi (NF − 1) A 3.464r 2 3.464 (1.378km ) G=
λ3
NF users
FdBm = 10log = 48 optimumquantities
1x10−3 km2
λ λ
NF S= D=
0.5dBm = 10log 36. Determine the chromatic dispersion of 4 π
1x10−3
a fiber with zero-dispersion at a 15N 15 ( 8 )
NF = 1.12x10 −3 wavelength of 1310 nm and S0 of 0.05 G= = = 14.8dBi
ps/(nm2-km), Source wavelength is 4 4
N = 1010 ( 0.1µW ) (1.12x10 −3 − 1)
1550 nm.
N = −998.88W 41. A network with a bandwidth of 10
Mbps can pass only an average of
31. A splitter divides the original signal 12000 frames per minute with each
supplying each two out ports with one frame carrying an average of 10 000
half of the input voltage level. Each bits. What is the throughput of this
port will have how many dB loss? network?
Assume no insertion loss.
1min
throughput = 12000x10000x
⎛ 1⎞ 60s
L = 20log ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ so
⎡ λo 4 ⎤
= 2Mbps
L = −6.02dB Do = ⎢λ − 3 ⎥
4⎣ λ ⎦ 42. In an antenna, determine the
32. You are asked to determine the 0.5 ⎡ 13104 ⎤ polarization mismatch loss in dB for
= ⎢1550 − 15° misalignment angle between two
communication link parameter at 2000 4 ⎣ 15503 ⎥⎦
bps wireless satellite system. If the antennas.
ps
received power is 7.2 x 10-15W, Do = 9.49
determine the symbol time if QPSK nm − km Polarization Mismatch Loss (dB)
modulation is used. ⎛ 1 ⎞
37. The North American Bell System T- L = 20log ⎜ ⎟
carrier TDM is using added-digit ⎝ cos θ ⎠
2 2
ts = = = 1ms framing to achieve frame ⎛ 1 ⎞
fb 2000bps L = 20log ⎜ o ⎟
= 0.3dB
synchronization. What is the maximum ⎝ cos15 ⎠

EST PROBLEM SET 3
43. When electromagnetic waves are
reflected at an angle from a wall, their
wavelength along the wall is
a. the same as in free space
b. the same as the wavelength
perpendicular to the wall
c. shortened because of the Doppler
effect
d. greater than in the actual
direction of propagation

44. In radio communications, what

happens to spectrum of a repetitive
pulse as the pulse width decreases?
a. the number of pulses decreases
b. more harmonics of the same
phase appears
c. less harmonics of the same phase
will result
d. there is no considerable change

45. What happens to the bandwidth of a

frequency modulated signal if the
modulating frequency is increased?
a. it increases
b. it decreases
c. either increases or decreases
d. no effect

46. If a single-sideband phone transmitter

is 100% modulated, what will a speech
processor do to the transmitter power?
a. it will add nothing to the output
PEP
b. it will increase the output PEP
c. it will decrease the peak power
output
d. it will decrease the average power
output

47. Why are verticals, sometimes top-

loaded?
a. to resonate on high frequency
b. to resonate on cutoff frequency
c. to resonate on low frequency
d. to resonate more than one
frequency

48. If a transmission line has a power loss

of 6 dB per 100 feet, what is the power
at the feed point to the antenna at the
end of a 200 feet transmitter line fed
by a 100 watt transmitter?
a. 70 watts
b. 25 watts
c. 50 watts
d. 6 watts

49. In order to reduce quantizing noise,

one must
a. increase the number of standard
amplitude
b. send pulses whose sides are most
nearly vertical
c. use an RF amplifier in the receiver
d. increase the number of samples
per second

50. A louder sound, when generating the

modulating waveform for FM, will
cause a greater
a. carrier amplitude
b. angle amplitude
c. distortion at the receiver
d. frequency deviation