Crystallization is the process by which a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are

highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. Some of the ways by which crystals
form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a
gas.

1. 4.

Take 100 ml of water in a beaker and Stir the contents with glass rod.
heat it on a Bunsen burner.

2. 5.

When water begins to boil, add about 2

Stir it continuously and add more impure
ml of sulphuric acid
copper sulfate until no more of it
dissolves.

6.
3.

Then a spoonful CuSO4 (copper sulfate) Fasten a thread in the middle of a wood
and suspend in the glass.
7.
10.

Stop heating and pour the saturated

copper sulphate solution in a glass
Remove the crystal from the glass and
dry it in warm air.

8.

Place the glass aside and cover the

beaker with cardboard. Leave set up for
24 hours.

9.

After 24 hours, you will find blue crystals

of pure CuSO4 stick to the tread
suspended in the glass.
 Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid
mixture by using selective boiling and condensation. Distillation may result in
essentially complete separation, or it may be a partial separation that increases the
concentration of selected components in the mixture.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5
6.

7.

8.

9
.
10.

11.

12.

13.
 Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids or gases using
a filter medium that allows the fluid to pass through but not the solid.
The term "filtration" applies whether the filter is mechanical, biological,
or physical. The fluid that passes through the filter is called the filtrate.

1.
 2.

3.

4.
5.

6.
Heating, there are different methods used for heating material in the laboratory. Flames are never
used in the laboratory except in controlled situations (eg, isolated in fume hoods). Electric  hot
plates and heating mantles are most commonly used. Be careful not to turn this equipment to its
highest setting which can burn it out. It does take several minutes for these instruments to reach the
desired temperature. The heating mantles are plugged into a variable rheostat which provides a
temperature control. Heating mantles are used for round-bottom flasks (rbf); choose an appropriate
size to fit the flask you plan to use.

Laboratory Hot Plate

Hot plates are frequently used in the
laboratory to perform chemical reactions,
to heat samples, and for numerous other
activities. Hot plates are conceptually
simple – a flat surface
with heating elements. They do not
produce open flames and are well suited
for oil or sand bath use.
 Extraction is a technique used for separating a compound from a mixture. An
example is separating a water-insoluble organic compound from an aqueous
mixture by extracting it into a water-insoluble organic solvent.

Schematic illustrating the liquideliquid extraction of 233 Pa from 237 Np liquid-standard

(CRM 92566) for use as a radiometric tracer. A 237 Np standard in 50 mL of 6 M HCl was transferred
to a 250 mL separation funnel containing 50 mL of octan-2-ol (preequilibrated in xylenes). The
contents were shaken for 2 min, and then the phases were allowed to separate for 5 min. Once
separated the aqueous phase was collected for 237 Np, and an additional 50 mL of 6 M HCl was
added to the separation funnel. To remove any residual 237 Np, the funnel was shaken for 2 min,
and then allowed to separate for 5 min. The aqueous layer was discarded and two more washes of 6
M HCl were added. The 233 Pa was back extracted into the aqueous phase using a solution
containing 3 g Na 2 SO 4 in 5 mL H 2 SO 4 diluted with 50 mL H 2 O. The contents were shaken for 2
min, separated for 5 min, and the aqueous phase was collected for 233 Pa. Contents were taken dry
on medium heat with 1e2 drops of a solution containing 1:1 of concentrated HClO 4 :HNO 3 to
remove any potential organic. The final solution was stored in 20 mL of 20% H 2 SO 4 in a Teflon
bottle.  
Titration is a common laboratory method of quantitative
chemical analysis to determine the concentration of an identified
analyte. A reagent, termed the titrant or titrator, is prepared as a
standard solution of known concentration and volume.