WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT:

BIODIVERSITY

NAME : NUR SYAFIQAH BINTI MOHD FOWZI

MATRIC NUMBER : MS1911100561
PRACTICUM CLASS : S16P4
LECTURER’S NAME : MOHD NORAZMI BIN CHE KOB
A)

Figure 1.1 Astropecten articulatus

https://www.flickr.com/photos/alan_cressler/6802170138
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Echinodermata
Class Asteroidea
Order Paxillosida
Family Astropectinidae
Genus Astropecten
Species Astropecten articulatus
Figure 1.2 Helix aspersa
https://www.robertharding.com/preview/226-4334/closeup-common-garden-sn
ail-helix-aspersa/
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Order Stylommatophore
Family Helicidae
Genus Helix
Species Helix aspersa
Figure 1.3 Taenia saginata
https://webmediums.com/wellness-and-health/what-is-taenia-saginata-8y4wp
9zl2tit

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Cestoda
Order Cyclophyllidae
Family Taenidae
Genus Taenia
Species Taenia saginata
Figure 1.4 Physalia physalis
http://skaphandrus.com/en/underwater-photography/photo/2643

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa
Order Siphonophorae
Family Physaliidae
Genus Physalia
Species Physalia physalis
Figure 1.5 Calypte anna
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%27s_hummingbird#/media/File:Anna's_hu
mmingbird.jpg
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Aves
Order Apodiformes
Family Trochilidae
Genus Calypte
Species Calypte anna
B) Every organism have unique characteristic in which become the
adaptation for them to survive in their habitat. Astropecten articulatus can be
found in marine environment. They have tube feet which are cylindrical with
conical ends, and the epithelium of the tube foot is covered by a thin layer of
cuticle. The tube feet also contain bilobed ampulla. The ampulla muscle layers
in the tube feet allow for the tube feet to elongate and to shorten, which allows
the sea star to move. The endoskeleton consists of calcium carbonate, plates
and spines. Some of Astropecten articulatus have modidied spine called
pedicellaridae that keeps their surface free of debris.

Underneath the epithelium is the nervous tissue, and underneath that are
fibrous tissues in the form of both left and right helices which protect their
muscle tissue layer. The nervous system of Astropecten articulatus is simple
which consists of a ring of nervous tissue encircling the mouth and a nerve
extending from this ring into each arm.

The scientists also found that the Astropecten articulatus exhibit directional
movement when prey is not present in its surroundings. However, when prey is
present, the Astropecten articulatus start to exhibit more change in movement
and speed. This means that when prey is present, Astropecten articulatus alter
their movement patterns so that they forage in areas with “higher prey density”,
which is more evidence of the sea star foraging optimally.

Helix aspersa from class gastropoda have a soft and slimy body which
able them to be retracted entirely into the shell when they are inactive or
threatened. When the Helix aspersa are injured or badly irritated, it produce a
defensive froth of mucus that helps them to repel some enemies and
aggressive small ants.

Helix aspersa have no operculum. During dry or cold weather it seals the
aperture of the shell with a thin membrane of dried mucus called epiphragm.
The epiphragm helps the Helix aspersa to retain it moisture and protects it
from small predators such as some ants. The Helix aspersa also
have osmoregulatory mechanism that prevents excessive absorption of water
during hibernation. These mechanisms allow Helix aspersa to avoid either
fatal desiccation or hydration during months of either kind of quiescence.

Taenia saginata can be found in the beef when people eat it raw or
undercooked pork. Taenia saginata is a parasite. Taenia saginata have long
chain of segments called proglottiae. Each proglittid is an entire reproductive
machine equipped with both female and male reproductive organs and
containing up to 100 000 eggs. So, it can produce large number of eggs.

Taenia saginata have suckers or hooks which helps them to hold onto their
hosts and enable them attach to their host’s intestine. Taenia saginata have no
digestive system. It digested food from the best is absorbed across the worm’s
body wall. Taenia saginata also lacks well-develop sense organ.

Physalia physalis can be found in freshwater ponds. They use their

Physalia physalis use their tentacles to capture prey and put it into their mouth
which connect with the gastrovascular cavity, where the digestion process take
place. They have dipoblastic germ layer which are ectoderm and endoderm.
The ectoderm gives rise to the outer epidermis, a protective layer that covering
their body while the endoderm gives rise to the inner gastrodermis. They have
nerve cell that form nerve cells connecting sensory cell in the body wall. The
nerve cell is associated with simple sensory receptors that distributed radially
around the body to detech and respond to stimuli equally from all directions.

Physalia physalis also have stinging organelles “thread capsule” and

“nematocyst” . When the cnidarian stinging cells are stimulated, the
nematocyst will discharges and ejecting a thread that may entangled or
penetrate the prey.

Calypte anna can be found in open woods, shrubs, garden and parks.
They have evolved remarkable specialization for flight. They have very light,
flexible, strong and persent a flat surface to the air. The feathers also protect
their body from injury and decrease water and heat loss.
 Their body are compact and streamlined. The fusion of many bones in
their body helps them to have the rigidity needed to fly. Their bones are
strong but very light because of the bones have many hollows and contain
large air spaces.

Calypte anna also have efficient lungs with thin-walled extensions (air
sacs) which make the flow of air in their respiratory system only in
“one-way”. They also have effective respiratory and circulatory system as
they have four-chambered heart and double circuit of body flow. This
unique characteristic helps them to provide cells with enough oxygen to
permit a high metabolic rate, which is necessary for the tremendous
muscular activity.
 C)

Figure 2.1 Astropecten aranciacus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astropecten_aranciacus#/media/File:_aranciacus
_Sardegna09_28cm_5520.jpg
Scientific name: Astropecten aranciacus
This organism belongs to the same class as Astropecten articulatus which
is from class asteroidea.

Figure 2.2 Cepaea nemoralis

https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Grove_snail
Scientific name: Cepaea nemoralis
This organism belongs to the same class as Helix aspersa which is from
class gastropoda
Figure 2.3 Taenia solium
http://bio390parasitology.blogspot.com/2012/03/taenia-solium-its-eating-your-
brain.html
Scientific name: Taenia solium
This organism belongs to the same class as Taenia saginata which is from
class cestoda.

Figure 2.4 Maeotias marginata

https://www.wrobelphoto.com/hydrozoanjellies/h1D8A8F23
Scientific name: Maeotias marginata
This organism belongs to the same class as Physalia physalis which is from
class hydrozoa.
Figure 2.5 Bubo virginianus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_horned_owl
Scientific name: Bubo virginianus
This organism belongs to the same class as Calypte anna which is from class
aves.
 D) Evolutionary relationship

Aspects Cnidaria Platyhelminthes Mollusca Echinodermata Chordata

Level of
organization Eumatozoa
Germ layer Dipoblastic Triploblastic
Body Radial
symmetry symmetry Bilateral symmetry
Body coelom Acoelomates Coelomates

segmentation Non segmented Segmented

Example Physalia Taenia saginata Helix Astropecten Calypte

physalis aspersa articulatus anna

The evolutionary relationship of the organism in aspect of germ layer, it

evaluates from dipoblastic in phylum cnidaria to tripoblastic in phylum
platyminthes, mollusca, echinodermata and chordata. In aspect of body
symmetry, it evaluates from radial symmetry in cnidaria to bilateral symmetry
in phylum platyhelminthes, mollusca, echinodermata and chordata. In aspect
of body coelom, it evaluates from acoelomates in phulum platyhelminthes to
coelomates in phylum mollusca, echinodermata and chordata. In aspect of
segmentation, it evaluates from non segmented in platyhelminthes to
segmented in mollusca, echinodermata and chordata.
References:

1. Cecie Starr, Ralph Taggart (2004). Biology: The Unify and Diversity of Life.
(10th Edition). Wadsworth Group. United States (page 410-428)
2. Eric J. Simon, Martha R Taylor, Jane B. Reece, Niel A. Campbell. (2006).
Biology Concepts and Connections (5th edition). Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
USA (page 420-429, 440-441, 458-459)
3. Eldra P. Solomon, Linda R.Berg, Diana W. Martin. (2005). Biology (10th
edition). Thompson. (page 545-547, 551-552, 557-558, 593-594)